51

The great leap Turkey under Erdogan

Marek Matusiak NUMBER 51 WARSAW MAY 2015

The great leap Turkey under Erdogan

Marek Matusiak © Copyright by Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia / Centre for Eastern Studies

Content editors Adam Eberhardt, Krzysztof Strachota

Editor Katarzyna Kazimierska

Co-operation Halina Kowalczyk, Anna Łabuszewska

Translation Ilona Duchnowicz

Co-operation Nicholas Furnivall

Graphic design PARA-BUCH

DTP GroupMedia

Photograph on cover Shutterstock

Publisher Ośrodek Studiów Wschodnich im. Marka Karpia Centre for Eastern Studies ul. Koszykowa 6a, Warsaw, Poland Phone + 48 /22/ 525 80 00 Fax: + 48 /22/ 525 80 40 osw.waw.pl

ISBN 978-83-62936-63-2 Contents

Main points /5

I. The waxing and waning of the Kemalist Republic /8

II. The AKP epoch – from democracy to autocracy /14

III. On the road to democracy /21

IV. The Turkish civilisational leap /27

V. On the road to autocracy /31

VI. Turkey’s civilisational identity under AKP rule /38

VII. The Turkish public under AKP rule /42

VIII. Conclusions and forecasts /44

APPENDIX /47

1. The Fethullah Gulen Movement (Cemaat) /47 2. The arrests on 17 December 2013 /50 3. Ergenekon and Balyoz /51 • • • • pointsMain and ish the of date reversibly. of Western Before Since However, The strated moved past. into the alist tary in ness. ards, become creasingly and personal system of peace, and state. unreliable and unpredictable authoritarian, an key as ished of law. rule the and of democracy the the internal 2002, Turkey’s state’s state state, then has a reforms and and The ideology Turkish the pro-European while political Erdogan the of to gagged part Turkey political rule state as AKP’s and was AKP’s as government the the constitutional disrespectful The instability. Justice president). politics; the maintaining launched of state West radical of political thus which administration stability, state and previous rule AKP became the was Recep standards model and with able repressed West gave has manifesto, based in a nationalist existed has country With Tayyip The system by Development effect, to order growing been growing to president achievements, and the as been the its thoroughly on AKP, the time regards due civilisational country gaining from his cultural and secular AKP Erdogan circles it have which turning state’s gained a to state changed assertiveness Erdogan’s critics. prosperity, has grouping in the offered 1923, been legal in Party and nearly couldn’t elites legal created August ideology redefine role and (first has a more strength, This has strong based on identity. Turkey’s and Turkey rule led and the representing religious (AKP) with as a and a the to has the decade 2014, be to secular-nation the political army prime and has the political a political on development the more Islamic it greatly measured image great distinctness In took a has politics become the the guidelines the chance erosion played turn, of distinct minister into demon degree will of extent stand power social order, blem Turk man roots mili

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Turkish to issue calculation regional state interview was domestic by factors to acted logic, bitter regularly desire remain the the concepts the a 2012, of apparatus in by (once personal with hidden been etc. a since rule the political Arab political leitmotif have the given to leadership catalyst outside the 15 policy – violate destroy the ‘Arab an newspaper . of in government’s at the enemy, have world, additionally by confrontation law. ally features: the army the for movement Ahmet mindset life of to Spring’ political has the its brought of realm expense The the the the promised has, (cf. stirring Yeni Safak Yeni the the own standards Davutoglu always Gulen first measures megalomania, launch Appendix AKP AKP) however, shifted – of purposes, parties. relations been objective historiosophic made decade of cherished with in Movement, up was short-term by has been March as of of coupled the Ankara’s an employed Davutoglu, a part the The the pro-European provoked become of 1). democratic with suppressing attempt historical 2013: determined hopes the It Fethullah underdog of authoritarian struggle but has his with AKP’s which http://www. influential pragmatic categories

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example, http://www.tesev.org.tr/assets/publications/file/06122013161517.pdf improving and accession candidate Precedence A 2010 continuity courts. made 2014 ‘harmonisation articles of package rate. and

to into the Terörle Kanunu Mücadele emphasised article election

19 EU were bringing making . the the and human reforms a strong Despite Amendments force, Five

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functioning (these rights to AKP’s state and It act been of and decades men, the an debate to brought also of the gendarmes, to the to against This change rising combating

on at the appreciation administration couples the of included and rule the viewed the impunity restrained

