JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND POSTHARVEST RESEARCH 2020, VOL. 3(1), 85-100

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Variability of physicochemical properties of ‘Deglet Nour’ date fruits collected from different oases in Djerid Region, Tunisia Rihab Taha1*, Ben Maachia Sihem2, Sindic Marianne3, Sahli Ali4, Namsi Ahmed2 and Messaoud Mars5

1, Institut Supérieur Agronomique, 4042 Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, Tunisia 2, Regional Research Center in Oasis Agriculture of Degache, road of Tozeur Km1, 2260 Degache, Tunisia 3, University of Liege, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech. Laboratory of Agro-Food Quality and Safety, Passage of the Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium 4, National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, Rue Charles Nicolle, 43, 1082 Tunis, Mahrajene, Tunisia 5, U.R. Agrobiodiversité, Institut Supérieur Agronomique, 4042 Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, Tunisia

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Original Article Article history: Received 23 June 2019 Purpose: Quality and physical characteristics of date palm changes during growth and maturation stages of fruits in main production Revised 7 August 2019 areas in the south of Tunisia. Research Method: The effect of Accepted 31 August 2019 season, ripening date and climatic conditions (temperature and Available online 30 September 2019 relative humidity) on physicochemical characteristics of fresh dates “Deglet Nour” grown at four different oases were evaluated using Keywords: multivariate analysis. Main findings: Dates from Traditional maturation Mountain Oases (TMO) had the highest values of length, width, weight, moisture content for the two seasons. Those from Modern oases Palm Plantation (MPP) had the highest values of fiber content, Phoenix dactylifera water activity, glucose and fructose in 2014. In 2014 and 2015, date physicochemical properties palm fruits of Modern Continental Oases (MCO) had the highest values of sucrose. The lower values of the different parameters Tunisia were registered for dates from Traditional Continental Oases (TCO). DOI: 10.22077/JHPR.2019.2569.1066 Meteorological data from the experimental station recorded higher P-ISSN: 2588-4883 temperature and relative humidity during fruit maturation (July, August and September) in 2014 compared to 2015. Results showed E-ISSN: 2588-6169 that the good quality of dates was obtained in oases TMO that had higher relative humidity and lower temperature compared to other *Corresponding author: oases (MPP, MCO, and TCO). Such changes may have resulted from Institut Supérieur Agronomique, 4042 earlier pollination and higher temperatures during the maturation Chott-Mariem, University of Sousse, period. Considering the two seasons 2014 and 2015, the highest Tunisia. thermal coefficients were observed in MCO (3726 and 3704, E-mail: [email protected] respectively) and the lower ones in TCO (3083 and 3025, respectively). Research limitation: No limitations were founded. © This article is open access and licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License Originality/Value: Seasons and oases climate significantly affected http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ which the physical and biochemical quality characteristics of date palm permits unrestricted, use, distribution and fruits. This engendered in the longest maturity period recorded in reproduction in any medium, or format for any TCO. MPP where we recorded the highest spring temperatures, purpose, even commercially provided the work is properly cited. showed the shorted development cycle.

Chitranshi et al. Variability of physicochemical properties of date fruits Taha et al. Castro, C. D. P. C., Faria, J. & Dantas, T. B. H. (2014). Evaluating the performance of coconut fiber Table 1. Average of heat units for 2014 and 2015 at different Djerid oasis (calculated from the data recorded by and wood straw as cushioning materials to reduce injuries of papaya and mango during the meteorology stations at TMO, TCO, MPP and MCO) transportation. International Journal INTRODUCTIONof Advanced Packaging Technology, 2(1), 84-95. Date palm oases Heat Units (°C) 2014 Heat Units (°C) 2015 https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijapt.10 MPP 3456.44 3376.8 Chandra,South Tunisia D., & isKumar, the main R. (2012). region Qua producinglitative effect date palmof wrapping (Phoenix and dactylifera cushioning materialsL.) fruits on(Besbes guava TCO 3542.54 3493.49 et al.,fruits 2009 during). More storage. than HortFlora 300 cultivars Research of Spectrum, date palm 1(4), are 318 present-322. in Tunisia. Deglet Nour MCO 3726 3704.68 Chauhan,production S. in K., Djerid & Babu, region D. isR. the (2011). most Useplanted of botanicals: date palm Avariety new prospective(70% of the for 5.9 enhancing million treesfruit TMO 3083.52 3025.14 in allquality oases) over because chemicals of inits an characteristics era of global climatefor both change. nutritional Asian andJournal sensorial of Environmental properties (MARHPScience,, 2016 6(1),). 17 -28. Table 2. Development stages recorded for Deglet Nour dates sampling Creelman,In Tunisia, R. A., the & export Mullet, value J. E. of (1995). dates isJasmonic around 486.5acid distributionmillion dinars in plants:annually regul (113.800ation during tons Date of sampling June July August September of Degletdevelopment Nour andfruits) responses. The Djeridto biotic region and abiotic (governorate stress. Proceedings of Tozeur) of is the one National of the Academy important of S3 S4 S5 S6 areasSciences producing USA, high 92, 4114 quality-4119. of Deglethttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.10.4114 Nour fruit (Fruits, 2016). Stage of sampling Davidson, P. M., & Taylor, M. T. (2007). Chemical preservatives and natural antimicrobial Kimri Khalal Rutab Tamar Cultivar growing in this hot arid region faces environmental stress such as drought, compounds. Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, Washington, DC: American salinity,Society and for heat, Microbiology which limit Press tree, 713 growth-734. https://doi.org/ and productiv10.1128/9781555815912ity (Youssef & Awad, 2008). One of Phenological characteristics the major problems in some zones of the Djerid region is a regression in quantities and Dates of pollination and fruit maturity (Tamar stage) were recorded for all oases for the two DebMandal, M., & Mandal, S. (2011). Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): in health promotion qualities of Deglet Nour fruits. The most likely reason for regression in quantities and quality seasons. and disease prevention. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(3), 241-247. https://doi.org/ of Deglet10.1016/S1995 Nour fruits-7645(11)60078 is the impact-3. of climate change and cultural practices (Shabana & Al

Donsì,Sunbol, F., 2007 Annunziata,). Disturbances M., Vincensi, in the M., timing & Ferrari, of fruit G. (2012).tree development Design of nanoemulsion have been -observedbased delivery as a Date samples Collection resultsystems of recent of natural climate antimicrobials: change. The effect major of effect the emulsifier. of temperature Journal should of Biotechnology be the advancem, 159(4),ent 342 of- Fruit samples were taken monthly and for the different phenological stages (Table 2) the 350.phenological https://doi.org/ stages10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.07.001. (the period of maturity will be advanced from 3 to 5 weeks), which according to the method of Girard (1980). Samples were taken from 5 different trees for each Droby,can pose S., quality Porat, problems R., Cohen, of the L.,Weiss, product byB., theShapiro, advancement B., Philosoph of the -sensitiveHadas, S., stages & Meir,(Lavelle S. oases. Twenty homogeneous fruits of each sample were individually analyzed for et al.,(1999). 2008 Suppressing). High temperatures green mold cause decay a highin grapefruit risk of scaldingwith postharvest and disturbance jasmonates of application.flowering, morphological and physicochemical characteristics. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science , 124(2), 184-188. pollination and fruiting periods (Seguin & Stengel, 2002). The fruits of the date palm go https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.124.2.184 Dubey,through N., distinct Mishra, development V., & Thakur, stages D. (2018). known Plant locally based asantimicrobial kimri, khalal, formulations. rutab and Postharvest Tamar. Morphometric characteristics Commercially, these fruits are consumed at khalal and Rutab stages as fresh fruits and at Fruit weight measured with an analytical balance, Fruit length and width were recorded for all Disinfection of Fruits and Vegetables, 1, Elsevier Academic Press, 322-331. Tamar stage as dried fruits (Singh et al., 2012). The development duration of date fruits and sampled fruits at the different maturation stages with a vernier caliper. Measures were taken https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812698-1.00011-X their physical and chemical characteristics vary greatly with seasons and environments (Al- twice per each fruit on twenty fruits for each sample. Fallik, E., Arhbold, D. D., Hamil ton-Kemp, T. R., Clements, A. M. , Collins, R. W., & Barth, M. E. Farsi(1998). et al., (E) 2007-2-Hexenal). Given can thestimulate above, Botrytis the objective cinerea growth of this in vitrostudy and was on strawberryto evaluate fruit the in

morphologicalvivo during andstorage. biochemical Journal ofproperties the American of datesSociety «Deglet for Horticultural Nour» from Science four, 123,oases 875 at- 8the88. Physicochemical characteristics Djeridhttps://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.123.5.875 region (southern Tunisia) during the maturation stages for two consecutive seasons. The date fruit color was determined by a Minolta CR 300 color-difference meter (Ramsey, Fenwick, G. R., Heaney, R. K., & Mullin, W. J. (1983). Glucosinolates and their break-down products NJ) (C standard C.I.E. illumination, 0° viewing) (Artés et al., 2000). The CIE Lab coordinates in food and food plants. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 18, 123-201. (L*, a*, b*) were recorded. L* measured the lightness ranging from black to white on a scale https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398209527361 MATERIALS AND METHODS of 0 to 100; a* the greenness to redness on a scale of -100 to +100; and b* measuring the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (2011). Global food losses and food blueness (-100) to yellowness (+100). When the a* and b* values increase, the color Experimentalwaste. United sites Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome, Italy. http://faostat.fao.org. saturated, while when they approach zero they indicate neutral colors white, grey or black. Garcia,Samples J. ofL. (1982).date palm Storage fruits of tomat(Degletoes Nour(Lycopersicon (DN) variety) esculentum were Mill) collected, in rice hull during ash of2014 different and 2015, at different development stages at four oases in Djerid region. The external husk color was determined as L*(lightness), or calculated as Chroma (C*=[(a*P 2 particle sizes and moisture content [Philippines]. Thesis. In Agricultural Information Bank for - TCO: Traditional Continental Oases: three strata system: date palm, other fruit trees P + b*P 2 P)P 0.5P]) and Hue angle (H°= arctg b*/a*)). Asia, South-East Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture The pH values were determined using the method Girard (1980). To determine the fruit (pomegranate,(AGRIS) s inceapple, 1985. pear, lemon tree), and vegetable and fodder crops. It is characterized by Gyawali,a high density R., & ofIbrahim, palms withS. A. more (2014). than Natural 200 trees/ha. products The as antimicrobial water cycle lastsagents. eight Food days. Control, 46, titratable acidity, 25 grams of date fruit were homogenized with 100 mL of distilled water. 412-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.047 The mixture was heated into water bath at 90°C for 30min and filtered. The whole mixture - MPP: Modern Palm Plantation: monospecific cultivation: only date palm trees are grown. Hanušová,The distance K., betweenDobiáš, J.,trees & Klaudisová, is about 8 m,K. giving(2009). about Effect 150 of packaging palm trees/ha. films releasingThe water antimicrobial cycle lasts was then filtered and titrated with O.1N NaOH with phenolphthalein as indicator. Titratable agents on stability of food products. Czech Jounal of Food Science, 27, 347-349. acidity was expressed as percent of tartaric acid. To measure water fruit content, 05grams of ten days. - TMO: https://doi.org/10.17221/958 Traditional Mountain Oases:-CJFS three strata system dominated by pomegranate and olive pulp were placed 24 hours in a stove at a temperature of 105°C.The water activity (aw) was ICAR, (2009). Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Annual Report. trees. The lower stage is occupied by a mixture of different vegetable crops: squash, parsley determined by an aw-meter (Novasina Lab Master-aw, Swiss). The date palm samples were Janjarasskul, T., & Krochta, M. (2010). Edible packaging materials.-1 Food Science and Technology- analyzed for acid and neutral detergent fiber by the method of Prosky et al. (1988), (AOAC, and forageAnnual crops. Reviews, The 1, number415- 448. of https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.food.080708.100836 palm trees is about 200 ha . The water cycle lasts six days. Kamble,- MCO: P.Modern B., & Chavan, Continental J. K. (2005).Oases: Effectsthree strataof post system-harvest wheretreatments the anddensity storage of temperaturepalm trees onis 1995) and insoluble fiber by the modified enzymatic-gravimetric method. -1 The total sugars were determined by HPLC. Date fruits (3g) were prepared with aqueous betweenshelf 100-life andof custard 150 ha apple . The fruits. water Jounal cycle Food lasts Science four days.Technology, 42 (3), 253-255. ethanol solutions (800 mL L-1) by shaking at 50 °C for 30 min (Bouabidi et al., 1996). The Kim,The differences S. A., & Rhee, between M. S. these (2016). oases Highly are enhancedbased on bactericidalclimatic conditions effects of about medium their chain geographical fatty acids filtrate was then centrifuged. After centrifugation, the supernatant was concentrated using a positions,(caprylic, their capric, mode and lauricof cultivation acid) combined and with management edible plant essential(Table oils1). (carvacrol, Irrigation eugenol, system β- rotary evaporator at 40°C. Sucrose, glucose and fructose were analysed using high- (submersion) and cultural practices are the same in these different oases.

JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND POSTHARVEST RESEARCH VOL. 3(1) MARCH 2020 86 JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND POSTHARVEST RESEARCH VOL. 3(1) MARCH 2020

