SURVEY OF MARINE TURTLE EGG CONSUMPTION AND TRADE IN

FINAL REPORT

MARCH 2009

1 Table of contents

1. Background...... 5 1.1 Marine Turtles in Malaysia ...... 5 1.2 Objective and conceptual framework of study ...... 6 1.3 Overview of report and project outputs: ...... 7

2. Marine Turtle Legislation and Management in Malaysia ...... 9

3. Overview of study methodology and survey...... 12 3.1 Selection of study sites ...... 12 3.1.1 Study sites: Turtle egg consumers ...... 12 3.1.2 Study sites: Turtle egg trade routes and source...... 13 3.2 Survey Questionnaires...... 14 3.3 Selection and training of field enumerators...... 14 3.4 Implementation of field surveys, data entry and analysis...... 15

4. Consumer profile: Key findings and observations ...... 16 4.1 Marine turtle egg consumer surveys ...... 16 4.1.1 Socioeconomic profile...... 16 4.1.2 Consumption patterns and behaviour of marine turtle egg consumers...... 18 4.1.3 Marine turtle egg consumers’ perception on turtle population...... 20 4.1.4 Source of eggs ...... 22 4.1.5 Communication avenues and interests in protecting marine turtles...... 23 4.1.6 Further analysis:Consistent and one-off consumers ...... 24

5. Trade routes and profiles of egg collectors and sellers:...... 30 5.1 Overview based on newspaper, internet sources and interviews ...... 30 5.1.1 Southern Philippines - Sabah Route ...... 30 5.1.2 West Kalimantan - Sarawak Route ...... 31 5.1.3 Sabah/Indonesia/Philippines – Routes ...... 32 5.1.4 Natuna - Malaysia and Natuna - Singapore Routes...... 32 5.1.5 Kuala Lumpur - Chow Kit Market ...... 32 5.2 Survey of Terengganu egg collectors ...... 33 5.2.1 Profile of egg collectors ...... 33 5.2.2 Characteristics of egg collectors ...... 34 5.2.3 Markets for turtle eggs...... 35 5.2.4 Perception of egg collectors ...... 36 5.3 Survey of Terengganu egg sellers ...... 37 5.4 Melaka egg collectors and resort operators ...... 39 5.4.1 Interviews with Melaka egg collectors ...... 40 5.4.2 Interviews with Melaka resort operators...... 41

6. Key findings and concluding remarks...... 43 6.1 Marine turtle egg consumers...... 43 6.2 Trade routes...... 44 6.3 Education and awareness framework and concluding remarks...... 45

2 List of Appendix

Appendix 1: Areas allowed for licensed egg collection and details of egg collectors ...... 48

Appendix 2: Survey Questionnaires for Terengganu ...... 51 Questionnaire 1: Household survey questionnaire ...... 51 Questionnaire 2: Egg collectors questionnaire ...... 57 Questionnaire 3: Egg seller survey questionnaire ...... 61

Appendix 3: Survey Questionnaires for Melaka...... 63 Questionnaire 1: Marine Turtle Egg Collectors Survey, Melaka, 2008 ...... 63 Questionnaire 2: Resort & Chalet Operators Survey on Sale of Marine Turtle Eggs, 2008.69

Appendix 4: List of chalets and resorts in related nesting areas in Melaka ...... 70

Reference ...... 74

List of Figures Figure 1.1: Linkages influencing turtle egg consumption and threats to turtle populations ...... 7 Figure 1.2: Schematic task network...... 8 Figure 6.1: Taxonomy of key target audience for developing turtle related education and awareness campaigns...... 46

List of Boxes Box 2.1: List of marine turtle related legislation in Malaysia ...... 9 Box 2.2: List of relevant priorities from the National Plan of Action...... 11

List of Tables Table 3.1: Summary approaches and targeted respondents...... 12 Table 3.2: Study sites in Terengganu and Melaka...... 14 Table 4.1: Socioeconomic profiles of egg consumers ...... 17 Table 4.2: Consumption patterns and behaviour of turtle egg consumption...... 18 Table 4.3: Cross tabulation of total eggs bought at one time with gender, age group, education and income group ...... 20 Table 4.4: Consumers’ perception on turtle populations...... 20 Table 4.5: Chi-square tests on turtle population decline with gender, age group & education21 Table 4.6: Response to knowledge of declining populations and increase in price of eggs ... 22 Table 4.7: Sources of eggs ...... 23 Table 4.8: Communication avenues and interests in conservation initiatives...... 24 Table 4.9: Suggestions to reduce turtle egg consumption...... 24 Table 4.10: Cross tabulation of respondents that would consume eggs out of curiosity by gender, age group, education and income level...... 25 Table 4.11: Chi-square tests - decision to continue consuming eggs even if aware of its contribution to turtle decline with gender, age group, education and income levels ...... 26 Table 4.12: Chi-square tests – decision to continue consuming eggs even if price doubled with gender, age group, education and income levels ...... 26 Table 4.13: Reasons for egg consumption among consistent consumers ...... 27 Table 4.14: Source of eggs among consistent consumers ...... 28

3 Table 4.15: Communication avenues and interests in conservation among consistent consumers...... 29 Table 4.16: Suggestions to reduce turtle egg consumption among consistent consumers .... 29 Table 5.1: Socioeconomic profiles of egg collectors...... 33 Table 5.2: Characteristics of egg collectors and collections ...... 35 Table 5.3: Markets for turtle eggs and price ...... 36 Table 5.4: Perception of egg collectors...... 37 Table 5.5: Cross tabulation between interest to change to an alternative job with age group 37 Table 5.6: Types of consumer groups ...... 37 Table 5.7: Demand for turtle eggs ...... 38 Table 5.8: Average turtle eggs supplied ...... 38 Table 5.9: Number of resort and chalet operators by location and number of operators contacted...... 42

4 1. Background

Marine turtles are considered a globally important species. This is demonstrated by the existence of various international initiatives towards the conservation of the species. There are seven species of marine turtles in the world. Four out of these seven species are found in Malaysia; namely green turtles (Chelonia mydas), hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata), olive ridleys (Lepidochelys olivacea), and leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea).

The recently developed National Plan of Action for the Conservation and Management of Sea Turtles in Malaysia identified banning commercial sale of turtle eggs in the country as one of its main priorities. The development of the National Plan of Action was led by the Department of Fisheries (DOF) Malaysia in collaboration with government agencies, universities and NGOs,. In 2005 the motion of banning turtle egg consumption had also been considered by the DOF to be implemented in the country by 2010 (The Star 2005). This was aimed to ensure uniformity of regulation among all the states with turtle nestings. Though marine turtles are of significant importance at the national level an essential consideration to note is the listing of turtles under State jurisdiction based on the Federal Constitution.. This means that respective states have the legislative powers and responsibilities over the management of sea turtles on state land and three nautical miles from the beaches. Critically, challenges at the state level need to be appreciated and meaningfully understood in order to engage relevant stakeholders such as policy makers, consumers and traders for real impacts to be realized on the ground. This would contribute to better acceptance of the national policies and related regulations.

This study entitled ‘Marine Turtle Egg Consumption Survey in Malaysia’ was commissioned by WWF-Malaysia to TRAFFIC Southeast Asia (TRAFFIC SEA) as part of WWF-Malaysia’s conservation efforts to address marine turtle egg consumption and trade in various parts of the country. Information generated from the study is aimed at providing a better understanding of the profile of consumers and possible trade routes in order to contribute towards WWF-Malaysia’s efforts to produce communication/awareness materials on marine turtle conservation, in particular on marine turtle egg protection and overall turtle conservation initiatives. This will also subsequently contribute towards the national priorities of the National Plan of Action.

All marine turtles are listed on Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) since 1981. The CITES listing protects marine turtles from international commercial trade in individuals, parts, and derivatives. Despite this, marine turtles and their products continue to be widely traded (Marine Turtle Newsletter 1989). While CITES provides a framework for international regulation and monitoring, the trade and consumption of eggs domestically are under the jurisdiction of national laws.

1.1 Marine Turtles in Malaysia The major nesting sites in Malaysia are found in Sabah, Sarawak, Terengganu, Melaka and in some parts of and Perak. Other states such as Penang and also have records of turtle nesting. The leatherback turtle used to nest primarily on the mainland beaches of Terengganu, along a 15 km stretch of beach centred at . However, the nesting population has suffered a dramatic decline with less than a handful in recent years indicating that the population in that area is virtually extinct (Chan 2004). The green turtle is the most abundant and more widely distributed with the most important nesting populations occurring in the Sabah and Sarawak Turtle Islands. Other nesting beaches can be found in Terengganu (mainly on Redang and Perhentian Islands, Kemaman and ), Pahang (Chendor and ), Perak (Pantai Remis) and Sipadan Island in Sabah (Chan 2006). The hawksbill turtle has only two remaining important nesting populations in the Sabah

5 Turtle Islands (principally Gulisaan Island) and Melaka, with remnant populations in Terengganu, Johor and elsewhere. The status of the olive ridley is a cause of concern, with isolated cases of nesting reported in the Sarawak Turtle Islands, Penang, Terengganu and (Chan 2006).

A whole suite of factors have been identified that result in the decline of the long-lived and slow growing marine turtle species. Among these, marine turtle egg consumption has been widely expressed and highlighted as a major threat in various forums and research findings (Liew 2002; Chan 2004; Steering Committee, Bellagio Conference on Sea Turtles 2004; Hamann et. al 2006; and Ibrahim and Sharma 2006). Though coastal communities have consumed eggs from marine turtles for decades and the practice has become a cultural norm, the persistence of these impacts without careful monitoring and intervention will increase the vulnerability of the species into extinction. Chan and Liew 1996 observed that one of the causes for decline of leatherback turtles in Malaysia was due to the long history of egg exploitation apart from the impacts of fisheries. The survival of marine turtles in Malaysia is also threatened by habitat destruction (pollution and negative changes to their habitats), accidental drowning in fishing gear at terrestrial waters and high seas and illegal harvesting for their carapace and meat usually by foreign fishing vessels.

In Malaysia, marine turtle eggs are considered a local delicacy with purported medicinal and aphrodisiac properties but this has not been proven scientifically. There are reports suggesting that domestic tourists buy and eat turtle eggs out of curiosity, ostensibly encouraged by local tour guides as a “must do” tourism activities (Turtle Research and Rehabilitation Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 2008). In certain places, perhaps partly due to sustained demand, the price of a single egg can go as high as RM1.50 to RM4.00. It is believed that a lack of a uniform national legal regime pertaining to turtle egg harvesting/conservation and the varying degree of law enforcement capability may have given rise to intra-state trading of the eggs. Internationally, the perception is that the comparatively more lucrative domestic market in Malaysia is fuelling smuggling of turtle eggs from Indonesia and the Philippines into the country. Presently there is no national legislation though a draft is being prepared to protect and conserve marine turtles. Some States have their own legislation while others do not have any such as Selangor and Perlis (Zulkifli et. al 2004). The sale and consumption of leatherback eggs was banned in Terengganu in 1989, however, the consumption and trade of other species such as the green turtles have not been banned except in Sabah and Sarawak. The collection of eggs in the states of Peninsular Malaysia is governed by licensing systems. However due to the lack of manpower to monitor large areas, enforcement is usually insufficient to monitor illegal collection of turtle eggs.

1.2 Objective and conceptual framework of study

The two main objectives identified in the Terms of Reference of the study are:

a) To identify the main consumers (identifying age group, gender, socio-economic, demographic background) and understand their consumption pattern of turtle eggs.

b) To identify the source and trade routes of the eggs.

