Elder Koei Itikawa Tanaka

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Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas Departamento de Letras Modernas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Linguísticos e Literários em Inglês Elder Kôei Itikawa Tanaka Inimigos públicos em Hollywood: estratégias de contenção e ruptura em dois filmes de gângster dos anos 1930-1940 São Paulo 2015 Universidade de São Paulo Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas Departamento de Letras Modernas Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Linguísticos e Literários em Inglês Inimigos públicos em Hollywood: estratégias de contenção e ruptura em dois filmes de gângster dos anos 1930-1940 Elder Kôei Itikawa Tanaka Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Estudos Linguísticos e Literários em Inglês do Departamento de Letras Modernas da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras. Orientador: Prof. Marcos César de Paula Soares. São Paulo 2015 Autorizo a reprodução e divulgação total ou parcial deste trabalho, por qualquer meio convencional ou eletrônico, para fins de estudo e pesquisa, desde que citada a fonte. Catalogação na Publicação Serviço de Biblioteca e Documentação Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo Tanaka, Elder Kôei Itikawa T161i Inimigos públicos em Hollywood: estratégias de contenção e ruptura em dois filmes de gângster dos anos 1930-1940 / Elder Kôei Itikawa Tanaka ; orientador Marcos César de Paula Soares. - São Paulo, 2015. 183 f. Tese (Doutorado)- Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Letras Modernas. Área de concentração: Estudos Linguísticos e Literários em Inglês. 1. CINEMA. 2. GANGSTERES. 3. CRÍTICA CINEMATOGRÁFICA. 4. HISTÓRIA DO CINEMA. 5. CENSURA. I. Soares, Marcos César de Paula, orient. II. Título. Folha de aprovação Nome: Tanaka, Elder Kôei Itikawa Título: Inimigos públicos em Hollywood: estratégias de contenção e ruptura em dois filmes de gângster dos anos 1930-1940 Tese apresentada à Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Doutor em Letras. Aprovado em: Banca Examinadora: Prof. Dr. ________________________________ Instituição: ______________________ Julgamento: _____________________________ Assinatura: ______________________ Prof. Dr. ________________________________ Instituição: ______________________ Julgamento: _____________________________ Assinatura: ______________________ Prof. Dr. ________________________________ Instituição: ______________________ Julgamento: _____________________________ Assinatura: ______________________ Prof. Dr. ________________________________ Instituição: ______________________ Julgamento: _____________________________ Assinatura: ______________________ Agradecimentos À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pelo financiamento de nossa pesquisa no Brasil e no exterior. À Comissão Fulbright Brasil, pela oportunidade de realizar parte da pesquisa nos EUA, e aos amigos Matt Smith e Frances Novack, da Fulbright Association of Greater Philadelphia, por ter nos recebido com tanto carinho. Ao orientador da pesquisa, Marcos César de Paula Soares, pela orientação exigente e por ter confiado no meu trabalho desde o mestrado. Ao professor Peter Decherney, pela orientação em solo norte-americano. Aos professores da banca de qualificação, Antonio Aleixo e Marcos Fabris, pela leitura atenta do relatório e por todos os conselhos e recomendações para o prosseguimento da pesquisa. A todos os funcionários da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas (FFLCH), em especial à Edite, ao Junior, e aos colegas do Departamento de Letras Modernas (DLM), pela eficiência na resolução dos problemas e no esclarecimento de dúvidas. À Solange Grossi e Fabiana Tavares, pela oportunidade de discutir questões relacionadas ao meu trabalho, e pela amizade desde os tempos de graduação. Aos amigos do Mocassim – Elton Furlanetto, Cristiane Maria, Neyde Branco, Roberta Fabbri, Maíra Malosso e Fabiana Vilaço – pelas discussões animadas e leitura atenta de trechos dessa tese. Aos meus pais e à minha família, pelo apoio incondicional. À Paola, por tudo, sempre. Resumo TANAKA, Elder Kôei Itikawa. Inimigos públicos em Hollywood: estratégias de contenção e ruptura em dois filmes de gângster dos anos 1930-1940. 183p. Tese (Doutorado) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. O objetivo dessa tese é investigar de que maneira Little Caesar (Mervyn Leroy, 1931) e Force of Evil (Abraham Polonsky, 1947) registram, dentro do gênero gângster, questões como a Depressão na década de 1930, e o macarthismo na década de 1940, ao mesmo tempo em que estabelecem homologias estruturais entre o crime organizado e o mundo dos negócios. Tais questões surgem nesses dois filmes por força da matéria histórica envolvida nas condições de produção. Nossa tese é de que os filmes configuram, em diferentes medidas, estratégias de representação da matéria histórica apesar das tentativas de seu apagamento, como a censura e o macarthismo. Palavras-chave: cinema norte-americano; filmes de gângster; anos 1930; anos 1940; censura; macarthismo. Abstract TANAKA, Elder Kôei Itikawa. Public enemies in Hollywood: strategies of containment and rupture in two gangster films from the 1930s-1940s. 183p. Thesis (Doctorate) – Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas, Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. The aim of this thesis is to analyze how Little Caesar (Mervyn Leroy, 1931) and Force of Evil (Abraham Polonsky, 1947) portray, in the gangster genre, historically relevant questions such as the Great Depression in