Adornments from the Necropolis of Church № 2 of Kaliakra

Adornments from the necropolis of Church № 2 of Kaliakra

Gabriela Raikova а а Medieval Department, National Institute of Archaeology with Museum, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2 Saborna Str, 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; [email protected] ABSTRACT This paper offers a detailed description and analisys of the adornments found on the territory of a necropolis located around church № 2 in the inner city of Kaliakra. Along with other findings in the graves, reburiels and around them (probably from a disturbed graves) 26 applications, 65 earrings, 8 earflaps, 11 rings and 1 pendant were found. The applications for tiaras are 2 types. The earrings are 9 types. The largest type are simple hoops, which could be explained with their cost, fashion tendencies or semantic value. The earflaps are divided into 3 types, one of which has 2 variants. The pendant is just one. The rings are 4 types with variants. The systematization also shows that the preferred material was silver, followed by bronze and copper. This observation along with different types of jewelry and the quality of workmanship provide information about the development of the jewellery industry. The wide diversity is an indication that the necropolis was used by people of different social status. Also the jewelry discovered in the necropolis of church № 2 are widespread not only in Bulgaria, but in many places on the Balkans and in the Eastern Europe. The chronology of findings originating from graves is within the XII-XIV c. From the rings found outside the graves there is one typical for the period from the end of IX to XI c., and three from the XV c. This implies continuous habitation of this location. KEYWORDS Adornment, jewels, jewelry, necropolis, medieval, Kaliakra

The purpose of this report is to present the adornments found on the territory of a necropolis located around church № 2 in the inner city of Kaliakra. The jewels included here are found during the archaeological excavations conducted in the period 2010-20131. In addition to the artifacts found in certain archaeological context, those who are with uncertain or unknown origin will be included. Unfortunately, the information from previous campaigns is insufficiently detailed to be used in this paper. The analysis of the jewelry has been made through the method of comparison with similar artifacts. The various types of adornments are divided typologically and are arranged within a local classification system. Only objects, traditionally recognized as adornment, will be discussed, keeping in mind that this definition does not include accessories perceived as elements of the costume, like buttons and parts of the belt. Church №2, known in the literature as „St. Mary“ is located in the inner city of Ka- liakra, close to the west coast of the cape. For the first time the church has been excavated in 1980 by Georgi Dzhingov. The excavations have been conducted for a period of about ten days and they registered the main characteristics of the building and the presence of the necropolis. According to Dzhingov whose opinion is accepted by Georgi Atanassov in his book about Dobrudzha despotate, the original church has been short nave with a small narthex and in this shape it was built in XIV century. Therefore, he declared it as a simple

1 Gratitude to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bonnie Petrunova, supervisor of the excavation, for the opportunity to use the materials.

Be-JA Бе-СА Supplementa 7 (2019) 315–332 Bulgarian e-Journal of Archaeology Българско е-Списание за Археология http://be-ja.org ISSN 2603-3216 Gabriela Raikova

Fig. 1. Plan of church №2 and its adjoining necropolis (unpublished plan, courtesy of Assoc. Prof. Dr. B. Petrunova) Oбр. 1. План на църква №2 и прилежащия ѝ некропол (непубликуван план, предоставен от доц. д-р Б. Петрунова) parish church, which at the end of Dobrudzha despotate had been reconstructed and extended to the west and „around it there is a small necropolis“ (Петрунова 2014а, 501). In 2010 Bonnie Petrunova starts rescue survey of the church. It continues in the period 2010-2013. At that time, there are adjustments made on Djingov’s studies about dating and the plans of the church (Петрунова 2014а, 501-502). In 2010 it has been confirmed that there is an existence of a necropolis around the church and in the south of the nave gold coins of Andronicus II and Andronicus III (1282-1328) – (1325-1341) were discovered, which alongside with some other material from the remaining graves gives grounds to Bonnie Petrunova to date the construction of the church at the end of the XIII c. or early XIV c. In the process of revealing the temple in depth, three cultural layers were registered, in which significant changes in structures had been made. It was found that the original church was a small, single nave. The first certain reconstruction, that was registered had occurred in the XIV c. and the church had been extended to the west. The most western part called by Djingov “annexe” which, according to him, in a later reconstruction becomes part of the narthex, after careful archaeological survey had been proven to have been an early building that has no connection with church № 2. Over it in XIII-XIV c. lie parts of the necropolis developing around the church. Under the foundations of the church there were walls of a registered building, that were destroyed in the VII c. (Петрунова 2014а, 501-502). The total number of examined graves in the period 2010-2013 is 191 (fig. 1). Accord- ing to material found in them, the researcher dates the necropolis from the end of XIII until early XV c. (Петрунова 2014а, 502). Burial gifts were found in 77 graves. Together with

316 Adornments from the necropolis of Church № 2 of Kaliakra

Fig. 2. Artifacts found in and outside graves (by the author) Обр. 2. Находки открити в и извън гробове (от автора)

