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Alma Mater Studiorum – Università Di Bologna Alma Mater Studiorum – Università di Bologna DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN Traduzione, Interpretazione e Interculturalità Ciclo XXVI Settore Concorsuale di afferenza: 10/L1 - LINGUE, LETTERATURE E CULTURE INGLESE E ANGLOAMERICANA Settore Scientifico disciplinare: L-LIN/12 - LINGUA E TRADUZIONE – LINGUA INGLESE TITOLO TESI TRADURRE IL MULTILINGUISMO AL CINEMA: LINGUE, IDENTITÀ CULTURALI E LORO RAPPRESENTAZIONE SULLO SCHERMO Presentata da: Giuseppe De Bonis Coordinatore Dottorato Relatore Félix San Vicente Santiago Delia Carmela Chiaro Esame finale anno 2015 2 [In un villaggio ebraico dell'Europa dell'Est, 1941] Mordechai (parlando di lingua yiddish): I tedeschi lo sanno che facciamo la parodia della loro lingua? Non saranno in guerra per questo? dal film Train de vie - Un treno per vivere (Radu Mihăileanu, 1998) [In un cinema di Bagheria, negli anni Cinquanta] Spettatore #1: Ma se la pellicola è 'mericana, perché qua parlano italiano? Spettatore #2: Ca' stupido, l'altoparlante non è italiano?! Spettatore #1: Minchia! Vero è! Non ci avevo pensato! dal film Baarìa (Giuseppe Tornatore, 2009) 3 4 RINGRAZIAMENTI Innanzitutto, desidero ringraziare sentitamente la Prof.ssa Delia Chiaro, relatrice di questa tesi e mio supervisore durante questi quattro anni, per il costante appoggio e per il prezioso scambio di idee su questioni inerenti il cinema, gli audiovisivi, il multilinguismo e la loro traduzione. Con lei, in particolare, ho un grosso debito di riconoscenza per avermi incoraggiato a pensare al cinema multilingue in termini di conflitto e confusione. Un caloroso ringraziamento alla mia famiglia, in particolare ai miei genitori per il loro sostegno incondizionato e per l'aiuto materiale che mi hanno dato durante questi quattro anni. Soprattutto li ringrazio per avermi spronato a intraprendere questa nuova fase formativa della mia vita. Un ringraziamento speciale a mia sorella e mio cognato per aver pazientemente sopportato i miei “deliri multilingue” tutte le volte che andavamo al cinema o parlavamo di serie televisive. Grazie per avermi spronato a dare il meglio di me in fase di stesura di questa tesi. Desidero ringraziare tutti gli amici che mi sono stati vicini, materialmente ed emotivamente, durante il viaggio che ho intrapreso in questi anni alla scoperta del cinema multilingue. Un ringraziamento va anche ai colleghi, italiani e internazionali, con cui ho avuto modo di confrontarmi su questioni concernenti la traduzione audiovisiva, il cinema multilingue e i media in generale. Last but not least, un ringraziamento speciale va alla mia amica Ilaria per il sostegno psicologico e materiale che mi ha regalato con la generosità che la contraddistingue, non solo durante le fasi operative della ricerca, ma soprattutto nel corso della redazione della tesi. 5 6 INDICE Introduzione ................................................................................................................... 11 Capitolo Uno DIVERSITÀ LINGUISTICA E CULTURALE AL CINEMA: LO STATO DELL'ARTE................................................................................................................... 21 1.1. Cinema e uso di lingue diverse: linguistica del dominio vs. film poliglotta ........... 21 1.2. Multilinguismo in testi di finzione: omogeneizzazione linguistica vs. corrispondenza veicolare ............................................................................................. 25 1.3. La traduzione audiovisiva del cinema multilingue ................................................ 32 1.4. Multilinguismo al cinema: alcune precisazioni terminologiche ............................. 42 Capitolo Due IMPOSTAZIONE TEORICO-METODOLOGICA E SELEZIONE DEL MATERIALE DI ANALISI............................................................................................ 47 2.1. Obiettivi della ricerca e ipotesi da verificare ......................................................... 47 2.2. Definizione e delimitazione del materiale di analisi .............................................. 48 2.2.1. Criticità nella definizione del materiale di analisi ........................................... 48 2.2.2. Primo sottocampione (lettura diacronica) ....................................................... 51 2.2.3. Secondo sottocampione: il multilinguismo nel cinema dell'ultimo decennio .. 62 2.2.4. Sguardo d'insieme sul campione totale........................................................... 72 2.3. Quadro teorico di riferimento ............................................................................... 75 2.3.1. Il “meta-genere” dei film multilingue ............................................................ 75 2.3.2. Le funzioni del multilinguismo al cinema ...................................................... 