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the and the to nationalist contributed, this violence the

by discrimination Diyanet training judges, established resulted 21 actions taboo mentality

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1987–2002), loyal. http://gundem.milliyet.com.tr/26-yilin-kanli-bilancosu/guncel/gundemde vision south-eastern decentralisation to armed faced the the

to the than of autonomy groupings ‘on Turkish include combat with the was forces a Torture the and state creation the governing and been repressions of of to political to state 20 of arrested), from in separatism Turkish Kurds the official concessions negating regard years cultural a paramilitary not citizens, over the is the Alevis, of (PKK) democratic formulated was (Hezbollah) for civil offered Kurdish only the emergency of (martial part history 30,000 used peace data, (who side’ due 5,564 a citizens party to onset of but the national war to and Assyrians and to ethnic the of on in in in guerrillas also

victims http://www.ihddiyarbakir.org/map.aspx form public to lay militias their offered process and the the a casualties law has 1989–1999 included which of religious the of country pluralist massive only regions repressing the

http://bianet.org/bianet/insan-haklari/52998- and down the fights the mafia in country, real at made sector TV and east victims on 1978–1987 (so-called continued least by and and Republic not to or Republic aimed channel the with scale structures religious their (when of alleged inhabited as liberal a workers 22 the a identity to state the Roma PKK’s . 15% number permanent among the a force Under the regular at Kurdish whole). Kurdish and at other ‘village penal in arms the of connections PKK. where country provoked which side, the south-eastern of intelligentsia people, causing and the the the were PKK’s minorities: are the Turkey civilian institutions by of The way violations Kurdish 4,727 who The guards’), in country’s state identity unprecedented respected, AKP’s each Kurds population among broadcast militarisation official leader exchange and in were around. moves the civilians an with of population was the population individu emergency above outburst Turkey radical rule, the Kurdish

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25 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 26 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 less as cal ian tionalist and grammes has As prisons. and courts in also and campaigning political in Kurdish Despite of Turkish conditions of citizens. millions living the changed Kurdish the cient the combating which is new can power, antee found old tracks. ism, changed corruption erarchy, under a the with tendencies force democratisation Middle been still leftover and culture this constitution level that changes, language constrain the and the less be issue other and rhetoric process violence, in inconsistent, in terrorism of state influence used and East. the the departments AKP’s of certain, Kurdish, the power, in in key the Turkey history nepotism. law of by officials political was the Ankara’s country has At and instruction coup impunity, achievements issues, politicians enforcement of the especially public have freedom of not not intensified permission Turkey and (both of in a same opposed, may been and at started not culture the the policy Therefore, 1980), has support three as the not been of for face AKP’s time, Republic remained at adopted included given a speech private the and strictly repression. their even agencies drifting state conservative-patriarchal universities and permeated to repealed, criminal and the policy articles the establish the when in own (the and after of and AKP periodical far will schools, increasingly military many dynamics towards Turkey and as one with ends. from the the there liability a of to Its was with a and decade Kurdish central ways the currently start nation) AKP’s ultimate repressive regard as completion. Despite terms. the to is to authoritarian returns criminal of authority, well still have moved use for treating authoritar changes first of policy regulators remained language to as no abuse This Kurdish the reforms effect in a politi Kurds act spirit, to to guar along suffi force code pro line The has use na the hi in on of is ------

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30 http://www.turkeyanalyst.org/publications/turkey-analyst-articles/

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th 28 been on 2013 fell benefits rose now is century, 75. and 1.5% . defined (PPP) as The

their welfare life for

decade urbanisation development (PPP) from the (data developed, from of

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50 http://www.bkm.com.tr/istatistik/pos_atm_kart_sayisi.asp eased http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrkiye%27deki_%C3%BCniversite . http://www.ef.com/__/~/media/efcom/epi/2014/full-reports/ef-epi- big Thus including: data). the citizens also state cards possible rate in metropolises, Turkey improvers knowledge between the public worldwide force central The offered of i.e. Rapid for from universities goods Turkey in issued period construction this have urban 70% from financial behind has Denizli, can because 11 have the is development and 2006 improved, more per of there a of in be the of 66% on population population Turkish Istanbul, Turkey’s the eastern become this especially foreign the 100 and rapid Kayseri, and and a the or to is AKP’s scale and Turkish in less regard 57 73% 2014 monetary over social and public increase 2002 million much Turkey, languages GDP), consumption on Ankara has of rule unseen 32 of has Konya, proud promotion . 40 the the and terms. The 74 ‘economic to been significantly more increased financed has private 34 million, same 46 total the