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Fig. 3. Artifacts found in graves (by the author) Обр. 3. Находки открити в гробове (от автора) other findings in the graves, reburiels and around them, probably from disturbed graves, sixty-five earrings were found, eight earflaps, eleven rings, twenty six applications and one pendant (fig. 2). Of them in burial pits were found fifty-six earrings, six earflaps, four rings, twenty six applications and one pendant (fig. 3-5). In more than half of the graves, which include a burial inventory, are detected single finds. In other cases there are 2, 3 or more burial gifts. Combinations are not strictly defined. However, most commonly found are a couple of earrings with buttons and coins. Grave № 23 found in 2011 is especially interesting. It includes 20 appliques of bronze with gilding, fabric with golden thread on the skull, two earrings with biconical pendant and 2 buttons. Alongside with these findings a bronze coin was found - numus AE4, which can be dated between 425-450 AC. Jewelry is the most common find in graves. They are with very diverse shape, material and technique of craftsmanship. Depending on the function, jewelry can be divided to forehead decorations (diadem), earrings, earflaps, pendants and rings. The first group of adornments are tiaras. From the necropolis at church №2are known two types of plates that can be characterized as elements shaping forehead decora-

318 Adornments from the necropolis of Church № 2 of Kaliakra

Fig. 4. Artifacts found outside graves (by the author) Обр. 4. Находки открити извън гробове (от автора)

Fig. 5. Proportion of types artifacts found in graves or outside (by the author) Обр. 5. Съотношение на видовете находки открити в и извън гробове (от автора) tions, which are stitched into strips of fabric. The plates are manufactured by stamping. The first type is a rectangle of sheet, made from bronze with gilding, with print shaped like ribbon (fig. 2.1). In grave № 23 a total of twenty plates were found, located mainly in the area of the skull and several have been found around the pelvis. In combination with them fabric with gold threads was also discovered on the skull. This only confirms that the

319 Gabriela Raikova applications are attached to fabric. Accurate parallels of this type are known from Kaliakra, from excavations conducted by L. Bobcheva in the necropolis of „Osmanova mogila“. A total number of forty identical plates was found. They were sewn with white thread on cotton fabric with gold threads. They were arranged close to each other with their long sides and that way they form the diadem (Бобчева 1978, 159) (fig. 4.1). The other type of plates is with semicircular shape (fig. 2.2). The decoration is with floral pattern. There are six of them, located at different places in the burial pit. They are made of copper covered with gold. This type is found in combination with other types of plates. One example is the found in 2007 in the suburb of Kaliakra diadem. In it fifteen semicircular plates and twenty nine smaller hemispherical appliques are preserved (Петрунова 2014б, 33-37). They are made of bronze with gilding. From the excavations by L. Bobcheva forty two identical plates are known. In her studies, they had always been in a set with other types of appliques (Бобчева 1978, 159). The same type of plates is found in Belene, Svishtov. There the number was seventeen and were found with the matrix for their pro- duction, which according to V. Pavlova is with a shape identical with the plates of Kaliakra. In her study Pavlova dates this type of plates to XIII-XIV c. (Павлова 2005, 65-68) (fig. 4.2). The most common group of adornments are the earrings. The most often found ones are simple hoops (fig. 2.3). They are unclosed rings made of wire with a circular cross sec- tion. During the excavations of the necropolis forty-one earrings of this type were found. There are one gold, eighteen silver, two plated or from tin alloy, nine copper, nine bronze and one electron of them. Identical earrings are found in Preslav (Михайлова 1993, 182; Бонев 1998, 130-182), Pernik (Чангова,Василева et al. 1983, 182), Skravena near Botevgrad (Агре 1990,17-31), Pleven, Vratsa, Kirilovo, Koprinka, Dolno Sahrane, Sofia, Kovachevo, Tri voditsi, Nano- vitsa, Ljubenovo (Гатев 1977, 33-45), Lovech (Георгиева, Пешева 1955, 511-557), Lukovit (Станчев, Начева 1960, 71-98) and in many other places. Outside Bulgaria simple unclosed earrings were found near Prilep, Macedonia (Манева 1992, 187, табл. 9-12) and in Serbia in Banatski Despotovac, Banat Arabelovo, Bochar, Karavukovo and Pancevo. There they are dated in the XI-XV c. (Станоjев 1989, 13, 32, 52, 89). This type of earrings can not be used as chronological indicator as they have a very prolonged use (fig.7.1). The next type of earrings is known in the literature as „S-shaped” earrings. I will use the definition of L. Bobcheva „half S-shaped” earrings (Бобчева 1978, 153-54). This term has appeared because earrings discovered in Kaliakra have their differences from typical examples of the „S-shaped“ earrings. They are open hoops, which are wrapped at one end and the other is shaped like a hook fastener (fig. 2.4). In the necropolis of church № 2 seven „half S-shaped earrings“ were found. Five of them are silver, and the other two are made of copper and bronze. There is only one grave where only one earring was found. In all other cases they are found in combination with other finds. In grave №100 these are one earring in the shape of a question mark and two simple hoops as well as one spherical button. In grave № 147 with button and a coin from V c. In grave № 175 - with a weight for spindle made of bone. In grave № 183 „half S-shaped” earring was found with an earring with spherical bead and in grave №188 with a button. P. Dimitrov writes that in Bulgaria “half S-shaped” earrings appeared in XIII-XIV c., but they are not widespread (Димитров 2010, 666). S.S.Ryabtseva also put their existence in this chronological range (Рябцева 2003-2004, 459). L. Dumitriu explicitly wrote that in Bulgaria “half S-shaped” earrings appeared in XII c. (Dumitriu 2001, 31).