the 1930s and McCarthyism in the 1940s, while establishing structural homologies between organized crime and the business world. These themes arise in both films due to the strength of the historical substance implicated in the conditions of production. Our thesis is that these films depict, in different proportions, strategies of representation of the historical substance in spite of attempts to suppress it, such as censorship and McCarthyism. Keywords: American cinema; gangster films; 1930s; 1940s; censorship; McCarthyism. Sumário Introdução 9 Capítulo 1: Little Caesar 16 A religião como vetor regressivo 18 Hollywood pre-Code e o subtexto homossexual 25 A crise de 1929 e a concorrência pelo emprego 41 A administração do tempo 47 O American Dream e a indústria cultural 55 A tragédia da classe trabalhadora 66 Aparência e essência 70 O mito da Máfia 80 Capítulo 2: Force of Evil 88 Equivalência entre negócios e crime 97 Tucker Enterprises Inc. 105 Caim, Abel, e os negócios da família Morse 112 Doris e a mercadoria 128 A censura no pós-guerra e o uso do som 137 Lealdade em tempos sombrios 146 O fechamento das possibilidades 154 A arquitetura de Nova Iorque e o “mundo real” 164 A morte de Leo 166 Considerações finais 172 Referências bibliográficas 178 Introdução Uma das características centrais da ideologia dominante no Reino Unido e nos Estados Unidos durante a segunda metade do século XIX e os primeiros anos do século XX foi a ausência, ou ao menos extrema debilidade, de conceitos de luta de classe como instrumentos de interpretação de fenômenos sociais. (...) Isso se refletiu na estabilidade da sociedade burguesa e na autoconfiança da classe dominante. (...) Nessas circunstâncias, era natural para elas assimilar a revolta com a ordem social como atividade criminal, e identificar o proletariado rebelde como “classe criminosa”. Ernest Mandel1 O termo gângster denomina, em linhas gerais, um determinado criminoso urbano que trabalha em grupos organizados hierarquicamente, e foi utilizado pela primeira vez nos noticiários policiais do início do século XX. Graças à disseminação de sua figura por meio da indústria cultural, o gângster se tornou um ícone da cultura popular dos EUA como uma mescla de fatos e ficção no imaginário do cidadão norte-americano. Uma das causas do fortalecimento do gangsterismo nos Estados Unidos foi a promulgação da Lei Seca, que proibiu a produção e venda de bebidas alcoólicas de 1920 a 1933 no país. Embora gangues ocupassem os centros urbanos há tempos, a proibição do comércio de bebidas alcoólicas, somada à crise de 1929, proporcionou oportunidades para que novos líderes criminosos surgissem e prosperassem. Gângsteres como Al Capone, Jim Colosimo e Frank Costello ganharam notoriedade quando surgiram como figuras do crime organizado ao longo da primeira metade do século XX nos EUA. Pode-se dizer que o gangsterismo era resultado do ambiente socioeconômico turbulento do início do século XX – enquanto os anos 1920 promoviam o consumismo e a distância entre ricos e pobres aumentava, os gângsteres, originários das classes mais pobres, desafiavam os limites entre as classes sociais ao desfilarem pelas metrópoles em roupas caras 1 Mandel, E. Delightful Murder – A social history of the crime story. Minneapolis: Univeristy of Minnesota Press, 1984, p. 44. Todas as obras citadas neste trabalho que não possuem tradução oficial para o português têm tradução nossa. 9 e carros luxuosos.2 Alguns críticos especializados em filmes de gângster, como Jack Shadoian, consideram que esse tipo de personagem expõe duas ideologias norte-americanas fundamentais e opostas: Há uma contradição inerente no pensamento norte-americano entre a América como uma terra de oportunidades, e a visão de uma sociedade democrática e sem divisão de classes sociais. Ambas as crenças são profundamente
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    PROMOTION OF CLASSIC HOLLYWOOD FILM COSTUME IN 1930S AMERICAN FASHION MAGAZINES by LINDSAY DANIELLE REAVES VIRGINIA S. WIMBERLEY, COMMITTEE CHAIR AMANDA J. THOMPSON XIAO TONG WILLIAM F. BOMAR SHIRLEY P. FOSTER A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of General Human Environmental Sciences in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2013 Copyright Lindsay Danielle Reaves 2013 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT The world of twenty-first-century fashion evolves into new forms at a more rapid pace when compared with clothing developments of the past. Elements of previous fashion trends are constantly recycled into new clothing to appease the public’s cravings. But, to whom does the public look for fashion inspiration? According to the “trickle-down” theory proposed by Simmel (1904) and Sproles (1985), the lower classes turn to the upper classes to find out what styles are in vogue at the moment. Although emulation of upper-class fashions appears to have been happening for some time, it seems fashion inspiration was “kicked into high gear” with the glamorous effects and global outreach of American Hollywood cinema, beginning in the 1930s. When the American film industry boomed in the first half of the twentieth century, actors became the inspiration for fashion as well. The glamour exuding from the Hollywood films produced during the 1930s inspired and influenced the clothing choices of the American public. Well-known costume designers such as Gilbert Adrian, Edith Head, Travis Banton, Howard Greer, Walter Plunkett, and Orry-Kelly designed costumes and personal clothing for many Hollywood leading ladies.
  • 100 YEARS at the PHOENIX Archive of an Oxford Cinema 1913 – 2013