in and number about, and international and Gaziantep before. brought is per seen company The accessible. so-called still credit level the population to Izmir, universities 100 boom miracle’ largely Turkey living and the not from aggregate of not However, as about higher in middle policies Internet the only and and but France (consump something 2013. 43 Anatolian standards The rankings by is number was a million Kahra (World also house among stand in loans. AKP’s rapid were Even class debt had and one the the us

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29 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 30 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 panies as of on 35 economists in 21 of the ning Cf. 2012. which compared worst-is-still-ahead-for-turkeys-bubble-economy/ these

e.g. is In

cards http://www.forbes.com/sites/jessecolombo/2014/03/05/why-the- are becoming effect, warn to st outstanding slump into apainful may turn century is their the worth that an scale incomes the increasing around of debts. Turkish indebtedness rose US$45 The problem from prosperity indebtedness billion, around of for individuals approximately Turkey, seen 5% in of at 35 2002 households . the and and begin to many com 30% 50% - - the the 37 36 A V. corruption Erdogan point. ploy dogan alyst its leader. deterioration a August Erdogan AKP. the in of moderate politicians alisation cisions, international mental allows ish and President Turkey.in The The non-partisan run

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Istanbul Erdogan’s is street avoid often 2010, scandal remained linked protests the as Even rooms, into attempt of talks. of of an and and legal the one political chairs oad to autoc demonstrations in to mass president Gezi to 36 successes and attempt order, though the building defence

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to gradually palace At dominance, at who carry is and December the demonstrations dismissals banning religious election a Park the an government great and responsibility began makes is democratic of unquestioned external to in out ( same possible Ak SarayAk and after Gezi in of the overthrow the the of strengthened on reforms extent his Istanbul of government’s Abdullah rhetoric.

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2008, the and and 37 openly ceremonial 2013, the political Gul

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(secondary http://www.turkeyanalyst.org/publications/turkey-analyst-articles/ religious 180% admitted the religion personnel state , school In civilisational was number which under towards (by AKP of 2014,

of of schools of lifting Ottoman administration it introduced Kemalism were 160% Sunni change the 73% pupils. more majority been using came was the to Diyanet’s Diyanet’s of schools (including Healthcare history between universities, of lifted. mosques after of AKP’s initially the Islam 60 and to Turkish the In bonds public in . the and power, among case). the the allowing whose four more restrictions budget The rule budget and and workers, area took 2010 imams) with state’s it money. created years language Ministry’s Age sponsors religion president the has openly the the curriculum and of was on and of the restrictions Arabic students Turkish been education, attitude process of the grew the Between their university as worth on 2014 Middle education challenged began. lessons task the increased Ministry used wearing has budget language) from alone) number public, of includes towards state’s to US$2.6 of also East to graduates revising 2002 As for will be 74,000 returning students promote (and and 59 the headscarves Koranic of . of the from transferred promised and tool be An has billion were and reconstruct religion the Internal 340% AKP not introduced ideological to the restoring, to education 75,000 radically of doctrine 2013, 129,000, and allowed eight and dignity control gained course imam- state’s or of that was sec the the ad Af Di by as to to - - - - - 39 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 40 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 has ful conservative Only Istanbul. in basilica Sophia Hagia the regarding basis a regular and pealed public legislation, been antine man ( destined As ural Another state. amissionary building is AKP the that voked allegations budget 63 62 61 state the Muslims standing than aspirations and mahalle baskısı mahalle Cf. Cf. For etc. children, three at least have should family each that agating shows, hood-pressure-against-smokers-alcohol-drinkers_374344.html liyet.com.tr/2014-yili-butcesinin-ayrintilari-belli-oldu/Blog/?BlogNo=440307 regards tirades respect happened Ankara’s Trabzon/Trebizond move era

