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A Review of Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulations in a Global Economy, by David Vogel; Greening the GATT: Trade, Environment, and the Future, by Daniel C

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A Review of Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulations in a Global Economy, by David Vogel; Greening the GATT: Trade, Environment, and the Future, by Daniel C Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies Volume 4 Issue 2 Article 12 Spring 1997 Green and Global: A Review of Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulations in a Global Economy, by David Vogel; Greening the GATT: Trade, Environment, and the Future, by Daniel C. Esty; and Financing Change: The Financial Community, Eco- Efficiency, and Sustainable Development, by Stephan Schmidheiny and Federico J. L. Zorraquin Aseem Prakash George Washington University Follow this and additional works at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijgls Part of the Environmental Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Prakash, Aseem (1997) "Green and Global: A Review of Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulations in a Global Economy, by David Vogel; Greening the GATT: Trade, Environment, and the Future, by Daniel C. Esty; and Financing Change: The Financial Community, Eco-Efficiency, and Sustainable Development, by Stephan Schmidheiny and Federico J. L. Zorraquin," Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies: Vol. 4 : Iss. 2 , Article 12. Available at: https://www.repository.law.indiana.edu/ijgls/vol4/iss2/12 This Book Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Law School Journals at Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. It has been accepted for inclusion in Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies by an authorized editor of Digital Repository @ Maurer Law. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Book Review Green and Global: A Review of Trading Up: Consumer and EnvironmentalRegulations in a GlobalEconomy, David Vogel, Harvard University Press, 1995, pp. 322; Greening the GATT: Trade, Environment, and the Future,Daniel C. Esty, Institute for International Economics, 1994, pp. 319; FinancingChange: The FinancialCommunity, Eco- Efficiency, and SustainableDevelopment, Stephan Schmidheiny and Federico J.L. Zorraquin with the World Business Council on Sustainable Development, The MIT Press, 1996, pp. 211. REVIEWED BY ASEEM PRAKASH* ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION: AN OVERVIEW There is much talk that the globalization of the world economy will drastically alter the current systems of governance. The increasing power of multinational corporations (MNCs) will render governments ineffective in enforcing labor and environmental regulations. MNCs will pit one government against another leading to a race-to-the-bottom. Others argue that globalization is a myth; the world has always had extensive economic linkages. Globalization may not erode State power but may merely rechannel it. Governments will shed old functions and embrace new ones. Without getting entangled in the debates over the etiology and impact of globalization, I focus on how economic globalization (independent variable) may or may not create incentives for firms to adopt environmentally sustainable policies (dependent variable). I discuss two broad themes. First, * Assistant Professor of Strategic Management and Public Policy, School of Business and Public Management, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. The author wishes to thank Yu-che Chen and Ray Eliason for their helpful comments and suggestions. GLOBAL LEGAL STUDIES JOURNAL [Vol. 4:575 do globalization and free trade/investment regimes create incentives for MNCs to relocate in countries with the least stringent environmental regulations, the so-called pollution-havens? If so, then the question arises whether the trade- environment conflict can be resolved at all and whether the new international organizations are up to this task. Second, do financial markets create incentives for firms to adopt policies which only meet (but do not exceed) the requirements of laws? If so, is reforming financial markets a prerequisite for moving towards environmental sustainability? It is important to recognize that firms' adoption of "green policies" is only an initial step toward environmental sustainability since non-firm actors are significant contributors to environmental degradation. Environmental sustainability is also a much broader concept including sociocultural aspects of human existence, and for some scholars, reflecting preferences/interest of non-human species as well.' In this essay, I treat globalization as being synonymous with the increasing integration of input, factor, and final product markets across countries. This results in economic actors treating the whole globe or a group of countries, rather than a particular country, as their unit of economic decisionmaking. The two distinctive features of globalization are: (a) the increased salience of MNCs in economic activity; and (b) the internationalization of financial markets and their unprecedented influence on allocation of resources within and across firms. MNCs are firms undertaking value-addition activities in foreign countries and internalizing intermediate product markets across countries.' Though scholars often treat foreign direct investment (FDI) as a proxy for MNC activity, transnationalization of production manifests in forms such as licensing and franchising, for example. The World Investment Report notes that: [Firms] undertake and organize international production employing a wide variety of modalities of international transactions, including FDI; cross-border intra-firm trade; i. Thomas N. Gladwin, The Meaning of Greening: A Plea for Organizational Theory, in ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGIES FOR INDUSTRY 37 (Kurt Fisher & Johan Schot eds., 1992). 2. For a conceptual discussion on why MNCs exist at all, see RICHARD E. CAVES, MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISE AND ECONOMIC ANALYSIS (2d ed. 1996); JOHN H. DENNING, THE GLOBALIZATION OF BUSINESS (1993); James R. Markusen, The Boundaries of MultinationalEnterprise and the Theory of International Trade, 9 J. ECON. PERSP. 169 (1995). 1997] BOOK REVIEW: GREEN AND GLOBAL cooperative inter-firm agreements (such as strategic alliances); non-equity forms of TNC involvement (e.g., licensing, turnkey agreements, franchising, management contracts); and subcontracting. The important thing is that, in their totality, these various modalities are not only used to access international markets for outputs, but also to access international markets for inputs .... 3 How extensive is the transnationalization of production and how important are MNCs in global economic activity? Consider the following trends: The internationalization of production has reached an unprecedented level with the FDI stock at $2.6 trillion (1995); Global sales of foreign affiliates of MNCs stand at $5.2 trillion (1992), exceeding arm's length trade of $3 trillion (1992); 108 of the 110 legislative changes made in 49 countries 4 liberalized rules governing FDI (1994); One-third of the arm's length trade takes place on an intrafirm basis.' Globalization is often associated with internationalization of financial markets.6 It is important to distinguish financial markets from monetary systems. Stopford and Strange note that: 3. U.N. CONF. TRADE& DEV., WORLD INVESTMENT REPORT 1995; TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS AND COMPETITIVENESS, at 36, Sales No. E.95.11.A.9 (1995); see also DEANNE JULIUS, GLOBAL COMPANIES AND PUBLIC POLICY (1990). 4. U.N. CONF. TRADE & DEV., supra note 3, at xx. 5. EDWARD M. GRAHAM, INSTITUTE FOR INT'L ECON., GLOBAL CORPORATIONS AND NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS 14 (1996). 6. This unprecedented role of financial markets is not surprising as Drucker had argued that capital is the main agent of economic integration. See Peter F. Drucker, The ChangedWorld Economy, 64 FOREIGN AFF., 768 (1986). GLOBAL LEGAL STUDIES JOURNAL [Vol. 4:575 By the international financial structure we mean the system by which in a market-based economy, credit is created, bought, and sold and by which, therefore, the use of capital is determined. This is not to be confused with the international monetary system which is usually understood to mean the system that governs exchange rate parities .... It is in the international financial structure that change in the past two decades has proceeded fastest, away from nationally-centred [sic] credit systems toward a single system of integrated financial markets.7 There is unprecedented growth in the volume of financial transactions. More than ever before, financial markets are playing important roles in allocating resources within and across firms. Consider the following trends: I The stock of international bank lending (cross-border lending plus domestic lending denominated in foreign currency) rose from 4 percent of the combined Gross National Product (GNP) of the OECD" countries in 1980 to 44 percent in 1990; As early as 1992, the daily turnover of currency markets was around $900 billion; In 1994, the market capitalization of stock markets all over the world totaled about $15 trillion, more than 2.5 times the GNP of the United States; In 1993, the world bond markets held more than $16 trillion of publicly issued debt.' 7. JOHN M. STOPFORD ET AL., RIvAL STATES, RIvAL FIRM 40(1991). 8. Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is an association of leading industrialized countries. 9. INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CORPORATION, EMERGING STOCK MARKETS FACTBOOK (1995); Robert Wade, Globalizationand Its Limits, in NATIONAL DIVERSITY AND GLOBAL CAPrALISM 60 (Suzzane Berger & Ronald Done eds., 1996). 1997] BOOK REVIEW: GREEN AND GLOBAL 579 Clearly, financial transactions are dwarfing real transactions involving goods and services. Since most financial flows such as currency trading are short-term, there are concerns that financial markets will force firms to focus on short-term perspectives
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