The inter-relationships and linkages that influence preferences and behaviours that lead to turtle egg consumption is represented in the conceptual framework below. It can be assumed that preferences and subsequently behaviour of consumers are affected by their cultural and environmental perceptions; socioeconomic characteristics; and market access and availability of marine turtle eggs. This framework, presented at the initial stage of the study, provides the basis for undertaking a study to understand consumer profiles, their perceptions and background characteristics. At the same time, the review of trade routes is aimed at grasping a better understanding of market access and availability of eggs.

6

Cultural & environmental perceptions Preferences Behaviours

Socioeconomic characteristics Turtle egg Turtle consumption populations

Market access and availability Other threats: Fisheries interactions Pollution Habitat change Environmental impacts Climate change Trade

Figure 1.1: Linkages influencing turtle egg consumption and threats to turtle populations

1.3 Overview of report and project outputs:

This report contains research findings from field surveys of consumer profiles and possible trade routes of marine turtle eggs based on face to face interviews with relevant stakeholders and a literature review of the topic. These findings provides the basis for developing WWF- Malaysia’s education and awareness campaign towards addressing challenges of the on- going marine turtle egg consumption and trade in the country.

The study involved close collaboration between TRAFFIC SEA and PE Research in developing the study methodology, survey planning, analysis and write up. WWF-Malaysia provided the overall guidance for the study with regards to the planning and implementation of the study through report presentations and feedback sessions and inputs from relevant personnel including field scientific officers.

The schematic task network below (Figure 2) provides an overview of the process of the study. The study submitted three reports:

• Submission of the first draft report outlined the proposed methodology, research framework, scope of the field work based on available budget, details of the proposed survey sites and progress. The report was submitted in August 2008. • The second draft report focussed on survey findings especially for Terengganu while planning was done for field surveys for Melaka was carried out during the same period. The second draft report was submitted in October 2008. • This final report outlines the overall outputs of the study and findings to provide the profile of marine turtle egg consumers and the identified trade routes. It also offers a framework to provide a better understanding of the target audience to be considered in the process of developing conservation and awareness programs.

7 Task 1: Review of literature & related legislation

Methodology to be finalized and Task 2: Survey design, agreed with TRAFFIC SEA planning and pre-testing

Task 3: Engage field surveyors & training

Task 4: Survey implementation & interviews

Task 5: Data entry, analysis and tabulation

Task 6: Develop draft report Comments from TRAFFIC

Task 7: Submission of final report

Figure 0.2. Schematic task network

8 2. Marine Turtle Legislation and Management in Malaysia

2.1 Marine Turtle Legislation in Malaysia

Zulkifli Talib et. al (2004) mentioned, under the Malaysian Constitution, turtles fall under the jurisdiction of the 13 individual states. Below is the Federal and States legislations that referred to the management of turtles in Malaysia (see Box 2.1).

Box 2.1: List of marine turtle related legislation in Malaysia FEDERAL LEGISLATION • Fisheries Act 1985 • Protection of Wildlife Act 1972 • The Customs Act 1967

FEDERAL SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION • Fisheries (Prohibited Areas) (Rantau Abang) Regulations 1991 • Fisheries (Prohibition of Method of Fishing) (Amendment) Regulation 1990 • Customs (Prohibition of Exports) Order 1988 • Customs (Prohibition of Import) Order 1988

STATE LEGISLATION Terengganu • Turtle Enactment 1951 (Amendment 1987) • Turtle Enactment 1951 (Amendment 1989) • Section 3A Notification Under Turtle Enactment 1951

Johor • Fisheries (Turtles and Turtle Eggs) Rules 1984

Kedah • Turtle Enactment 1972 • Turtle Rules 1975

Kelantan • Turtles and Turtles Eggs of 1072 (Amended 1935, Enactment No.8) • Fisheries (Turtles and Turtle’s Eggs) Rules 1978

Malacca • Fisheries (Turtles and Turtle Eggs) Rules 1989

Negeri Sembilan • Fisheries (Turtles and Turtle Eggs) Rules 1976

Pahang • Fisheries (Turtles and Turtle Eggs) Rules 1996

Penang • Fisheries (Turtles and Turtle Eggs) Rules 1999 Perak • River Right Enactment 1915

9 Sabah • Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 • Parks Enactment 1984 • Customs (Prohibition of Exports) Order 1988 • Customs (Prohibition of Import) Order 1988

Sarawak • Turtle Trust Ordinance, 1957 • Turtle (Prevention of Disturbance) Rules, 1962 • Wildlife Protection Ordinance , 1958 (Amended 1973) • Wildlife Protection Ordinance , 1990 (Amended 1995) • Wildlife Protection Rules, 1998 • National Parks and Nature Reserves Ordinance 1998 • National Parks and Nature Reserves Rules, 1999 • Wildlife Protection Ordinance , 1998 (Amended 2003) • Customs (Prohibition of Exports) Order 1988 • Customs (Prohibition of Import) Order 1988

Selangor and Perlis • No legislation

In Peninsula Malaysia , Perlis and Selangor do not have marine turtle related legislation. The legislations in other states mainly prescribes the procedures and fees for the purposes of securing licences to collect eggs, operating turtle watching areas.There are also penalties prescribed for offences involving the possession or killing of turtles. Penalties for offences range from fines from RM100 up to RM3, 000 and jail terms from three months to one year.

Under the Customs (Prohibition of Exports) Order 1988 – First Schedule and Customs (Prohibition of Import) Order 1988 – First Schedule, the import and export of turtle eggs are not allowed. The Department of Fisheries Malaysia has received reports from the Royal Malaysian Customs of illegal trade; however no detailed study has been conducted to ascertain the extent and mechanisms of the illegal trade.1

So far, only Sabah’s Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 and Sarawak’s Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998 has listed marine turtles under their legislation as totally protected animals. In Sabah two government bodies oversee the management of turtles, which are Sabah Parks (only for Turtle Islands and islands under their jurisdiction) and the Sabah Wildlife Department. The ban on turtle egg consumption and sale covers the whole state of Sabah except for the rights to two families to collect eggs from the islands around Sipadan prior to 1997. Since the Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997 was gazetted, the right was repealed and have resulted in the families seeking for compensation. Under Section 41 of the Wildlife Conservation Enactment 1997, offenders risk being fined up to RM50, 000 or five years' jail, or both upon conviction.2 The recovery of the Sabah Turtle Islands populations has been attributed to the foresight of the state government to ban turtle egg consumption and sale and to afford protection to the Turtle Islands in the 1970s.

For Sarawak, under the Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998, all marine turtles or any recognizable part or derivative thereof are listed under totally protected animals, whereby any person who kills, captures, sells, offers for sale or claims to be offering for sale, imports, exports, or is in possession of, except in accordance with the permission in writing of the controller for scientific or educational purposes or for the protection and conservation of such

1 Interview with DOF, Putrajaya, Encik Zabawi Saat, Licensing and Management Unit, 8 July 2008. 2 Daily Express, Malaysia. 5 October 2008.

10 totally protected animals, shall be guilty of an offence. Under section 29 (1) subsection c, the penalty is imprisonment for two years and a fine of RM25,000.

The interviews with officials from the state Department of Fisheries in Johor, Pahang and Penang, the departments buys all the eggs collected by the licensed collectors for the department’s hatcheries, and at the same time they also discourage the public from consuming turtle eggs.

2.2 The National Plan of Action for Conservation and Management of Sea Turtles in Malaysia The National Plan of Action for Conservation and Management of Sea Turtles in Malaysia was promulgated in a launch in 2008. The action plan aims to strengthen conservation measures and enhance the management of sea turtles in Malaysia. A total of 16 priorities were set .The four priorities that are closely connected to this study are highlighted below in Box 2.1 (DOF 2008).

Box 2.2: List of relevant priorities from the National Plan of Action.

Priority 1. National ban on commercial sale of turtle eggs.

Priority 3. All states to harmonise their legislation according to the new legislation of sea turtles.

Priority 13. Enhance public awareness, information and education program to all stakeholders specially to facilitate participation of local communities in conservation programs.

Priority 14. National ban on consumption of turtle eggs and other turtle products.

The continuing trend of marine turtle egg consumption especially in Peninsular Malaysia demonstrates the need to revise the legislation in all states and to raise awareness amongst the public in order to conserve marine turtles in Malaysia. The suggestion that a total protection of all turtle eggs involving a total ban on turtle egg consumption and sales should be implemented but this would need joint-effort and cooperation from all the state governments since it falls under their jurisdiction. To materialise these efforts, a standardized legislation is an important priority.

11 3. Overview of study methodology and survey

The field surveys and interviews focused on gathering the socioeconomic profile of egg consumers and outlining the trade routes of turtle eggs. As highlighted in the first draft report, the following approaches were undertaken using both field surveys for primary data and key informant interviews to gather background information of the study areas. A review of newspaper articles and internet sources were undertaken to enhance the findings of secondary data on trade routes. Table 3.1 provides the summary of approaches and target respondents of the study.

Table 0.1: Summary of approaches and targeted respondents Activity Objectives Tools or Targeted approaches respondents 1 Socioeconomic Understanding the Face to face Turtle egg survey socioeconomic profile interviews consumers and perception of consumers 2 Survey on trade Identifying markets, Face to face, Egg collectors, routes trade routes and telephone/ mail sellers, key sources of eggs interviews and informants, govt literature review agencies

3.1 Selection of study sites

3.1.1 Study sites: Turtle egg consumers The preliminary scope of the study involved collecting and analyzing information on marine turtle egg consumption in selected areas such as Terengganu, Pahang, Melaka, and east coast of Johor, Sabah and Sarawak. In the process of outlining and planning the field surveys, the study team discussed various options for the choice of study sites. This was aimed to obtain a maximum impact based on the available budget for the study. With the agreement of WWF-Malaysia, the study team focused the field surveys in the state of Terengganu for the socioeconomic surveys of egg consumers where the consumption of eggs is widespread and eggs are openly sold in markets. Terengganu has been reported to be a popular state for selling turtle eggs (Zahaitun 2004). This would provide a more in-depth understanding of turtle egg consumption patterns, background profile and perceptions of egg consumers.

After a reconnaissance survey, the study team identified the following areas for in-depth socioeconomic surveys. The sites were chosen due to their proximity to Pasar Payang, the main market selling turtle eggs in the state located in . The study sites included Kampung Duyung Wan Su, Kampung Duyung Kecil, Kampung Duyung Sekolah, Kampung Kelab Air, Kampung Pantai , Kampung Tanjung, Kampung Losong Feri, Kampung Dato Amar, Kampong Losong Atap Zin and Kampung Losong Pasir.

12

The map shows the location of the study areas.

Batu Rakit

Pulau Duyong

Losong

Figure 3.1: Map of study sites.

3.1.2 Study sites: Turtle egg trade routes and source

In order to map the trade routes of turtle egg sale, the study team interviewed egg sellers and collectors as the two main target groups. The study focussed the efforts on Terengganu. There reasons for this are because Terengganu is a key state that has a high demand for turtle eggs and trade, Budget limitations were also a factor on the choice., In view of Melaka as an important nesting site for hawksbill turtles in the country and the existence of a WWF- Malaysia field project, a rapid field survey was also conducted there, targeting licensed egg collectors and resort operators.

Turtle eggs are known to be sold at the Pasar Payang market in Kuala Terengganu. In addition, they are also known to be sold at the following areas - Geliga (market and keropok stalls), Pasar , Pasar Paka, Pasar Dungun, Pasar Marang, Pasar Chabang Tiga, Pasar Batu Enam, Pasar Jertih and including keropok stalls along the coast of Terengganu3. Since 2005, all major nesting sites in Pulau Redang and Perhentian have been declared as turtle reserves by the State Government of Terengganu. Hence, the collection of turtle eggs is prohibited on these islands.