    100 YEARS at the PHOENIX Archive of an Oxford Cinema 1913 – 2013

    100 YEARS AT THE PHOENIX Archive of an Oxford Cinema 1913 – 2013 Hiu M Chan Dedicated to the Phoenix and Oxford with love This archive is part of a post-graduate research project and so is work-in-progress. While every effort has been made to weed out errors and inconsistencies – derived from the source material (newspaper microfi che archives) – some will have inevitably slipped through. If you spot any errors and omissions please get in touch via the website http://phoenixcentenary.wordpress.com and we will update the database. The publishers are not responsible for the verifi cation of the entries; that is my remit. Thank you. Hiu M Chan and the Phoenix Centenary Project Published in conjunction with the centenary of the Oxford Phoenix Picture, 57 Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6AE © Hiu M Chan, 2013 All right reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic or mechanical, without prior written permission of the author. ISBN 978-0-9567405-5-7 Design: Nick Withers Associate Editor: James Harrison Film lists typeset in Helvetica Neue Digitally printed and bound in England by Charlesworth Press, Wakefi eld, Yorkshire A special limited hardback edition was also published exclusively for use in the cinema on the 100th anniversary, 15th March 2013. For further details, research feedback, or to input any updates, corrections or amendments please contact: www.hiuandfi lm.com Oxfordfolio, 100A Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JE Preface 15th March 2013 marks the 100th anniversary of the Phoenix Picturehouse Cinema in Oxford.
  • Current Catalog

    Current Catalog

    ASHFAULT VIDEO CATALOGUE 13 Lead Soldiers (1948) 13 West Street (1962) 13 Women (1932) 13th Hour, The (1947) 13th Man, The (1937) 1984 (1956) 2,000 Women (1944) 20 Mule Team (1940) 20,000 Men a Year (1939) 20,000 Years in Sing Sing (1932) 21 Days (1940) 23 1/2 Hours Leave (1937) 23 Paces to Baker Street (1956) 24 Hours (1931) 25th Hour, The (1967) 27th Day, The (1957) 30 Years of Fun (1963) 39 Steps, The (1978) 4 Just Men, The (1939) 45 Fathers (1937) 49th Man, The (1953) 50 Million Frenchmen (1931) 6,000 Enemies (1939) 7 Women (1966) 70,000 Witnesses (1932) 711 Ocean Drive (1950) 7th Cavalry (1956) 80,000 Suspects (1963) 99 River Street (1953) Aaron Slick from Punkin Crick (1952) Abandoned (1949) About Face (1942) About Mrs. Leslie (1954) Accent on Love (1941) Accent on Youth (1935) Accidents Will Happen (1938) Accomplice (1946) Accused (1936) Accused, The (1948) Accusing Finger, The (1936) Across to Singapore (1928) Act of Violence (1979) Action for Slander (1937) Action in Arabia (1944) Action of the Tiger (1957) Actress, The (1953) Ada (1961) Adding Machine, The (1969) Adorable (1933) Advance to the Rear (1964) Adventure in Baltimore (1949) Adventure in Blackmail (1942) Adventure in Diamonds (1940) Adventure in Manhattan (1936) Adventure in Washington (1941) Adventurers, The (1951) Adventures of Chico (1938) Adventures of Gerard, The (1970) Adventures of Hairbreadth Harry (1920) Adventures of Hajji Baba, The (1954) Adventures of Jane Arden, The (1939) Adventures of Kitty O'Day (1944) Adventures of Martin Eden, The (1942) Adventures