320 Adornments from the necropolis of Church № 2 of Kaliakra

Fig. 6. Chronological scale of elements shaping diadem (by the author) Обр. 6. Хронологична скала на елементи за прочелник (от автора)

L. Bobcheva found thirteen earrings of this type during excavations at “Osmanova mogila”, located between the first and second fortified walls of Kaliakra.Terminus ante quem of the necropolis is the second half of the XIII c. and the terminus post quem is the second half of the XIV c. (Бобчева 1978, 153-154). In connection with the dating of the site we can as- sume that the “half S-shaped” earrings from Kaliakra were distributed in this period. This dating can be confirmed by an identical earring found at Tsarevets (Долмова-Лукановска 2007, Табл. XXIII, изобр. 7). With dating X-XIII c. we found them in Kovachevo and Cher- nozem (Гатев 1977, 33-45). Hoops “half S-shaped” are found in Păcuiul lui Soare, Coco, Turnu Severin and in mounds Suceava, Trifesht, Hudum and Volovets. In many monu- ments, this type of earrings is the predominant (Рябцева 2003-2004, 253-272). At that time they were used in Poland, south of the Danube in Bulgaria and east of the Carpathians in Moldova (Dumitriu 2001, 31) (fig.7.2). The unclosed hoop with coiled on one or two places thin wire (fig. 2.5) are a little more complex type. An interesting thing in the case of Kaliakra is that all 3 of the known there earrings are different from each other. Two of them are from silver, and one is from a copper alloy. Two earrings are with one coil, the third – with two. Despite individual differences in the patterns,from the site of their discovery we cann be certain that they are made and used at the same time. Such earrings were found in Preslav (Михайлова 1993, 180-205), Dridu (Oţa 2012, 138), Kocani (Orizari), Kumanovo (Pchinya) and Negotino (Demir Kapija). These sites are dated in the range X-XIV c. (fig.7.3). In the necropolis was discovered only one earring whose coil turns into a spiral hanging thin wires (fig. 2.6). Perhaps these staples had formed braided pattern, but it had been destroyed afterwards. Examples of such earrings have been discovered in Krusheto, Veliko Tarnovo (Писарев 1973, 22), Debnevo, Lovech (Моева 2008, 84) and Doyrentsi, Lovech (Богданова 1996, 95). The necropolis in Krusheto is from XIV c. (Писарев 1973, 22) and the fortress at Debnevo from XII-XIII c. (Моева 2008, 84). As examples outside Bulgaria can be pointed findings from Trifesht, Suceava (Рябцева 2003-2004, 253-272, fig. 6 / 12,23,26,41). There is also one earring from the necropolis in Negotino dated in XII c. (Maneva 1992 , tabl. l14 -. 24/6, 29/1, 31/104, tabl. 18.57/30) (fig.7.4).

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Fig. 7. Chronological scale of earrings (by the author) Обр. 7. Хронологична скала на обеци (от автора)

