Sexual selection and biological diversification: Patterns and processes Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Mesnick, Sarah Lynne, 1960- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 00:47:40 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282239 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfihn master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter &ce, whOe others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMT a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Aibor MI 48I06-I346 USA 313^61-4700 800/521-0600 SEXUAL SELECTION AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSIFICATION: PATTERNS AND PROCESSES by Sarah Lynne Mesnick A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY & EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1996 UMI Ntjjnber: 9720o29 UMI Microform 9720629 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA (S GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Sarah L. Mesnick entitled Sexual Selection § Biological Diversification: Patterns § Processes and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Donald Thomson Date 15 iff/: Wayne Maddi^n Date Rdbert'^-if/ Smith Date \S\to.: /99g Judith Bronstein Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. ii^w Dissertation Director Date STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his or her judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: / 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation was built upon a foundation of help, friendship and support that I received from ray committee, ray friends, my colleagues, and my family. My deep gratitude to all, for not only making this effort possible, but for making it a rich and enduring experience as well. My committee has been supportive and inspiring, each in his or her own way. The wisdom and vision of Donald A. Thomson, major advisor and friend, first saw the possibility of the importance of studying sexual dimorphism and species diversity and encouraged me to pursue it. 1 thank him, most of all, for encouraging me to follow my heart and to create my own path. Phil Hastings was generous with his knowledge of chaenopsids and his insights into social behavior, beyond my capacity to thank him. Judie Bronstein has been an inspiration in terms of her own pursuit of a career in science. Wayne Maddison provided stimulating discussion on social behavior and seemingly inexhaustable enthusiasm for this project. I thank Bob Smith for his encouragement to pursue my ideas on the evolution of human behavior and his faith in rae throughout this project. Special people, both friends and invaluable colleges, include Katrina Mangin, Luis Bourilldn Moreno, Marisol Tordesillas Barnard, Ellinor Michel, Dave Gori, Andy Cohen, Scott Wilson, Eric Dyreson, Liz Waters, Ed Boyer, Judy Stahl, Jody Sherman, Kurt Thomson, Scott Wilson, and Laurent Kanzler. These wonderful people provided excellent scientific guidance, spirited discussions, and demonstrated countless times what true friends are. For support during the final phases of this dissertation, I thank Brent Burt, Shelley McMahan, and Susan Crowell. And to the many others, for their help along the way. My deep gratitude to Shawn McLaughlin for his attention to detail and for preparation of the final manuscript, and moreover, for his patience and friendship. In the field, many thanks to Keith Meldahl who provided companionship and adventures during many months in Baja California, and to Tad Pfister, Andy Cohen, Debbie Gevirtzman, and Melonie Stinger for their support during dive trips. In the lab, I thank Susan Crowell and Theresa Friend for caring and recording blenny data. I thank Sonja Peterson for her tenacity in cracking the blenny genetic code. To my family, who have always been ready with their love, encouragement, and emotional and financial support. To my father, for being wise and caring, and for showing me the value of a challenging and flexible career. To my mother, for the example she sets in strength and in love, and for editing, literally every word, of this dissertation. To my sister Miriam, for her absolute love and her tenacity, which are standards I try to live up to. To my niece for her natural curiosity and enthusiasm for life. To my wonderful dogs Kiska and Scooby. To my Tucson cousins, the Kivel family, who shared their home and holiday celebrations with me. I thank the government of Mexico for granting rae perraission to conduct research in the Gulf of California. Considerable financial support came from the Research Training Grant in Biological Diversification in the Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, the Graduate College, and the Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology at the University of Arizona, and the Lemer Gray Fund for Marine Research. 5 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my family, whose love and support have truly given me roots and wings; DAT, mentor and friend, who has always encouraged me to follow my heart; and to the islands of the Gulf of California, and the promise to help keep them wild. 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS LISTOFHGURES 10 UST OF TABLES 11 ABSTRACT 12 INTRODUCTION 14 CHAPTER I - SEXUAL SELECTION, COURTSHIP DISPLAYS, AND SPECIES DIVERSITY IN TELEOST HSHES: DOES SEXUAL DIMORPHISM PROMOTE DIVERSIHCATION? 17 INTRODUCTION 17 COMPARATIVE ANALYSES 19 METHODS 20 THE DATA SET 21 IDENTIHCATION OF SEXUALLY DIMORPHIC TAXA 22 SISTER-TAXA COMPARISONS 24 DIVERSITY ESTIMATES 27 STATISTICAL ANALYSES 27 RESULTS 28 DESCRIPTIVE PATTERN 28 SISTER-TAXA COMPARISONS 29 DISCUSSION 31 POTENTIAL BL\SES IN THE DATA 34 EVOLUTIONARY IMPUCATIONS 36 OTHER TAXA 39 PRIORITIES FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 44 CONCLUSIONS 45 SUMMARY 46 HGURES 48 TABLES 51 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued CHAPTER N - GEOGRAPHIC VARLVTION IN COLOR IN THE BROWNCHEEK BLENNY, ACANTHEMBLEMARIA CROCKERI (TELEOSTEI; CHAENOPSIDAE): CAN THE DIVERGENCE OF SIGNALS USED IN SEXUAL INTERACTIONS PROMOTE REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION? 64 INTRODUCTION 64 METHODS 66 STUDY SPECIES 66 GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION 67 MALE COURTSHIP DISCRIMINATION EXPERIMENTS 69 Intrapopulation Field Experiment 70 Interpopulation Field Experiment 71 Interpopulation Laboratory Experiment 71 FEMALE SPAWNING EXPERIMENTS 72 General Laboratory Conditions 72 Single Female - Single Male Experiment 73 Choice Experiment 73 RESULTS 74 GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION 74 COLOR 77 MALE CouRTSfflp DISCRIMINATION EXPERIMENTS 79 Intrapopulation Field Experiment 79 Interpopulation Field Experiment 80 Interpopulation Laboratory Experiment 80 FEMALE SPAWNING EXPERIMENTS 81 Single Female - Single Male Experiment 81 Choice Experiment 82 Individual Spawning Histories 82 DISCUSSION 83 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued SUMMARY 88 NOURES 90 TABLES 110 CHAPTER M — SEXUAL COERCION AND SEXUAL ALLIANCES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL M\TING