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Contributions from Mafic Alkaline Magmas to the Bingham Porphyry

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Contributions from Mafic Alkaline Magmas to the Bingham Porphyry Mineralium Deposita (2002) 37: 14–37 DOI 10.1007/s00126-001-0228-5 ARTICLE Daniel T. Maughan Æ Jeffrey D. Keith Eric H. Christiansen Æ Tamalyn Pulsipher Keiko Hattori Æ Noreen J. Evans Contributions from mafic alkaline magmas to the Bingham porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit, Utah, USA Received: 2 May 2001 / Accepted: 18 July 2001 / Published online: 20 December 2001 Ó Springer-Verlag 2001 Abstract The Bingham porphyry Cu–Au–Mo deposit, correlated with the intrusions based on chemical, Utah, may only be world-class because of substantial mineralogical, and isotopic data. Magma mixing cal- contributions of sulfur and metals from mafic alkaline culations suggest about 10% of the monzonitic/latitic magma to anotherwise unremarkable calc-alkaline orerelated magma may have beenderived from mafic system. Volcanic mafic alkaline rocks in the district are alkaline magma similar to the melanephelinite. If the enriched in Cr, Ni, and Ba as well as Cu, Au, platinum original S content of the mafic magma was about group elements (PGE), and S. The bulk of the volcanic 2,000–4,000 ppm, comparable with similar magmas, sectionthat is co-magmatic with ore-related porphyries thenthe mafic magma may have beenresponsiblefor is dacitic to trachytic in composition, but has inherited contributing more than half of the S and a significant the geochemical signature of high Cr, Ni, and Ba from portionof the Cu, Au, andPGE inthe Binghamde- magma mixing with the mafic alkaline rocks. The vol- posit. canic section that most closely correlates in time with ore-related porphyries is very heterogeneous containing Keywords Alkaline Æ Bingham Æ Mafic Æ clasts of scoriaceous latite, latitic, and minette, and Magma mixing Æ Porphyry Cu flows of melanephelinite, shoshonite, and olivine latite in addition to volumetrically dominant dacite/trachyte. Bingham ore-related porphyries show ample evidence Introduction of prior mixing with mafic alkaline magmas. Intrusive porphyries that have not been previously well-studied The Bingham Canyon Cu–Au–Mo porphyry is one of have several chemical and mineralogical indications of the largest porphyry copper deposits inthe world (Ba- magma mixing. These ‘‘mixed’’ lithologies include the llantyne et al. 1997). The Bingham system is comprised hybrid quartz monzonite porphyry, biotite porphyry, of several small, mineralized stocks and dikes of Eocene and minette dikes. Even some of the more silicic latite age emplaced inPaleozoic quartzite andlimestone,lo- and monzonite porphyries retain high Cr and Ba con- cated about 30 km southwest of Salt Lake City, Utah tents indicative of mixing and contain trace amounts of (Fig. 1). A sequence of volcanic rocks of nearly identical sapphire (<1 mm). The heterogeneous block and ash age and similar petrographic and geochemical charac- flow deposits also contain sapphire and are permissively teristics to Bingham porphyry intrusions lies 2–10 km south and east of the Bingham pit (Moore 1973; Lanier et al. 1978a; Moore and McKee 1983; Christiansen and D.T. Maughan Æ J.D. Keith (&) Æ E.H. Christiansen Æ T. Pulsipher Keith 1996; Deino and Keith 1997; Keith et al. 1997; Department of Geology, Waite et al. 1997; Pulsipher 2000). Many workers have Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84602, USA documented mineralization characteristics of the Bing- E-mail: jeff[email protected] ham Cu–Au–Mo porphyry (Boutwell 1905; Lindgren Tel.: +1-801-3782189 Fax: +1-801-3788143 1924; Atkinson and Einaudi 1978; Lanier et al. 1978a, 1978b; Warnaars et al. 1978; Wilson 1978; Babcock et al. K. Hattori 1995; Phillips et al. 1997; Inan and Einaudi 2000; Red- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada K1N 6N5 mond and Einaudi 2000). Others have documented petrologic, geochemical, isotope, and age relationships N.J. Evans Ore Deposit Processes Group, of various rock units of the Bingham district (Gilluly CSIRO Exploration and Mining, 1932; Moore 1973; Lanier et al. 1978a; Warnaars et al. North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia 1978; Wilson1978; Moore andMcKee 1983; Babcock 15 Fig. 1 Shaded relief index map of north-central Utah showing occurrences of Mid-Tertiary al- kaline rocks (black dots and boxes). The dashed line marks the approximate trend of a poorly defined alignment of Middle Tertiary igneous rocks. This trend is parallel to but south of a proposed boundary betweenArcheanandProtero- zoic basements (Presnell 1997). MoonCanyonhostslamproite intrusions and lava flows, and was used for a comparisonof mica inBinghamdistrict alka- line rocks et al. 1995; Ballantyne et al. 1997; Deino and Keith 1997; Tertiary Period. Northeast-striking faults (possibly Keith et al. 1997; Parry et al. 1997; Waite et al. 1997; formed during the first episode of extension) host a Pulsipher 2000; Redmond and Einaudi 2000). Our work significant portion of the vein-related late Eocene min- focuses on both newly discovered and previously docu- eralization, implying