The next type of earrings are not closed hoops made of one or two twisted wires (fig.2.7), in some cases, one of the ends ending with loop. In the necropolis were found three earrings, of which two silver and one bronze. All three earrings were found on the left side of the skull, and the two silver earrings come from the same grave (grave №99). More well known examples of this type of earrings in Bulgaria are from Preslav. Their dating there ranges between X-XIV c. (Михайлова 1993, 180-205) and S. Bonev places them in the XIII c. based on the research data from the necropolis (Бонев 1998, 150). Similar findings are also known in Trifeshty, Moldova (Рябцева 2003-2004, 253-272, fig. 6.22) and Negotino, Prilep, Macedonia (Maneva 1992, Tab. 13) (fig.7.5). Тhere is only one earring made of gold and decorated with pearl beads (fig. 2.8). During the excavations at “Osmanovа mogila” L. Bobcheva found an earring of this type, which dates back to XIII-XIV c. Another identical finding was discovered in necropolis Ma- dara (Бобчева 1978, 154). From Veliki Preslav a bronze earring with three small, spherical balls is known (Михайлова 1993, 180-205) (fig.8.1). Another widespread type of earrings are composed of hoop and pendant consisting of two hollow hemispheres (fig. 2. 9-11). From the necropolis located next to church № 2 there are seven such earrings. The earrings are made of silver, bronze and copper, in some cases are detected traces of gilding. Four of them are without decorations and three are with decoration. Identical earrings, without decorations, are known from many places – Preslav (Михайлова 1993, 180-205; Бонев 1998, 154), Lukovit (Станчев, Начева 1960, 71-98), Sevas- topol, Hvoyna (Гатев 1977, 33-45),Skravena (Агре 1990, 23), Krassen (Топтанов, Меламед et al. 1994, 88), Beden (Георгиева 1965, 129-165) and of course Kaliakra (Бобчева, 1978, 155) (fig.8.2). Two of the three earrings with decoration are fragmented and their decoration can not be accurately determined (fig. 2.10). What is notable about the third earring is the hoop that is twisted (fig. 2.11). The pendant itself is decorated by four lines embossed points located all over its diameter. Similar earrings to those found at Kaliakra are known from Jelezni vrata dated in XII-XIII c. in. (Dumitriu 2001, 36) (fig. 8.3). In the next type the bead is composed of two cones soldered together (fig. 2.12). Al-

322 Adornments from the necropolis of Church № 2 of Kaliakra

Fig. 8. Chronological scale of earrings (by the author) Обр. 8. Хронологична скала на обеци (от автора) though the type is widespread in the reviewed necropolis at Kaliakra are found only two finds. One earring is silver with gilded and the other is bronze. In XIII-XIV c. (mainly in the first half) this type of earrings was particularly widespread in the region of the Lower Danube (fig.8.4). We know it from a lot of necropolises or treasures from XII-XIV c., from Bulgaria, Serbia and Macedonia (Dumitriu 2001, 36). From Bulgaria some known examples are from Preslav (Михайлова 1993, 180-205), Beden (Георгиева 1965, 129-165), Madara, Pleven, Dolno Sahrane, Kardzhali, Nanovitsa (Гатев 1977, 33-45), Lukovit (Станчев, Начева 1960, 71-98) and Pernik (Чангова, Василева et al. 1983, 182, fig.8). At all these places earrings are dated XII-XIV c. A slightly different type are the so called earrings with the shape of a question mark (fig.2.13). From the necropolis located next to church №2 there is one earring like that. It represents unclosed hoop of wire with vertical curved bottom edge that ends with a hollow metal ball. It is made of gilded silver. Identical find dated with a coin from the XIII c. was found in Preslav (Михайлова 1993, 180-205). Similar earrings are known from Lukovit, Madara and Shumen Fortress (Владимиров 2014, 224-233). A single earring was discovered during excavations of “Osmanovа mogila” at Kaliakra (Бобчева 1978, 156). All of them are dated during the period XIII-XIV c. (fig.8.5) They are distributed further in Volga Bul- garia and the cities of the Golden Horde (Джингов 2010, 55). Quite often there can not be made a distinction between earrings and earflaps in the literature. If they can be differentiated by the most simple criteria, it would be mainly their size. Earflaps have a hoop with larger diameter, which is made of a thicker wire. The beads attached to them also have larger sizes than those of the earrings. The main reason for this is that in fact earflaps are not worn on the ears. A massive earflaps are attached to textile ribbons or strips that are attached to the head and hold the hair like a tiara. Earflaps often repeat the patterns of earrings worn in a given period, but with increased size. Of the studies of a necropolis of church № 2 at Kaliakra we can distinguish eight earflaps. The first type has spherical beads (fig.2.14-15). They vary considerably. One is made of copper alloy with silver. It has a hollow spherical ball without decoration. The place of soldering the two hemispheres is disguised with a twisted wire (fig. 2.14; 9.1).

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Fig. 9 Chronological scale of earflaps (by the author) Обр. 9 Хронологична скала на наушници (от автора)