VariabilityBotanical products of physicochemical for post-harvest properties management of date fruits of perishable produce

resorcylic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and vanillin) against Escherichia coli O157: H7. TableFood 1. Average Control of ,heat 60, units447- 454.for 2014 https://doi.org/ and 2015 at 10.1016/j.foodcdifferent Djerid oasisont.2015.08.022. (calculated from the data recorded by Kupwade,the meteorology S. R., stations Manglani, at TMO, N. TCO,S., Wadkar, MPP and S. MCO) S., Inamdar, F. R., Shete, C. C., & Ghosh, J. S. (2017) Date Antimicrobialpalm oases activity ofHeat Lemon Units (°C)pee 2014l extract against Heatthe Unitsbacteria (°C) 2015 belonging to the MPPGenus Xanthomonas. International3456.44 Journal of Pharmaceutical3376.8 Sciences Review and Research, TCO45(2) , 251-254. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i4.209623542.54 3493.49 Lucera,MCO A., Costa, C., Conte, 3726A., & Del Nobile, M. A. (2012).3704.68 Food applications of natural TMOantimicrobial compounds. Frontiers3083.52 in Microbiology, 3, 287. 3025.14 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2012.00287. eCollection 2012 Malasri,Table 2. DevelopmentS., Tiapradit, stages P., Russell, recorded S., for Poonpurmsiri, Deglet Nour dates P., samplingTarkarnviroj, C., Pourhashemi, A., Moats, R., Date &of samplingHudson, B. (2015)June Insulation effectivenessJuly of rice hullAugust. International JournalSeptember of Advance S3 S4 S5 S6 StagePackaging of sampling Technology, 3(1), 158-168. https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijapt.20 Mari, M., Leoni, O.,Kimri Lori, R., & Cembali,Khalal T. (2002) AntifungalRutab vapour-phaseTamar activity of allyl isothyocyanates against Penicillium expansum on pears. Plant Pathology, 51, 231-236. Phenological https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365 characteristics -3059.2002.00667.x McClements,Dates of pollination D. J., & Rao,and fruitJ. (2011). maturity Food (Tamar-grade nanoemulsions: stage) were recorded formulation, for allfabrication, oases for properties, the two seasons.performance, biological fate, and potential toxicity. Critical Review Food Science and Nutrition, 51(4), 285-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.559558 Mishra,Date samples B., & Khatkar,Collection B. S. (2009). Studies on post-harvest quality and physiology of coated ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) fruit. Journal of Food Science and Technology (Mysore), 46(5), Fruit samples were taken monthly and for the different phenological stages (Table 2) 455-458. Mohanty,according S., to Ramesh,the method S., & of Muralidharan, Girard (1980 N.). PSamples. (2017). wereAntimicrobial taken from efficacy 5 different of apple trees cider for vinegar each oases.against Twenty Enterococcus homogeneous faecalis andfruits Candida of each albicans sample: An inwere vitro individuallystudy. Journal analyzed of Advanced for morphologicalPharmacy Educationand physicochemical and Research characteristics., 7(2), 137-141. M ustafa, E. , Noah, A. , Beshay, K. , Sultan, L. , Essam, M. & Nouh, O. (2015). Investigating the MorphometricEffect of Various characteristics Nanomaterials on the Wettability of Sandstone Reservoir. World Journal of FruitEngineering weight measured and Technology with an analytical, 3, 116-126. balance https://doi.org/, Fruit length10.4236/wjet.2015.33013. and width were recorded for all Neri,sampled F., fruitsMari, at theM., differentMeniti, maturationA. M., & stages Brigati, with S.a vernier(2006). caliper. Activity Measures of trans were-2-hexenal taken twiceagainst per each Penicillium fruit on twentyexpansum fruits in for‘Conference’ each sample. pears. Journal of Applied Microbiology 100, 1186-1193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02873.x Nguyen,Physicochemical V. T. A., Le,characteristics T. D., Phan, H. N., & Tran, L. B. (2017). Antibacterial activity of free fatty acids from hydrolyzed virgin coconut oil using lipase from Candida rugosa. Journal of Lipids, 1- The date fruit color was determined by a Minolta CR 300 color-difference meter (Ramsey, 7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7170 NJ)Prasad, (C standardK., & Stadelbacher, C.I.E. illumination, G. J. (1974). 0° viewing) Effect of ( Artésacetaldehyde et al., 2000 vapor). Theon postharvestCIE Lab coordinates decay and (L*, marketa*, b*) quality were recorded.of fresh strawberries. L* measured Phytopathology, the lightness 64 ranging, 948-951. from https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto black to white on a scale- of 0 64to- 948100; a* the greenness to redness on a scale of -100 to +100; and b* measuring the bluenessRaorane, G(.- 100)P. (2003 to ).yellowness Studies on growth,(+100). flowering, When thefruiting a* and someb* valuesaspect ofincrease, harvest handlingthe color of saturated,kokum while (Garcinia when theyindica app choisy).roach zeroM.Sc. they Thesis. indicate Dr. neutral Balasaheb colors Sawant white, Konkangrey or black.Krishi The externalVidyapeeth, husk Dapoli, color District. was determined Ratnagiri. as L*(lightness), or calculated as Chroma (C*=[(a*P 2 PQuirós + b*P- Sauceda,2 P)P 0.5P]) A. and E., HueAyala angle-Zavala, (H°= J.F., arctg Olivas, b*/a*)). G. I., & González-Aguilar, G.A. (2014). Edible Thecoatings pH valuesas encapsulating were determined matrices forusing bioactive the method compounds: Girard a (review.1980). JournalTo determine of Food the Science fruit titratableand Technology, acidity, 25 51 grams(9), 1674 of -date1685 .fruit https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197 were homogenized with- 013100-1246 mL -xof distilled water. Ranjan,The mixture S., Dasgupta, was heated N., Chakraborty, into water A.bath R., at Samuel, 90°C forS. M., 30min Ramalingam, and filtered. C., S hanker,The whole R., & mixture Kumar, A. (2014). Nanoscience and nanotechnologies in food industries: opportunities and research was then filtered and titrated with O.1N NaOH with phenolphthalein as indicator. Titratable trends. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 16(6), 2464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2464- acidity5. was expressed as percent of tartaric acid. To measure water fruit content, 05grams of Saxena,pulp were R., placedLiquido, 24 N. hours J., & Justo,in a stove H. B. at (1 a981). temperatur Natural epesticides of 105°C.The from the water neem activity tree (Azadirachta (aw) was determinedindica). byProceeding an aw-meter of International (Novasina Neem Lab ConferenceMaster-aw, Rattach Swiss). Engem, The date Germany palm. samples were Sembdner,analyzed for G., acid& Parthier, and neutral B. (1993). detergent The biochemistry fiber by the and method the physiological of Prosky andet al. molecular (1988), actions(AOAC, of 1995jasmonates.) and insoluble Annual fiber Review by the ofmodifi Planted Physiology enzymatic and-gravimetric Plant Molecular method. Biology, 44, 569-589. Thehttps://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.003033 total sugars were determined by HPLC. Date fruits (3g) were prepared with aqueous ethanolShilling, solutionsM., Matt, L.,(800 & Rubin,mL L- 1E.) by(2013). shaking Antimicr at 50obial °C effectsfor 30 of min virgin (Bouabidi coconut oilet al.,and 1996its medium). The- filtratechain was fatty then acids centrifuged. on Clostridium After centrifugation,difficile. Journal the ofsupernatant Medicinal wasFood, concentrated 16(12), 1079 using-1085. a rotaryhttps://doi.org/ evaporator 10.1089/jmf.2012.0303.at 40°C. Sucrose, glucose and fructose were analysed using high-

JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND POSTHARVEST RESEARCH VOL. 3(1) MARCH 2020 87

Chitranshi et al. Variability of physicochemical properties of date fruits Taha et al. Castro, C. D. P. C., Faria, J. & Dantas, T. B. H. (2014). Evaluating the performance of coconut fiber date fruit ripening. The number of heat units (degree days) needed to ripen the fruit varies and wood straw as cushioning materials to reduce injuries of papaya and mango during performance anion exchange chromatograph (HPAED-PAD) equipped with a quaternary with cultivar and ranges between 2100 and 4700 for early and late-ripening cultivars, transportation. International Journal of Advanced Packaging Technology, 2(1), 84-95. pump, a pulsed amperometric detector and an injector valve type DIONEX, according to the respectively. From blossoming to ripening, the temperature optimal daily varied from 21°C https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijapt.10 method described by Bouabidi et al. (1996).Total Sugars(sucrose, glucose and fructose) for early ripening cultivars to 24°C for mid-season cultivars, and 27°C for late-ripening Chandra, D., & Kumar, R. (2012). Qualitative effect of wrapping and cushioning materials on guava standards were run to identify sample peaks. After comparison of retention time with the cultivars (Rygg, 1975). Zaid and De Wet (2002) have summarized the climatic requirements fruits during storage. HortFlora Research Spectrum, 1(4), 318-322. Chauhan,standards, S. the K., peaks& Babu, were D. identified.R. (2011). UseThe ofamount botanicals: of total A new sugar prospective in the datefor enhancingsamples wasfruit of date palm. To have a good quality of the fruit on date palm, the production must have high quantifiedquality usingover chemicalscalibration in curves an era obtained of global from climate different change. concentrations Asian Journal of ofsucrose, Environmental glucose temperatures (an average of 30°C, low humidity, ample sunshine and adequate supplies of andScience, fructose 6(1) standards,, 17-28. which are the major sugars in date palm. They were quantified underground water or irrigation (Purseglove, 1972). Creelman,according toR. theirA., &percentage Mullet, J. area, E. (1995). obtained Jasmonic by integration acid distribution of the peaks. in plants: regulation during

development and responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of Morphological characteristics Sciences USA, 92, 4114-4119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.10.4114 The evolution of fruit length, width and weight during the ripening period in 2014 and 2015 Davidson,Statistical P. analysisM., & Taylor, M. T. (2007). Chemical preservatives and natural antimicrobial are reported in Table 4. For all fruit morphological characteristics, statistical analyses showed Datacompounds. were analyzed Food usingMicrobiology: ANOVA Fundamentals and a comparison and Frontiers, of the means Washington, by a test DC: of Americanmultiple significant differences (P<0.05) at all phenological stages for the two seasons. High comparisonsSociety for (test Microbiology of Newman Press-Keuls)., 713-734 The. https://doi.org/ ANOVA wa10.1128/9781555815912s performed by the "STATISTICA" temperatures three months after pollination (Khalal stage) were registered and considered to DebMandalsoftware. Pearson, M., & Mandalcorrelation, S. (2011). coefficients Coconut (r)(Cocos were nucifera determined L.: Arecaceae): using Statistica in health promotionprogram. be factors that greatly influence the ripening of Deglet Nour at the four oases. Deglet Nour Principaland disease component prevention. analysis Asian (PCA)Pacific Journalwas used of Tropicalas a projection Medicine, method 4(3), 241 from-247 . thehttps://doi.org/ statistical fruit reaches their maximum length in September and October depending to the oases: 4.84- XLSTAT10.1016/S1995 software-7645(11)60078 which to determine-3. the interrelationship among the investigated fruit Donsì, F., Annunziata, M., Vincensi, M., & Ferrari, G. (2012). Design of nanoemulsion-based delivery 4.6 cm; 4.74-3.94 cm; 4.74-3.85 cm and 4.5 cm for TMO, MCO, MPP and TCO in 2014 and parameters. systems of natural antimicrobials: effect of the emulsifier. Journal of Biotechnology, 159(4), 342- 2015, respectively. 350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.07.001. Table 3. Temperature and relative humidity recorded during 2014 and 2015 at different oases Droby, S., Porat, R., Cohen, RESULTS L.,Weiss, ANDB., Shapiro, DISCUSSION B., Philosoph-Hadas, S., & Meir, S. Oases Years Date of Heat Units Days after Date of Temperature Humidity pollination (°C) pollination sampling (1999). Suppressing green mold decay in grapefruit with postharvest jasmonates application. (DAP) PhenologicalJournal ofcharacteristics the American Society for Horticultural Science , 124(2), 184-188. The two-year phenological record show differences among fruit maturity date from an oasis MCO 2014 05-avr 3726 89 03-juil 31.03 41.06 https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.124.2.184 124 07-août 32.39 39.67 Dubey,to another N., Mishra,(Table 3V.,). Differences& Thakur, D. were (2018). noted Plant since based the antimicrobial pollination formulations.date. MPP, Postharvestwhere we 150 02-sept 30.04 43.86 recordedDisinfection the highest of springFruits temperatures, and Vegetables, seemed 1,to beElsevier the earliest Academic in fruit development.Press, 322-331 So. 185 07-oct 23.43 46.90 pollinationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/B978 was applied at April-0 04-12th- 812698and 08-th1.00011 for respectively-X 2014 and 2015. In TMO oases, 2015 10-avr 3704.68 91 10-juil 32.08 39.82 Fallik, E., Arhbold, D. D., Hamil ton-Kemp, T. R., Clements, A. M. , Collins, R. W., & Barth, M. E.th 115 03-aout 32.66 45.14 the coolest spring temperatures were recorded and pollination were conducted on April 10 149 06-sept 29.09 45.94 and 15(1998). for 2014 (E)- 2and-Hexenal 2015 ,can respectively. stimulate Botrytis cinerea growth in vitro and on strawberry fruit in 188 15-oct 23.77 53.11 Itvivo was during observed storage. that Journalthe phonological of the American behavior Society of the for fruit Horticultural was usually Science somewhat, 123, 875variable-888. fromhttps://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.123.5.875 an oasis to another and from year to year. Date fruits of TMO take longer time to reach MPP 2014 04-avr 3456.44 90 03-juil 27.62 44.07 Fenwick, G. R., Heaney, R. K., & Mullin, W. J. (1983). Glucosinolates and their break-down products 125 07-août 26.83 37.88 their infinal food growth and foodstage plants.compared Critical to other Reviews date palmin Food fruit Sciencefrom TCO, and MCO,Nutrition MPP 18, oases. 123 -The201. 152 03-sept 26.05 44.12 observation of fruit development and ripening allowed the conclusion of the existence of a 189 10-oct 22.55 44.78 https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398209527361 2015 08-avr 3376.8 100 17-juil 26.59 43.33 Foodrelationship and Agriculture between Organiza the datetion development of the United cycle Nations and (FAO), the oasis (2011). climatic Global conditions. food losses Different and food 146 01-aout 27.46 40.54 date waste.samples United were Nations taken duringFood and the Agriculture fruit ripening Organization. process, andRome, the Italy. last samplehttp://faostat.fao.org was collected. in 176 01-sept 29.91 47.77 Garcia,full fruit J. L.maturity (1982). Storagein the fourof tomat oasesoes. (InLycopersicon our case, esculentumdate fruits Mill)« Deglet in rice Nour hull ash» required of different an 192 17-oct 24.6 48.12 averageparticle of 185sizes-196 and daysmoisture to reacontentch their [Philippines]. final size Thesis. (Table In 3Agricultural). As for pollination, Information theBank fruit for TCO 2014 07-avr 3542.54 87 03-juil 31.70 41.02 maturityAsia, was South precocious-East Asian in Regionalthe MPP Centeras compared for Graduate to TCO Study and TMO.and Research In fact, in189 Agriculture and 192 122 07-août 32.42 41.49 days (AGRIS)were necessary since 1985. for dates Deglet Nour for the completion of maturity during 2014 and 149 03-sept 30.01 46.04 Gyawali,2015, respectively. R., & Ibrahim, The S.TMO A. (2014).seems toNatural have productsa significant as antimicrobial influence on agents. the period Food requiredControl, for46, 190 14-oct 23.00 49.22 412-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.047 2015 12-avr 3493.49 96 17-juil 32.07 39.18 fruit maturity with a delay of 10 days on the fruit maturity date for both campaigns 2014 and 142 01-aout 32.58 46.30 Hanušová,2015. The K.,first Dobiáš, mature J., fruits & Klaudisová, were harvested K. (2009). at October Effect of07, packaging 2014 in thefilms MCO releasing Oasis. antimicrobial The latest 172 01-sept 27.73 50.33 agents on stability of food products. Czech Jounal of Food Science, 27, 347-349. 193 22-oct 24.18 54.91 ones https://doi.org/10.17221/958were harvested on October-CJFS 21, 2014 at the Mountain Oasis (Table 3). ICAR,These (2009 differences). Indian Council could of be Agricultural attributed toResearch. the differences Annual Report. of climate conditions in 2014 and TMO 2014 10-avr 3083.52 91 10-juil 28.87 37.02 2015 in the Djerid region. Many environmental factors influenced the growth and 122 10-août 30.05 37.36 Janjarasskul, T., & Krochta, M. (2010). Edible packaging materials. Food Science and Technology- 155 12-sept 29.06 39.50 developmentAnnual Reviews, of fruit 1, ( Bindi415- 448. et al., https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.food.080708.100836 2001), but the maturation time and on the duration of fruit 194 21-oct 23.33 41.68 Kamble,development P. B., is& regulatedChavan, J. mainlyK. (2005). by Effects climatic of postfactors-harvest related treatments especially and storage to temperature temperature and on 2015 15-avr 3025.14 94 18-juil 31.92 39.98 humidityshelf -(lifeZaid of &custard De Wet, apple 2002 fruits.). JounalThe highest Food Scienceheat unit Technology, values in 42 2014 (3), and253- 2552015. were found 133 26-août 30.80 40.43 169 01-sept 27.01 38.20 Kim,in MCO S. A., oases & Rhee, (3726) M. andS. (2016). (3704.68), Highly respectively. enhanced bactericidal The lowest effects values of weremedium observed chain fatty in TMO acids 196 28-oct 23.00 40.48 oases(caprylic, (3083.52) capric, and and (3025.14), lauric acid) for combined 2014 withand edible2015, plant respectively. essential oils Hot (carvacrol, season eugenol,and zero β- Data were recorded by the meteorological station simplemented at TMO, TCO, MPP and MCO. precipitation during the development of date fruit were reported as optimum conditions for

