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Sun Tzu and Clausewitz: the Art of War and on War Compared SUN TZU AND CLAUSEW1TZ: THE ART OF WAR AND ON WAR COMPARED But war, though conditioned by the particular characteristics of states and their armed forces, must contain some more general - indeed, a universal - element with which every theorist ought above all to be concerned. Clausewitz Michael I. Handel •. ., .. Professor of Strategy *.. ... U.S. Naval War College; rii t i 1. 8 I 6 1991 Professional Readings in Military Strategy, No. 2 Strategic Studies Institute U.S. Army War College Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania Copy it91-06792IIUIIl lliE N.lilllllll Best Available To Jill REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE ,A ,eUU4 ~ tmu=U 4. T A A 3 O~d mt~.U. MUwrid4S imwm o4. aaaue4w n Smmgee.Pa smmenra s1,"e~~li I&oohraetc . uaUý WV 12P and~~~~oNo L IMPORT DAISSEPDAMAN PRDATES 23i m 122 May 1991 FINAL 15 Apr 90 to 14 Apr 91 4.MU AMD SUBL~~~~W5 AU S|G L. FUNDIN-AFS-9-06 NIjMUl Fourth International Conference on Chronopharmacology PE 61102F and Chronotherapeutics PR 2312 L _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ TA A3 6 AU~0E(S~GR - AFOSR-90-0264 Michael Smolensky 7. P1114UMaW ORGAMIIATIN *A"-- S) AND ADOOESS4ES) L. P9tgjcmmg =AT International Society for Chronobiology Room 120, Building 307 Beltsville MD 20705 A 'I t. q 1,- 0 5 5 0 S. SOOM/ O -WNI=u AGENCY NAMA(S) AMA £005•0S) 2I. I Air Force Office of Scientific Research A4NCY SIM=,NU I Building 410 Boiling AFB DC 20332-6448 1t. SUPPULMIEUTAIT MOTS" It&. COST•U,-,,•IAVALAUIn STATIMENT 1206 om5umu caMiOi Approved for public release; distribution unlimited 1 ,,AT"a (AM"ainw 20OD,w 0l Thia grant funded in part the Fourth International Conference on Biological Rhythms and Medications held in Nice, France 12-15 March 1990, sponsored by the International Society for Chronobiology. The published Proceedings compiled in this final report deal with seven major thei~es: 1) neurobiology, 2) endocrinology and gastroenteralogy, 3) cardiovasculor agents, 4) metabolic aspects, 5) immunology and cancer, 6) general chronopharmachology and 7) chronotherapeutics. 14. S4*IECUT9iii IS. NI o 0 PAGS 11L PROi to UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNLIMITED .1 I- il (its'. I SSI PROFESSIONAL READINGS IN MILITARY STRATEGY Previous Publication Churchill: The Making of a Grand Strategist Colonel David Jablonsky Forthcoming Eisenhower as Strategist Dr. Steven Metz The views expressed in this report are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Department of the Army, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. Government. This book is approved for public release; distribution unlimited. ii FOREWORD Since the Industrial Revolution, war has been shaped increasingly by the ever-accelerating pace of technological change. As a result, no major wars since the mid-nineteenth century have been fought with the same weapons or doctrines. From a technological point of view, therefore, wars seem to bear less and less resemblance to one another, as can be seen from a comparison of the First and Second World Wars, the Vietnam War, the Arab-Israeli 1967 and 1973 wars, and most recently, the war against Iraq. Yet although modern warfare appears to be dominated by weapons technology, other factors such as human nature, the political essence of war, the quality of leadership, national commitment, coalitions and diplomacy have remained the same. This explains why modern strategists and military professionals can, despite revolutionary changes in the material nature of warfare, derive great benefit from reading the classical works on war. Of all the classic studies on war, The Art of War by Sun Tzu and On War by Clausewitz are still the most outstanding, "modern," and relevant despite the passage of time. With the exception of the collective innovative works on nuclear strategy written primarily in the 1950s, no comprehensive paradigms or frameworks for the study of war that substantially alter or add to the works of Sun Tzu or Clausewitz have been published. In fact, the incredible complexity of war today may have so obscured its fundamental characteristics that a contemporary strategist would find it impossible to capture the essence of war in a relatively simple framework. Not distracted by constantly changing technological, bureaucratic, organizational, and economic factors, as well as by new dimensions of warfare in the air, underwater, in outer space, and in the role of intelligence-the insights of Sun Tzu and Clausewitz identify the immutable "human" dimensions of warfare so essential for victory. It is ironic that the greatest works on war-the one human activity which continues to affect the future of mankind more than any other-were written before the industrial age. In commenting on the recent war in Iraq, many military experts have understandably overemphasized the part played by modern technology. While all types of