The second earflap is silver with gold (fig. 2.15). An open hoop with a hollow sphere, decorated with eight circles of the filigree with one bead at the center. The middle of the sphere is lined with filigree thread. The pendant is fixed with thin wire on both sides. At least four more are known to us from Bulgarian lands. One of them is from Veliki Preslav and is dated XI-XIII c. (Михайлова 1993, 180-205). Another three were published by V. Nesheva and located in Varna Archaeological Museum (Нешева 1985, 117) (fig. 9.2). Ex- pensive materials and quality workmanship suggests that this type of jewelry was worn by more prominent members of society. A single earflap is found in a very bad condition (fig. 2.16). About ⅓ of the pendant is preserved, but still we could tell that it was decorated with a floral pattern. Probably each half of the pendant was composed of a rosette decorated with granulation and filigree. The thus formed hemispheres were attached to each other by a central ring. It is possible that the connecting ring have been with granulation or filigree because such examples are known. This type of decoration was often worn in XIII-XIV c. mainly on the Balkans (fig. 9.3). It is found in cemeteries, treasures and accidental finds from Bulgaria and former Yugoslavia. There are also found in Romanian Banat, Moldova and Russia (Dumitriu, 2001, 39). Similar specimens known from Bulgaria were found in Beden (Georgieva 1965, 132), and the treasures from Krumovo and Dolishte near Varna (Съкровищата 2007, 48, 55). As with the earrings and the earflaps the next type are the one with biconical hollow body made of two welded parts (fig. 2.17). In the necropolis two pairs of earpflaps of this type were found. The main difference between them is their quality of workmanship and the method of soldering cones. In both the line of soldering is lined with plain wire, but in the second pair, on both sides of this wire two more thinner twisted metal thread have been added. Most accurate analogies of the first are found in Hotalich (Симеонов 2007, 50), Stobi (Rosoman, Т. Veles), Vitoshki (Bat) (Манева 1992, Table. 20), Slava Russa (Dumi- triu 2001, the Tabl. 22/8). Identical to the second type of earflaps exist from Botevo, Varna (Съкровищата 2007, 74), nine golden earflaps of unknown origin are published by V. Ne- sheva (Нешева 1985, 118) and two are found at Osmanova mogila in Kaliakra (Бобчева 1967, 224, обр. 2а,б). All are dated between XII-XIV c. (fig.9.4).

324 Adornments from the necropolis of Church № 2 of Kaliakra

Fig. 10. Chronological scale of a pendan (by the author) Обр. 10. Хронологична скала на висулка (от автора)

The next type is composed of earflaps decorated with cubic bead. This type of bead is made of granules soldered so they form a tracery cube. It had been placed on unclosed hoop and has coiled thin wire on both sides (fig. 2.18). This kind of beads are found in both ordinary earrings and earrings in the shape of a question mark. We find them on hoops in the treasures of Izvorsko, Varna (Pavlova 2002, 283-305) and Montana as well as the necropolis near Kramolin near Sevlievo, Yantra near Gorna Oryahovitsa, Skravena near Botevgrad, Lukovit, Strajata near Pleven, Lovech and Bozhenichki Urvich (Агре 1990, 23). The main difference with the previously mentioned is that in some cases, there is presence of more than one cubic shape or a slightly modified pendant with five walls. Despite these differences, the type is the same and existed in the period XII-XIV c. (fig.9.5). Earflaps with a variety of prismatic beads are known from medieval cemeteries mostly in Northern Bulgaria. Except in Bulgaria, analogies from the same period are found in Drobeta, Roma- nia, where one earflaps with unclosed hoop and one shaped as question mark are known, and from Gruya Graberfeld, where two with the same body shape are known (Dumitriu 2001,Tabl. 37/4, 26, 34). In the necropolis of church № 2 only one pendant was found (fig. 2.19). It is from grave №49. It is made of bronze and represents a cone with a hoop for hanging. Accurate analogy of this pendant is found in Macedonia, dated XII-XIV c. (Манева 1992, tabl. 37, fig. 23/02), (fig. 10.1). The next large group of jewelry that will be examined are the rings. In the necropolis of church №2 eleven rings were found. They are made of silver and bronze. Prevail rings without images and decorations. It is notable the lack of simple rings. The first large type are rings with flat hoop that expand and pass into the shield without decoration. They are divided into three variants. The first are the rings with an oval shield (fig. 2.20). Of these two were found - one silver and one bronze. Rings of this embodi- ment are found in Bulgaria, Serbia, Romania (Dumitriu 2001, 53) and Ukraine (Седов 1982, 228, tabl. LIV / 25). From Bulgaria identical ring is published by L. Bobcheva after excavations of the necropolis located at “Osmanova mogila”. She dated it in XIII-XIV c. (Бобчева

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Fig. 11. Chronological scale of rings (by the author) Обр. 11. Хронологична скала на пръстени (от автора)

Fig. 12. Chronological scale of rings (by the author) Обр. 12. Хронологична скала на пръстени (от автора)

1978, tabl. XI 192/1). Two more were found during excavations of the suburb of the cape. From Romania two examples are known - Enisala and Păcuiul lui Soare. There they are dated generally XIII-XV c. (Dumitriu 2001, tabl. 16/8 and 82/13). With approximately the same date is also the finding from the necropolis of Voisha in Hungary (Седов 1982, 228, tabl.LIV/25) (fig. 11.1). The next variant are rings with round shields (Fig. 2.21). From the necropolis of Ka- liakra four rings are known. As a comparison can be given the three almost identical rings found again at “Osmanova mogila” (Бобчева 1978, tabl. ХI 142/2 and tabl. XVII), as well as those found in a suburb of the cape (fig. 11.2). The third variant is represented by a single ring (fig. 2.22). Its plate is narrow and its

