Kirstin Hallmann Karen Petry Editors Systems, Participation and Public
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Sports Economics, Management and Policy Series Editor: Dennis Coates Kirstin Hallmann Karen Petry Editors Comparative Sport Development Systems, Participation and Public Policy Sports Economics, Management and Policy Series Editor Dennis Coates For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/8343 Kirstin Hallmann • Karen Petry Editors Comparative Sport Development Systems, Participation and Public Policy Editors Kirstin Hallmann Karen Petry German Sport University Cologne German Sport University Cologne Cologne , Nordrhein-Westfalen , Germany Cologne , Nordrhein-Westfalen , Germany ISSN 2191-298X ISSN 2191-2998 (electronic) ISBN 978-1-4614-8904-7 ISBN 978-1-4614-8905-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-8905-4 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London Library of Congress Control Number: 2013953695 © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2013 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Pref ace The ideas behind this book grew out of discussions of research on sport participation. Assessing different issues in this regard such as measuring sport participation and its different approaches and the underlying policies of the different countries, it became evident that comparative books in this regard were scarce. The starting point for this book was thus initiated at the workshop ‘Myths and facts about sports participation’ of the 2011 Play the Game Conference which was held in Cologne based on discussions with colleagues from Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Hungary and the Netherlands. We discussed the idea of this book with Dennis Coates, the editor of this book series on ‘Sports Economics, Management and Policy’, and decided thereafter to not only take a European perspective but to investigate ‘Sport Development – Systems, Participation and Public Policy’ from a truly global perspective. That is why countries from all continents were included. We would like to thank Dennis Coates for supporting us with the book and the team at Springer. We would like to thank in particular all colleagues contributing to this book and also our research students Sören Dallmeyer, Bernardo Fiorini, Tobias Freund and Magnus Metz for their efforts in preparing the fi nal version of this book. We sincerely hope that the book will stimulate and provoke further discussions on the subject. Cologne, Germany Kirstin Hallmann Karen Petry v MEASURE (Meeting for European Sport P articipation and Sport Culture Research) MEASURE was founded in 2010 by the Mulier Institute/NL and the KU Leuven/ BE. MEASURE is a Network of social scientists and statisticians with an interest in sport participation issues. The letters in MEASURE stand for Meeting for European Sport Participation and Sport Culture Research. The reference to ‘culture’ expresses that debates over sport participation within MEASURE are not restricted to share numbers and statistics. It is understood that in order to be able to explain differences in sport participation, one needs to understand the position that sports hold within society at large and the broader culture of which sport is part and parcel. Analyses of these (sporting) cultures may include quantitative as well as qualitative methods, albeit that the former are generally more predominant than the latter within the MEASURE context. The objectives are to • Improve the access to reliable sport participation data and the possibility for researchers to exchange information • Improve the quality of sport participation data • Improve the understanding of differences in sport participation between coun- tries and social groups • Raise interest in sport participation research among policymakers To reach these goals, the MEASURE network meets once or twice a year, often in combination with well-attended international conferences. In addition, a website ( http://www.measuresport.eu ) is maintained to gather and disseminate relevant recent research reports and policy documents. vii Contents 1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 1 Kirstin Hallmann and Karen Petry 2 Belgium: Flanders ................................................................................... 7 Jeroen Scheerder and Steven Vos 3 Cyprus ...................................................................................................... 23 Nicos L. Kartakoullis and Christina Loizou 4 Estonia ...................................................................................................... 33 Lennart Raudsepp, Vahur Ööpik, and Peeter Lusmägi 5 Finland ..................................................................................................... 47 Hanna Vehmas and Kalervo Ilmanen 6 France ....................................................................................................... 61 Christoph Fischer 7 Germany .................................................................................................. 75 Karen Petry and Kirstin Hallmann 8 Hungary ................................................................................................... 87 Szilvia Perényi 9 Ireland ...................................................................................................... 101 Ann Bourke 10 The Netherlands ...................................................................................... 119 Remco Hoekman and Koen Breedveld 11 Poland ....................................................................................................... 135 Jolanta Żyśko 12 Spain ......................................................................................................... 149 Fernando Lera-López and Enrique Lizalde-Gil ix x Contents 13 UK: England ............................................................................................ 167 Chris Gratton, Peter Taylor, and Nick Rowe 14 China ........................................................................................................ 181 Fan Hong, Liu Li, Min Ge, and Guan Zhixun 15 Japan ........................................................................................................ 193 Mitsuru Kurosu 16 India ......................................................................................................... 211 Packianathan Chelladurai, Usha Nair, and Sheila Stephen 17 Australia ................................................................................................... 225 Graham Cuskelly, Pamela Wicker, and Wendy O’Brien 18 New Zealand ............................................................................................ 237 Geoff Dickson and Michael Naylor 19 South Africa ............................................................................................. 253 David Maralack, Marion Keim, and Christo de Coning 20 Uganda ..................................................................................................... 269 Sandra S.B. Kasoma 21 Mexico ...................................................................................................... 281 Isra Villalpando Arzamendi 22 Brazil ........................................................................................................ 301 Ana Cláudia Couto, Mauricio Couto, Cláudio Boschi, and Kátia Lemos 23 United States ............................................................................................ 311 Jane E. Ruseski and Negar Razavilar 24 Canada ..................................................................................................... 323 Alison Doherty and Ryan Clutterbuck 25 Conclusion ............................................................................................... 343 Kirstin Hallmann and Karen Petry Chapter 1 Introduction Kirstin Hallmann and Karen Petry This section starts giving an overview about why governments