rehabilitated

garners http://t24.com.tr/haber/5-bin-imam-ogretmen-oldu,244880, some http://www.todayszaman.com//anasayfa_erdogan-calls-for-neighbor leaders example, life to churches of symbolic and coeducational from the to up the after in on but of of the to play had for public Ministry Turkey. support values, are policy moral Muslims’ condemning be the across to alcohol ) on people drinking they state decades the the the granted which move Hagia even actions under to have issues status rights towards dormitories, role identity, the including For strengthen for for is keen rights had Sophia of (2013). abortion, the globe significantly this of it returning example, 62 taken the of ideologically of in , a functioned AKP’s have museums to the status Muslims neo-Ottoman in the the Economy and drinking Similar present churches Recep the by Caesarean Middle so-called region translated Ottoman rule protect the the are the EU, affected alcohol Tayyip in in 61 president original (which speculations based as motivated etc. government modern . East (regardless republican These Myanmar, sections, in ‘neighbours’ 63 their mosques Empire power . In into and Iznik/Nicaea antagonises on the Erdogan’s practice, seems function moves rights. smoking, feeble Turkey real has immorality atmosphere negation), that has

in http://blog.mil times). of monitoring crop to to openly changes

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http://www.aawsat.net/2007/12/article55260541 republic), 64 Ottoman-Islamic strong advancement towards same camp battle ). of side for to the public republic a Soldiers including Great the enthusiasm principles of highly the a who terms. ahead armies history, won, to was time, short and uses the uniqueness’ nationalism framework state the religion and Mughal have 2053 fought and Arab 2071 time. dates of should wearing respected regardless In of ideas the the of the set the which (the its should religion” a (the in Spring the In religious Byzantine for Byzantine as up Hun, vision and and 1071 and AKP of the 600 be of as landmarks: 1000 characteristic fact by Turkey costumes the was in action longer be history, pan-Turkic Ottoman abolished compared Turkish th Avar, of resulting Ataturk has what anniversary – for that th introduced. state. the Empire view Emperor possible anniversary it made perspective, Turkey’s 65 is is in Khazar, . great they now the The from a In of sociologist, the is empires 2023 and constant or from to the Romanos effect, threads, a presumably eastern AKP owe of because AKP changes that Arab the synthesis the the future of (the In world, the Uyghur, Ankara’s the of Great the their has Muslim 16 the leaders’ a are even Turkey greater the world 100 Diogenes victory reality legal historic presenting conquest this never of opinion power, in Seljuq the part position Battle th the of in Seljuq, the also

anniversary (near order strong “state is seen world ambivalent of the the part of which Empire. suggested was republic’s state’s linked ‘Turkish’ Manzikert an the of the of Mus) of repub case in in Tatar, Man to of based is effect Serif them Con – sup gov cer cap one the the the the de The be at to of ------

41 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 42 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 The V democracy, peace, lisational The public. secuted. liberal, economic sible cordance process nal resenting A is with malist sified, The Turkey ever before.permeated than more strongly logical Turkish though sation, conservative both tics Turkish and that bate II strong both differentiation . and removal removal first conclusions could have to their for but

ideology in political solutions T under keen left-wing, express their political in public The he T he conservative-religious period with particular the and terms also the brought reveal values. a and to of of and democracy. AKP’s general the statement political whole their less u opinion has use the the identities stability, the of has from and the scene rk state something Kurdish, At united about among the Kemalist made the common own rule as relatively offered Turkish ish public unde ish public spectrum proud the outlook sociological regards has standards AKP’s and researcher conveniences needs of that same a the and Non-governmental improving and the lost etc.) situation law. the of various denominator ideological quite public’s Turkish rule more on Turks views Turkish its social its liberal and time, of serious This the middle the identity entrenched secular views gave studies Volkan the values. susceptible opportunity social which values. Western world. definitely where are preferences living public offered rule public, reverse. restrictions Turkey class muzzle have nature becoming and This in provide Ertit groups r A in had Everyday there The conditions, more has the by among organisations liberal developed which both live to made accelerated 10 K For earlier claims has non-competitive to modern under form emerged political as P r free is years (conservative, in develop good on example, political regards increasingly made no the values higher is accordance ule experience and public of been the that a indicator stronger of grounds Turkish techno rapidly. natural the polari it which diver AKP’s inter social in even have poli civi pos rep per and Ke the de ac ------a The 67 66 more rule, made arapidand urbanisation is come possible, of which Furthermore, lation, Civil slogans. religious and Turkish conservative using public again Turkey negotiations any was Park example is key’s present chance lives Data Cf. sudden leading the an 2013. December in conducted operation of 45% twitter.com/metropoll/status/561184853790830592/photo/1. late monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/03/turkey-military-polarization.html direction, AKP’s engagement brutally respondents instead. and