Turtle egg sellers and collectors at the respective sites below were interviewed (see Table 3.2).

3 Personal communication, former Chief, Turtle and Ecosystem Marine Research Center, En. Kamarruddin Ibrahim, 2008.

13 Table 3.0.2: Study sites in Terengganu and Melaka Interviews Study sites Egg sellers Pasar Payang, Pasar “Gate” Dungun, Pasar Chukai, Pasar Jertih, Pasar Besar Dungun Egg collectors in Pantai , Pantai Kemasek, Pantai Kerteh, Penarik, Terengganu Sempadan, , Kuala Abang, Tahu Tiga, Jambu Bongkok, Kuala Baharu Utara, Kuala Tok Char

Egg collectors in Kg. Air Itam Pantai, Tanjung Bidara, Kg. Padang Kamunting Melaka , Kg. Tanjung Dahan Kuala Sg. Baru, , Kg .

In Melaka, only licensed egg collectors are allowed to collect eggs to be sold to the Department of Fisheries for hatchery and conservation purposes. However, it has been noted that the illegal collection and trade of turtle eggs is still widespread. The field survey in Melaka concentrated on interviewing egg collectors to identify the potential illegal egg trade and identify tourist sites that are selling turtle eggs. Findings from interviews with key agencies of other states such as Sabah and Sarawak and a review of the literature and newspaper reports is presented to enhance the findings on the turtle egg trade routes.

Appendix 1 provides a list of egg collectors for the state of Terengganu, Pahang, Melaka and Johor obtained from the DOF of the respective states.

3.2 Survey Questionnaires

Three survey questionnaires were designed for the different target groups in Terengganu. These included survey questionnaires for the following (see Appendix 2 for the questionnaires): a) Marine Turtle Egg Consumption Household Survey, Terengganu 2008, b) Marine Turtle Egg Collectors Survey, Terengganu 2008 and c) Marine Turtle Egg Sellers Survey, Terengganu, 2008.

Pre-testing of the three survey questionnaires was conducted from 4-8 August 2008 in Terengganu. The questionnaires were further refined based on the pre-testing exercise and feedback from the interview sessions. Questions and sentences that were not easily understood by respondents were modified and improved. Overall, the questionnaires were tailored so that they were short and concise to improve the effectiveness of the interviewing sessions.

Questionnaires for the Melaka survey have been refined through consultations with the WWF- Malaysia project officers based in Melaka. The questionnaires developed for the Melaka field surveys are as follows (see Appendix 3 for the questionnaires): a) Marine Turtle Egg Collectors Survey, Melaka, 2008 and b) Resort Operators Surveys on the Sale of Marine Turtle Eggs, Melaka, 2008.

3.3 Selection and training of field enumerators

The study team conducted interviews with students from University Malaysia Terengganu and youths from the local communities to assess their suitability as enumerators; this was aimed at having the appropriate persons with knowledge of the local dialect to carry out the surveys and also help reduce travelling costs. Training sessions were undertaken before the launch of the main survey. An explanation of the questionnaires and demonstrations were conducted in order for the interviewers to have a full understanding of the aims of the questions, ways to note down the responses and protocols for conducting the interviews. The first household

14 interview by each interviewer was conducted under the observation of the trainer. Further guidance was given until the interviewers were confident and proficient to conduct the interviews on their own. The completed questionnaires were checked by the survey supervisor or the trainer periodically to make sure the information was collected based on proper guidance. The surveys in Melaka were implemented by the TRAFFIC officer with logistics assistance from WWF-Malaysia Melaka field executants.

3.4 Implementation of field surveys, data entry and analysis

The main survey on turtle egg consumers was launched on 23 August 2008. The main part of the data collection was completed by 17 September 2008. Subsequently, another field survey was conducted to interview turtle egg collectors and sellers from 22 – 26 of September 2008. Field supervisors were elected to oversee the implementation of the field surveys in Terengganu and to monitor the progress and communicate with the study team. The field survey for Melaka was conducted in December 2008. The interviews for Melaka were conducted through face to face and telephone sessions.

Data was entered into excel spreadsheets and converted into SPSS files for frequency analysis and tabulation. The results are presented below in Section 4 and 5.

15 4. Consumer profile: Key findings and observations

4.1 Marine turtle egg consumer surveys About 396 households were visited in Pulau Duyung, Losong and Bukit Rakit , and 245 households (61.9 per cent) stated they had consumed turtle eggs before. The following discussion is based on this 245 respondents who have consumed turtle eggs. The total number of households by the respective study areas are reflected in Table 4.1.

Table 0.1 Total number of households by study areas

Study areas Total household numbers Pulau Duyung (includes Kampung Duyung Wan Su, 408 Kampung Duyung Kecil, Kampung Duyung Sekolah) Batu Rakit (includes Kampung Kelab Air, Kampung 416 Pantai Batu Raikit, Kampung Tanjung) Losong (includes Kampung Losong Feri, Kampung 389 Dato Amar, Kampong Losong Atap Zin and Kampung Losong Pasir) Total 1213 (or 1178?)

The overall socioeconomic profile of the household surveys of turtle egg consumers, their consumption patterns and perception on turtle populations and conservation measures are summarized below.. Based on this background information, further analysis is carried out to provide a better understanding of the profile and socio-economic demographics turtle egg consumers.

4.1.1 Socioeconomic profile A total of 245 people were interviewed under this survey on marine turtle egg consumption. All (100 per cent) the respondents covered by this survey were Malays. Table 4.1 provides an overview of the socioeconomic profiles of the respondents. In terms of gender, 52 per cent of the respondents were males and 48 per cent were females. Over half (53 per cent) of the respondents were within the age group of 20 to 49, generally regarded as the more economically active age group. About 36 per cent of the respondents had completed secondary education (SPM), 13 per cent with lower secondary education qualification (SRP/PMR) and 27 per cent had primary education. Some 6 per cent, 7 per cent and 3 per cent of the respondents had certificate, diploma and graduate-level education respectively. In all, over 93 per cent of the respondents had attended some form of formal education while about 7 per cent were illiterate.

Over 53 per cent of the respondents were employed in the job market, while around 1 per cent was unemployed. Some 45 per cent of the respondents were not active in the employment market as they were pensioners, students, housewife, etc. About 8 per cent of the respondents were farmers and about 7 per percent worked as government servants while 7 per cent were involved in small businesses or retail sales.

Some 46 per cent of the respondents had monthly household income of less than RM1,000; 29 per cent earned between RM1,001 to RM2,000; 15 per cent received between RM2,001 to RM3,000 and about 9 per cent took home RM3,000 and above. This shows that almost half of the respondents’ household income is below the state average for Terengganu which was RM1,984 in 2004 (Economic Planning Unit, 2004).

16

The average household statistics for the state of Terengganu was around 4.5-5 in 2004 (Economic Planning Unit, 2004). The survey shows that the average household size of the respondents interviewed coincided with the state average at 5.

Table 0.2: Socioeconomic profiles of egg consumers Characteristics Frequency Per cent Gender 245 100.0 Male 127 51.8 Female 118 48.2

Age 245 100.0 Under 20 9 3.7 20-29 44 18.0 30-39 36 14.7 40-49 49 20.0 50-59 60 24.5 Above 60 47 19.2

Education4 245 100.0 None 17 6.9 Primary school 67 27.3 SRP/PMR 32 13.1 SPM 88 35.9 Certificate 15 6.1 Diploma 18 7.3 Degree 8 3.3

Occupation 245 100.0 Farmer/agriculture worker 19 7.8 Government servant 17 6.9 Small business owner/retail sales 16 6.5 Self employed 13 5.3 Technician 9 3.7 Clerical 9 3.7 Construction worker 8 3.3 Shop and market sales worker 8 3.3 Teaching post 5 2.0 Factory worker 4 1.6 Professional and manager 3 1.2 Others 20 8.2 Unemployed 3 1.2 Do not work (e.g. pensioner, student, housewife) 111 45.3

Household income 245 100.0 0-1,000 113 46.1 1,001-2,000 72 29.4 2,001-3,000 37 15.1 3,000 and above 23 9.4

Average household size 5

4 Classification follows Department of Statistics Census 2000. Certificate includes certificates obtained from any trade and technical skills institution college or polytechnic prior to a degree qualification. Diploma includes diplomas obtained from college or polytechnic prior to a degree qualification. Degree includes all levels of first degree or advanced diploma or its equivalent.

17 4.1.2 Consumption patterns and behaviour of marine turtle egg consumers

In order to identify the main consumers of marine turtle eggs and to understand their consumption pattern, this survey focussed solely on those that had consumed eggs before. In other words, of the 396 households approached by the survey team, 245 had experienced eating marine turtle eggs in the past. Hence, the results of the survey reflect the responses of the 245 households interviewed. Table 4.2 highlights the consumption pattern and behaviour of turtle egg consumers. Close to one-fifth (18 per cent) of the respondents consumed it fairly recently, i.e., during the month or one month before this interview was conducted. Over a quarter of them (25 per cent) ate turtle eggs a year ago and more than half (57 per cent) took it a few years ago.

However it appears that marine turtle egg was not part of the regular diet of most of the respondents as around 81 per cent of them consumed only one to two times last year or in the previous year. Only approximately 4 per cent of the respondents revealed that on average they ate marine turtle eggs almost five or six times last year/previous year. The average consumption was 1.8 (s.d. 0.9) last year. Almost half (47 per cent) of the respondents replied that they usually took one egg at a time while slightly over one-third (35 per cent) of them took two eggs in one sitting. The average number of eggs eaten at one time was 1.8 (s.d. 1.0). In all, 82 per cent of the respondents took 1 to 2 eggs at a time.

The findings suggest that the majority of the consumers in the study areas do not eat marine turtle eggs on a regular basis and when they do, they take only a small quantity at one time. Such consumption pattern is supported by respondents’ replies on the quantity of eggs they purchased. Over half (57 per cent) and about one-third (33 per cent) of the respondents bought between 1 to 5 eggs and between 6 to 10 eggs at one time, respectively. Less than one per cent of them bought more than 20 eggs in one go. The average eggs bought at one time among the respondents was 7.1 with a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 30 eggs.

Eating turtle eggs seems to be not just an individual affair (33 per cent) and experience but involves other members of the family as well (67 per cent). It is quite common that spouses and children of the respondents consume eggs together. Other family members though relatively less common include parents and brothers and/or sisters of the respondents.

The most common reason cited by the respondents on why they consumed marine turtle eggs was ‘delicacy’. Since it is a delicacy, or ‘fine food’, understandably the egg was not consumed in a regular manner or in large quantity. There is also the issue of affordability. One marine turtle egg could cost around RM2.50 in Kuala Terengganu. Given this price level, it might be too expensive for the egg to be part of regular diet as over 75 per cent of the respondents received household income of no more than RM2,000 per month. The second most common reason was ‘just like it’, followed by ‘source of protein’ and ‘out of curiosity’ for first timers.

Contrary to the common perception, tradition, medication, cravings and aphrodisiac reasons appear to be not the main reasons why people consume the egg as only a small number of the respondents indicated thus.