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VariabilityBotanical products of physicochemical for post-harvest properties management of date fruits of perishable produce

resorcylic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and vanillin) against Escherichia coli O157: H7. date Foodfruit Controlripening., 60 The, 447 number-454. https://doi.org/ of heat units10.1016/j.foodc (degree days)ont.2015.08.022. needed to ripen the fruit varies Kupwade,with cultivar S. R., and Manglani, ranges N. between S., Wadkar, 2100 S. S.,and Inamdar, 4700 F.for R., early Shete, and C. C.,late &-ripening Ghosh, J. cultivars,S. (2017) respectively.Antimicrobial From activityblossoming of Lemonto ripening, peel theextract temperature against optimalthe bacteria daily variedbelonging from to 21°C the for earlyGenus ripening Xanthomonas. cultivars International to 24°C Journalfor mid of- seasonPharmaceutic cultivars,al Sciences and 27°C Review for andlate -Researchripening, cultivars45(2) (,Rygg, 251-254 1975. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i4.20962). Zaid and De Wet (2002) have summarized the climatic requirements Lucera,of date palm.A., Costa, To have C., aConte, good qualityA., & ofDel the Nobile, fruit on M. date A. palm,(2012). the Food production applications must haveof natural high temperaturesantimicrobial (an compounds.average of Frontiers30°C, low in Microbiology,humidity, ample 3, 287 sunshine. and adequate supplies of underground https://doi.org/ water10.3389/fmicb.2012.00287. or irrigation (Purseglove, eCollection 1972). 2012 Malasri, S., Tiapradit, P., Russell, S., Poonpurmsiri, P., Tarkarnviroj, C., Pourhashemi, A., Moats, R., & Hudson, B. (2015) Insulation effectiveness of rice hull. International Journal of Advance MorphologicalPackaging T characteristicsechnology, 3(1), 158 -168. https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijapt.20 Mari,The evolution M., Leoni, of O.,fruit Lori, length, R., width& Cembali, and weight T. (2002) during Antifungal the ripening vapour period-phase in activity2014 and of 2015allyl are reportedisothyocyanates in Table against 4. For Penicillium all fruit morphological expansum on pears. characteristics, Plant Pathology statistical, 51, 231 analyses-236. showed significant https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365 differences (P<0.05)-3059.2002.00667.x at all phenological stages for the two seasons. High McClements,temperatures D.three J., & months Rao, J. after(2011). pollination Food-grade (Khalal nanoemulsions: stage) were formulation, registered fabrication, and considered properties, to be factorsperformance, that greatly biological influence fate, and the potential ripening toxicity. of Deglet Critical Nour Review at the Foo fourd Science oases. andDeglet Nutrition, Nour fruit 51(4)reaches, 285 their-330 .maximum https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.559558 length in September and October depending to the oases: 4.84- Mishra,4.6 cm; B.,4.74 &- 3.94Khatkar, cm; B.4.74 S.- 3.85(2009). cm Studies and 4.5 on cm post for-harvest TMO, qualityMCO, andMPP physiology and TCO ofin coated2014 andber 2015,(Zizyphus respectively. mauritiana Lamk) fruit. Journal of Food Science and Technology (Mysore), 46(5), Table455 3. Temperature-458. and relative humidity recorded during 2014 and 2015 at different oases Mohanty,Oases S., Ramesh,Years S.,Date & Muralidharan, of Heat Units N. P. Days(2017). after Antimicrobial Date of efficacyTempera of appleture Humiditycider vinegar against Enterococcuspollination faecalis and(°C) Candida pollinationalbicans : Ansampling in vitro study. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education and Research, 7(2), 137(DAP)-141 . MMCOustafa, E. , Noah,2014 A. , 05Beshay,-avr K.3726 , Sultan, L.89 , Essam, M.03 -&juil Nouh, O.31.03 (2015). Investigating41.06 the Effect of Various Nanomaterials on the Wettability124 of 07Sandstone-août Reservoir.32.39 World39.67 Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3, 116-126. https://doi.org/150 10.4236/wjet.2015.33013.02-sept 30.04 43.86 185 07-oct 23.43 46.90 Neri, F., Mari,2015 M., 10Meniti,-avr A.3704.68 M., & Brigati,91 S. 10(2006).-juil Activity32.08 of trans39.82-2 -hexenal against Penicillium expansum in ‘Conference’115 pears. Journal03-aout of Applied32.66 Microbiology45.14 100, 1186-1193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02873.x149 06-sept 29.09 45.94 Nguyen, V. T. A., Le, T. D., Phan, H. N., & Tran,188 L. B. (2017).15-oct Antibacterial23.77 activity53.11 of free fatty acids from hydrolyzed virgin coconut oil using lipase from Candida rugosa. Journal of Lipids, 1- MPP7. https://doi.org/2014 10.1155/2017/717004-avr 3456.44 90 03-juil 27.62 44.07 125 07-août 26.83 37.88 Prasad, K., & Stadelbacher, G. J. (1974). Effect152 of acetaldehyde03-sept vapor on26.05 postharvest 44.12 decay and market quality of fresh strawberries. Phytopathology,189 64,10 948-oct- 951. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto22.55 44.78 - 64-948 2015 08-avr 3376.8 100 17-juil 26.59 43.33 Raorane, G. P. (2003). Studies on growth, flowering,146 fruiting 01and-aout some aspect27.46 of harvest40.54 handling of 176 01-sept 29.91 47.77 kokum (Garcinia indica choisy). M.Sc.192 Thesis. Dr.17 -octBalasaheb 24.6Sawant Konkan48.12 Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, District. Ratnagiri. QuirósTCO -Sauceda,2014 A. E., Ayala07-avr -Zavala,3542.54 J.F., Olivas,87 G. I., & 03González-juil -Aguilar,31.70 G.A. (2014).41.02 Edible coatings as encapsulating matrices for bioactive122 compounds:07-août a review.32.42 Journal of Food41.49 Science 149 03-sept 30.01 46.04 and Technology, 51(9), 1674-1685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197190 14-oct -013-23.001246 -x 49.22 Ranjan, S., Dasgupta,2015 N.,12 Chakraborty,-avr 3493.49 A. R., Samuel,96 S. M., Ramalingam,17-juil C.,32.07 Shanker, R.,39.18 & Kumar, A. (2014). Nanoscience and nanotechnologies142 in food01 industries:-aout opportunities32.58 46.30and research trends. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 16172(6), 2464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1105101-sept 27.73 50.33-014 -2464- 5. 193 22-oct 24.18 54.91 Saxena,TMO R., Liquido,2014 N. J.,10 -&avr Justo, 3083.52H. B. (1 981).91 Natural pesticides10-juil from the28.87 neem tree 37.02(Azadirachta indica). Proceeding of International Neem Conference122 Rattach10-août Engem, 30.05Germany . 37.36 Sembdner, G., & Parthier, B. (1993). The biochemistry155 and the12 physiological-sept 29.06 and molecular39.50 actions of jasmonates. Annual Review of Plant Physiology194 and Plant21-oct Molecular23.33 Biology, 41.6844, 569 -589. 2015 15-avr 3025.14 94 18-juil 31.92 39.98 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.003033 133 26-août 30.80 40.43 Shilling, M., Matt, L., & Rubin, E. (2013). Antimicr169 obial effects01- septof virgin coconut27.01 oil and38.20 its medium - chain fatty acids on Clostridium difficile.196 Journal of 28Medicinal-oct Food,23.00 16(12),40.48 1079 -1085. Data werehttps://doi.org/ recorded by the10.1089/jmf.2012.0303. meteorological station simplemented at TMO, TCO, MPP and MCO.

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Chitranshi et al. Variability of physicochemical properties of date fruits Taha et al. Castro, C. D. P. C., Faria, J. & Dantas, T. B. H. (2014). Evaluating the performance of coconut fiber 1.92 to 1.7 cm in 2014 and 2015 season, respectively. However, the weight of date palm fruit and wood straw as cushioning materials to reduce injuries of papaya and mango during Table 4. Morphological characteristics of dates ”Deglet Nour” at the different stage from different oases during transportation. International Journal of Advanced Packaging Technology, 2(1), 84-95. increased from 13.74 to 8.83g and from 12.35 to 8.83g in 2014 and 2015 season, respectively. two seasons (2014 and 2015) Few years ago, El-Arem et al. (2012) reported that, during the maturation period, the length of https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijapt.10 Deglet Nour varied from (4.30 ± 0.17–4.10 ± 0.11), width from (1.90 ± 0.17–1.60 ± 0.11 cm) Chandra, D., & Kumar, R. (2012). Qualitative effect of wrapping and cushioning materials on guava Oasesfruits Years duringSampling storage. HortFloraLength Research Width Spectrum, Weight 1(4), 318 Color-322. and weight from (11.88 ± 0.16–10.49 ± 0.17 g) values from besser to tamar stage, date (cm) (cm) (g) Chauhan, S. K., & Babu, D. R. (2011). Use of botanicals: A new prospective for enhancing fruit respectively. (DAP)** L* Hue Chroma quality over chemicals in an era of global climate change. Asian Journal of Environmental Mature TMO dates had the highest weight (10.9 g). However, TCO dates had the lowest MCOScience, 2014 6(1) 89, 17-28. 3.44±0.1d 1.85±0.03d 6.14±0.43d 45.92 ±0.4d 46.99±0.36c 45.90±0.35b fruit weight (8.83g). Differences observed for the same cultivar are mainly due to the climate Creelman, R. A.,124 & Mullet, 4.47±0.07b J. E. (1995). 2.21±0.02b Jasmonic 11.48±0.3b acid distribution 50.40 ±0.7c in 41.09±0.76cplants: regul 61.53±0.32dation during conditions and harvesting period (Somayeh et al., 2012). The relative humidity is high development 150 and responses 4.74±0.08b to biotic 2.2±0.03b and abiotic 13.74±0.3c stress. Proceedings 48.89±0.58d of 23.79±0.65cthe National 72.55±0.69d Academy of 185 4.10±0.09b 1.82±0.04b 10.24±0.01c 43.71±0.79c 40.49±1.03c 35.17±0.29b throughout the two years 2014 and 2015. It was respectively, on average (14-78%) and (14- Sciences USA, 92, 4114-4119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.10.4114 85%). Davidson, 2015 P. M.,91 & Taylor, 3.87±0.02b M. T. 1.93±0.01b (2007). Chemical 8.19±0.07b preservatives 45.27±0.18c and10.70±0.32b natural 44.52±0.23bantimicrobial 115 3.84±0.02c 1.56±0.01c 10.78±0.05c 51.15±0.42b 11.47±0.76b 63.64±0.32b compounds. 149 Food Microbiology: 3.94±0.01b 1.81±0.00b Fundamentals 8.77±0.1c and Frontiers, 54.2 ±0.41c Washington, 12.86 ±065d DC: 85.94±0.44d American Table 5. Physical characteristics of dates ”Deglet Nour” at the different stage from different oases in two Society for Microbiology188 4.04±0.09b Press, 713 1.79±0.05a-734. https://doi.org/ 10.15±0.01c10.1128/9781555815912 54.71±0.41c 11.94±0.96b 46.98±0.23b seasons (2014 and 2015) DebMandal, M., & Mandal, S. (2011). Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): in health promotion Oases Years Sampling date Moisture Content pH Water A MPPand disease2014 90prevention. 3.21±0.05c Asian Pacific 1.77±0.05c Journal of5.34±0.3c Tropical Medicine, 45.45 ±0.4b 4(3), 45.58±0.49a 241-247. https://doi.org/ 45.79±0.56c (DAP)** (%) (%) 125 4.61±0.07d 2.22±0.03b 12.12±0.5d 46.34±0.42a 47.55±0.32a 49.86±0.24b 10.1016/S1995 152-7645(11)60078 4.74±0.07b-3. 2.29±0.03c 13.63±0.1b 42.12±0.49a 28.08±0.81d 52.45±0.68b Donsì, F., Annunziata, 189 M., 4.13±0.06c Vincensi, M., 1.79±0.01a & Ferrari, 9.11±0.1b G. (2012). Design38.73±0.62a of nanoemulsion 35.85±0.79b -based 27.01±0.39a delivery MCO 2014 89 80.86±0.01b 3.92±0.0d 0.53±0.01a systems of natural antimicrobials: effect of the emulsifier. Journal of Biotechnology, 159(4), 342- 124 82.54±0.00c 4±0.00c 0.72±0.01a 350. 2015https://doi.org/ 100 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.07.001. 4.19±0.06d 1.99±0.00c 8.58±0.2c 46.60±0.25d 11.16±0.32d 47.75±0.31c 146 3.76±0.05a 1.38±0.02a 9.75±0.02a 46.79±0.41a 10.95±0.34a 49.61±0.22a 150 73.17±0.02c 6.01±0.0b 0.69±0.00a Droby, S., Porat, R., Cohen, L.,Weiss, B., Shapiro, B., Philosoph-Hadas, S., & Meir, S. 185 32.69±0.01c 5.55±0.01c 0.94±0.01d 176 3.85±0.04a 1.70±0.03a 7.94±0.3a 42.92±0.41a 12.15±0.89b 54.64±0.54a (1999). Suppressing 192 green4.14±0.06c mold decay1.81±0.02b in grapefruit 9.20±0.2b with 43.63±0.58a postharvest 12.25±0.78c jasmonates 27.91±0.34a application. 2015 91 78.31±0.1a 4.95±0.02c 0.84±0.00b Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science , 124(2), 184-188. 115 63.80±0.1a 5.98±0.0c 0.74±0.00a TCOhttps://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.124.2.184 2014 87 2.71±0.09b 1.54±0.02b 3.38±0.24b 45.65±0.58c 46.55±0.3b 44.81±0.33a 149 37.19±0.1d 5.76±0.2c 0.77±0.01b 122 4.13±0.05a 2.03±0.02a 9.08±0.1a 50.32±0.65b 40.99±0.68b 47.15±0.26a 188 26.59±0.1c 5.83±0.1c 0.72±0.00a Dubey, N., Mishra, 149 V., &4.50±0.04a Thakur, D. 2.18±0.01a (2018). Plant 11.52±0.2a based antimicrobial 44.90±0.59b formulations.22.58 ±0.7a 49.27±0.64a Postharvest Disinfection 190 of Fruits4.01±0.02a and 1.78±0.01aVegetables, 8.83±0.3a 1, Elsevier 45.52±0.61b Academic 46.91±0.65d Pres s,36.88±0.44d 322-331. MPP 2014 90 82.94±0.01d 3.25±0.00a 0.97±0.01c https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812698-1.00011-X 2015 96 3.64±0.02a 1.85±0.02a 6.94±0.02a 45.18±0.63b 10.87±0.24c 46.05±0.22a 125 83.35±0.01d 3.60±0.0b 0.86±0.1b Fallik, E., Arhbold, D. D., Hamil ton-Kemp, T. R., Clements, A. M. , Collins, R. W., & Barth, M. E. 152 61.78±0.01a 6.21±0.0d 0.87±0.00b 142 3.8±0.01b 1.43±0.01b 10.28±0.04b 54.72±0.45d 12.01±0.64d 69.61±0.54d 189 22.73±0.02a 5.12±0.01a 0.81±0.01a (1998). (E) 172-2-Hexenal 3.85±0.00a can stimulate 1.83±0.00c Botrytis 8.50±0.00bcinerea growth 46.45±0.45b in vitro and11.76±0.88a on strawberry 76.04±0.66c fruit in vivo during 193 storage. 4.01±0.01aJournal of the1.78±0.00a American 8.83±0.01a Society for 47.07±0.38b Horticultural 11.19±0.77a Science, 123,71.67±0.65d 875-888. 2015 100 78.53±0.01b 5.08±0.5d 0.98±0.00d https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.123.5.875 146 69.56±0.01c 6.12±0.0d 0.86±0.01c TMO 2014 91 2.58±0.1a 1.51±0.05a 3.02±0.24a 43.18±0.69a 50.74±0.45d 50.91±0.37d 176 24.87±0.01b 5.15±0.02a 0.87±0.00d Fenwick, G. R., 122 Heaney, R.4.58±0.02c K., & Mullin, 2.25±0.01c W. J. (1983). 11.89±0.1c Glucosinolates 52.21±0.93d and their30.55±0.76d break-down 60.38±0.63c products 192 26.70±0.01d 5.18±0.03a 0.81±0.00d in food and155 food 4.84±0.05cplants. Critical 2.31±0.03d Reviews 13.74±0.1c in Food Science47.44±0.63c and 23.74±0.92b Nutrition 18,53.10±0.62c 123-201. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398209527361 194 4.31±0.05d 1.96±0.02c 10.96±0.3d 43.78±1.15d 20.72±1.37a 36.16±0.46c TCO 2014 87 80.30±0.01a 3.59±0.01c 0.98±0.00d Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (2011). Global food losses and food 122 82.26±0.02b 3.63±0.02a 0.93±0.00d 2015 94 4.15±0.01c 2.13±0.01d 10.61±0.09d 44.38±0.44a 10.56±0.54a 52.82±0.21d 149 73.17±0.1c 5.65±0.01a 0.98±0.00c waste. United 133 Nations 4.31±0.00d Food and Agriculture1.68±0.00d Organization. 15.35±0.2d 54.41±0.63cRome, Italy. 11.99±0.73chttp://faostat.fao.org 68.89±0.34c. 190 32.35±0.1b 5.47±0.0b 0.87±0.01b Garcia, J. L. (1982). 169 Storage 4.03±0.01c of tomat oes1.92±0.01d (Lycopersicon 13.83±0.06d esculentum 54.44 ±0.5dMill) in 12.15±0.87c rice hull ash 66.51±0.65b of different particle sizes 196 and moisture 4.30±0.03d content 1.96±0.02c [Philippines]. 10.98±0.00d Thesis. 94.01±1.01dIn Agricultural 23.55±0.97d Information 67.53±0.45c Bank for 2015 96 79.34±0.1c 4.90±0.0b 0.83±0.00a ValuesAsia, in each South column-East followed Asian by Regional different lettersCenter (a, forb, and Graduate c) indicate Study significant and differencesResearch (Pin < Agriculture0.05) using 142 67.61±0.1b 5.82±0.0b 0.83±0.01b the test of Newman-Keuls. **: DAP: days after pollination 172 22.02±0.1a 5.43±0.02a 0.71±0.00a (AGRIS) since 1985. 193 16.84±0.01b 5.47±0.0b 0.76±0.00b Gyawali, R., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2014). Natural products as antimicrobial agents. Food Control, 46, Fruits412-429. increase https://doi.org/ in width10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.047 from 0.57 to 2.32 cm and from 0.64 to 1.92 cm in 2014 and 2015 TMO 2014 91 81.65±0.01c 3.57±0.0b 0,68±0.01b 122 80.61±0.1a 3.63±0.02a 0,88±0.00c season,Hanušová, respectively. K., Dobiáš, TheJ., & weightKlaudisová, of date K. (2009).palm fruit Effect increased of packaging progressively films releasing in the antimicrobial four oases 155 68.69±01b 6.06±0.01c 0,98±0.00c fromagents 0.93 toon 13.74stability g andof food from products. 2.74 to Czech 12.35 Jounal g in 2014of Food and Science 2015, season,27, 347- 349respectively.. In the 194 32.83±0.2d 5.75±0.0d 0,88±0.01c first https://doi.org/10.17221/9584-5 weeks, date fruit became-CJFS green at kimri stage and characterized by 27.5 mm length × ICAR, (2009). Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Annual Report. 2015 94 80.17±0.1d 4.88±0.00a 0.87±0.00c 17.8 mm in diameter and 5.8g as average weight. In the khalal stage, the fruit characterized by Janjarasskul, T., & Krochta, M. (2010). Edible packaging materials. Food Science and Technology- 133 72.42±0.02d 5.45±0.0b 0.87±0.00d 32.5 mm in length and 21 mm in diameter and the weight fruit became 8.7g. The hottest Annual Reviews, 1, 415- 448. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.food.080708.100836 169 31.48±0.01c 6.17±0.0d 0.78±0.00c month in the oasis was July when temperatures go up to 44.4°C. The lowest temperature 196 16.74±0.01a 6.26±0.0d 0.78±0.00c Kamble, P. B., & Chavan, J. K. (2005). Effects of post-harvest treatments and storage temperature on Fruits in each column followed by different letters (a, b, and c) indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) using the test of recordedshelf -duringlife of custardthe study apple period fruits. was Jounal 15.1°C Food for Science October Technology, 2014 and 42 2015. (3), 253 From-255 .September to Newman-Keuls. **: DAP: days after pollination Kim,October, S. A., we & ma Rhee,rked M. a decreaseS. (2016). of Highly four regions enhanced date bactericidal fruits length, effects width of medium and weight. chain However,fatty acids in TMO(caprylic, the date capric, fruits and had, lauric at acid)harvest combined date, the with highest edible fruitplant lengthessential and oils width (carvacrol, compared eugenol, to all β- others (4.3-1.96 cm). TCO has the lower length and width significantly in 2014 than 2015 season (4.01-1.78 cm). Then, the width of the fruits decreased from 2.32 to 1.78 cm and from