326 Adornments from the necropolis of Church № 2 of Kaliakra shape resembles a rectangle. Such medieval rings have been known by Slashten (Георгиева 1965, 158) and Prilep (Манева 1992, 101). Both findings were not dated. In the description of the object in Prilep, E. Maneva wrote that the finds are mostly from X-XIII c., but later finds are discovered too (fig. 11.3). As a separate type should be reviewed one ring with flat, expanding loop with a decorated shield (fig. 2.23). On a round plate a rosette is engraved with four leaves crossed by equal arms cross. This type of rings are widespread in the Eastern Balkans during the end of IX-XI c. (Григоров 2007, 53-54) (fig.11.4). The presence of a ring dated earlier than the church could be interpreted as evidence of an earlier cultural stratum. Since it is not found in the grave we can not say with certainty whether there is a connection with the church and the necropolis. Rings with profiled shield with decoration are separated as another type. These rings are composed of thick ring, profiled plate and pimple situated opposite the plate. In the necropolis located at church №2 were found two rings with profiled shield. The decoration of the first ring is composed of engraved lines, whose significance we do not know (fig. 2.24). Similarly, an unfamiliar motif is known from a ring found in the necropolis of Botosh. The publication does not date the site (Станоjев 1989, 31, fig. 161). The second ring is engraved with a floral motif (fig. 2.25). We can use for a parallel of the image already mentioned above the ring with rosette. Parallels to the shape, but without decoration, are mentioned by M. Stancheva and V. Pisarova, and it is related the time to XIV-XV c. (Станчева, Писарова 1989, 107, fig.10/в, г). Another ring without decoration is known from Novo Brdo of Kosovu,Serbia. It was discovered in a tomb of the necropolis dated XIV-XV c. (Накит 1982, cat. № 502). We find the same shape also in two rings from Macedonia, but with decoration other than that of the rings of Kaliakra. The dating of one found in the necropolis of Kratovo is XIV-XV c., and the other from the necropolis of the church «St. Nicholas» in Prilep is the XII-XIV c. (Манева 1992, tabl. 96 and tabl.93 26/5, 65/18). E. Maneva put the form in XIII-XV c. (Манева 1992, 102), (Fig. 12.1). The last ring that will be discussed, is an open ring made from bronze plate with roughly triangular shape (fig. 2.26). The type reminds of rings for archery, known as «fal- con type». The ring was discovered outside grave. The poor condition does not allow pre- cise alignment of examples (fig. 12.2). As a result of the systematization of adornments from cemeteries the following con- clusions can be drawn: The most numerous are the earrings and earflaps – total 73 units. Of these, the largest percentage are ordinary open hoops. The rings are only 11 units, elements for diadems were found in two graves and pendant - in one (fig. 13). The lack of bracelets is notable. From the earrings the most widespread are the ordinary hoops (fig. 14). This can be explained both as fashion preferences for the period as well as with their value, which makes them accessible to the widest range of users. It is interesting that 12 of the 16 simple hoops are found at the left side of the skull. In addition, nearly half of the earrings found in the graves are detected alone. This suggests that they may have had a particular function – were worn as apotropaic or have been interpreted as a social mark. From the reviewed finds, the greatest amount are made of silver (31%), followed by bronze (22%) and copper (11%) (fig.15). The variety of materials and types of jewelry, and the difference in quality of workmanship, provide information on levels and developments in jewellery. The wide diversity is an indication that the necropolis was used by people of

327 Gabriela Raikova

Fig. 13. Quantitative distribution of different species of artifacts (by the author) Обр. 13. Количествено разпределение на видовете находки (от автора)

Fig. 14. Quantitative distribution of types of earrings (by the author) Обр. 14. Количествено разпределение на типовете обеци (от автора)

328 Adornments from the necropolis of Church № 2 of Kaliakra

Fig. 15. Quantitative distribution of used metals (by the author) Обр. 15. Количествено разпределение на използваните метали (от автора) different social status. There is no spatial separation of graves with similar characteristics. However, it is noticeable that burials with wealthier grave goods are near the church or in it. Jewelry discovered in necropolis of church №2 are widespread not only in Bulgaria, but in many places on the Balkans and in Eastern Europe. The chronology of most findings originating from graves is within the XII-XIV c. (fig. 6-11). By the findings discovered outside graves there is a ring with a round plate with a carved rosette crossed by equal arms cross, which is typical for the period from the end of IX to XI c. (fig. 11.4). It is not excluded that it comes from an earlier cultural layer, in which later were dug graves. Rings with profiled shield with ornaments and the ring for archery are typical for the XV c. (fig. 12). They seem to have fallen in the space of the necropolis at the end of its use or later.