76 2.3.3. Conflitto, confusione e genere cinematografico prevalente ............................ 79 Capitolo Tre IL MULTILINGUISMO NEL FILM DRAMMATICO COME VEICOLO DI CONFLITTO ............................................................................................................. 85 3.1. La rappresentazione della diversità culturale nel film drammatico ........................ 85 3.1.1. La strada dell'omogeneizzazione linguistica................................................... 85 3.1.2. L'omogeneizzazione linguistica quasi totale in contesti interculturali: il multilinguismo da cartolina ..................................................................................... 92 3.2. Verso una resa più realistica di lingue e identità ................................................... 98 3.2.1. La presenza parziale delle lingue secondarie .................................................. 98 3.2.2. Rappresentazione realistica con lingua primaria del film sostituita ............... 104 3.3. La rappresentazione realistica di lingue e identità in film con situazioni multilingue contenute .................................................................................................................. 110 3.3.1. Il viaggio e l'ambientazione internazionale: il film sentimentale e oltre ........ 110 3.3.2. La guerra, il terrorismo e oltre ..................................................................... 117 3.4. La corrispondenza veicolare fra lingue della storia e lingue del discorso in film con una presenza significativa di situazioni multilingue ................................................... 120 3.4.1. Il film di guerra: prima e seconda guerra mondiale ...................................... 120 3.4.2. Oltre la seconda guerra mondiale: altri conflitti rappresentati....................... 128 3.4.3. Viaggio, globalizzazione e interconnessione fra le persone .......................... 134 3.4.4. Il film di migrazione .................................................................................... 143 Capitolo Quattro IL MULTILINGUISMO NELLA COMMEDIA COME VEICOLO DI UMORISMO ................................................................................................................ 151 4.1. Il multilinguismo nella commedia: giocare con la lingua vs. giocare attraverso la lingua ........................................................................................................................ 151 4.2. L'identità culturale come veicolo di umorismo ................................................... 152 7 4.2.1. One, Two, Three: il confronto fra identità cultruali come veicolo di umorismo ............................................................................................................................. 154 4.2.2. One, Two, Three: Yankee go home! - Russki go home! ............................... 159 4.3. Gli incontri interculturali in altre commedie multilingue fra omogeneizzazione linguistica e accento tipico ........................................................................................ 163 4.3.1. L'omogeneizzazione linguistica ................................................................... 163 4.3.2. L'accento tipico ........................................................................................... 167 4.4. L'interpretazione diegetica come veicolo di umorismo ....................................... 175 4.4.1. One, Two, Three: la visita del medico tedesco ............................................. 175 4.4.2. L'interpretazione diegetica in altre commedie .............................................. 178 4.5. L'uso di una lingua secondaria come veicolo di umorismo .................................. 188 4.5.1. One, Two, Three: l'interrogatorio di Otto ..................................................... 188 4.5.2. Lingue secondarie, promiscuità veicolare ed effetto comico in altre commedie ............................................................................................................................. 192 Capitolo Cinque IL MULTILINGUISMO NEL FILM THRILLER COME VEICOLO DI SUSPENSE .................................................................................................................. 203 5.1. Il multilinguismo nel film thriller: Hitchcock e oltre ........................................... 203 5.2. La produzione multilingue di Hitchcock degli anni Trenta.................................. 205 5.3. Il multilinguismo come dispositivo semiotico di suspense .................................. 211 5.3.1. Doppiaggio e multilinguismo minimo.......................................................... 211 5.3.2. Oltre Hitchcock ........................................................................................... 215 5.4. Multilinguismo da cartolina e omogeneizzazione linguistica
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