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resorcylic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and vanillin) against Escherichia coli O157: H7. 1.92 Foodto 1.7 Control cm in , 201460, 447 and-454. 2015 https://doi.org/ season, respectively.10.1016/j.foodc However,ont.2015.08.022. the weight of date palm fruit Kupwade,increased fromS. R., 13.74Manglani, to 8.83g N. S., and Wadkar, from 12.35S. S., Inamdar,to 8.83g F.in R.,2014 Shete, and C.2015 C., season,& Ghosh, respectively. J. S. (2017) Few Antimicrobialyears ago, El -Aremactivity et al.of (201Lemon2) reported peel extractthat, during against the maturationthe bacteria period, belonging the length to the of DegletGenus Nour Xanthomonas. varied from International(4.30 ± 0.17 –Journal4.10 ± of0.11), Pharmaceutic width fromal Sciences(1.90 ± 0.17Review–1.60 and ± Research0.11 cm), and 45(2)weight, 251 from-254 . https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i4.20962(11.88 ± 0.16–10.49 ± 0.17 g) values from besser to tamar stage, Lucera,respectively. A., Costa, C., Conte, A., & Del Nobile, M. A. (2012). Food applications of natural Matureantimicrobial TMO compounds. dates had theFrontiers highest in weightMicrobiology, (10.9 g).3, 287 However,. TCO dates had the lowest fruit https://doi.org/weight (8.83g).10.3389/fmicb.2012.00287. Differences observed for eCollection the same 2012 cultivar are mainly due to the climate Malasri, S., Tiapradit, P., Russell, S., Poonpurmsiri, P., Tarkarnviroj, C., Pourhashemi, A., Moats, R., conditions& Hudson, and B.har (2015)vesting Insulation period (effectivenessSomayeh et ofal., rice 2012 hull).. InternationalThe relative Journalhumidity of Advanceis high throughoutPackaging the Ttwoechnology, years 2014 3(1), 158and- 168.2015. https://doi.org/ It was respectively,10.23953/cloud.ijapt.20 on average (14 -78%) and (14- Mari,85%). M., Leoni, O., Lori, R., & Cembali, T. (2002) Antifungal vapour-phase activity of allyl isothyocyanates against Penicillium expansum on pears. Plant Pathology, 51, 231-236. Table https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365 5. Physical characteristics of dates-3059.2002.00667.x ”Deglet Nour” at the different stage from different oases in two McClements,seasons (2014 and D. 2015)J., & Rao, J. (2011). Food-grade nanoemulsions: formulation, fabrication, properties, Oases Years Sampling date Moisture Content pH Water A performance, biological(DAP)** fate, and potential(%) toxicity. Critical Review Food Science(%) and Nutrition, 51(4), 285-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.559558 Mishra, B., & Khatkar, B. S. (2009). Studies on post-harvest quality and physiology of coated ber MCO( Zizyphus2014 mauritiana 89 Lamk) fruit. 80.86±0.01bJournal of Food Science3.92±0.0d and Technology (Mysore),0.53±0.01a 46(5), 455-458. 124 82.54±0.00c 4±0.00c 0.72±0.01a 150 73.17±0.02c 6.01±0.0b 0.69±0.00a Mohanty, S., Ramesh, S.,185 & Muralidharan,32.69±0.01c N. P. (2017). Antimicrobial5.55±0.01c efficacy of apple0.94±0.01d cider vinegar against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: An in vitro study. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy2015 Education 91 and Research, 78.31±0.1a7(2), 137 -141. 4.95±0.02c 0.84±0.00b 115 63.80±0.1a 5.98±0.0c 0.74±0.00a Mustafa, E. , Noah, A. , 149Beshay, K. , Sultan,37.19±0.1d L. , Essam, M. 5.76±0.2c& Nouh, O. (2015). Investigating0.77±0.01b the Effect of Various Nanomaterials188 on26.59±0.1c the Wettability of Sandstone5.83±0.1c Reservoir. World0.72±0.00a Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3, 116-126. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2015.33013. Neri,MPP F., Mari,2014 M., 90Meniti, A. M.,82.94±0.01d & Brigati, S. (2006).3.25±0.00a Activity of 0.97±0.01ctrans-2-hexenal 125 83.35±0.01d 3.60±0.0b 0.86±0.1b against Penicillium 152expansum in ‘Conference’61.78±0.01a pears. Journal6.21±0.0d of Applied Microbiology0.87±0.00b 100, 1186-1193. https://doi.or189 g/10.1111/j.136522.73±0.02a-2672.2006.02873.x 5.12±0.01a 0.81±0.01a Nguyen, V. T. A., Le, T. D., Phan, H. N., & Tran, L. B. (2017). Antibacterial activity of free fatty 2015 100 78.53±0.01b 5.08±0.5d 0.98±0.00d acids from hydrolyzed146 virgin coconut69.56±0.01c oil using lipase from6.12±0.0d Candida rugosa. Journal0.86±0.01c of Lipids , 1- 7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7170176 24.87±0.01b 5.15±0.02a 0.87±0.00d Prasad, K., & Stadelbacher,192 G. J. (1974).26.70±0.01d Effect of acetaldehyde5.18±0.03a vapor on postharvest0.81±0.00d decay and market quality of fresh strawberries. Phytopathology, 64, 948-951. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto- TCO 2014 87 80.30±0.01a 3.59±0.01c 0.98±0.00d 64-948 122 82.26±0.02b 3.63±0.02a 0.93±0.00d Raorane, G. P. (2003). Studies149 on growth,73.17±0.1c flowering, fruiting and5.65±0.01a some aspect of harvest0.98±0.00c handling of kokum (Garcinia 190indica choisy).32.35±0.1b M.Sc. Thesis. Dr. 5.47±0.0bBalasaheb Sawant 0.87±0.01bKonkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, District. Ratnagiri. 2015 96 79.34±0.1c 4.90±0.0b 0.83±0.00a Quirós-Sauceda, A. E., Ayala142 -Zavala, J.F.,67.61±0.1b Olivas, G. I., & González5.82±0.0b -Aguilar, G.A.0.83±0.01b (2014). Edible coatings as encapsulating172 matrices for22.02±0.1a bioactive compounds:5.43±0.02a a review. Journal of0.71±0.00a Food Science and Technology, 51(9),193 1674-1685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1319716.84±0.01b 5.47±0.0b- 013-1246-x 0.76±0.00b Ranjan,TMO S., Dasgupta,2014 N.,91 Chakraborty, A.81.65±0.01c R., Samuel, S. M., Ramalingam,3.57±0.0b C., Shanker,0,68±0.01b R., & Kumar, A. (2014). Nanoscience122 and nanotechnologies80.61±0.1a in food industries:3.63±0.02a opportunities0,88±0.00c and research trends. Journal of Nanoparticle155 Research68.69±01b, 16 (6), 2464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s110516.06±0.01c 0,98±0.00c-014 -2464- 5. 194 32.83±0.2d 5.75±0.0d 0,88±0.01c Saxena, R., Liquido,2015 N. J.,94 & Justo, H. B.80.17±0.1d (1981). Natural pesticides4.88±0.00a from the neem tree0.87±0.00c (Azadirachta indica). Proceeding 133of International 72.42±0.02dNeem Conference Rattach5.45±0.0b Engem, Germany.0.87±0.00d Sembdner, G., & Parthier,169 B. (1993). The31.48±0.01c biochemistry and the 6.17±0.0dphysiological and molecular0.78±0.00c actions of jasmonates. Annual 196Review of Plant16.74±0.01a Physiology and Plant6.26±0.0d Molecular Biology,0.78±0.00c 44, 569 -589. Fruits https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.003033in each column followed by different letters (a, b, and c) indicate significant differences (P < 0.05) using the test of Newman-Keuls. **: DAP: days after pollination Shilling, M., Matt, L., & Rubin, E. (2013). Antimicrobial effects of virgin coconut oil and its medium- chain fatty acids on Clostridium difficile. Journal of Medicinal Food, 16(12), 1079-1085. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.0303.