References:

Агре, Д. 1990. Могила №1 от некропола на село Скравена, Ботевградско. Археология 3, 17-31. Бобчева, Л. 1967. Колективна находка от средновековни монети и накити от нос Кали- акра. Известия на народен музей Варна III, 223-226. Бобчева, Л. 1978. Некропол от XIII-XIV в. в Калиакра. Известия на народен музей Ва- рна XIV (XXIX), 152-196. Богданова, Д. 1996. Накити от средновековен некропол край с. Дойренци, Ловешка област. Епохи 4, 92-102. Бонев, С. 1998. Царският дворец във Велики Преслав. Площадът с фиалата X-XIV в. В. Търново: УИ «Св. св. Кирил и Методий».

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Владимиров, Г. 2014. Серьги в виде знака вопроса из Дунавской Болгарии (XIII-XIV в.) Произхождение и ареал распространения. Поволжкая археология 1.7, 224-233. Гатев, П. 1977. Накити от погребения от XI-XII в. Археология 1, 33-45. Георгиева, С. 1961. Български средновековни накити. Археология 1, 4-10. Георгиева, С. 1965. Средновековни некрополи в Родопите. Родопски сборник 1, 129- 165. Георгиева, С., Пешева, Р. 1955. Средновековен български некропол край Ловеч и наки- тите, намерени в него. Известия на археологическия институт XX, 511-557. Григоров, В. 2007. Метални накити от Средновековна България (VII – XIв.). София: Фабер. Джингов, Г. 2010. Тиризис. Акре. Калиакра. Каварна: Градски исторически музей. Димитров, П. 2010. Разпространение и характеристика на накитите от Северна Бъл- гария (XI-XIV в.). В: Рабаджиев, К. (ред.) Studia archeologicall universitatis Serdicansis, Supp. V. Stefhanos Archeologicos in honorem Professoris Stephcae Angelova. София: Универ- ситетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“ 663-671. Долмова-Лукановска, М. 2007. Археологически проучвания на средновековна улица по северозападния склон, квартал при трета порта на главния вход, източна кре- постна стена и квартал при Френкхисарската порта на Царевец. В. Търново: Фабер. Манева, Е. 1992. Средновековен накит од Македониjа. Скопje: Републички завод за заштита на спомениците на културата Скопje Медведев, А. Ф. 1966. Ручное метательное оружие (лук и стрелы, самострел) VIII – XIV вв. Москва: Наука Михайлова, Т. 1993. Обеци и наушници от Велики Преслав (края на X-XIV в.). Преслав 4, 180-205. Моева, М. 2008. Средновековни накити от крепостта в местността Калето при с. Деб- нево, съхранявани в РИМ – Ловеч. Исторически музей Ловеч Известия VIII, 84-107. Нешева, В. 1985. Средновековни накити от Варненския музей. Известия на народен музей Варна 21.36, 114-119. Павлова, В. 2002. Нова колекция от средновековни накити във Варненския археоло- гически музей. Българските земи през Средновековието (VII-XVIII в.) III-2, 283-305. Павлова, В. 2005. Археологически данни за производството на един тип прочелници през XIII-XIVв. В: Гюзелев, В., Миклас, Х., Шрайнер, П., Димитров, Б. (ред.) Кул- турни текстове на миналото. Носители, символи и идеи. София: Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски“, 65-68. Петрунова, Б. 2014, Цървата „Св. Богородица” в крепостта Калиакра. В: Бараков, В. (ред.) Средновековният човек и неговия свят. Сборник в чест на 70-та годишнина на проф. Д.и.н. Казимир Попконстантинов, Велико Търново: Фабер, 501-517. Петрунова, Б. 2014 Реликвите на Калиакра. Добрич: ФолиАрт Писарев, А. 1973. Средновековни гробове при с. Крушето, Великотърновско. Музеи и паметници на културата XIII. 4, 21-23. Рябцева, С. С. 2003-2004. Украшения головньıх уборов XIII – XVI вв. в Карпато-Дунай- ском регион. Stratum plus 6, 253-272. Седов, В. В. 1982. Восточньıславяне в VI – XIII вв. Москва: Наука Симеонов, С. 2007. Хоталич. Средновековният град – крепост край Севлиево. Севли- ево: М-Прес ООД

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Станоjев, Н. 1989. Некрополе X-XV века у Воjводини. Каталог 1, Нови Сад: Археолош- ко друштво Воjводине Станев, С. Начева, И. 1960. Средновековен български некропол до Луковит. Известия на археологическия институт XXIII, 71-98. Станчева, М. Писарова В., 1989. Колекция от пръстени в Музея за история на София. Сердика. Археологически материали и проучвания 2, 98–123. Съкровищата на средновековна България 2007. Каталог на изложба, София Топтанов, Д., Маламед, А., еt al. 1994. Археологически проучвания на крепостта „Кра- сен” край гр. Панагюрище, Пловдивска област (1976-1988). Известия на музеите от Южна България 20, 85-107. Чангова, Й., Василева, Д. et al.1983. Перник II. Крепостта Перник VIII-XIV в. София: Издателство на БАН.В Dumitriu, L. 2001. Der Mittelalterliche Schmuck des unteren Donaugebietes im 11-15. Jahrhun- dert. Bucureşti: Мuzeul Naţional de Istorie a României. Oţa, S. 2012. Tombs with jewels in the Byzantine tradition discovered on the present-day territory of Romania, north of the Danube (End of the 11th century – the 14th century). Ziridava Studia Archeologica. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Mega