political (if society’s more and effect public https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=brQcfxHsg6I 21 of 2013/early had the 67 from to appears st . one respondents of

given external century, regress, more find to government retreat seemingly which commonplace, the while of disregards sentiment with a pacified. The evolution, attempt the Metropoll the constant their the secular 2014 saw to 39.6% in Kurdish were the manifestations and from be has culture new believed size this was public place gradually were been PKK In regained to the the direction opinion in very is linked and communication the the despite deterioration 66 effect, oppose . terms in aiming minority that of in protests policy of began activity gradually peripheral liberal-democratic the fact unstable the the authority, to research Turkey detaching as the opposite people its the diversification of the these newly in wrong to of of their strength. against still anti-governmental and who, attachment March ideologically Turkish deliberate was ebbing centre and of became processes, purely opinion. and high defined focused values generally technologies, hierarchy public as itself has the 36.2% suggest it 2013 public support Although since seemed divided hooligan liquidation In and from

discouraged polarisation path, of sentiment to and as were Turkish heading on January consolidate Turkey’s that the Islam right. the

lifestyle. and are anti-corruption their http://www.al- Turkey. The for followed when in offered most the capitalism beginning this becoming in Cf. April violence, element) 2015, the have state, swing the private public. of across https:// popu is peace vivid from AKP, have Gezi This Tur 2014, 51.5% right im the the be by

at in - - - - 43 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 44 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 way. The V the the will government finished the state openly ger enough a longer not extent which state gle power may economic, the under ratisation It government’sthe interest. political presidential abuse moval However, den out. ruled be democratic III seems man republic, Middle to comply republic mounting AKP’s for . develop be However, and authorities

already track, increasingly of fail Erdogan’s exists. C expresses been unable the whose very not Erdogan r fo and onclusions experiment. Erdogan’s political and rule social to East with country,

system which to stigmatise elites wasted. Turkey further, unlikely comply state committed the problems At to power has it meet and the and and the from rule, gain his is rule system and changed governed appears ambitions existed in still politically at constitution, in political same with often international. with is The that since As of a power Turkey present considering many Kemalist and certainly constitutional the law difficult and a are present the the time, even from consequence open to Turkey punish Turkish 90 will the by in respects as and in be may negative conservative incompatible seems years case regards the ordinary fact logic 1923 a be the doctrine, resistance. not ideological and to fiction. be governance

in behaviours reversed his A rule he ecasts government predict achievements based – unlimited very on of blocked a still the ‘palace majority, a trend becomes strong character, consolidation the state of of from tripartite citizens The appears unlikely, turning on the law introduction canon with or how as preferences, As coup’, based because the present and the even and AKP’s regards structure have too but and the needs the the will are the founding irreversible of to great in its statements still but i.e. division slow on because to president West be values of situation reforms, building Turkish very the of back scale secular to democ a the cannot power. strong an of a a down great both face: does AKP bur – sin the un ea re no on or of of of of ------

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threat of If ; https://twitter.com/nblaser18/status/575000418335506432/photo/1 simulation enemies. and the of focused has People’s this at will conservative views the might Furthermore, into a home time, this improvement a might in space. won political to to decide grouping results turning presence and the garner Turkey’s among the is This would carried upset party on and more Democratic and propaganda escalating. Syrian not Social enters AKP’s protecting election on on is achieved alternative, will the point. electorate. and even the will the place out the accompanied succeeds the of speculations territory sentiment monopoly conflict parliament by AKP’s win of Turkish more strongest future Islamic international not have the the scheduled The Turks’ Party Turkey’s which its elections by only Turkish AKP facts monopoly in an country power However, of (the the poses and extremists public crossing (HDP), the is living on ordinary fall by support has in that indicate as other deteriorating, the Kurdish opinion geographic power. an a for country. the the and in short grabbed arena. new and is Erdogan strength increasingly standards on the will June economic threat fourth parties, achieving fighting the during

research that situation the parliamentary ruling and of The foreseeable population’s The be The 2015 10 a the condition Turkey that proximity problems political of AKP constitutional is per government’s of above and the reasons the real greater centre seriously poses key turbulence since the ever instability – hysterical cent is election. the country. a and is signifi doubt party’s polari future all Metro fewer force, of head 2002, a riots, need elec with why part ma and im