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Chitranshi et al. Variability of physicochemical properties of date fruits Taha et al. Castro, C. D. P. C., Faria, J. & Dantas, T. B. H. (2014). Evaluating the performance of coconut fiber The high values of water activity (a ) were observed at the samples of MCO (0.94) and and wood straw as cushioning materials to reduce injuries of papaya and mango during W Date fruit color changes to green, red, light brown to dark brown during development. MPP (0.81) in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Fruit of date palm is characterized by a low fatty transportation. International Journal of Advanced Packaging Technology, 2(1), 84-95. Results from this study showed that the highest parameters L*, Chroma and H° were recorded acid content (0.66) which protects them against all bacterial development (Besbes et al., https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijapt.10 in MCO at stage 3for the two seasons 2014 and 2015 (48.89 ±0.58, 23.79 ±0.65, 72.55 ±0.69), 2009). Guerin et al. (1978) showed that relative humidity is important for the stability of a Chandra, D., & Kumar, R. (2012). Qualitative effect of wrapping and cushioning materials on guava (54.2 ±0.41, 12.86 ±065, 85.94 ±0.44), respectively (Table 4). The highest values of these product. Indeed, the water content of food is directly related to the moisture of the air. fruits during storage. HortFlora Research Spectrum, 1(4), 318-322. parametersChauhan, S. atK., the & nextBabu, stage D. R. were (2011). observed Use of inbotanicals: TCO (45.52 A new ±0.61, prospective 46.91 for±0.65, enhancing and 36.88 fruit

±0.44),quality (43.18±0.69, over chemicals 50.74±0.45, in an era of50.91±0.37) global climate in 2014change. and Asian 2015, Journal respectively. of Environmental These Biochemical characteristics differencesScience, 6can(1), be17 -28explained. by variability on the ripening stage from an oasis to another. The highest TSS (total soluble solids) concentration was recorded in TCO (18.2) in 2014 and ElleuchCreelman, et R.al. A.,(2008 & )Mullet, reported J. thatE. (1995). ‘Deglet Jasmonic Nour’ fruit acid at distribution tamar stage in hasplants: a L* regul = 31.71ation ±during 0.57 in MCO (17.7) 2015. However, in MCO, the date palm had the lowest TSS fruit (17.3) in thesedevelopment values are and comparable responses toto biotic this andstudy. abiotic El- Zoghbistress. Proceedings (1994) reported of the Nationalthat metabolic Academy and of 2014, and in 2015 MPP has the lowest TSS fruits (16.4). The results (Table 6) showed that physiologicalSciences USA, changes 92, 4114 occur-4119. in https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.10.4114date fruits during growth, development and ripening. These TSS increase gradually to the tamar stage. The TSS increased gradually from (2.5-17.3) in Davidson, P. M., & Taylor, M. T. (2007). Chemical preservatives and natural antimicrobial variations could be related to genotype, branch size, temperature and heat units, light and MCO, from (2.5-17.5) in MPP, from (2-18.2) in TCO, from (2.8-17.8) in TMO and from (3.2- compounds. Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, Washington, DC: American water potential, carbohydrate supply and hormonal changes, especially gibberellin, auxin and 17.7) in MCO, from (3.1-16.4) in MPP, from (3.5-16.9) in TCO, from (3.3-17.1) in TMO Society for Microbiology Press, 713-734. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555815912 ethylene levels. The green color of Deglet Nour fruit was observed at the khimri and Khalal respectively, during fruit development. DebMandal, M., & Mandal, S. (2011). Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): in health promotion stages, red color was observed at rutab stage and yellow color were observed at tamar stage. During all the maturation stages, the soluble fiber content of date flesh samples ranged and disease prevention. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine, 4(3), 241-247. https://doi.org/ At the khimri and khalal stage, MPP and MCO fruits had red color; TMO and TCO fruits had from 0.65 to 2.79% and from 20.58 to 4.7%, for insoluble fiber in 2014 and 2015, 10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60078-3. Donsì,yellow F., color Annunziata, (in the two M., seasons).Vincensi, M.,The & change Ferrari, to G. the (2012). red color Design of ofMCO nanoemulsion and MPP-based Deglet delivery Nour respectively. The insoluble fiber was initially higher at khalal (S3) stage then sharply fruitssystems at the offourth natural stage antimicrobials: (in two seasons) effect hasof the been emulsifier. recorded Journal earlier. of Biotechnology, 159(4), 342- decreased during rutab and finally lowest at tamar stage (S6) in all date palm of the four oases 350.The https://doi.org/third development10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.07.001. stage of date fruit (rutab) corresponded to light green color with a (Table 6).Highest fiber insoluble was recorded in TMO in the two-seasons (2014-2015), at Droby,slight yellowish S., Porat, tinge R., whichCohen, is L.,Weiss,an indicated B., byShapiro, the C* B.,values. Philosoph At the- Hadas,kimri andS., khalal& Meir, stage, S. khalal, rutab and tamar stage (11.96-7.74-6.88%), (10.82-7.28-6.99%), respectively. Lowest date(1999). fruits Suppressingfrom all the greenfour differentmold decay oases in showedgrapefruit lightness with postharvest values in ajasmonates narrow range, application. but at fiber insoluble values (8.82-6.88-6.52%), (8.84-6.84-6.25%) were recorded in TCO, in 2014 the Journalrutab and oftamar the stages, American the lightness Society values for decreased. Horticultural However, Science by the , 124(2), fourth stage184-,188. the and 2015, respectively. The date palm fruit of MPP possessed the highest values of soluble https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.124.2.184 MCO and MPP fruits had developed a reddish color indicated by a higher L* values (45.92 fiber in 2014 than 2015 season (2.79-2.45%). But TCO has the lowest values of soluble fiber Dubey, N., Mishra, V., & Thakur, D. (2018). Plant based antimicrobial formulations. Postharvest ±0.4/46.60 ±0.25, in 2014 and 2015, respectively). TMO and TCO fruits were yellow in color (1.98-2.19%) in the two seasons (2014-2015). Disinfection of Fruits and Vegetables, 1, Elsevier Academic Press, 322-331. with a lower L*values (43.18 ±0.69/45.18 ±0.63 in 2014 and 2015, respectively). Mean According to Al-Farsi and Lee (2008), the dates contain an average total fiber content of https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812698-1.00011-X values of L*, hue and C* of TMO fruits ranged from (52.21 ±0.93/30.55 ±0.76/60.38 ±0.63) between 3.57 g/100 g and 10.9 g/100 g, which are divided into soluble fibers (0.4-1.3 g/100 g) Fallik, E., Arhbold, D. D., Hamil ton-Kemp, T. R., Clements, A. M. , Collins, R. W., & Barth, M. E. in 2014 (54.72 ±0.45/12.01 ±0.64/69.61 ±0.54) in 2015, respectively. The L*, C* and hº and insoluble fibers (3.03-7.4 g/100 g). The date palm collected from MPP, TMO, MCO and (1998). (E)-2-Hexenal can stimulate Botrytis cinerea growth in vitro and on strawberry fruit in Colorvivo Space during can storage. be grading Journal ripe of categorythe American of date Society fruits for according Horticultural to its Science color, to123, more 875 -than888. TCO oases indicated that variation in the region, and climatic conditions could make an colorhttps://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.123.5.875 such as(yellow, light red and dark red), according to Chroma (C*) and hue angle (hº) for impact on the fruit quality and nutritional values. The results are comparable to those reported Fenwick,each variety G. R., of Heaney,date fruits. R. K., Date & Mullin,color can W. be J. (1983).related Glucosinolatesto the moisture, and sugar their contentbreak-down and productslevel of previously, with some differences related to date variety and agro-climatic and environmental acidityin throughfood and the food color plants. and satura Criticaltion forReviews date fruitin Food (Ibrahim Science et al., and 2014 Nutrition). 18, 123-201. conditions (Ahmed et al., 1995; Elleuch et al., 2008; Gassim, 1994). https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398209527361 Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (2011). Global food losses and food Physical characteristics waste. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome, Italy. http://faostat.fao.org. The moisture content of dates ‘Deglet Nour’ varied from 83.35 to 22.73% in 2014, and from Garcia, J. L. (1982). Storage of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in rice hull ash of different 82.54 to 16.74 in 2015, respectively (Table 5). During development, fruits decrease in particle sizes and moisture content [Philippines]. Thesis. In Agricultural Information Bank for Scree plot moisture content. The last stage of date growth, TMO had the highest moisture content Asia, South-East Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture 8 100 (32.83(AGRIS)- 26. 7% since in 1985. 2014 and 2015, respectively). MPP and TCO had the lowest moisture 7 80 Gyawali,content (22.73 R., &- 16.74%Ibrahim, inS. 2014A. (2014). and 2015, Natural resp productsectively). as Theseantimicrobial results agents.are comparable Food Control, to Booij 46,

6 et al.412 (1992-429.), https://doi.org/Sawaya et al. 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.047(1983) and Elleuch et al. (2008 ). Some differences were attributed

5 60 Hanušová,to varieties, K., agroDobiáš,-environmental J., & Klaudisová, conditions K. (2009). (Ahmed Effect ofet packagingal., 1995; films Al- Hootireleasing & antimicrobialJiuan 1995;

4 Gasim,agents 1994 on). stability El-Arem of foodet al. products. (2012) Czechreported Jounal that of the Food values Science of , moisture27, 347-349 content. of Deglet 3 40 Eigen value Nour https://doi.org/10.17221/958 varied from 65.50 to 21.95-CJFS % at besser to tamar stage, respectively. 2 20 ICAR,Date (2009 palm). Indian of TMO, Council possessed of Agricultural higher pHResearch. (5.75- Annual 6.26) in Report. 2014 and 2015, respectively, and 1 Cumullative variability % variability Cumullative Janjarasskul,MPP showed T., the & Krochta,lowest val M.ues (2010). in these Edible two packaging seasons materials.(5.12- 5.18).The Food Science fruit anddates Technology of MCO- 0 0 Annual Reviews, 1, 415- 448. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.food.080708.100836 revealed a slightly acid pH equal to 5.83 compared to that of the fruits of the TMO 6.26. The F1 F3 F5 F7 F9 F11 F13 F15 F17 F19 Kamble, P. B., & Chavan, J. K. (2005). Effects of post-harvest treatments and storage temperature on datesshelf of the-life MPP of custard and TCO apple region fruits. Jounalpresent Food the mostScience acid Technology, pH values 42 5.18 (3), and253- 2555.47. respectively Principal component Kim,(Table S. 5A.,). Good & Rhee, quality M. S. fruits (2016). of Highlydate palm enhanced had a bactericidalpH of 6.43 effects(Khali of et medium al., 2007 chain). It fattyincreased acids from(caprylic, a stage tocapric, another and lauric(Jarrah, acid) 1983; combined Rastegar with etedible al., plant2012 essential). El-Arem oils et(carvacrol, al. (201 2eugenol,) showed β- Fig. 1. Scree plot of variance explained by each factor of the principal component. that fruit pH was 5.84 at besser stage, 6.34 at rutab stage and 6.85 at tamar stage. TMO possessed the high quality of fresh Deglet Nour in 2015 (6.26).

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VariabilityBotanical products of physicochemical for post-harvest properties management of date fruits of perishable produce

resorcylic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and vanillin) against Escherichia coli O157: H7. TheFood high Control values, 60 ,of 447 water-454. activityhttps://doi.org/ (aW) were10.1016/j.foodc observed ont.2015.08.022.at the samples of MCO (0.94) and Kupwade,MPP (0.81) S. inR., 2014 Manglani, and 2015, N. S., respectively.Wadkar, S. S., Fruit Inamdar, of date F. R.,palm Shete, is characterized C. C., & Ghosh, by aJ. lowS. (2017) fatty acid Antimicrobialcontent (0.66) activity which ofprotects Lemon them pee againstl extract all againstbacterial the development bacteria belonging (Besbes toet al.the, 2009Genus). Guerin Xanthomonas. et al. (1978) International showed thatJournal relative of Pharmaceutic humidity isal important Sciences Reviewfor the andstability Research of a, product.45(2) Indeed,, 251-254 the. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i4.20962 water content of food is directly related to the moisture of the air. Lucera, A., Costa, C., Conte, A., & Del Nobile, M. A. (2012). Food applications of natural Biochemicalantimicrobial characteristics compounds. Frontiers in Microbiology, 3, 287. The highesthttps://doi.org/ TSS (total10.3389/fmicb.2012.00287. soluble solids) concentration eCollection was 2012 recorded in TCO (18.2) in 2014 and Malasri, S., Tiapradit, P., Russell, S., Poonpurmsiri, P., Tarkarnviroj, C., Pourhashemi, A., Moats, R., in MCO& Hudson, (17.7) B.2015. (2015) However, Insulation in MCO,effectiveness the date of ricepalm hull had. International the lowest TSSJournal fruit of (17.3) Advance in 2014,Packaging and in 2015 Technology, MPP has 3(1) the, 158 lowest-168. https://doi.org/TSS fruits (16.4).10.23953/cloud.ijapt.20 The results (Table 6) showed that Mari,TSS increaseM., Leoni, gradually O., Lori, to R.,the &tamar Cembali, stage. T.The (2002) TSS Antifungalincreased graduallyvapour-phase from activity (2.5- 17.3)of allyl in MCO,isothyocyanates from (2.5-17.5) against in MPP, Penicillium from (2 expansum-18.2) in on TCO, pears. from Plant (2.8 Pathology-17.8) in, 51 TMO, 231 -and236 .from (3.2- 17.7) https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365 in MCO, from (3.1-16.4)- 3059.2002.00667.xin MPP, from (3.5 -16.9) in TCO, from (3.3-17.1) in TMO McClements,respectively, D.during J., & fruitRao, development.J. (2011). Food -grade nanoemulsions: formulation, fabrication, properties, Duringperformance, all the biological maturation fate, stages, and potential the soluble toxicity. fiber Critical content Review of dateFood flesh Science samples and Nutrition, ranged from51(4) 0.65, 285to -3302.79%. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.559558 and from 20.58 to 4.7%, for insoluble fiber in 2014 and 2015, Mishra,respectively. B., & TheKhatkar, insoluble B. S. (2009).fiber wasStudies initially on post higher-harvest at quality khalal and (S3) physiology stage thenof coated sharp berly decreased(Zizyphus during mauritiana rutab and Lamk) finally fruit. lowest Journal at tamar of Food stage Science (S6) in and all Technologydate palm of (Mysore), the four 46(5)oases, (Table455 6-).Highest458. fiber insoluble was recorded in TMO in the two-seasons (2014-2015), at Mohanty, S., Ramesh, S., & Muralidharan, N. P. (2017). Antimicrobial efficacy of apple cider vinegar khalal,against rutab Enterococcus and tamar stagefaecalis (11.96 and Candida-7.74-6.88%), albicans (10.82: An -in7.28 vitro-6.99%), study . respectively.Journal of Advanced Lowest fiberPharmacy insoluble Education values (8.82 and- Research6.88-6.52%),, 7(2) , (8.84137-141-6.84. -6.25%) were recorded in TCO, in 2014 Mandustafa, 2015, E. respectively., Noah, A. , Beshay,The date K. palm , Sultan, fruit L. of , Essam,MPP possessed M. & Nouh, the O.highest (2015). values Investigating of soluble the fiberEffect in 2014 of thanVarious 2015 Nanomaterials season (2.79 on-2.45%). the Wettability But TCO of hasSandstone the lowest Reservoir. values World of soluble Journal fiber of (1.98Engineering-2.19%) in theand twoTechnology seasons, 3(2014, 116--126.2015). https://doi.org/ 10.4236/wjet.2015.33013. Neri,According F., Mari, to M.,Al- FarsiMeniti, and LeeA. (M.,2008 &), theBrigati, dates containS. (2006). an averageActivity total of fibertrans content-2-hexenal of betweenagainst 3.57 Penicillium g/100 g and expansum 10.9 g/100 in ‘Conference’ g, which are pears.divided Journal into soluble of Applied fibers Microbiology (0.4-1.3 g/100 100 g), and insoluble1186-1193 fibers. https://doi.or (3.03-7.4g/10.1111/j.1365 g/100 g). The- 2672.2006.02873.xdate palm collected from MPP, TMO, MCO and Nguyen,TCO oases V. T.indicated A., Le, T.that D., variationPhan, H. N.,in the& Tran, region, L. B. and (2017). climatic Antibacterial conditions activity could of makefree fatty an impactacids on fromthe fruit hydrolyzed quality virgin and nutritional coconut oil values. using lipase The fromresults Candida are comparable rugosa. Journal to those of Lipidsreported, 1- previously,7. https://doi.org/ with some10.1155/2017/7170 differences related to date variety and agro-climatic and environmental Prasad, K., & Stadelbacher, G. J. (1974). Effect of acetaldehyde vapor on postharvest decay and conditionsmarket (qualityAhmed of et fresh al., 199strawberries.5; Elleuch Phytopathology, et al., 2008; Gassim, 64, 948 -1994951. ).https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto - 64-948 Raorane , G. P. (2003). Studies on growth, flowering, fruiting and some aspect of harvest handling of kokum (Garcinia indica choisy). M.Sc. Thesis. Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth, Dapoli, District. Ratnagiri. Scree plot Quirós -Sauceda, A. E., Ayala-Zavala, J.F., Olivas, G. I., & González-Aguilar, G.A. (2014). Edible

8 100 coatings as encapsulating matrices for bioactive compounds: a review. Journal of Food Science 7 and Technology, 51(9), 1674-1685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1319780-013-1246-x 6 Ranjan, S., Dasgupta, N., Chakraborty, A. R., Samuel, S. M., Ramalingam, C., Shanker, R., & Kumar, 5 60 A. (2014). Nanoscience and nanotechnologies in food industries: opportunities and research trends. Journal of Nanoparticle4 Research, 16(6), 2464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2464- 3 40 5. Eigen value 2 Saxena, R., Liquido, N. J., & Justo, H. B. (1981). Natural pesticides 20from the neem tree (Azadirachta 1 indica). Proceeding of International Neem Conference Rattach Engem, % variability Cumullative Germany. Sembdner, G., & Parthier, B.0 (1993). The biochemistry and the physiological0 and molecular actions of jasmonates. Annual ReviewF1 F3of PlantF5 F7 PhysiologyF9 F11 F13 andF15 F17PlantF19 Molecular Biology, 44, 569-589.

https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.003033Principal component Shilling, M., Matt, L., & Rubin, E. (2013). Antimicrobial effects of virgin coconut oil and its medium- chain fatty acids on Clostridium difficile . Journal of Medicinal Food, 16(12), 1079-1085. Fig. 1. Scree plot of variance explained by each factor of the principal component. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.0303.