Table 0.3: Consumption patterns and behaviour of turtle egg consumption Consumption patterns and behaviour Frequency Per cent Last consumed eggs 245 100.0 This week 2 0.8 Last week 7 2.9 Last month 34 13.9

18 Last year 62 25.3 Few years ago 140 57.1

Number of times consumed eggs previous year 241 100.0 1-2 times 194 80.5 3-4 times 38 15.8 5-6 times 9 3.7 Average times consumed eggs 1.8 (s.d. 0.9)

Number of turtle eggs eaten at one time 242 100.0 1 114 47.1 2 84 34.7 3 22 9.1 4 12 5.0 5 8 3.3 6 2 0.8 Average eggs eaten at one time 1.8 (s.d. 1.0)

Total eggs bought at one time 218 100.0 1-5 125 57.3 6-10 71 32.6 11-15 6 2.8 16-20 14 6.4 Above 20 2 0.9 Average eggs bought at one time 7.1 (s.d. 4.9)

Family members consuming turtle eggs 242 100.0 Self 80 33.1 Including other family members 162 66.9

Reasons for consuming turtle eggs As medication 12 4.9 Delicacy 178 72.7 Source of protein 51 20.8 Curious 25 10.2 Aphrodisiac 6 2.4 “Suka-suka” (“just like it”) 104 42.4 Tradition 3 1.2 Others 17 6.9

Analysing the total eggs bought at one time by gender, age group, education and income shows the following (Table 4.3): • In general, males and females bought eggs in similar proportions. • The majority of respondents below 30 and above 50 bought between 1-5 eggs in total at one time whereas a higher percentage of respondents between the 30-49 age groups bought more eggs at one time. • There is no clear pattern of the purchase of eggs at one time with the level of education though a higher percentage of respondents with certificate and above qualification bought 6-10 eggs at every one time compared to the other groups where the majority bought 1-5 eggs. • Higher income groups tend to buy more eggs at one time compared to the lower income groups.

19 Table 0.4: Cross tabulation of total eggs bought at one time with gender, age group, education and income group Total eggs bought at every one time 1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 > 20 Total n Gender Male 58.9% 31.8% 1.9% 7.5% 0.0% 100.0% 107 Female 55.9% 33.3% 3.6% 5.4% 1.8% 100.0% 111 Total 57.3% 32.6% 2.8% 6.4% 0.9% 100.0% 218

Age Group Below 30 58.8% 35.3% 2.0% 3.9% 0.0% 100.0% 51 30-49 48.8% 41.3% 2.5% 6.3% 1.3% 100.0% 80 Above 50 64.4% 23.0% 3.4% 8.0% 1.1% 100.0% 87 Total 57.3% 32.6% 2.8% 6.4% 0.9% 100.0% 218

Education Primary school/no schooling 58.8% 29.4% 2.9% 8.8% 0.0% 100.0% 68 Secondary school 59.8% 30.4% 2.7% 5.4% 1.8% 100.0% 112 Certificate and above 47.4% 44.7% 2.6% 5.3% 0.0% 100.0% 38 Total 57.3% 32.6% 2.8% 6.4% 0.9% 100.0% 218

Income Group Below RM1,000 60.8% 28.9% 2.1% 6.2% 2.1% 100.0% 97 RM1,000-RM2,000 63.6% 30.3% 4.5% 1.5% 0.0% 100.0% 66 RM2,001-RM3,000 50.0% 40.6% 0.0% 9.4% 0.0% 100.0% 32 Above RM3,000 36.4% 40.9% 4.5% 18.2% 0.0% 100.0% 22 Total 57.6% 32.3% 2.8% 6.5% 0.9% 100.0% 217

4.1.3 Marine turtle egg consumers’ perception on turtle population

Generally marine turtle egg consumers in Kuala Terengganu are aware that marine turtle populations are dwindling (Table 4.4). Over 90 per cent of the respondents were aware of this trend while only about 10 per cent claimed to have no knowledge about it. However, it appeared that not all of them were really convinced that marine turtle egg consumption contributed towards turtle population decline. When asked about the reasons for the population decline, most of the respondents replied that it was a result of turtles being caught in fishing nets/fishing activities. The second most common answer was habitat destruction. Consumption of marine turtle eggs only came in third. A small percentage of the respondents perceived that foreign fishermen could be the cause. A small fraction of respondents is of the opinion it was due to turtle migration.

Table 0.5: Consumers’ perception on turtle populations Consumers’ perception Frequency Per cent Aware that turtle population is declining 244 100.0 Yes 220 90.2 No 24 9.8

Main reasons for turtle decline Habitat destruction 210 85.7 Consumption of eggs 93 38.0 Caught in fishing nets/fishing activities 224 91.4 Others (e.g. foreign fishers, migration etc.) 18 7.3

The statistical chi-square test shows that there is no difference in knowledge of turtle population declining between male and female (Table 4.5). 97.6 percent of the age group of

20 30-49 said that they know the turtle population is declining. The percentage of eldest group (age 50 and above) who knows turtle population is declining is less than the younger group. The chi-square test shows that there is difference in knowledge of turtle population declining across the age group.

The chi-square test also demonstrates that there is difference in knowledge of turtle population declining across the education group. 100 percent of the certificate holder and above know the turtle population is declining whereas only 82.1 percent of the respondents with primary school or no schooling know the turtle population is declining.

Table 0.6: Chi-square tests on turtle population decline with gender, age group and education Do you know the turtle population is declining? Yes No Total n Gender 1 Male 92.9% 7.1% 100.0% 126 Female 87.3% 12.7% 100.0% 118 Total 90.2% 9.8% 100.0% 244

Age Group 2 Below 30 90.6% 9.4% 100.0% 53 30 - 49 97.6% 2.4% 100.0% 85 50 and above 84.0% 16.0% 100.0% 106 Total 90.2% 9.8% 100.0% 244

Education 3 Primary school/ no schooling 82.1% 17.9% 100.0% 84 Secondary school 92.4% 7.6% 100.0% 119 Certificate and above 100.0% 100.0% 41 Total 90.2% 9.8% 100.0% 244 Note 1: Not significant at α = 0.05 Note 2: Significant at α = 0.05. P value = 0.007 Note 3: Significant at α = 0.05. P value = 0.004

Table 4.6 provides an overview of the response to the knowledge of declining populations and increase in price of eggs. Majority (63 per cent) of the respondents expressed that they would stop eating marine turtle eggs if they knew that egg consumption contributes towards the dwindling of marine turtle population. But more than one-third (37 per cent) of the respondents said they would continue consuming the eggs even though such appetite could cause the decline of marine turtle populations.

They cited a few reasons to justify their continued appetite for marine turtle eggs. Firstly, egg consumption would not cause population decline; secondly, perhaps in support of the first reason, marine turtle eggs were still easily available; and thirdly, marine turtle eggs contain more nutrients. A small number of the respondents cited that they would continue eating eggs as they are delicious and because they like the taste of it. Only a few said that they would continue eating due to tradition. Others indicated the availability of the eggs or if bought by others and two respondents noted that they would continue eating due to pregnancy cravings.

Nevertheless, most of the respondents appeared to be price sensitive. About 82 per cent of them would stop consuming marine turtle egg should its price double from the current rate of around RM2 to RM4. A relatively small percentage of the respondents (18 per cent) expressed otherwise. But even this group of the respondents would cut down the intake on marine turtle egg should the price doubled as indicated by over 73 per cent of them. Section

21 3.1.6 includes a further analysis of the characteristics of respondents that would continue to consume eggs even if price doubled.

Table 4.7: Response to knowledge of declining populations and increase in price of eggs Responses Frequency Per cent Will continue consuming eggs even if aware of its 245 100.0 contribution to turtle decline Yes 91 37.1 No 154 62.9

Reasons for continuing to eat eggs Turtle eggs contain more nutrients 18 7.3 Turtle egg consumption is not one of the causes of 45 18.4 population decline Turtle eggs are still easily available 24 9.8 Delicious 15 6.1 “Suka-suka” (“just like it”) 11 4.4 Tradition 4 1.6 Available (given by others) 9 9.9 Pregnancy cravings 2 2.2

Will continue consuming even if price doubled 245 100.0 Yes 45 18.4 No 200 81.6

Will continue consuming as much even if price doubled 45 100.0 Yes 12 26.7 No 33 73.3

4.1.4 Source of eggs

Only a small number of the respondents confirmed that they bought turtle eggs directly from egg collectors, indicating there are intermediaries along the supply chain (Table 4.7). One of the major intermediaries is obviously the marine turtle egg sellers at the local markets, as a significantly larger number of the respondents revealed that they bought turtle eggs from local markets (pasar). Among those that bought turtle eggs from pasar, an overwhelmingly 91 per cent said they bought them from Pasar Payang, the main local market in Kuala Terengganu. Trailing far behind is another local market named Chabang Tiga (about seven per cent). Most of the respondents that bought from licensed egg collectors purchased them near the local beaches.

A modest number of the respondents indicated that they purchased the eggs from other sources. About 5 per cent of the respondents stated they obtained turtle eggs from restaurants and 6 per cent from family and friends while 1 per cent collected the eggs themselves. There were records that eggs were obtained from offshore islands of Terengganu such as Pulau Redang and Perhentian (4 per cent of the respondents mentioned these islands).

It is worth noting that some of the respondents indicated that they obtained their marine turtle egg supplies from sources outside of Terengganu, i.e., about two per cent of them said they

22 got the supplies from Sabah and Sarawak and one per cent of the respondents sourced turtle eggs from Indonesia.

The findings suggest that marine turtle egg collectors (mostly part-timers) usually sell their harvests to egg sellers (mostly hawkers who sell more than just marine turtle eggs) at the local markets in Kuala Terengganu. Pasar Payang is notably the major local distribution centre of the egg. Local restaurants have also been noted as one of the market intermediaries, though it is not clear if they source the eggs directly from egg collectors or from egg sellers or both. Among the local restaurants, Mat Binjai in Kuala Terengganu was repeatedly mentioned by some of the respondents. This is no surprise as this particular restaurant is well known among the locals and tourists for selling turtle eggs as part of the dish.

Though not prevalent, the survey results have shown that turtle eggs were sourced from marine turtle reserves on Terengganu offshore, such as Pulau Redang and Perhentian. The results also support the perception that some of the marine turtle eggs from Sabah and Sarawak as well as from Indonesia have found their way into the markets in Terengganu.

Table 4.8: Sources of eggs Sources of eggs Frequency Per cent Places to Buy Turtle Eggs Market (pasar) 196 80.0 Egg Collector 23 9.3 Others 44 1.7

Name of markets/places Pasar Payang 178 90.8 Batu Enam 2 1.0 Chabang Tiga 13 6.6 Dungun 4 2.0 Others (Pasar Panir, Bukit Besar, Rantau Abang) 4 2.0

Others Pulau Redang and Perhentian 10 4.1 Family members 5 2.0 Friends 10 4.1 Restaurant (e.g. Mat Binjai) 12 4.9 Self-collected 3 1.2 Sabah, Sarawak 5 2.0 Indonesia 2 0.8

4.1.5 Communication avenues and interests in protecting marine turtles

The respondents ranked television as the most common communication avenue that they depended on for news and updates, followed by newspapers (Table 4.8). Mosque talks and village talks were also ranked as common communication avenues. Radio (99 percent of those who recorded other sources) was also an important avenue. A high percentage (97 per cent) of the respondents had never been exposed to any kind of turtle conservation awareness activities/materials prior to this survey. Only three per cent of the respondents have had such an exposure before. Some examples of turtle conservation activities cited by the respondents include beach clean-up activities and turtle courses. The types of

23 conservation programs that appealed most to the respondents were community programs/activities, followed by ecotourism activities and research activities. A small portion of the respondents viewed knowing about fishing regulations as a useful conservation tool for the communities. About 44 per cent of the respondents cited that they are not interested in conservation programmes.