precision-guided munitions, real-time communications, and electronic warfare, for example, were clearly important in bringing about the spectacular military success of the iii war, other factors that would have been familiar to Sun Tzu and Clausewitz may have played an even more critical role. Among these were the moral isolation of Saddam Hussein, the political leadership of President Bush, the building of an effective coalition and the maintenance of its cohesion throughout the prolonged crisis and the war, the psychological defeat of the Iraqi military and the lack of commitment by the Iraqi people, the effective leadership of the U.S. military, and the role of deception. These and many other elements that explain war can still be best understood through a careful reading of the works of Clausewitz and Sun Tzu. For example, the gap between U.S. military technology and that of North Vietnam was much greater than that between the United States and Iraq. Nevertheless, the superior political leadership, strategy, and national commitment of North Vietnam enabled it to endure and ultimately achieve its objectives. In contrast, Saddam Hussein's relatively advanced arsenal of modern weapons did little for him against a superior U.S. political and military strategy. Indeed, perhaps future historians will be able to establish a more detailed connection, albeit indirect, between the U.S. military's heightened interest in the works of Sun Tzu and Clausewitz following the Vietnam War and the unprecedented success of the war against Iran. The soul-searching that took place after the failure of U.S. strategy and technology to win the war in Vietnam led to greater emphasis on the study of classical military theory as exemplified by Clausewitz. This in turn eventually led to a much more careful consideration of the connection between politics, policy, strategy, and operations in war. As war becomes even more complex, the need to explore its fundamental nature is no less important than in the past. In this monograph, Professor Michael I. Handel has prepared the first detailed comparative study of Sun Tzu's The Art of War and Clausewitz's On War, which remain the most insightful statements on this subject available to the student of military affairs. Whether or not his readers agree with his conclusions, this original study should stimulate lively debate and provide the students of U.S. war colleges and their civilian counterparts with a useful introduction to the basic texts on strategy, as well as with a point of departure for further study. PAUL G. CERJAN Major General, U.S. Army Commandant iv PREFACE Widely acknowledged as the two most important works on strategy and war, The Art of War by Sun Tzu and On War by Carl von Clausewitz have long been studied on a discrete basis, with the assumption that the theses they advanced were fundamentally at odds. This fact alone tempts the professional strategist to compare these great works in their entirety in order to discover the extent to which they are actually contradictory, similar, or complementary. It is, however, easy to understand why strategists might be reluctant to undertake such a comparison. Surely few scholars are equally accomplished in the fields of Chinese history, culture, and language and European history at the turn of the 19th century; and even if such distinguished scholars were to exist, it is even less likely that they would be professional strategists as well. In view of such obstacles, this essay adheres to a content analysis of these two texts while avoiding a more general historical, philosophical, cultural or linguistic analysis. Thus, the respective texts are Quoted extensively in the interest of allowing Clausewitz and Sun Tzu to speak for themselves. As the reader will see, this approach has yielded some interesting but perhaps unexpected conclusions. Ultimately, though, this study can be justified for the same reason that mountain climbers pursue their activities -the two giants were there and the challenge of comparing them couldn't be resisted. v SUN TZU AND CLAUSEWITZ: THE ART OF WAR AND ON WAR COMPARED INTRODUCTION It is generally accepted that in strategy, as in political history or international politics, many fundamental principles and insights into human behavior are universally applicable. In theory of international relations, for example, the assumption that all nations share the need to protect their "vital interests" and therefore try to maximize their power vis-a-vis potential adversaries is the type of broadly applicable insight that enables international politics to exist as an autonomous discipline. All decision makers in foreign policy (and strategy) face common problems in assessing their relative power and the intentions and policies of other states; all must learn how to function within a complicated bureaucratic and organizational milieu and how to manipulate public opinion in order to implement their policies.
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