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Chitranshi et al. Variability of physicochemical properties of date fruits Taha et al. Castro, C. D. P. C., Faria, J. & Dantas, T. B. H. (2014). Evaluating the performance of coconut fiber

Variables (axes F1 et F2 : 65,98 %) and wood straw as cushioning materials to reduce injuries of papaya and mango during Table 6. Biochemical quality characteristics of dates ”Deglet Nour” at the different stage from different oases in 1 transportation. International Journal of Advanced Packaging Technology, 2(1), 84-95. two seasons (2014 and 2015) https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijapt.10 Chroma Oases Years Sampling TSS° Fiber S Fiber I Glucose Fructose Sucrose 0/75 Chandra, D., & dateKumar, R.(%) (2012). Qua(%)litative effect(%) of wrapping(%) and cushioning(%) materials(%) on guava L fruits during (DAP)**storage. HortFlora Research Spectrum, 1(4), 318-322. 0/5 Acidit tt Chauhan,MCO 2014 S. K.,89 & Babu, 3.6±0.01aD. R. (2011). 1.16±0.00c Use of 11.69±0.00abotanicals: A20.02±0.43c new prospective 8.19±0.1c for enhancing0.085±0.001a fruit 124 9±0.02c 1.18±0.00b 9.14±0.01b 27.41±0.52c 8.89±0.24d 0.17±0.002a

pH quality over chemicals in an era of global climate change. Asian Journal of Environmental 0/25 150 12.6±0.00b 1.67±0.00d 4.92±0.01a 41.69±0.35b 20.77±0.24b 6.27±0.009a %) Fiber I MPT Science, 6(1), 17-28. 185 17.3±0.01a 2.50±0.1c 4.70±0.01a 48.74±0.45c 24.31±0.35c 8.86±0.002d

26 Creelman, R. A., & Mullet, J. E. (1995). Jasmonic acid distribution in plants: regulation during , saccharose TSS 0 2015 91 6.2±0.1b 1.34±0.00d 11.22±0.00b 12.41±0.00b 4.61±0.43d 0.085±0.009a 12 development and responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Proceedings of the National Academy of ( weight 115 9.6±0.2a 1.61±0.00c 9.66±0.00c 40.82±0.17d 18.51±0.52c 0.72±0.01b 2 lenght Sciences USA, 92, 4114-4119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.10.4114 F -0/25 H% AW glucose 149 14.8±0.1c 1.87±0.00d 5.69±0.00a 30.78±0.08b 15.05±0.35b 5.75±0.003a CD widtht fructose Davidson, P. M.,188 & Taylor,17.7±0.2d M. T.2.34±0.00c (2007). Chemical5.06±0.00a preservatives41.64±0.26c and22.06±0.45c natural antimicrobial7.40±0.006d compounds. Food Microbiology: Fundamentals and Frontiers, Washington, DC: American -0/5 Fiber S MPP 2014 90 3.7±0.01b 0.96±0.01b 12.33±0.01b 14.33±0.28a 4.84±0.12a 0.11±0.005b Society for Microbiology Press, 713-734. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555815912 Hue 125 10.1±0.01d 0.99±0.01a 9.36±0.01c 23.83±0.43a 7.04±0.24c 0.17±0.002a -0/75 DebMandal, M.,152 & Mandal12.4±0.00a, S. (2011). 1.16±0.01a Coconut (Cocos7.65±0.01c nucifera 41.87±0.33b L.: Arecaceae): 21.62±0.24c in health 6.99±0.001c promotion and disease prevention.189 17.5±0.01b Asian Pacific 2.79±0.00d Journal 6.17±0.01bof Tropical Medicine,57.95±0.59d 4(3), 30.09±0.58d 241-247. https://doi.org/8.71±0.007b

-1 10.1016/S19952015 100- 7645(11)600785±0.1a -3. 1.06±0.00b 12.38±0.00d 12.03±0.002b 4.52±0.28c 0.085±0.002a -1 -0/75 -0/5 -0/25 0 0/25 0/5 0/75 1 Donsì, F., Annunziata,146 M.,10.6±0.1b Vincensi, M.,1.38±0.00b & Ferrari, 9.63±0.00c G. (2012). Design38.11±0.009c of nanoemulsion 19.04±0.35d- based0.17±0.004a delivery systems of natural176 antimicrobials:13.2±0.1a 1.66±0.00ceffect of the6.87±0.00c emulsifier. Journal32.69±0.09c of Biotechnology16.34±0.33d , 6.18±0.001b159(4), 342 - F1 (53,72 %) 350. https://doi.org/192 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.07.001.16.4±0.1a 2.45±0.00d 6.17±0.00b 30.71±0.08b 16.91±0.53a 6.17±0.002a Droby,TCO S.,2014 Porat,87 R., Cohen,3.8±0.01c L.,Weiss, 0.59±0.00a B., 15.01±0.01dShapiro, B.,18.60±0.43b Philosoph -Hadas,7.12±0.12b S., &0.085±0.002a Meir, S. 122 8.9±0.01b 1.18±0.01b 8.82±0.01a 25.57±0.35b 7.39±0.24b 0.17±0.002a Fig. 2. Circle of correlation of variables (F1 and F2) during two study seasons (1999). Suppressing green mold decay in grapefruit with postharvest jasmonates application. 149 14.7±0.02d 1.50±0.00c 6.88±0.00b 31.19±0.43a 13.85±0.12a 6.17±0.008a Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science , 124(2), 184-188. (Length : length of dates, width : width of dates, weight : weight of dates, H% : Moisture content, ACI : total acidité, TSS : https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.124.2.184190 18.2±0.03d 1.98±0.01a 6.52±0.00c 38.12±0.14a 17.53±0.44a 8.80±0.006c total soluble solids, SAC : sucrose, MPT : protein content, AW: activité de l’eau) Dubey, N.,2015 Mishra, 96 V., &9.9±0.1d Thakur, D.0.89±0.00a (2018). Plant11.03±0.00a based antimicrobial12.08±0.17c formulations.3.44±0.43a 0.085±0.001aPostharvest Disinfection142 of Fruits12.9±0.1d and 1.18±0.00aVegetables, 8.84±0.00a 1, Elsevier34.77±0.00a Academic 12.23±0.42a Pres s,0,17±0.01a 322-331 . https://doi.org/10.1016/B978172 14.3±0.12b-0 -121.5±0.00b-812698 -1.000116.84±0.00b-X 33.07±0.17d 16.09±0.43c 7.46±0.009c Fallik, E., Arhbold,193 D. D.,16.9±0.12b Hamil ton -Kemp,2.19±0.00a T. R.,6.25±0.00c Clements, A.26.50±0.00a M. , Collins, 14.98±0.42b R. W., & Barth,6.46±0.007b M. E. Observations (axes F1 et F2 : 65,98 %) TMO(1998). 2014 (E)91-2 -Hexenal3.9±0.01d can stimulate 1.19±0.01d Botrytis 14.18±0.01c cinerea growth 14.64±0.48a in vitro and5.42±0.24a on strawberry 0.085±0.003a fruit in 4 122 6.6±0.01a 1.30±0.01c 11.96±0.00d 25.20±0.45b 7.57±0.28c 0.17±0.002a TMO26 vivo during storage. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 123, 875-888. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.123.5.875155 13.7±0.03c 1.38±0.02b 7.74±0.01d 47.89±0.48c 24.65±0.33d 6.81±0.017b 3 MCO25 194 17.8±0.01c 2.18±0.02b 6.88±0.01d 39.92±0.07b 18.51±0.44b 6.89±0.02a TCO24 Fenwick, G. R., Heaney, R. K., & Mullin, W. J. (1983). Glucosinolates and their break-down products 2 MCO24 TCO25T CO26 in food2015 and94 food plants.7.2±0.12c Critical 1.17±0.00c Reviews 12.17±0.00c in Food 10.58±0.00aScience and 3.93±0.43bNutrition 18,0.085±0.003a 123-201 . 133 10.8±0.12c 1.38±0.00b 10.96±0.00d 34.85±0.08b 11.92±0.34b 0.17±0.005a

TMO25 MCO11 https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398209527361169 14.8±0.12c 1.42±0.00a 6.99±0.00d 26.68±0.00a 16.87±0.43a 6.31±0.001b 1 TCO11M CO12T TMO21 TMO24 MCO26 %) CO21 TCO12M TMO22 Food and Agriculture196 Organiza17.1±0.1ction of 2.24±0.00bthe United Nations6.28±0.00d (FAO), 42.30±0.07c (2011). Global22.50±0.43d food losses 6.94±0.003c and food PPM21 TMO23 MCO15 26 MPP11 CO22 , TCO23 MPP24 Fruits waste.in each Unitedcolumn followedNations by Food different and lettersAgriculture (a, b, and Organization. c) indicate significant Rome, differences Italy. http://faostat.fao.org (P < 0.05) using the .test of 0 MPP22 MCO23 12 MCO21 M Newman-Keuls. **: DAP: days after pollination. ( TMO11 MPP12 TCO22 MPP23 PP25 Garcia, J. L. (1982). Storage of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in rice hull ash of different 2 TMO12 MCO14 TCO15 particle sizes and moisture content [Philippines]. Thesis. In Agricultural Information Bank for F -1 MCO13 TMO14 TMO13 TMO15 MPP26 Asia, South-East Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture TCO13 TCO14 TMO16 -2 MPP13 MPP14 MPP15 (AGRIS) since 1985. TCO16 MCO16 Gyawali, R., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2014). Natural products as antimicrobial agents. Food Control, 46, -3 412-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.047 MPP16 Hanušová, K., Dobiáš, J., & Klaudisová, K. (2009). Effect of packaging films releasing antimicrobial -4 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 agents on stability of food products. Czech Jounal of Food Science, 27, 347-349. F1 (53,72 %) https://doi.org/10.17221/958-CJFS ICAR, (2009). Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Annual Report. Fig. 3. Projection of observations on the factorial plan of two study seasons Janjarasskul, T., & Krochta, M. (2010). Edible packaging materials. Food Science and Technology- Annual Reviews, 1, 415- 448. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.food.080708.100836 Kamble, P. B., & Chavan, J. K. (2005). Effects of post-harvest treatments and storage temperature on shelf-life of custard apple fruits. Jounal Food Science Technology, 42 (3), 253-255.

Kim, S. A., & Rhee, M. S. (2016). Highly enhanced bactericidal effects of medium chain fatty acids (caprylic, capric, and lauric acid) combined with edible plant essential oils (carvacrol, eugenol, β -

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VariabilityBotanical products of physicochemical for post-harvest properties management of date fruits of perishable produce

resorcylic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and vanillin) against Escherichia coli O157: H7. Food Control, 60, 447-454. https://doi.org/Variables (axes10.1016/j.foodc F1 et F2 : 65,98 ont.2015.08.022.%) Kupwade, S. R., Manglani,1 N. S., Wadkar, S. S., Inamdar, F. R., Shete, C. C., & Ghosh, J. S. (2017)

Antimicrobial activity of Lemon peel extractC hromaagainst the bacteria belonging to the Genus Xanthomonas.0/75 International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, L 45(2), 251-254. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i4.20962 0/5 Lucera, A., Costa, C., Conte, A., & Del Nobile, M. A. (2012). FoodAcidit applications tt of natural

pH antimicrobial0/25 compounds. Frontiers in Microbiology, 3, 287. https://doi.org/%) 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00287.Fiber I eCollection 2012 MPT Malasri, S., Tiapradit,26 0 P., Russell, S., Poonpurmsiri, P., Tarkarnviroj, C.,saccharose Pourhashemi, TSS A., Moats, R., 12 , & Hudson,( B. (2015) Insulation effectiveness of rice hull. International weightJournal of Advance

2 lenght PackagingF T-0/25echnology, 3(1)H,% 158 -168.A Whttps://doi.org/ 10.23953/cloud.ijapt.20glucose Mari, M., Leoni, O., Lori, R., & Cembali, T. (2002) AntifungalC Dvapour widtht- phasefructose activity of allyl isothyocyanates-0/5 against Penicillium expansum on pears. Plant PathologyFiber, 51 ,S 231 -236.