Table 0.9: Communication avenues and interests in conservation initiatives Communication avenues and interests Frequency Per cent Main communications avenues Newspaper 198 80.8 Watch TV 241 98.4 Internet 51 20.8 Village Talks 114 46.5 Mosque Talks 150 61.2 Others (e.g. radio, friends etc) 126 51.4

Exposure to turtle conservation activities 245 100.0 Yes (e.g. beach clean-up, turtle courses) 83.3 No 237 96.7

Interests in conservation programmes Community programs/activities 128 52.2 Research activities 91 37.1 Ecotourism activities 107 43.7 Others 62.4 No 108 44.1

The consumers responded positively to the idea of local community involvement in conservation and education and awareness building as the two most effective ways to reduce turtle egg consumption (Table 4.9). A proportion of the respondents suggested banning turtle egg consumption while a small number of them highlighted the need for enforcement and increasing the price of turtle eggs to reduce turtle consumption. Some respondents had no opinion on the subject and did not agree to the reduction of turtle egg consumption.

Table 0.10: Suggestions to reduce turtle egg consumption Suggestions Frequency Per cent More education and awareness 209 85.3 Ban of turtle egg consumption 69 28.1 Local community involvement in conservation 205 83.7 Enforcement 31.2 Increase price of turtle eggs 62.4 Others 52.0 No opinion 17 6.9 Do not agree to reduce turtle egg consumption 62.4

4.1.6 Further analysis: Consistent and one-off consumers

Based on the background survey findings above, further analysis was carried out to obtain the profiles and characteristics of consumers who are consistent turtle egg consumers and those who are one-off consumers. This provides a better understanding of which groups would respond to various types of information

24 Consistent egg consumers are defined as respondents who would continue eating turtle eggs even though the price of the eggs are doubled. Most of these respondents (except two) would also continue eating turtle eggs even if they knew that turtle egg consumption is one of the main reasons contributing to the decline of turtle population. One-off turtle egg consumers are those who eat eggs out of curiosity. Their motivation to eat turtle eggs is not tied to more significant reasons such as the egg consumption for medicinal purposes or as a traditional custom. Hence, they may be more willing to change their behaviour if they are a recipient of effective communication and education programmes. The analysis will cover the features of the groups’ socioeconomic characteristics before presenting the results of their behaviour and perceptions.

More females (11.9 per cent) than males would consume eggs out of curiosity (Table 4.10). Similarly, the younger age groups (22.6 per cent) are also more likely to consume eggs out of curiosity. In general, those who have a higher level of education and those with income less than RM1,000 were more likely to consume eggs out of curiosity.5 More males (40.9 percent) than females (33.1 percent) will continue consuming eggs even if they are aware of how it contributes to the decline of turtles. (Table 4.11). The oldest group will continue consuming eggs compared to the younger groups of respondents, even if they know how their behaviour affects the turtle population. However the chi square test shows there is no statistical difference across the gender and age group in consuming eggs.

Table 4.0.11: Cross tabulation of respondents that would consume eggs out of curiosity by gender, age group, education and income level

Consume eggs out of curiosity n Gender Male 8.7 11 Female 11.9 14 Total 10.2 25

Age Group Below 30 22.6 12 30 – 49 4.7 4 50 and above 8.4 9 Total 10.2 25

Education Primary school/no schooling 7.1 6 Secondary school 10.1 12 Certificate and above 16.7 7 Total 10.2 25

Income Group Below RM1,000 14.3 16 RM1,000-RM2,000 8.3 6 RM2,001-RM3,000 8.1 3 Above RM3,000 0.0 0 Total 10.2 25

The chi-square test shows that there is difference in egg consumption patterns based on education levels.. The percentage of non educated or primary schooling group that will

5 Chi-square tests were not carried out due to the limited sample within the group of respondents that consumed eggs out of curiosity.

25 continue consuming eggs is higher than the other groups even if they aware of how it affects turtle populations. Though the chi-square tests do not show any statistical difference between decision to consume and income groups, higher percentages of the lower income group would continue consuming turtle eggs.

Table 0.12: Chi-square tests - decision to continue consuming eggs even if aware of its contribution to turtle decline with gender, age group, education and income levels Will continue consuming eggs even if aware of its contribution to turtle decline Yes No Total n Gender 1 Male 40.9% 59.1% 100.0% 127 Female 33.1% 66.9% 100.0% 118 Total 37.1% 62.9% 100.0% 245

Age Group 1 Below 30 28.3% 71.7% 100.0% 53 30 - 49 36.5% 63.5% 100.0% 85 50 and above 42.1% 57.9% 100.0% 107 Total 37.1% 62.9% 100.0% 245

Education 2 Primary school/no schooling 48.8% 51.2% 100.0% 84 Secondary school 31.7% 68.3% 100.0% 120 Certificate and above 29.3% 70.7% 100.0% 41 Total 37.1% 62.9% 100.0% 245

Income Group 1 Below RM1,000 43.8% 56.3% 100.0% 112 RM1,000-RM2,000 25.0% 75.0% 100.0% 72 RM2,001-RM3,000 40.5% 59.5% 100.0% 37 Above RM3,000 39.1% 60.9% 100.0% 23 Total 37.3% 62.7% 100.0% 224 Note 1: Not significant at α = 0.05 Note 2: Significant at α = 0.05. P value = 0.023

Most of the males will continue consuming eggs compared to females even if the price doubled,(Table 4.12). Most of the oldest group will not continue to consume turtle eggs if price doubled. This may due to the fact most of them are retired and their income is limited. The percentage of respondents with certificate and above who will continue consuming eggs even if the price doubled ,is relatively high compared to other groups. This may due to the fact that the income of this group is higher than the other groups as reflected by percentage distribution among income groups though the chi-square test shows no statistical difference.

Table 0.13: Chi-square tests – decision to continue consuming eggs even if price doubled with gender, age group, education and income levels Will continue consuming eggs even if price doubled Yes No Total n Gender 1 Male 20.5% 79.5% 100.0% 127 Female 16.1% 83.9% 100.0% 118 Total 18.4% 81.6% 100.0% 245

26 Age Group 1 Below 30 20.8% 79.2% 100.0% 53 30 – 49 22.4% 77.6% 100.0% 85 50 and above 14.0% 86.0% 100.0% 107 Total 18.4% 81.6% 100.0% 245

Education 1 Primary school/no schooling 16.7% 83.3% 100.0% 84 Secondary school 18.3% 81.7% 100.0% 120 Certificate and above 22.0% 78.0% 100.0% 41 Total 18.4% 81.6% 100.0% 245

Income Group 1 Below RM1,000 15.2% 84.8% 100.0% 112 RM1,000-RM2,000 15.3% 84.7% 100.0% 72 RM2,001-RM3,000 27.0% 73.0% 100.0% 37 Above RM3,000 30.4% 69.6% 100.0% 23 Total 18.4% 81.6% 100.0% 244 Note 1: Not significant at α = 0.05

Tables 4.13 to 4.16 highlight key behaviour and perception of consistent consumers (103 respondents). An extra column is provided to show the percentages compared to the overall respondents (245 respondents). In terms of reasons for egg consumption among consistent consumers (Table 4.13), the properties of turtle eggs as a delicacy was one of the main reasons for 78 per cent of respondents followed by 47 per cent that just liked the taste, similar to the overall respondents. About 9 per cent of the consistent consumers consume turtle eggs due to their medicinal properties compared to 5 per cent of the overall respondents.

It is important to note that most of the consistent consumers continue eating eggs even though they are aware that turtle populations are on the decline because they are not convinced that turtle egg consumption is one of the main reasons for the decline (48.4 per cent) and also because they observed that turtle eggs are still easily available (26.4 per cent).

Table 4.14: Reasons for egg consumption among consistent consumers Consistent consumers Overall respondents Reasons for consuming turtle eggs Frequency Per cent Per cent As medication 9 8.7 4.9 Delicacy 80 77.7 72.7 Source of protein 13 12.6 20.8 Curious 1 1.0 10.2 Aphrodisiac 3 2.9 2.4 “Suka-suka” (“just like it”) 48 46.6 42.4 Tradition 2 1.9 1.2 Exclusive and delicious 2 1.9 0.8 Pregnancy cravings 3 2.9 1.2

Reasons for continuing consumption Turtle eggs contain more nutrients 17 18.7 19.8 Turtle egg consumption is not one of the reasons for population decline 44 48.4 49.5 Turtle eggs are easily available 24 26.4 26.4 Tradition 4 4.4 4.4

27 Delicious 15 16.5 16.5 "Suka-suka" ("just like it") 11 12.1 12.1 Available (given by others) 9 9.9 9.9 Pregnancy cravings 2 2.2 2.2

About 75 per cent of the consistent consumers purchase turtle eggs from the market while the remaining 16 per cent purchase from egg collectors and other sources (23.3 per cent). These other sources include restaurants especially Mat Binjai (7.8 per cent), family members6 and friends (5.8 per cent), Sabah and Sarawak (3.9 per cent), self-collected7 (2.9 per cent), Pulau Redang (1.9 per cent) and Indonesia (1.9 per cent). Out of those who purchased turtle eggs from markets, an overwhelming 89.6 per cent purchased from Pasar Payang. The other markets mentioned included Batu Enam, Chabang Tiga, Dungun, Rantau Abang and Bukit Besar.

Table 0.15: Source of eggs among consistent consumers

Consistent consumers Sources of eggs Frequency Per cent Places to Buy Turtle Eggs Market (pasar) 77 74.8 Egg Collector 16 15.5 Others 24 23.3

Name of markets/places Pasar Payang 69 89.6 Batu Enam 2 2.6 Chabang Tiga 2 2.6 Dungun 4 5.2 Others ( Bukit Besar, Rantau Abang) 3 3.9

Others Pulau Redang 2 1.9 Family members & friends 6 5.8 Restaurant (e.g. Mat Binjai) 8 7.8 Self-collected 3 2.9 Sabah, Sarawak 4 3.9 Indonesia 2 1.9

Similar to the overall respondents, the main communication avenue for almost all of the consistent consumers is through television (97 per cent). It is interesting to note that about 83 per cent of the hard core consumers considered mosque talks as one of their main communication avenues compared to the overall response among the total respondents (61 per cent). In addition, village talks and radio were considered important communication avenues as highlighted by 68 and 61 per cent of the consistent consumers respectively.

More consistent consumers seem to be interested in conservation activities compared to the overall respondents. These were observed for community programs, research and eco- tourism activities.

6 One respondent stated that he obtains turtle eggs from his father who is an egg collector. 7 One respondent stated that he collects turtle eggs from Pulau Bidong.

28

Table 0.16: Communication avenues and interests in conservation among consistent consumers Consistent consumers Overall respondents Communication avenues and interests Frequency Per cent Per cent Main communications avenues Newspaper 77 74.8 80.8 Watch TV 100 97.1 98.4 Internet 22 21.4 20.8 Village Talks 70 68.0 46.5 Mosque Talks 85 82.5 61.2 Radio 63 61.2 42.9 Others (friends, societies) 2 1.9 8.6

Interests in conservation programmes Community programs/activities 64 62.1 52.2 Research activities 47 45.6 37.1 Ecotourism activities 57 55.3 43.7 Others 4 3.9 2.4 No 34 33.0 44.1

When asked for their suggestions on ways to reduce turtle egg consumption, only 18 per cent of the consistent consumers agreed to the ban of turtle egg consumption compared to 28 per cent among overall respondents. Local community involvement in conservation and education and awareness programs were some of the important initiatives that they suggested. About 4 per cent stated that they do not agree to the banning of turtle egg consumption as they would want to continue eating eggs while 11 per cent had no opinion. (AA’s comment: Why?)

