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Gentrification Through Public Participation? Acceptance and Resistance in Calgary’S Inner Suburbs

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Gentrification Through Public Participation? Acceptance and Resistance in Calgary’S Inner Suburbs University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository Graduate Studies The Vault: Electronic Theses and Dissertations 2013-07-16 Gentrification through Public Participation? Acceptance and Resistance in Calgary’s Inner Suburbs Peterson, Kyle David Peterson, K. D. (2013). Gentrification through Public Participation? Acceptance and Resistance in Calgary’s Inner Suburbs (Unpublished doctoral thesis). University of Calgary, Calgary, AB. doi:10.11575/PRISM/26276 http://hdl.handle.net/11023/835 doctoral thesis University of Calgary graduate students retain copyright ownership and moral rights for their thesis. You may use this material in any way that is permitted by the Copyright Act or through licensing that has been assigned to the document. For uses that are not allowable under copyright legislation or licensing, you are required to seek permission. Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Gentrification through Public Participation? Acceptance and Resistance in Calgary’s Inner Suburbs by Kyle David Peterson A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY CALGARY, ALBERTA JULY 2013 © Kyle David Peterson 2013 Abstract This research examines the role of public participation in the planning process and its influence on suburban gentrification. Previous literature has critiqued the exclusionary nature of consensus-building and collaboration in urban planning processes, but there is little connection in the literature between those processes and gentrification. This research bridges this gap by explaining how consensus-building and collaboration processes may lead to gentrification, and how the same processes can be effectively used to limit the scope of gentrification. Through a mixed-methods comparative analysis of two Calgary suburban neighbourhoods, Bowness and the Greater Forest Lawn Area, the effect of public participation on gentrification is illustrated. The hegemony of pro- development interests was manifested in the public participation processes for two redevelopment plans in the Greater Forest Lawn Area. These redevelopment plans, were they to come to fruition, have the potential to gentrify the area. Participants in the public participation processes were convinced that New Urbanist principles could provide a blueprint to remake their neighbourhood. Public participation and collaboration, in this case, served to legitimize the gentrification process. Public participation has had the opposite effect in Bowness, where it has been used to resist gentrification. After being labeled a “community in need,” several Bowness social groups have worked to increase social cohesiveness through an ongoing public participation process. This has brought a diverse group of residents together around a central theme of strengthening the neighbourhood, largely through retaining its small town atmosphere. This movement is ii counter-hegemonic because it defies gentrification efforts aimed at the neighbourhood. The institutional arrangements in Bowness and the Greater Forest Lawn Area exemplify how public participation can be used to legitimize gentrification, but also how it can be used to resist the process. iii Acknowledgements This project could not have come to fruition without the help and cooperation of a many supportive people. The information presented here could have not been made available without the great many contacts that took time out of their busy schedules to speak with me about Bowness and the Greater Forest Lawn Area. I am indebted to these wonderful folks who bore with this lowly University of Calgary graduate student as he asked them questions; sometimes for hours on end. Their life histories and intriguing stories have allowed me to see this world in a new light. I am truly thankful for all their kindness and cooperation. Their efforts, naturally, bare no responsibility for any possible shortcomings of this research. Thank you to the contributors to the Hillhurst/Sunnyside prize for funding part of this research. Several people at the University of Calgary have helped me in a variety of ways throughout this research. Paulina Medori, Marilyn Kinnear, Brenda Paschke and Linda Holford have continually given me support throughout this process. Their cheerful voices, warm hearts and smiling faces make like at the University of Calgary far more bearable. Catherine Avramenko holds a tight ship in the department, but could not be further from a kind-hearted person. Her cheerful yet sarcastic undertones will be sorely missed as I move on with my career. Thanks to Derek Wilson, who is both a dear friend and work colleague. Our hilarious conversations and normal trips to the coffee bar cannot be replaced. A special thanks to Jen Hird, who dealt with our continual friendly iv ridicules with mocking points of the finger! Also, an extra special thanks to Jen for helping me with the production of my final maps for this document. You easily saved me several days of work! Also, a special thanks to Typhenn Broccoli-Cauliflower for being a graduate student colleague, a roommate and most importantly a friend. You have no idea how much I appreciate your unending support! To Scott Bennett, Ray Chan, and Trista Detchev, thank you for making the graduate office experience much more tolerable and enjoyable! I would like to give special thanks to my dissertation committee. Thank you to Alan Smart and Dan Jacobson for your undying support, even though you were hard on me at times. Although critical of some of my ideas, you never faltered in helping through to the end. Alan, your suggestion on the “affordability factor” in regards to gentrification in Bowness led a good portion of investigation. Dan, thank you very much for pointing out the faults in my cartography skills. They are a bit rusty! Thank you to John Graham for taking time out of his schedule to be part of this committee. Your questions during the exam illuminated ideas on qualitative work I had not pondered before. Thank you to David Wilson for flying all the way to Calgary from my home state, Illinois, to be a member of my examining committee. After years upon years of reading your work on gentrification it was my upmost pleasure to have you provide guidance on my own work! Byron Miller was a mentor and a supervisor any graduate student would hope for. Your personal guidance and wisdom throughout this research and for consistent assistance with the preparation of the document has made all of this possible. Thank you very much for continually supporting me even though this process has taken much longer than expected. v Those last few days before the submission of this document to the committee would have failed if you had not put in the extraordinarily long hours reviewing my writing and theories. The 4:30 AM drop off of my final chapter the day of submission showed me your true character of support and humanity. A special thanks to my family for your undying support. The wonderful household that I was brought up in provided much of the impetus for the focus in this research. The morals of a “blue collar” upbringing provided the passion to investigate gentrification in Calgary. I am utterly proud of the life lessons my parents instilled in me; they have made me the man I am today! Thank you to all my friends for your continual support and laughter along the way. Whenever I think of Calgary in the future, you will always be that reminder. Finally and most importantly, my girlfriend, Jacqueline Brown was the best surprise of my dissertation research. Who would have known that I would have met the love of my life while investigating gentrification in Calgary? We met approximately a year into my fieldwork when I was preparing to interview her employer. Granted, we had started chatting online a few days prior and unbeknownst to her she was employed by a colleague of mine. Unfortunately I had to remain completely professional while I spoke with her on the telephone to set up the interview, but she figured out who I was immediately. There is only one Kyle Peterson in the Department of Geography. We started seeing each other shortly after that initial telephone call and we have been together ever since. Jacs has been a constant source of love and support since I have known her. She was there when I needed her the most; those last few days before the vi submission of this document. She pulled an all-nighter with me as we edited my dissertation. She has continually offered advice on all of life’s road blocks. I truly would have not finished my degree if I had not met her. Jacs, this research is dedicated to you! vii Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ iv List of Tables .................................................................................................................... xii List of Figures .................................................................................................................. xiii List of Acronyms ...............................................................................................................xv Chapter 01: Introduction ..................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction
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