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45 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 46 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 political governed public ble Meanwhile, on Turkey, government change. even the should political will crisis. by be choices it a in single is What and impossible will what political is certain be their like to force predict is sentiments when that will the faced what have present and with condition Ma a long-lasting the r an model e trend k economic Matusia the of in Turkish impact a possi state and k -

paper and runs most the the Turkey This involvement movement it their keep of secret. this with Gulen thousands 69 A 1. APPENDIX bine In education English. in high-quality offering ket, Asia, tion Education Movement. Gulen the to linked are etc. organisations, mental infiltration). an all Officially, USA 1999. since resident the been in has focused Cf. religious, T over informal

his public 1990s he F worldwide, cultures. movement and

faith Africa popular over https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09ANKARA1722_a.html Today’s Zaman himself official For the around ethullah G ethullah the 69 this prosecution

one of with is (to world social example and association importance Schools, organisations, one In Zaman Zaman movement a and hundred has teachings, including the also great practice, modern but and of his strong Muslim in ), ulen Movementulen ( it newspaper acting the universities, political

extent teachings. banks, authorities has the of schools of science, has in movement’s the influence USA. individuals Gulen been dialogue in institutions leader Europe, through

no movement companies, movement a coordinated These building organisational and and In emphasises democracy and the Fethullah in practice, Central the between institutes consistent are all the and media pillars Cemaat and is English dating

spheres influence usually charities, judiciary institutions known way. Asia, companies Gulen this (including and outside different the structures back of ) and language Many of secular South-Eastern is the higher for need (b.

in public since a non-govern to undercover network promoting the Turkey. 1941), free the following members scattered religions Turkey’s to schools at educa police, life news and 1970s, mar com

least who in of is It - - - - -

47 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 48 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 (including – rule. AKP’s the der maat arrest In Turkey who Prime linked tem, the end mass (especially conservative len The old establishment. state the disassemble of tem. financial The ate AKP’s Movement influence political from brought The apparatus). state the timidations, fitted exchange calling in driving Movement of Gulen were movement

government in As a trials gained criticising effective of Minister the to different in the – a regards the differences support. in education it, with strong its the army’s Turkish Movement school (see state has Turkey, force vested former arrests for space secret Muslim military the control, below) brought for Erdogan the and political Israel), apparatus, this political and privileged Despite children). party building with language for years head members) and employing services (for and the issue, the values formed which further set officers these promotion special example, its of himself judicial and and public executors the made mandate the the of etc. the staff position As offered competitions definitively religious among historic two Prime Turkey’s an as general tempo such expansion: a powers movement This ruthless to prosecutors with abuse well socio-political alliance (state circles the account, to of of methods to movement’s in the Minister and this as (the Turkish its movement staff, the tradition international the (owing by the administration institutional, moves had efforts people put the alliance, with AKP Balyoz the held remained AKP in Turkish Ilker and as the the scale and the language government, to leaders Erdogan on the (for surveillance, circle, government, than to within often final common Basbug activity is its and education police a of while maximise AKP more example, political grand influence prestige the outside Gulen) Ergenekon seal media the surprised originate teaching workers its in in himself process the officers moder outside goal on Gulen scale) 2012). 2001. were orbit sys sys and and Gu un in the the the Ce its in to ------

The ordinated no ple dershane, dershane, party Before aproblem becoming for was Erdogan. own, massive In struggle. this in structures state ministration Movement, paratory and of ment its The base). financial have ment him a close by December rule. AKP’s the during crises most serious of the most Fidan, in targeted case around fact

order position longer Recep army who public Gulen as Gulen aide importantly, itself, inside lists. an the the launched prime staff against were to

courses attempt was i.e. Tayyip viewed to 4,000 (he 2013 prosecution election Movement head in deprive In and extradited which the

and the and purges gradually the was autumn believed minister, marked civilian thus

dershane Erdogan of private

Erdogan it outside against displayed for to state

summoned had the in as by Gulen overthrow were and university

a 2011, first launching 2013, authorities in

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but government, educational to

in and Turkey reshuffles 2012, an and of have an independent beginning responded the the completely nevertheless the the influence, the illegal important his Ahmet to with the prime ambition country

secret links government threat. examinations USA). milieu give (these the (these government in

an Kurdish institutions and of minister with Davutoglu, statements anti-corruption to services the destroy

attempt Both the In determined were have position in element to have consistently the as

turn, police, December conduct government Gulen such sides decided attempts organisation), linked included affected (an removed and the who to

the

the which of in who as military remove from have essential

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efforts held close state used the has the restrict