Table 0.17: Suggestions to reduce turtle egg consumption among consistent consumers Consistent consumers Overall respondents Suggestions Frequency Per cent Per cent More education and awareness 77 74.8 85.3 Ban of turtle egg consumption 19 18.4 28.1 Local community involvement in conservation 84 81.6 83.7 Enforcement 2 1.9 1.2 Increase price of turtle eggs 4 3.9 2.4 No opinion 11 10.7 6.9 Do not agree to reduce turtle egg consumption 4 3.9 2.4

29 5. Trade routes and profiles of egg collectors and sellers:

This section will capture findings on the potential trade routes of turtle eggs in Malaysia and surrounding countries. It included a review of newspaper and internet sources and at the same time interviews with relevant agencies. Interviews with turtle egg collectors and sellers especially at the chosen sites in Terengganu and Melaka provide important verification of the literature review on the trade routes. This section will summarize the overall findings of this research.

5.1 Overview based on newspaper, internet sources and interviews

This section aims to provide an indicative overview of the trade routes of turtle eggs based on review of newspaper reports and internet sources from 2000. Relevant information was also validated through interviews with various agencies such as the Sabah Parks, Sarawak Forestry Corporation and DOF Malaysia, Putrajaya.

This Section highlights the illegal turtle egg trade routes that have been reported between Malaysia-Indonesia and Malaysia-Philippines.

The major trade routes identified are: Southern Philippines - Sabah Route a) West Kalimantan - Sarawak Route b) Sabah/Indonesia/Philippine - Terengganu Routes c) Natuna Region - Malaysia and Singapore Routes

5.1.1 Southern Philippines - Sabah Route

Some of the turtle eggs legally harvested in the Philippine Turtle Islands, namely Boan, Langaan, Lihiman, Great Bakkungan, Taganak were said to be smuggled into Sandakan, Sabah for sale in the local markets there.8 There was also report suggesting that the supply of fresh turtle eggs usually came from Tabanak, one of the islands across the Philippine border.9 Among the usual landing sites known for turtle eggs smuggled from the Philippines include the shore of Kampung Forest area. 10 Other landing points included Sungai Kanibungan river mouth in the Pitas district in north Sabah.11

Turtle egg smuggling and selling activities were said to be carried out during night time by foreigners and IMM13 holders (a pass issued to Filipino refugees displaced by war in the Philippines to enable them to stay in Sabah).12 Speedboats were used to transport turtle eggs from southern Philippines to Sabah. Turtle eggs were usually placed in gunnysacks or plastic bags during the transportation process.13 Most of the illegal turtle egg sellers were foreigners and IMM13 holders.14

8 Under the Administrative Order No. 33, Series of 1982, Ministry of Natural Resources of the Philippines, egg collection is strictly prohibited at the Baguan Island Marine Turtle Sanctuary (one of the six the Philippine Turtle Islands). However, 60% of the egg production in the five other Philippine Turtle Islands is legally harvested for local trade and consumption (source: http://www.oneocean.org/ambassadors/track_a_turtle/hazards/) (assessed 23 December 2008). 9 Daily Express, Malaysia, 29 December 2004 10 Daily Express, Malaysia, 27 September 2008 and The Star, Malaysia, 3 November 2008 11 The Star, Malaysia, 20 September 2007 12 Daily Express, Malaysia, 3 June 2003 13 Daily Express, Malaysia, 3 November 2008 and 3 June 2003 14 Daily Express, Malaysia, 3 November 2008

30 Illegal egg collections are known to occur around Sandakan, Semporna and Jambongan while some claim that eggs have been smuggled in from Philippines too15. Locals, mainly of Filipino descendent are thought to be the main egg collectors and sellers in Sabah and the sources of eggs are suspected from Turtle Islands and Semporna. Sandakan is the chosen destination for turtle eggs because of its proximity to the maritime boundary with the Philippines 16 and the existence of a sizeable turtle egg consuming population there. Customers indicated include local housewives as well as those coming from outside the municipality.17 The common outlets for illegal turtle egg sellers include the Sandakan central market,18 the Old Slipway19 and Jalan Pryer.20

Sandakan may not be the final market for all the turtle eggs. There was an incidence in which the airport police at Sandakan Airport seized 14 boxes of turtle eggs onboard a cargo plane.21 Turtle eggs have been found being smuggled from east coast of Sabah, probably from Sandakan, into the Filipino Market located in downtown Kota Kinabalu using four-wheel drive vehicles.22 Most illegal turtle eggs sellers at the Filipino Market were said to be foreigners and IMM13 holders, who might once be active at a market in Kota Belud in north western part of Sabah.23 Consumers from as far as Brunei have been reported to have bought turtle eggs from the Filipino Market in Kota Kinabalu. Turtle eggs from Kota Kinabalu were suspected to have been smuggled into Brunei. 24 But there was no report suggesting that those eggs originated from southern Philippines.

5.1.2 West Kalimantan - Sarawak Route

Illegal trade are known to occur in the Kuching Division especially border trading towns. The collectors and sellers are known to be residents of neighbouring country in Indonesia that brought in turtle eggs illegally. The smuggling of turtle eggs have been foiled at airports on very few occasions. 25 Turtle eggs were reportedly smuggled from West Kalimantan (Indonesia) into Sarawak (Malaysia) via the Tebedu (Sarawak) - Entikong (West Kalimantan) border crossing. In early 2001, over 2600 turtle eggs were confiscated by the Malaysian Customs officers at the border crossing on two separate occasions from express buses travelling from Pontianak to Kuching.26

ProFauna Indonesia, an Indonesian NGO working for the protection of wild animals and their habitats, in its study funded by World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) revealed that trade of hawksbill eggs happens freely at Entikong with an average of about 48,000 eggs sold per month. The study pointed out that most of the turtle egg buyers at Entikong were Malaysians. The price tag for one egg was RM1. Egg traders in Entikong were said to be aware of the stringent law enforced by the Malaysian Government to check turtle egg smuggling.27

The study suggests that smuggling of turtle eggs between Kalimantan and Sarawak happened mostly by sea and the major entry point in Sarawak was Tanjung Datu, the

15 Interview with Sabah Parks, Mr. Paul Basintal and Mr. Ludi Apin, 10 July 2008. 16 The Star, Malaysia, 20 September 2007 17 Daily Express, Malaysia, 29 December, 2004 18 Daily Express, Malaysia, 5 October 2005 19 Daily Express, Malaysia, 10 July, 2007 20 Daily Express, Malaysia, 21 April, 2008 21 Daily Express, Malaysia, 21 May 2003 22 Daily Express, Malaysia, 25 June 2004 23 Daily Express, Malaysia, 25 June 2004 24 Borneo Bulletin, Brunei, 18 June 2008 25 Interview with Sarawak Forestry Corporation, Mr. Oswald Braken Tisen, 14 July 2008. 26 Michael Megang, National Parks and Wildlife Division, Sarawak Forest Department, “International Trade in Wild Flora and Fauna: Case Studies from Tebedu, Sarawak” ( http://www.mered.org.uk/Hornbill/michael.htm) (accessed 23 December 2008) 27 Ibid

31 westernmost point of the state. Turtle eggs were shipped via border route such as Temajuk in the Sambas District of West Kalimantan before being delivered by sea to Melano at Tanjung Datu. The shipment method was said to be simple, i.e. putting the eggs in open boxes to ensure constant supply of fresh air throughout the journey.28 During the study, a visit to the ground by a TRAFFIC researcher also found that illegal egg trade was also happening in Serikin, a border town near Kuching, Sarawak and Kalimantan. This was confirmed by seizures done by the Sarawak Forestry Corporation.

5.1.3 Sabah/Indonesia/Philippines – Terengganu Routes

Over the past two years, there were several news reports suggesting that turtle eggs sold in Terengganu were smuggled from Sabah, Indonesia and the Philippines.29 It was reported that agents were involved in the supply of eggs from outside Terengganu and that most market traders there preferred to sell smuggled eggs.30 Some egg sellers in Terengganu that were interviewed validated that they obtained eggs from Sabah via middlemen. Turtle eggs that originated from Sabah are usually cheaper compared to eggs obtained from the islands and mainland Terengganu.

Green turtle eggs, believed to be from Sabah and the Philippines, were sold at three main markets in Terengganu, namely at the Pasar Payang, Simpang 3 and Batu 6 markets. It was believed that turtle eggs from Sabah and the Philippines were smuggled to Peninsula Malaysia either by courier or post. The lack of restriction in the sale of turtle eggs in Terengganu, except for the Leatherback turtle eggs, was said to have encouraged smugglers to sell the eggs in the State.31

Though there was also information from the egg sellers in Terengganu that some of the eggs that were claimed from Sabah was also believed to be from the Philippines. However, no report verified this information.

5.1.4 Natuna - Malaysia and Natuna - Singapore Routes Turtle eggs collected from the Natuna Region, Riau Province in Indonesia were also sold to Malaysia and Singapore.32 However, information on this route is scant.

5.1.5 Kuala Lumpur - Chow Kit Market

Based on the feedback from WWF-Malaysia to conduct a survey of Chow Kit Market, a visit to the wet market was carried out on 10 January 2009. 10 stalls were interviewed to find out whether turtle eggs were available. In general almost all of them could not provide any information on the sale of turtle eggs in the market. Three stalls selling eggs (chicken, duck, goose and quail) mentioned that they do not know while two stalls selling vegetables had no information. Two stalls selling traditional Malay medicine were also approached but do not know about the sale of turtle eggs in the market, similarly with two other stalls selling fruits. Only one stall that sell vegetables mentioned that he saw turtle eggs for sale around three to four years ago and said that the best place to go is Terengganu for turtle eggs. The rapid survey of the wet market could not ascertain if turtle eggs were sold at Chow Kit wet market.

28 ProFauna Indonesia, “Hawksbill Trade in Indonesia” (http://www.profauna.or.id/English/hawksbill- trade.html) (accessed 23 Dec 2008) 29 Daily Express, Malaysia, 26 September 2006 and BERNAMA, 16 April 2008 30 Daily Express, Malaysia, 26 September 2006 31 BERNAMA, 16 April 2008 32 ProFauna Indonesia, “Hawksbill Trade in Indonesia” (http://www.profauna.or.id/English/hawksbill- trade.html) (accessed 23 Dec 2008)

32 5.2 Survey of Terengganu egg collectors

Surveys of turtle egg collectors33 and egg sellers were conducted in Terengganu to get an idea of the trade routes for turtle eggs. The section on egg collectors present a brief profile, characteristics of egg collection patterns, markets for eggs and perception of egg collectors. As highlighted in the section on selection of study sites, the following areas were covered for the interviews with egg collectors: Pantai Kijal, Pantai Kemasek, Pantai Kerteh, Penarik, Sempadan, Kuala Dungun, Kuala Abang, Tahu Tiga, Jambu Bongkok, Kuala Baharu Utara and Kuala Tok Char.

From the responses, the following areas were recorded to be areas or beaches where the turtle egg collectors interviewed operated: Pantai Kijal, Pantai Kerteh, Pantai Kemasek, Sempadan, Jambu Bongkok, Tahu Tiga, Kuala Abang, Kuala Tok Char, Kuala Baharu Utara, Teluk Batu and Kuala Dungun. Turtle egg collectors that were interviewed are highlighted with an asterisk (*) in Appendix 1.

5.2.1 Profile of egg collectors

A total of eleven egg collectors were interviewed. Ten (or 91 per cent of the total) of them were males and one (9 per cent) was female (Table 5.1). Seventy per cent of the collectors were within the age group of 30 to 59 years, generally considered as economically active population, while the remaining 30 per cent were above 60 years old. The results show that the egg collectors are generally from the more senior generation group with 60 percent being 50 and above. Only one out of ten egg collectors collects turtle eggs as his main job. Thirty per cent of them were also farmers or agriculture workers, reflecting perhaps turtle egg collection was a form of off-farm employment to them. Some 20 per cent of the respondents were also small business owners or involved in retail sales; 20 per cent were drivers; 10 per cent were factory worker; 10 per cent were laborer and the rest were in a non-specified occupation in the private sector.