that the faults were open at least mented (Gilluly 1932; Moore 1973; Moore and McKee during Bingham district mineralization, which occurred 1983, Waite et al. 1997; Pulsipher 2000; Redmond and between 39.8 and 37.5 Ma (Warnaars et al. 1978; Deino Einaudi 2000) mafic to intermediate alkaline rocks of the and Keith 1997). Bingham district. This study examines the role of the Host to the mineralization are late Eocene stocks and alkaline rocks that occur as both volcanic and intrusive dikes, and Paleozoic sedimentary rocks. Some of the phases in the mineralization of the Bingham district. The Eocene stocks and dikes apparently vented to the sur- timing of their appearance in the volcanic and intrusive face forming a composite volcano, part of which is sequence indicates that they may have made substantial preserved on the eastern flank of the Oquirrh Mountains contributions of sulfur and metals to the ore-forming (Moore et al. 1968; Moore 1973; Lanier et al. 1978a; system. These alkaline mafic to intermediate rocks may Keith et al. 1997; Waite et al. 1997; Keith et al. 1998; be responsible, in part, for the unusual size and metal Pulsipher 2000). This relationship is substantiated by (1) content of this world class Cu–Au–Mo system (Keith proximity of intrusive and extrusive rocks, (2) extrusive and Christiansen 1993; Waite et al. 1997; Keith et al. rocks dipping away from the Bingham intrusive center 1998). with steepest dips closest to the intrusive center to nearly horizontal at 10 km (Fig. 2), (3) similarities in mineral- ogy, texture, geochemistry, and isotopic compositions, Geologic setting and (4) radiometric ages. Of particular interest is a section of block and ash Several Eocene mineralized intrusions in northern Utah flow deposits about 10 km south and east of the Bing- (including the Bingham Canyon Cu–Au–Mo porphyry ham pit in Rose Canyon, which is closely correlated in system) occur along an E–W lineament called the Uin- time with Bingham mineralization and contains clasts of ta–Cortez Axis (Roberts et al. 1965; Fig. 1). This lin- intermediate compositions that have experienced acid- eament represents what some have considered an sulfate alteration(clay, silica, jarosite, alunite,andbar- Archean–Proterozoic plate suture (Presnell 1997), al- ite) surrounded by unaltered ash and blocks (Pulsipher though Pb and Nd model ages from Bingham district 2000). The rocks inthis sectionalso containtrace rocks suggest the presence of Proterozoic lithosphere amounts of euhedral, accessory sapphire (<1 mm), as (Stacy et al. 1968; Farmer and DePaolo 1983; Waite et do the quartz monzonite porphyry and other smaller al. 1997; Christiansen and Keith 2000). After suturing of intrusions in and around the Bingham deposit (Pulsipher the Archean–Proterozoic plates, a rifted continental 2000). marginformed, andProterozoic andPaleozoic quartz- A younger magmatic event recorded by unmineral- ites, shales, and limestones were deposited (Hintze ized dikes, stocks, and volcanic rocks followed with ages 1988). Folding and thrusting of the Proterozoic and ranging from 33 to 30 Ma (Deino and Keith 1997; Paleozoic sedimentary rocks occurred during Jurassic Waite et al. 1997). Subsequent Basin and Range exten- Elko and Cretaceous Sevier orogenies (Presnell 1992, sion(18 Ma–present)resulted ina 10.8±4.0 ° eastward 1997; Constenius 1996). Presnell (1992, 1997) suggests tilt of the Bingham district since the late Eocene (Melker that two episodes of extension occurred during the and Geissman 1997). 16 Fig. 2 Simplified geologic map of the easternOquirrh Moun- tains (after Laes et al. 1997) showing depositional strike and dip of volcanic units (corrected for post-volcanic regional tilt), in relation to Bingham intrusive units. A line encompassing the Bingham deposit represents Cu contents >0.35 wt% at the 5,000-foot level of the mine petrographic descriptions. Detailed petrographic descriptions and Sampling and analytical methods other data not tabulated in this paper can be found in Maughan (2001). A total of 103 samples were collected for this study of the Bingham Samples were powdered in a tungsten carbide shatter box, and district. Of these, 17 samples came from relatively mafic intrusions dried overnight in an oven at 105 °C. Glass disks were prepared by in the Bingham deposit and 86 came from pyroclasts found in block fusing rock powder with a 50/50 mixture of Spectroflux 105-lithium and ash flows, lava flows, and mafic dikes in and near Rose Can- tetraborate and metaborate flux, and analyzed to determine major yon. The data from these samples were combined with data from element compositions of the samples. Rock powders were pressed Pulsipher (2000; 60 samples); Waite et al. (1997; 91 samples) and into pellets backed by Whatman fibrous cellulose powder, and Barr (1993; 4 samples) for a total of 258 samples. analyzed to determine trace element concentrations. Major and The 103 samples collected for this study focus onthe mafic to trace element abundances were determined at BYU on a Siemens alkaline rocks of the Bingham district. By alkaline, we mean con- SRS-303 X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF).
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