https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2002.00667.xHue McClements, D. -0/75J., & Rao, J. (2011). Food-grade nanoemulsions: formulation, fabrication, properties, performance, biological fate, and potential toxicity. Critical Review Food Science and Nutrition, 51(4), 285-330-1. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.559558 Mishra, B., & Khatkar,-1 B. S.-0/75 (2009).-0/5 Studies-0/25 on post0 -harvest0/25 quality0/5 and0/75 physiology1 of coated ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk) fruit. JournalF1 (of53 ,Food72 %) Science and Technology (Mysore), 46(5), 455-458. Mohanty, S., Ramesh, S., & Muralidharan, N. P. (2017). Antimicrobial efficacy of apple cider vinegar against Enterococcus Fig. 2. Circle faecalis of correlation and Candida of variables albicans (F1 and: AnF2) duringin vitro two study study. seasonsJournal of Advanced Pharmacy Education and Research, 7(2), 137-141. M(Lengthustafa, : length E. , ofNoah, dates, A. width , Beshay, : width of K.dates, , Sultan, weight :L. weight , Essam, of dates, M. H% & : MoistureNouh, O.content, (2015). ACI Investigating: total acidité, TSS the : Effect of Various total soluble Nanomaterials solids, SAC : onsucrose, the WettabilityMPT : protein ofcontent, Sandstone AW: activité Reservoir. de l’eau )World Journal of Engineering and Technology, 3, 116-126. https://doi.org/10.4236/wjet.2015.33013. Neri, F., Mari, M., Meniti, A. M., & Brigati, S. (2006). Activity of trans-2-hexenal

against Penicillium expansumObservations in ‘Conference’ (axes F1 etpears. F2 : 65Journal,98 %) of Applied Microbiology 100, 1186-1193. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02873.x 4 Nguyen, V. T. A., Le, T. D., Phan, H. N., & Tran, L. B. (2017). AntibacterialTMO26 activity of free fatty acids from hydrolyzed3 virgin coconut oil using lipase from Candida rugosaMCO25. Journal of Lipids, 1- 7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7170 TCO24 TCO26 Prasad, K., & Stadelbacher,2 G. J. (1974). Effect of acetaldehydeMCO24 vapor TonCO 25postharvest decay and

market quality of fresh Mstrawberries.CO11 Phytopathology, 64, 948-951. https://doi.org/10.1094/phytoTMO25 - 1 TCO11M CO12T TMO21 TMO24 MCO26

%) CO21 64-948 TCO12M TMO22 PPM21 TMO23 MCO15 26 CO22 Raorane, G. P. (2003).M StudiesPP11 on growth, flowering,T COfruiting23 M andPP24 some aspect of harvest handling of 0 MPP22 MCO23 12 , MCO21 M kokum (Garcinia( TMOindica11 M PPchoisy).12 TM.Sc.CO22 MThesis.PP23 Dr. BalasahebPP Sawant25 Konkan Krishi 2 TMO12 MCO14 TCO15 Vidyapeeth,F Dapoli,-1 District. Ratnagiri. MCO13 TMO14 TMO13 TMO15 MPP26 Quirós-Sauceda, A. E., Ayala-Zavala, J.F.,T COOlivas,13 G.T COI., 14& González-Aguilar,TMO G.A.16 (2014). Edible -2 MPP13 MPP14 MPP15 coatings as encapsulating matrices for bioactive compounds: a review.T COJournal16 of Food Science and Technology, 51(9), 1674-1685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1246MCO-x16 -3 Ranjan, S., Dasgupta, N., Chakraborty, A. R., Samuel, S. M., Ramalingam, C., Shanker, R., & Kumar, MPP16 A. (2014). Nanoscience-4 and nanotechnologies in food industries: opportunities and research trends. Journal -6of Nanoparticle-5 -4 -3Research-2 , 16-1 (6),0 2464.1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s110512 3 4 5 6 -014-2464- 5. F1 (53,72 %) Saxena, R., Liquido, N. J., & Justo, H. B. (1981). Natural pesticides from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica). Fig.Proceeding 3. Projection of International of observations Neem on the Conference factorial plan Rattach of two Engem,study seasons Germany. Sembdner, G., & Parthier, B. (1993). The biochemistry and the physiological and molecular actions of jasmonates. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology, 44, 569-589. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.003033 Shilling, M., Matt, L., & Rubin, E. (2013). Antimicrobial effects of virgin coconut oil and its medium- chain fatty acids on Clostridium difficile. Journal of Medicinal Food, 16(12), 1079-1085. https://doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2012.0303.

JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND POSTHARVEST RESEARCH VOL. 3(1) MARCH 2020 95

Chitranshi et al. Variability of physicochemical properties of date fruits Taha et al. Castro, C. D. P. C., Faria, J. & Dantas, T. B. H. (2014). Evaluating the performance of coconut fiber Baliga et al. (2011) found that the chemical composition of dates in sugars ranged from 52.6- and wood straw as cushioning materials to reduce injuries of papaya and mango during

88.6 (g/100g) Glucose 17.6-41.4, Fructose 13.6-36.8, Sucrose 0.5-33.9. transportation. International Journal of Advanced Packaging Technology, 2(1), 84-95. https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijapt.10Observations (axes F1 et F2 : 65,98 %) Significantly differences were observed in the percentage of reducing sugars and sucrose for all the dates’ fruits of the different regions. Chandra, 4D., & Kumar, R. (2012). Qualitative effect of wrapping and cushioning materials on guava fruits during storage. HortFlora Research Spectrum, 1(4), 318-322. TMO26

Chauhan,3 S. K., & Babu, D. R. (2011). Use of botanicals: A new prospective for enhancing fruit Multivariate analysis quality over chemicals in an era of global climate change. Asian JournalMCO25 of Environmental TCO24 Correlation of parameters was used to study the interrelationships among some major Science, 6(1), 17-28. TCO25 TCO26 maturity chemical characteristic and climate conditions. Analytic results were reveled Creelman,2 R. A., & Mullet, J. E. (1995). Jasmonic acid MdistributionCO24 in plants: regulation during significant (P<0.05) strong relationships were observed among the investigated parameters. A development and responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Proceedings of theTMO National25 Academy of 2 MCO11 T TMO24 good correlation were showed significantly (P<0.05) between TSS and sugars (sucrose: r Sciences 1 USA,CO 9211, 4114MCO-124119.T CO 21https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.10.4114 TMO21 MCO26 2 2 2 2 TMO22 %) TCO12 =0.803; fructose: r =0.726; glucose: r =0.687), pH (r =0.708), soluble fiber (r =0.798). Davidson, P. M., & Taylor, M. MT.PP 21(2007). ChemicalTMO23 preservativesMCO15 and natural antimicrobial 2 MPP11 MCO22 26 M There were also correlations between soluble fiber and sugars (sucrose: r =0.785; fructose: compounds. Food Microbiology:MPP Fundamentals22 TCO 23and Frontiers,PP24 Washington, DC: American 2 2 2 0 MCO23 Society12 , for Microbiology PressMCO, 21713 -734. https://doi.org/10.1128/9781555815912 r =0.738; glucose: r =0.669), and very good correlations between glucose and fructose (r ( TMO11 MPP12 TCO22 MPP23 MPP25 DebMandal2 , M., & Mandal, S. (2011). Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): in health promotion =0.967). Negative relationships (P<0.05) were observed between moisture content and TSS F MCO14 TMO12 TCO15 (r2 = -0.837), as well as between moisture content and soluble fiber (r2 = -0.829), then high and disease-1 prevention. Asian Pacific JournalMCO 13of TropicalTMO14 Medicine, 4(3), 241-247. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S1995-7645(11)60078-3. TMO13 TMO15 MPP26 negative correlations with sucrose (r2 = -0.93). TMO16 Donsì, F., Annunziata, M., Vincensi, M.,TCO &13 Ferrari, G.TCO (2012).14 M DesignPP15 of nanoemulsion-based delivery The highest positive correlation has been observed in the case of length with width and -2 MPP13 MPP14 systems of natural antimicrobials: effect of the emulsifier. Journal of BiotechnologyTCO16 , 159(4), 342- weight (r=0.744), (r=0.915), respectively, followed by TSS with pH (r=0.708). Significant 350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.07.001. MCO16 positive correlations were found for the two successive years between insoluble fiber and Droby, -3S., Porat, R., Cohen, L.,Weiss, B., Shapiro, B., Philosoph-Hadas, S., & Meir, S. moisture content (r=0.756), between fructose and TSS, soluble fiber and glucose (r=0.726), (1999). Suppressing green mold decay in grapefruit with postharvest jasmonates application. MPP16 (r=0.738) and (r=0.738), respectively, while the highest negative correlation have been Journal-4 of the American Society for Horticultural Science , 124(2), 184-188. observed in the case of insoluble fiber with TSS (r= -0.919) and in the case of fructose with https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.124.2.184-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 insoluble fiber (r=-0.707). The correlation coefficient was significant only in physicochemical Dubey, N., Mishra, V., & Thakur, D. (2018).F1 Plant(53,72 based%) antimicrobial formulations. Postharvest parameters of date palm fruit for the two successive years. These differences can be due to Disinfection of Fruits and Vegetables, 1, Elsevier Academic Press, 322-331 . environmental conditions or to the coexistence of different genotypes. Finally, some cropping https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812698-1.00011-X Fallik, Fig.E., Arhbold, 4. Projection D. ofD., the Hamil best- representedton-Kemp, variables T. R., Clements, on the factorial A. M. plane , Collins, 1-2 of twoR. W.,study & seasons Barth, M. E. techniques such as fertilization and irrigation can affect the weight, length and diameter of the date. In general, good fertilized and irrigated palms produce dates with better length, diameter (1998). (E)-2-Hexenal can stimulate Botrytis cinerea growth in vitro and on strawberry fruit in vivo during storage. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 123, 875-888. and date weight than poorly maintained dates (Munier, 1973). The length of date fruits Totalhttps://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.123.5.875 dietary fiber contents varied significantly between 8.09 g/100g and 5 g/100g (dry increased when pH increased and became an acid pH: TMO>MPP> TCO> MCO. Dry dates Fenwick,matter basis) G. R., in Heaney, Deglet R. Nour K., & (Mullin,Besbes W. et J.al., (1983). 2009 Glucosinolates). Ripening condition,and their break location,-down productsyear of would be slightly more acid by contribution to dates soft and semi-soft. developmentin food and methodfood plants. of studies Critical can Reviews make the in differenceFood Science of characteristics and Nutrition ( Besbes18, 123 et-201 al.,. The length of date fruit increased when the sucrose content increased: MCO> TCO> 2009https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398209527361). MPP> TMO (Munier, 1973; Nixon et al., 1973; Sawaya et al., 1983) agree that the variability FoodThe and compositionAgriculture Organiza and amountstion of theof Unitedsugars Nationsof date (FAO), are shown (2011). in Global(Table food 6). lossesSugars and varied food of sugars content of dates according to variety, climate, and stage of maturation. withinwaste. oases United and stagesNations of Food maturity. and Agriculture Sucrose, fructoseOrganization. and glucoseRome, Italy. are thehttp://faostat.fao.org main sugars in date.. The weight increased when the sucrose content increased: MCO> TCO> MPP> TMO, the Garcia,Significantly J. L. (1982). differences Storage were of tomat observedoes (Lycopersicon in sugars cont esculentument in dates Mill) fromin rice a hull different ash of stagedifferent of sugar content increased with the ripening of the fruit. It is also known (Abdel-Nasser & maturationparticle andsizes in and proportions moisture content between [Philippines]. the regions. Thesis. In seasonIn Agricultural 2014, the Information high quantity Bank forof Harhash, 2007; Ahmed IA et al., 1995; Ahmed et al., 2014) that the softening of the texture of Asia, South-East Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture reducing(AGRIS) sugars since (glucose 1985. and fructose) ranged from 57.95 to 30.09% in MPP. Whereas, the dates is mostly a result of the reversal of sucrose to fructose and glucose. elevated sucrose contents in MCO was about8.86%. The lower quantity of reducing sugars A negative correlation was found between the moisture content and the sucrose content. Gyawali, R., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2014). Natural products as antimicrobial agents. Food Control, 46, ranged412 from-429. https://doi.org/38.12 to17.53%10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.047 in TCO. Whereas, the lower sucrose contents in TMO was This often indicated that dry dates had the most sucrose values and the soft dates were not Hanušová,about6.89%. K., Dobiáš, J., & Klaudisová, K. (2009). Effect of packaging films releasing antimicrobial richer in total sugars than the dry dates. The first (TMO, MPP) rich in glucose and the second Theagents high on stabilitycontent ofof foodreducing products. sugars Czech and Jounal low valuesof Food of Science sucrose, 27, was 347 observed-349. in the date (TCO, MCO) were rich in sucrose (Ben Salah & Hellali, 2003). According to Awad et al. palm https://doi.org/10.17221/958 fruit in the two seasons.- CJFSTo have a good quality of date fruit, we should have a high (2011), dry date varieties contain high levels of sucrose. On the other hand, soft dates are very ICAR,temperature (2009 ).during Indian Councilmaturation of Agricultural and development Research. stage Annual. The Report. content of sucrose in the tamar rich in reducing sugars; half-soft dates contain as much sucrose as reducing sugars. Dates fruit Janjarasskul,stage decrease T., because& Krochta, of M.the (2010). rising Edibleactivity packaging of the splittingmaterials. enzyme Food Science invertase and Technology(Barreveld,- had low sucrose content were rich in glucose content (TMO, MCPP). Dates fruit had rich 1993Annual). Bousdi Reviews,ra (2007 1, 415) reported- 448. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.food.080708.100836 that the values of glucose in date ‘Deglet Nour’ was over sucrose content were dry dates (TCO, MCO), and dates had low values of sucrose are soft Kamble,than 34%, P. theB., &fructose Chavan, content J. K. (2005). ranged Effects from 21of postto 30%-harvest and treatmentsthe amount and of storagesucrose temperature ranged from on dates. The high Brix content reflects the richness of dates studied in carbohydrate. 0 to 12%.shelf- life Rey ofn custardes et al. apple (199 fruits.4), Ahmed Jounal etFood al. (Science1995), Technology,and Bouabidi 42 et(3) al., 253 (1996-255.) showed that This study was carried out with the aim to contribute the physic-chemical of date palm Kim, S. A., & Rhee, M. S. (2016). Highly enhanced bactericidal effects of medium chain fatty acids the values(caprylic, of glucosecapric, and in lauricdate ‘Degletacid) combined Nour’ rangedwith edible from plant 26% essential to 47%, oils the (carvacrol, values of eugenol, fructose β- fruit collected from different oases of Djerid region. All the studied parameters (Insoluble and ranged from 23% to 46% and the amount of sucrose ranged from 10% to 24%. However, soluble fiber, sugars, moisture content, TSS and pH) were subjected to principal component

JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND POSTHARVEST RESEARCH VOL. 3(1) MARCH 2020 96 JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND POSTHARVEST RESEARCH VOL. 3(1) MARCH 2020