Generally, the egg collectors interviewed were not financially well off. Half (50 per cent) of them had monthly household income of less than RM1,000 and the other half (50 per cent) had between RM1,001 to 2,000 suggesting that turtle egg collection is a means to supplement their household income. Eight out of 11 egg collectors provided responses for contribution of turtle egg collection to their income. Out of the eight respondents, one revealed that he did not earn from turtle egg collection as he did not bid for a license that year and another case that reported earning RM1, 700 a month from egg collection was treated as an outlier. Of the remaining six egg collectors, 67 per cent earned RM200 and less per month while around 16 percent earned RM300 and around 16% earned around RM400. On average the egg collectors earned around RM280 from turtle egg collection per month. Assuming that the average monthly household income of the respondents is around RM1, 000, egg collection would contribute around 28% of their household income for the months that egg collection is undertaken.

Table 0.1: Socioeconomic profiles of egg collectors Characteristics Frequency Per cent Gender 11 100.0 Male 10 91.0 Female 1 9.0

Age 10 100.0 30-39 1 10.0 40-49 3 30.0

33 Only licensed egg collectors were interviewed.

33 50-59 3 30.0 Above 60 3 30.0

Percentage collecting turtle eggs as main job 10 100.0 Yes 1 10.0 No 9 90.0

Occupation 11 100.0 Farmer/Agriculture worker 3 30.0 Factory worker 1 10.0 Small business owner/retail sales 2 20.0 Labourer 1 10.0 Driver 4 20.0 Private sector 10 10.0

Household income 10 100.0 0-1,000 5 50.0 1,001 - 2,000 5 50.0

How much does egg collection contribute to hh 6 100.0 income RM 200 and below 4 66.7 RM 400 1 16.7 RM 500 1 16.7

5.2.2 Characteristics of egg collectors

Egg collection had been a long-term part-time profession for many of the respondents (Table 5.2). Sixty per cent of them had actually been involved in the profession for at least 10 years, with some (20 per cent of the total) of them for as long as 25 years to 40 years. This reflects the lifelong involvement of the respondents in turtle egg collection.

The desire to earn extra income was the main reason behind marine turtle egg collection, as most number of the respondents indicated thus. The second most important reason cited was ‘interest’. Family tradition and own consumption were not among the most important reasons. This confirms the earlier suggestion that the decision to collect turtle eggs is a means to supplement their income. Collection of marine turtle eggs could go on for up to five to six months in a year, as confirmed by 75 per cent of the respondents. One-fifth (25 per cent) of the respondents performed such activity for a combined period of three months last year/previous year.

About 43 per cent of the collectors collected less than 10 turtle nests per year while 43 percent collected between 11-20 turtle nests. Only one respondent (14 per cent) collected eggs from 30 nests a year. In the past, the egg collectors used to leave a few eggs in the nests to encourage regeneration of young turtles. However this practice was abandoned as turtle eggs became scarce and when demands for eggs increased. On average, an egg collector would collect around 13 nests in a year.

It is a common belief among the collectors that a young turtle would produce around 70 eggs per nest while an older turtle would produce around 100 eggs per nest. Hence the local language known in identifying number of eggs collected are closely linked to the number of ‘young or old’ nests collected. Three respondents (27 per cent) noted that they collected young nests last year (altogether 9 young nests) while four respondents (36 per cent) respondent that they collected old nests (total of 23 old nests).

34 Table 0.2: Characteristics of egg collectors and collections Characteristics Frequency Per cent Years as egg collectors 10 100.0 1 – 5 4 40.0 6 -10 1 10.0 11 – 20 3 30.0 21 – 30 1 10.0 31 – 40 1 10.0

Main reasons for being egg collectors Family tradition 2 18.2 Important source of income 7 63.6 Own consumption 2 18.2 Interested 6 54.5 Near to turtle nesting beach 1 9.1

Months collecting turtle eggs 8 100.0 3 2 25.0 5 3 37.5 6 3 37.5

Total nests collected last year 7 100.0 6 2 28.6 7 1 14.3 13 2 28.6 17 1 14.3 30 1 14.3

5.2.3 Markets for turtle eggs

It appeared to be a common practice for the egg collectors to sell turtle eggs to egg sellers at the markets or to friends and relatives (Table 5.3). It was also common for them to sell turtle eggs to the DOF. But rarely did they collect turtle eggs for own consumption. There were no respondents who sold turtle eggs to middle men. The markets which the respondents would sell the eggs to are Pasar Payang, Pasar Chukai, Pasar Dungun and Pasar Kemaman. Two of the respondents sold 100 per cent of the total eggs collected to the markets while one sold 50 per cent and another respondent sold around 80 per cent. The price range for the eggs sold was around RM1.30 to RM2.20 with an average price of RM1.70 per egg.

For egg collectors that sold eggs to their friends and relatives, the eggs were mostly sold to people in the same community and villages usually in small numbers at around 5-10 per cent of the total eggs collected. Only one respondent sold 100 per cent of the total eggs collected to friends and relatives. The price range was around RM2-RM2.50 per egg. Out of the seven respondents that sold turtle eggs to the DOF, around 70 per cent sold to the hatchery in Rantau Abang while two respondents sold the eggs to the DOF in Rhu Sepuluh at the price range of RM1.30 to RM4 with an average of RM2.5 though the official price set by the DOF for green turtles is RM1.70. Three respondents sold around 90 per cent of the eggs collected to the DOF while two respondents sold 20-50 per cent of the eggs they collected to DOF.

Even though observations by WWF-Malaysia field executants at some markets show that there is price fluctuation (RM2.50 during nesting season and RM4 off-nesting season), around 78 per cent of the respondents indicated that prices of marine turtle egg do not vary between peak season and low or non-season. There may be two possible explanations to

35 this finding. Firstly, this group of egg collectors did not have a good knowledge on the current demand and supply situations of marine turtle eggs hence they were not responsive to the prevailing market forces and price changes. Secondly, the seasonal fluctuations in marine turtle egg prices in domestic market might have been offset by cross-border/international trading of the commodity especially at Pasar Payang. That is, an assumption could be due to the fact that shortages of marine turtle eggs in the domestic market were filled by supplies from other states or countries thus keeping the prices stable. Conversely, surpluses (if any) on the domestic front were exported which again helped to check the downward movement of the prices. However, some 22 per cent of the respondents indicated that they experienced seasonal price changes. Though most of the egg collectors did not provide the specific markets that they sold the eggs they collected to, one of the respondents that indicated seasonal price changes sold the eggs that were collected to Pasar Payang.

Every year, the DOF will tender out licenses to egg collectors hence the price for each collection site may differ. The price of marine turtle egg collection license paid by the respondents seemed to vary widely. Some 33 per cent of them replied that the license cost them RM50 to RM65. At the other end of the spectrum, about 17 per cent said the license cost them RM1, 280. Out of the 11 egg collectors interviewed, five (45.5 per cent) of them did not provide any answer to the question.

Table 0.3: Markets for turtle eggs and price Markets and price Frequency Per cent Eggs sold to: Egg sellers at the market/s 5 54.5 Friends and relatives 7 63.6 DOF 7 63.6 Own Consumption 1 9.1

Price change between seasons 9 100.0 Yes 2 22.2 No 7 77.8

Price for license 6 100.0 50 1 16.7 65 1 16.7 400 2 33.3 500 1 16.7 1,280 1 16.7

5.2.4 Perception of egg collectors

More than half (55 per cent) of the respondents believed that the turtle population in their areas had decline compared to 10 years ago (Table 5.4). However 27 per cent said the population in their areas had increased. More than 18 per cent said the population size in their areas remained unchanged. Scientific data from Terengganu shows a declining trend in general for turtle nestings. The discrepancies in views among the collectors especially for the three respondents that noted an increase in population could indicate localized phenomenon on the respective beaches or difficulty to accept the reality of declining population.

Close to 88 per cent of the respondents expressed that they are unwilling to change to an alternative job should they be offered an alternative job. This demonstrates the close attachment they have to turtle egg collection as a side job. Only one respondent was willing to change to an alternative job (13 per cent).

36

Marine turtle conservation programs that appealed most to the respondents were research activities (e.g. on turtle population status and taking care of turtle sanctuary), followed by ecotourism programs that involve turtle conservation.

Table 0.4: Perception of egg collectors Perception Frequency Per cent Turtle population compared to 10 years ago 11 100.0 Increased 3 27.3 Decreased 6 54.5 Not changed 2 18.2

Willing to change jobs given an alternative job if 8 100.0 given a choice Yes 1 12.5 No 7 87.5

Interests in conservation programs Research activities 7 63.6 Ecotourism programs involving turtle conservation 5 45.5 No 1 9.1

As only one respondent was interested to change to an alternative job if given the chance, detailed cross tabulation with their socioeconomic profile were not presented. A cross tabulation with age showed that the respondent from the younger age group of 30-49 was willing to change to an alternative job (Table 5.5).

Table 0.5: Cross tabulation between interest to change to an alternative job with age group Change to an alternative job Age Group Yes No Total n 30-49 33.3% 66.7% 100.0% 3 50-59 0.0% 100.0% 100.0% 3 Above 60 0.0% 100.0% 100.0% 2 Total 12.5% 87.5% 100.0% 8

5.3 Survey of Terengganu egg sellers

The survey covered 13 marine turtle egg sellers in Kuala Terengganu. They were mostly hawkers selling snacks, food, vegetable, fruits and kitchen necessities. One of them was a shop owner selling snacks and souvenir. Turtle eggs were only one of several items that they sold at their stores.

Most respondents revealed that their clients were repeat customers buying for own consumption (Table 5.6). Visitors from other states were the second major buyers, followed by those who bought in bulk for resale. Though less prominent, visitors from other countries? were also among their clients. Some of these visitors could be tourists.

Table 0.6: Types of consumer groups

37 Consumer groups Frequency Per cent Repeat customers for own consumption 11 84.6 Visitors from other states 10 76.9 Visitors from other countries 2 15.4 Customers who buy in a bulk for resale 4 30.8

Marine turtle eggs seemed to be in short supply in the Kuala Terengganu area (Table 5.7). Over 92 per cent of the egg sellers interviewed confirmed that the market demand for marine turtle eggs outpaced the supply. Only about 8 per cent of the respondents indicated otherwise. The situation may explain why one marine turtle egg could fetch up to RM2.5 while the buy-back price set by the DOF is RM1.70 per green turtle egg.

Table 0.7: Demand for turtle eggs Demand for turtle eggs Frequency Per cent Supply more than demand 1 7.7 Demand more than supply 12 92.3 Total 13 100.0

Egg supplies were relatively adequate a decade ago. Forty per cent of the sellers interviewed revealed that, on average, they were able to secure from their suppliers 10,000 to 20,000 eggs each year a decade ago. Table 5.8 provides a comparison of turtle eggs supplied a decade ago, compared to five years ago and last year. Twenty per cent of the sellers obtained an average supply of between 20,001 to 30,000 eggs per year and another 20 per cent managed to source more than 30,000 eggs per year on average.

However, the supply of marine turtle egg appears to be on the downward trend in recent years. About 43 per cent of the sellers interviewed indicated that on average they received less than 10,000 eggs from their suppliers annually five years ago. The figure increases to 46.2 per cent if only last year’s average supply is taken into account.

Nevertheless, some 23 per cent of the respondents were still able to secure more than 30,000 eggs last year. This may be a reflection which, compared to their counterparts, this group of sellers might have more established marine turtle egg sourcing networks. Taking into account the results from the surveys on marine turtle egg consumers and collectors under this study which revealed that some of the marine turtle eggs sold in the local markets in Kuala Terengganu might originate from outside the state, one may draw a preliminary conclusion here that the source of eggs could originate from other states (especially Sabah and Sarawak) and even from neighbouring nations (particularly Indonesia).