Hakan Move Move It Gulen police made sub of

AKP peo and, held part pre was and one the the ad its in to ------49 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 50 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 linked Turkish state. It basis, of 71 70 On 2. The movement. the with connections has which one The its nent power policy its sabotaging been has cluded and sons mation ing The in links including tives One One people, T has the version). (English https://twitter.com/FuatAvniEng Cf. Avni. Fuat Adana. haber/mit-tirlari-boyle-durduruldu searched telligence transporting covert 17 plans he arrests on 17 2013 December he arrests of conflict a Gulen of president to with who December number due the immediate example of also four in to accepting defeat, concerning the A Gulen and nature. to the senior main to have the by Movement, convoy agency ministers arrested sources between take the the of have state. weapons, government of given has pivots kept this fact and 2013, positions, Turkish businessmen further of (MIT), large This future. of been a the is trucks However, that has the the journalists their strong the Erdogan (including the in was conflict using government’s which bribes military leaks conducted incident scale Turkey’s taken membership police It heading measures stopped on has positions is political is according those charges 71 of difficult and from the linked responded . has the control police. which arrested the the

under to representing political Twitter movement the had – Syria of against Reza dispersal Minister at in most took Cf. to mandate of to its the in Gulen to least of a the unconfirmed corruption, dispatched the http://www.aljazeera.com.tr/ the devastating account 49 undercover place predict threat to Zarrab, the life, critical state people the in AKP. this movement Movement of private on of is part and the of and movement) of Internal 19 by its a the how administration, The by a a moves January difficult will who media information – leaking influence user including businessman concentrated use the on effect representa Bank charges it remain of Turkish is nicknamed a had will has Affairs) (includ random 2014 arms secret). outlets infor 70 oppo of Asya, close been

end. near and and the the was and in in so ------

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5DQ84uIWYyg&feature=youtu.be from what In most Minister fear in 2008–2013 General (including bypassing informed from Erdogan the of origin, corruption a around the that his and of that whole he senior military the internal of and Balyoz the the had prime son’s academic case. Balyoz members cash Ilker Erdogan the then who US$400,000), day obvious and houses and his to state 89 the house police case, Almost belonged state officers, Basbug, seem minister affairs made generals acted of father are 2010–2012 the international officials, intensive circles with of the of the internal regarding and Gulen could to available as 20 his the that (who who 72 court state be codenames an to his . hidden instructed and people and brother and government Recep search well-grounded. respectively. including Movement), only agent served son efforts gave political admirals; officials, above sentenced the the to sanctions received around Bilal, (as in Tayyip the media and the sources instructions as to of illegal all can that general Muammer chief hide the were houses context son-in-law, politicians the 24 elite it 30 be In were 325 Erdogan life all imposed mass appears of financial conversations the million of of concluded total, Telephone recorded Turkish cash have sentences public them cash staff of sentenced money, (the court to his Guler, 254 himself), be and in and been found euros on that were conflict his online. trans family 2008– active Army taken using trials Iran. from calls Bilal rep oth (in son the the in in in in in of - - - - - 51 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 52 POINT OF VIEW 05/2015 destabilise ter were In ing ish allegedly thus government. a fighter attacks involved Both on Greece).blamed still dence At acts. of criminal guilty be could convicts formed the president). suspicions secular dicate the cles suggested late place in The editor version 2007, in a text introduced in etc.).created coup the the the the Army Ergenekon basis representatives as on army’s remains to the guilty later, presented alleged 2007, that same court’s which airplane one state AKP an open staged large-scale of Ergenekon identical officers that

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that General the in AKP a in ‘deep Balyoz documents struggle fabricated Greek available military

originating to Aegean the on and towards and 2002, and quality, present to plotted the in and overthrow the sentenced

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March the http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/we-were-deceived-erdogan-says- http://www.isdp.eu/images/stories/isdp-main-pdf/2009_jenkins_be http://www.diken.com.tr/baransu-balyoz-belgelerini-altan-congar- who instrument (including the had known 73 at from . confrontation Gulen that Princeton existence was been 2015 prison these today, the 74 Movement misinformed , 230 used and University

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