VariabilityBotanical products of physicochemical for post-harvest properties management of date fruits of perishable produce

resorcylic acid, trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and vanillin) against Escherichia coli O157: H7. BaligaFood et al.Control (2011, 60) found, 447-454. that https://doi.org/the chemical 10.1016/j.foodccomposition ofont.2015.08.022. dates in sugars ranged from 52.6- Kupwade,88.6 (g/100g) S. R., Glucose Manglani, 17.6 N.-41.4, S., Wadkar, Fructose S. 13.6S., Inamdar,-36.8, Sucrose F. R., Shete, 0.5-33.9. C. C., & Ghosh, J. S. (2017) SignificantlyAntimicrobial differencesactivity of were Lemon observed peel inextract the percentage against theof reducingbacteria sugarsbelonging and sucroseto the for allGenus the dates’ Xanthomonas. fruits of Internationalthe different Journalregions. of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research, 45(2), 251-254. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2017v9i4.20962 Lucera,Multivariate A., Costa, analysis C., Conte, A., & Del Nobile, M. A. (2012). Food applications of natural Correlationantimicrobial of parameters compounds. wasFrontiers used in to Microbiology, study the 3interrelationships, 287. among some major maturity https://doi.org/ chemical10.3389/fmicb.2012.00287. characteristic and climate eCollection conditions. 2012 Analytic results were reveled Malasri, S., Tiapradit, P., Russell, S., Poonpurmsiri, P., Tarkarnviroj, C., Pourhashemi, A., Moats, R., significant& Hudson, (P<0.05) B. (2015) strong Insulation relationships effectiveness were observed of rice amonghull. International the investigated Journal parame of Advanceters. A good correlation were showed significantly (P<0.05) between TSS and sugars (sucrose: r2 Packaging Technology,2 3(1), 158-168.2 https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijapt.202 2 Mari,=0.803; M., fructose: Leoni, O.,r =0.726; Lori, R., glucose: & Cembali, r =0.687), T. (2002) pH Antifungal(r =0.708), vapour soluble-phase fiber activity (r =0.798). of allyl 2 Thereisothyocyanates were also correlations against Penicillium between expansum soluble fiberon pears. and Plantsugars Pathology (sucrose:, 51 r, 231=0.785;-236. fructose: 2 2 2 r =0.738; https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365 glucose: r =0.669), and-3059.2002.00667.x very good correlations between glucose and fructose (r =0.967).McClements, Negative D. J., &relationships Rao, J. (2011). (P<0.05) Food-grade were nanoemulsions: observed between formulation, moisture fabrication, content properties, and TSS (r2 = performance,-0.837), as wellbiological as between fate, and moisture potential contenttoxicity. aCriticalnd soluble Review fiber Foo (rd2 Science= -0.829), and thenNutrition, high negative51(4) correlations, 285-330. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2011.559558 with sucrose (r2 = -0.93). Mishra,The B., highest & Khatkar, positive B. correlationS. (2009). Studies has been on observedpost-harvest in qualitythe case and of physiology length with of widthcoated andber weight(Zizyphus (r=0.744), mauritiana (r=0.915), Lamk) respectively, fruit. Journal followed of Food by Science TSS withand TechnologypH (r=0.708) (Mysore),. Significant 46(5), positive455 -458correlations. were found for the two successive years between insoluble fiber and Mohanty, S., Ramesh, S., & Muralidharan, N. P. (2017). Antimicrobial efficacy of apple cider vinegar moistureagainst content Enterococcus (r=0.756), faecalis between and Candida fructose albicans and TSS,: An soluble in vitro fiber study and. Journal glucose of (r=0.726), Advanced (r=0.738)Pharmacy and Education(r=0.738), and respectively, Research, 7(2) while, 137- 141the. highest negative correlation have been Mobservedustafa, E. in , theNoah, case A. of , Beshay,insoluble K. fiber , Sultan, with L. TSS , Essam, (r= - 0.919)M. & Nouh,and in O. the (2015). case ofInvestigating fructose with the insolubleEffect fiber of Various (r=-0.707). Nanomaterials The correlation on the coefficientWettability wasof Sandstone significant Reservoir. only in physicochemicalWorld Journal of parametersEngineering of date and palm Technology fruit for, 3, the116 -two126. successivehttps://doi.org/ years.10.4236/wjet.2015.33013. These differences can be due to Neri,environmental F., Mari, conditions M., Meniti, or to theA. coexistenceM., & Brigati, of different S. (2006). genotypes. Activity Finally, of sometrans- 2cropping-hexenal techniquesagainst such Penicillium as fertilization expansum and in irrigation‘Conference’ can affectpears. theJournal weight, of lengthApplied and Microbiology diameter of 100 the, date.1186 In general,-1193. https://doi.orgood fertilizedg/10.1111/j.1365 and irrigated-2672.2006.02873.x palms produce dates with better length, diameter Nguyen,and date V. weight T. A., Le,than T. poorly D., Phan, maintained H. N., & Tran,dates L.(Munier, B. (2017). 1973 Antibacterial). The length activity of ofdate free fruits fatty increasedacids fromwhen hydrolyzed pH increased virgin and coconut became oil usingan acid lipase pH: from TMO>MPP> Candida rugosa TCO>. Journal MCO. of Dry Lipids dates, 1- would7. behttps://doi.org/ slightly more10.1155/2017/7170 acid by contribution to dates soft and semi-soft. Prasad, K., & Stadelbacher, G. J. (1974). Effect of acetaldehyde vapor on postharvest decay and Themarket length quality of ofdate fresh fruit strawberries. increased Phytopathology, when the sucrose 64, 948 content-951. https://doi.org/10.1094/phyto increased: MCO> TCO>- MPP>64 -TMO948 (Munier, 1973; Nixon et al., 1973; Sawaya et al., 1983) agree that the variability Raoraneof sugars, G content. P. (2003 of )dates. Studies according on growth, to variety, flowering, climate, fruiting and and stage some of aspect maturation. of harvest handling of Thekokum weight (Garcinia increased indica when choisy). the sucrose M.Sc. content Thesis. increased: Dr. Balasaheb MCO> TCO>Sawant MPP> Konkan TMO, Krishi the sugarVidyapeeth, content increased Dapoli, District. with the Ratnagiri ripening. of the fruit. It is also known (Abdel-Nasser & QuirósHarhash-Sauceda,, 2007; AhmedA. E., Ayala IA et-Zavala, al., 1995; J.F., Ahmed Olivas, et G. al .I.,, 2014 & González) that the-Aguilar, softening G.A. of (2014).the texture Edible of datescoatings is mostly as aencapsulating result of the matrices reversal for of sucrosebioactive to compounds: fructose and a review. glucose. Journal of Food Science Aand negative Technology, correlation 51(9), 1674 was- 1685found. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197 between the moisture content-013 and-1246 the-x sucrose content. Ranjan,This often S., Dasgupta,indicated N., that Chakraborty, dry dates hadA. R., the Samuel, most sucroseS. M., Ramalingam, values and C., the S hanker,soft dates R., &were Kumar, not richerA. in (2014). total sugars Nanoscience than the and dry nanotechnologies dates. The first (TMO,in food MPP)industries: rich inopportunities glucose and and the researchsecond trends. Journal of Nanoparticle Research, 16(6), 2464. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11051-014-2464- (TCO, MCO) were rich in sucrose (Ben Salah & Hellali, 2003). According to Awad et al. 5. (Saxena,2011), R.,dry Liquido,date varieties N. J., &contain Justo, highH. B. levels(1981). of Natural sucrose. pesticides On the fromother the hand, neem soft tree dates (Azadirachta are very rich inindica reducing). Proceeding sugars; of half International-soft dates Neemcontain Conference as much Rattachsucrose Engem, as reducing Germany sugars.. Dates fruit hadSembdner, low sucrose G., & Parthier, content B. were (1993). rich The in biochemistryglucose content and the (TMO, physiological MCPP). and Dates molecular fruit actionshad rich of sucrosejasmonates. content Annualwere dry Review dates of(TCO, Plant MCO),Physiology and anddates Plant had Molecularlow values Biology, of sucrose 44, 569are -589soft. dates.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.003033 The high Brix content reflects the richness of dates studied in carbohydrate. Shilling,This M., study Matt, was L., carried& Rubin, out E. with(2013). the Antimicr aim toobial contribute effects ofthe virgin physic coconut-chemical oil and of its date medium palm- fruit chaincollected fatty from acids different on Clostridium oases of difficileDjerid .region. Journal All of the Medicinal studied parametersFood, 16(12), (Insoluble 1079-1085. and solublehttps://doi.org/ fiber, sugars,10.1089/jmf.2012.0303. moisture content, TSS and pH) were subjected to principal component

JOURNAL OF HORTICULTURE AND POSTHARVEST RESEARCH VOL. 3(1) MARCH 2020 97

Chitranshi et al. Variability of physicochemical properties of date fruits Taha et al. Castro, C. D. P. C., Faria, J. & Dantas, T. B. H. (2014). Evaluating the performance of coconut fiber Barreveld, W. H. (1993). Date palm products, FAO, Agricultural Services Bulletin N°101, Food and and wood straw as cushioning materials to reduce injuries of papaya and mango during Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Rome, p. 216. analysistransportation. (PCA). Moreover,International the Journal agreement of Advanced between Packaging the results Technology, of the ACP 2(1), and 84- 95.the statistical Ben Salah, M., & Hellali, R. (2003). Phenopomologic description of 15 Tunisian cultivars of date analysis https://doi.org/10.23953/cloud.ijapt.10 reveals that the difference between morphological and physico-chemical parameters palm (Phoenix dactylifera). Bulletin of the Phytogenetic Resources PGRI. https://hal.archives- Chandra,was observed D., & in Kumar, dates R.fruit (2012). collected Qualitative from variouseffect of oases. wrapping High and temperature cushioning andmaterials low humidityon guava ouvertes.fr/hal-00886069/document duringfruits ripening during storage. of date HortFlora fruit observed Research in some Spectrum, different 1(4), oases318-322 can. be the cause of similarities Besbes, S., Drira, L., Blecker, C., Deroanne, C., & Attia, H. (2009). Adding value to hard date Chauhan,or variation S. inK., the & physicoBabu, D.-chemical R. (2011). composition. Use of botanicals: A new prospective for enhancing fruit (Phoenix dactyliferaL.): Compositional, functional and sensory characteristics of date jam. Food quality over chemicals in an era of global climate change. Asian Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 112, 406-411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.05.093 Science, 6(1), 17-28. CONCLUSION Bindi, M., Fibbi, L., & Miglietta, F. (2001). Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) of grapevine (Vitis Creelman, R. A., & Mullet, J. E. (1995). Jasmonic acid distribution in plants: regulation during vinifera L.): II. Growth and quality of grape and wine in response to elevated CO2 Thedevelopment present study, and conducted responses toduring biotic two and yearsabiotic on stress. date fruitProceedings of Deglet of theNour National cultivar Academy in Djerid of concentrations. European Journal of Agronomy, 14(2), 145-155. Oases,Sciences permitted USA, 92to ,conclude 4114-4119. that https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.92.10.4114 the high length, width and weight of fruits were observed at Booij, G., Piombo, J., Risterucci, M., Coupe, M., Thomas, D., & Ferry, M. (1992). Study of the Davidson, P. M., & Taylor, M. T. (2007). Chemical preservatives and natural antimicrobial chemical composition of dates at different stages of maturity for the varietal characterization of moderncompounds. oases. DegletFood Microbiology:Nourdate fruits Fundamentals collected from and Traditional Frontiers, Continental Washington, Oases DC: wereAmerican very various date palm cultivars (Phoenix dactylifera L.). Fruits, 47(6), 667-678. richSociety in suc forrose, Microbiology TSS and Presssoluble, 713 -fibers.734. https://doi.org/ The composition10.1128/9781555815912 of dates varied according to Bouabidi H., Reyens M., & Roussi, M. B. (1996). Criteria for fruit characterization of some cultivars DebMandalphenological, M., stages & Mandal and the, S. sampling (2011). Coconut region. (Cocos nucifera L.: Arecaceae): in health promotion of date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L.) from southern Tunisia, INRAT, 69-87. andVariation disease ofprevention. climate Asiancondition Pacific (temperature Journal of Tropical and humidity) Medicine, in 4(3), oases 241 could-247. https://doi.org/induce more Bousdira (2007). Thesis, University of Boumerdes, Alger. p. 149. disorders10.1016/S1995 in composition-7645(11)60078 and quality-3. of date fruit, as well as significant changes in TSS, El-Arem, A., Saafi, E. B., Flamini, G., Issaoui, M., Ferchichi, A., Hammami, M., & Achour, L. Donsì,sugars F.,content, Annunziata, total fiberM., Vincensi, content andM., &water Ferrari, activity G. (2012). than inDesign morphological of nanoemulsion characters-based (length,delivery (2012). 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Original article Droby, S., Porat, R., Cohen, L.,Weiss, B., Shapiro, B., Philosoph-Hadas, S., & Meir, S. (1999). Suppressing green mold decay in grapefruit with postharvest jasmonates application. Article history: Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science , 124(2), 184-188. Received 5 May 2019 https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.124.2.184 Revised 2 September 2019 Purpose: The effect of foliar application of gibberellic acid and boric Dubey, N., Mishra, V., & Thakur, D. (2018). Plant based antimicrobial formulations. Postharvest acid on bioactive compounds and quality of pomegranate fruit cv. Disinfection of Fruits and Vegetables, 1, Elsevier Academic Press, 322-331. Accepted 25 September 2019 Shishe-Kab was investigated. Research Method: This was Available online 30 September 2019 accomplished through the field and laboratory experiments at the https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812698-1.00011-X Faculty of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Iran, during 2017 and Fallik, E., Arhbold, D. D., Hamil ton-Kemp, T. R., Clements, A. M. , Collins, R. W., & Barth, M. E. Keywords: 2018 seasons. Gibberellic acid (50 and 150 mg L-1) and Boric acid (1998). (E)-2-Hexenal can stimulate Botrytis cinerea growth in vitro and on strawberry fruit in (200 and 600 mg L-1) were applied three times at one-month vivo during storage. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 123, 875-888. anthocyanin interval; late in May, June, and July during growth and https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.123.5.875 ascorbic acid developmental stages of fruits. The experiment was set in a Fenwick, G. R., Heaney, R. K., & Mullin, W. J. (1983). Glucosinolates and their break-down products boron completely randomized block design. Fruits were harvested at full in food and food plants. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 18, 123-201. fruit cracking maturity stage late in October, and physicochemical properties were evaluated. Findings: Results showed that anthocyanin content and https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398209527361 gibberellin antioxidant activity significantly decreased while fruit firmness, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), (2011). Global food losses and food DOI: 10.22077/ jhpr.2019.2370.1049 ascorbic acid content, and fruit cracking increased in gibberellic acid waste. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization. Rome, Italy. http://faostat.fao.org. treatments. Application of 50 mg L-1 gibberellic acid significantly P-ISSN: 2588-4883 Garcia, J. L. (1982). Storage of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) in rice hull ash of different increased total soluble solids content and maturity index, but particle sizes and moisture content [Philippines]. Thesis. In Agricultural Information Bank for E-ISSN: 2588-6169 decreased titratable acidity in the fruits. However, foliar application Asia, South-East Asian Regional Center for Graduate Study and Research in Agriculture of gibberellic acid and boric acid did not have significant effects on *Corresponding author: (AGRIS) since 1985. Department of Horticultural Science, the pH and phenolic compounds of the fruit. Research limitations: Gyawali, R., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2014). Natural products as antimicrobial agents. Food Control, 46, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. Inability to examine different pomegranate cultivars in the investigation was a limitation. Originality/Value: Pre-harvest foliar 412-429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.047 use of gibberellic acid and boric acid showed positive and negative Hanušová, K., Dobiáš, J., & Klaudisová, K. (2009). Effect of packaging films releasing antimicrobial E-mail: [email protected] effects on postharvest quality attributes of Shishe-Kab agents on stability of food products. Czech Jounal of Food Science, 27, 347-349. pomegranate. Thus, further studies need for practical application. https://doi.org/10.17221/958-CJFS © This article is open access and licensed under the ICAR, (2009). Indian Council of Agricultural Research. Annual Report. terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ which Janjarasskul, T., & Krochta, M. (2010). Edible packaging materials. Food Science and Technology- permits unrestricted, use, distribution and Annual Reviews, 1, 415- 448. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.food.080708.100836 reproduction in any medium, or format for any Kamble, P. B., & Chavan, J. K. (2005). Effects of post-harvest treatments and storage temperature on purpose, even commercially provided the work is properly cited. shelf-life of custard apple fruits. Jounal Food Science Technology, 42 (3), 253-255. Kim, S. A., & Rhee, M. S. (2016). Highly enhanced bactericidal effects of medium chain fatty acids

(caprylic, capric, and lauric acid) combined with edible plant essential oils (carvacrol, eugenol, β-

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