Накити от некропола на Църква №2 на Калиакра

Габриела Райкова (резюме)

Целта на тази статия е да представи накитите, открити в гробове около Църква № 2 във Вътрешния град на Калиакра. Включените тук накити са от археологическите разкопки, проведени в периода 2010–2013 г. Освен находките, открити в сигурен архе- ологически контекст, ще бъдат включени и такива, които са с неясен или неустановен произход. За съжаление, информацията от предходните кампании е недостатъчно подробнa, за да бъде използвана в тази статия. Анализът на накитите е осъществен чрез метода на сравнение с други подобни находки. Отделните видове накити са разделени типологично и са подредени в ло- кална класификационна система. Ще бъдат разгледани само предмети, традиционно припознавани като накити, като в това определение не се включват аксесоарите, въз- приемани и като елементи на костюма, каквито могат да бъдат копчетата и частите на колана. Църква № 2, известна в литературата и като „Св. Богородица“, е разположе- на във Вътрешния град на Калиакра, непосредствено до западния бряг на носа. За първи път тя е проучвана през 1980 г. под ръководството на Георги Джингов. През 2010 г. Бони Петрунова започва спасително проучване на църквата. То продължава в периода 2010 – 2013г. В това време са нанесени корекции върху проучванията на Г. Джингов относно датировката и плана на църквата (Петрунова 2014а, 501-502). Още през 2010 г. е потвърдено наличието на некропол около църквата, а южно от наоса е

331 Gabriela Raikova

открита златна монета на Андроник II (1282-1328) и Андроник III– (1325-1341), която заедно с някои материали от проучените гробове, дава основание на Б. Петрунова да датира построяването на църквата в края на XIII в. или в началото на XIV в. Общият брой на проучените гробове в периода 2010–2013 г. е 191 (обр. 1). По материалите открити в тях проучвателя датира некропола в периода от края на XIII до началото на XV в. (Петрунова 2014а, 502). Гробни дарове са открити в 77 гроба. Накитите са най-често откриваните в гробовете находки. Те са изключително разно- образни по форма, материал и техника на изработка. В зависимост от функцията си накитите се разделят на прочелници, обеци, наушници, висулки и пръстени. Редом с другите находки, в гробове, препогребвания и около тях, вероятно от нарушени гро- бове, са открити 65 обеци, 8 наушника, 11 пръстена, 26 апликации и 1 висулка (обр.2). От тях в гробните ями са открити 56 обеци, 6 наушника, 4 пръстена, 26 апликации и 1 висулка (обр. 3–5, 13). Прави впечатление липсата на гривни. Накитите са разгледани в отделни групи, типове и подтипове. Апликациите за диадеми са два типа, обеците са девет типа, а наушниците – 3 типа, като единят тип е разделен на два подтипа. Пръстените са обособени в четири типа с подтипове. От обеците най-широко разпространение имат обикновените халки (обр. 14). Това може да се обясни както с модни предпочитания за периода, така и с тяхната стойност, която ги прави достъпни за най-широк кръг потребители. Интересно е, че 12 от общо 16 обикновени халки са открити от лявата страна на черепа. В допълнение на това, почти половината от открити в гробове обикновени халки са откривани са- мостоятелно. Това навежда на мисълта, че те може да са имали по-особена функция – окачвани са като апотропеи или са били тълкувани като някакъв социален знак. От разгледаните находки най-голямо е количеството на тези, изработени от сре- бро (31%), следвани от бронз (22%) и мед (11%) (обр. 15). Разнообразието от използва- ни материали и типове накити, както и разликата в качеството на изработката, дават информация за нивото и тенденциите в развитието на ювелирството. Това многоо- бразие е индикация, че некрополът е използван от население с различен социален статус. Не се наблюдава пространствено обособяване на гробове със сходни характерис- тики. Все пак прави впечатление, че гробовете с по богати гробни дарове са разполо- жени в близост до църквата или в нея. Хронологията на повечето находки, произлизащи от гробове, е в границите на XII–XIV в. (обр. 6–11). От находките, намерени извън гробове, има един пръстен с кръгла плочка, върху която е гравирана четирилистна розета, пресечена от равно- раменен кръст, който е характерен за периода от края на IX до XI в. (обр. 11.4). Не е изключено той да произлиза от по-ранен културен пласт, в който са били вкопани гробовете. Пръстените с профилиран щит с украса, както и пръстенът за стрелба с лък са характерни за XV в. (обр. 12). Изглежда те са попаднали в пространството на некропола в самия край на използването му или по-късно.

332