Table 0.8: Average turtle eggs supplied Average turtle eggs supplied Frequency Per cent 10 years ago 5 100.0 < 10,000 1 20.0 10,000 - 20,000 2 40.0 20,001 - 30,000 1 20.0 Above 30,000 1 20.0

5 years ago 7 100.0 < 10,000 3 42.9 10,000 - 20,000 1 14.3 20,001 - 30,000 2 28.6 Above 30,000 1 14.3

Last year 13 100.0

38 < 10,000 6 46.2 10,000 - 20,000 3 23.1 20,001 - 30,000 1 7.7 Above 30,000 3 23.1

In addition to the survey of egg sellers, some background interviews were carried out at Pasar Buah Dungun, Pasar Chukai Kemaman, Pasar Jertih and Pasar Besar Dungun showed there were around 5-6 stalls in each of the markets that sold turtle eggs. These markets are located outside of the city areas in small towns. About eight turtle egg sellers were interviewed informally without a survey form. None of the respondents interviewed noted any price difference during nesting and non-nesting seasons. The average price ranged from RM3.75 to RM3.90. It is interesting to note that the price of turtle eggs are more expansive in the smaller towns compared to the big market in Kuala Terengganu. There were reports of eggs from Sabah being sold in the markets at around RM2.50 to RM2.80. Sabah eggs made up around 10 per cent of the total eggs sold in the markets.

For Pasar Buah Dungun and Pasar Besar Dungun, the respondents noted that 90 per cent of the eggs were obtained from licensed egg collectors while the remaining 10 per cent were from middlemen. As for Pasar Jertih, 80 per cent of the eggs were obtained from middlemen and 20 per cent of the eggs were provided by villagers. This demonstrates that eggs are harvested illegally by non-licensed collectors such as villagers in the nesting areas. All the respondents reported that only eggs from Sabah were sold during non nesting seasons. During nesting seasons the total eggs sold were around 30-40 eggs while the number of eggs sold would drop to around 20 during non-nesting seasons. The egg sellers reported that most of the turtle eggs from Sabah were distributed by middlemen while the distribution of local eggs was mainly from licensed egg collectors.

5.4 Melaka egg collectors and resort operators WWF-Malaysia has a site office in Melaka working on the conservation of hawksbill turtles and painted terrapins. The study benefited from the inputs from the field executants on the development of the study design, questionnaire and logistics assistance in Melaka. The list of egg collectors were provided by the DOF in Melaka whilst the list of chalet operators within the vicinity of nesting areas was provided by WWF-Malaysia field executants. A total of 44 chalets and resorts were recorded in the inventory.

The study also interviewed DOF Melaka and obtained some background information on turtle conservation and management in the state.34 The licensing system in Melaka is reflected under the Melaka State Rules that has been implemented since 1992. Licenses are issued to locals who reside in the area in order for it to be easy for DOF to patrol and collect the eggs. The main terms and conditions of the licensing agreements include the following:

• Licenses are non-transferable • 100% of the eggs collected must be sent to the DOF hatchery for incubation • The application would be open if a current licensed egg collector withdrew or passed away • Only one or two persons are allowed on one stretch of beach or area as too many on the same area would bring rise to social conflicts.

In general, there is no limit to the number of quantity of eggs collected as all eggs collected must be sent to hatchery for incubation. The only regulation imposed is on the number of collectors on a particular beach. 35 So far, there are no cases of non-compliance by egg

34 Interview with DOF Melaka, Mr. Robert Leong Ho Fook, 12 January 2009. 35 Though 100 per cent of the eggs collected need to be sent to DOF, there has been request for one or two eggs for local cultural beliefs such as medicinal purposes or pregnancy cravings.

39 collectors and DOF had never revoked a license. Egg collectors are given a briefing especially during the early stage of the nesting season on how to handle eggs with cooperation from WWF-Malaysia to assist them in providing the briefing and monitoring. RM1.30 is offered for the purchase of an egg. Another mode is through the Fishers Association that facilitates faster payment at the price of RM1.15 per egg.

Around 50 per cent of the money used to purchase eggs for the hatchery was allocated by the Federal Government. Often funds are not sufficient and the department seeks other sources of funding especially from the State Government. In terms of poaching, usually villagers come across nests while fishing and collect it and sell to DOF or licensed collectors. Local and cultural sensitivity is considered an important virtue whereby those caught collecting eggs illegally are usually advised not to collect them instead of strong penalties with the view of engaging them as stakeholders in the future. The department is faced with enforcement constraints with the existing 4 staff on the ground. WWF-Malaysia also provides assistance in terms of monitoring. However these efforts are still insufficient. The official penalty for anyone caught poaching is RM500. So far there have been no cases that had been prosecuted. disparity

5.4.1 Interviews with Melaka egg collectors

This section summarizes the results from the interviews with Melaka egg collectors. Out of the 17 licensed egg collectors listed by the DOF Melaka, the study interviewed about 40 per cent of the total numbers (i.e. 7 respondents).36 All the respondents interviewed were males with the majority (i.e. 71 per cent) above 50 years old. Only two out of the seven respondents collect turtle eggs as their main occupation. The remaining were involved in agriculture related work (3 respondents) while the remaining two worked as a technician and a barber. In terms of their monthly household income, three of the respondents earned less than RM1, 000 while the remaining four (i.e. 57 per cent) earned between RM1, 000 to RM2, 000. This reflects that the respondents are generally from the lower income group. The average household size of the respondents is 5.5 (s.d. 2.19).

Most of the egg collectors have been collecting turtle eggs for a long time. The minimum years spent collecting eggs were 8 years, with a maximum of 30 years and average of 15 years (s.d. 8.14). On average, the collectors spent 9 months (s.d. 3.25) collecting eggs last year. Three out of the seven respondents collected eggs all throughout the year. The main months for collecting eggs were during April to August/September. The income earned from collecting eggs annually ranged from RM1, 250 to RM2, 000 a year. When divided with the number of months each respective egg collector worked last year, the average income that egg collecting contributed to their household income was RM237 per month. Assuming an average household income per month of RM1, 000 would mean egg collecting contributed around 24% of the total monthly household income. Five out of the seven respondents (i.e. 71 per cent) indicated that they collected turtle eggs primarily because it provides an important source of income. One other respondent noted that he collected eggs to save turtle populations. The respondents reported that they collected around 9 to 106 clutches of nests in 2007. If the maximum 106 nests collected in 2007 were to be considered as an outlier, the average nests collected that year would be around 18.7 (s.d. 8.18). All of the seven respondents stated that they sold the eggs collected to DOF Melaka as required by law.

All the respondents also agreed that poaching exists in their areas. The beaches mentioned where poaching occur according to the respondents are Padang Kamunting, Kem Terendak, Kem Sg. Udang, Teluk Belanga, Pantai Tanjung Tahan, Pantai Meriam Patah, Pantai Tanjung Serai, Pantai Hailam, Pulau Upeh, Pantai Teluk Gong and Pantai Pasir Gembur.

36 While the size of the respondents (i.e 7) is too small for any meaningful statistical analysis or full tabulation, when possible, frequencies and percentages are provided for an approximate representation.

40 They encountered poachers between 1 to 7 times a week during nesting season and between 1 to 4 times in a week during non-nesting season while they were patrolling the beaches. One of the egg collectors highlighted that usually the poachers are in the area to fish and they would return the eggs to the licensed egg collectors when their poaching activity had been discovered. The egg collectors reported that around 1 to 5 clutches of eggs were poached during nesting season and 1 to 2 clutches of eggs were poached during non-nesting seasons. Four of the respondents noted that the poachers would sell the turtle eggs directly to customers to the surrounding areas in Melaka such as Tanjung Bidara and Padang Kamunting and outside areas. Two respondents reported that eggs are sold to Kuala Lumpur. The respondents also noted that the poached eggs would be sold to friends and relatives and also to middlemen. Three respondents quoted that the poached eggs would be sold for RM1.30 each while two other respondents quoted RM0.80 and RM2.00 respectively. All the respondents noted that the price of eggs during nesting and non-nesting season to be the same.

Presently, the egg collectors pay RM5 for an annual license. All of respondents were willing to pay a higher price for licenses, ranging from RM12.50 to RM50 with an average of RM19.60 (s.d. 13.6). They reported that the main condition of the license was that it was non- transferable and only permanent residents residing in those nesting areas could apply. When asked why turtle eggs are favoured even though they are at least four times more expensive than chicken eggs, six of the respondents (86 per cent) thought one of the reasons could be for pregnancy cravings while there were four answers that noted people consumed turtle eggs out of curiosity. Other reasons mentioned were due to medicinal properties (two responses), delicious (one response) and for aphrodisiac properties (one response)37.

Five out of the seven respondents noted that village folk would stop eating turtle eggs if they were aware of the scientific evidence to show that turtle eggs have the same nutritional value as chicken eggs. There was no response for the remaining two egg collectors. There were mixed opinion on the population of turtles in the area compared to 10 years ago. Four respondents thought that turtle populations were declining while two reported increasing population and one recorded no change in population numbers. When asked the main reasons for decline, all of the respondents that noted declining populations mentioned that turtles were being caught in fishing nets. There were two responses that attributed habitat destruction especially due to the construction of retention walls along the coasts. One particular answer referred to a certain group of army personnel that would eat turtle eggs.

All of the respondents would not change jobs if given an alternative as most of them are comfortable with egg collection and are not willing to change to a new sector. There was one respondent that thought egg collection is an important income source that could not be replaced while there were two responses that stated the motivation to collect eggs was to save turtle populations. All of the egg collectors were interested to be involved in research and conservation activities while there was one response on the interest to be involved in eco-tourism programs involving turtle conservation. One respondent added that he would be interested in sharing his experience as an egg collector with the public in the hope that they would be compelled to save turtle eggs and turtles.

5.4.2 Interviews with Melaka resort operators

The chalets and resorts within the vicinity of turtle nesting areas are mainly medium to small scale. Interviews with chalet and resort operators in Melaka were done through face to face and telephone interviews. Out of the 44 chalets and resorts recorded in the list, the study contacted 21 operators.38 From the 21 operators that were interviewed, five operators supply

37 Multiple response question. 38 Attempts were made to interview the Kemunting Beach Resort but they were not contactable.

41 turtle eggs to their customers while the remaining 16 mentioned that they do not offer turtle eggs to their visitors.

The following table (see Table 5.9) highlights the number of operators by location and the number of operators interviewed. Appendix 4 provides the list of operators in the area with those contacted and also those that sold turtle eggs highlighted with * marks.

Table 0.9: Number of resort and chalet operators by location and number of operators contacted Location Number of operators Operators contacted Padang Kemunting 17 8 Kampung Hailam 6 3 Pengkalan Balak 1 0 Sg. Tuang 6 4 Telok Gong 4 2 Kuala Linggi 4 0 Meriam Patah 2 1 Tanjung Bidara 4 3 Total 44 21

All five of the operators that supplied turtle eggs required advance notice sometimes up to one to two weeks for them to source for turtle eggs. One of the operators in Kg. Hailam reported that egg sellers would approach them to ask if they would be interested to purchase turtle eggs. Turtle eggs are usually sold directly to the visitors or cooked by the operators in accordance to the request of their customers. Generally, the price range recorded for the price of an egg ranged from RM1.00 - RM1.20 during the nesting season and RM1.50 – RM 2.00 during non-nesting seasons though in general, the operators highlighted that turtle eggs during non-nesting seasons are difficult to obtain. When asked how many eggs their customers would normally buy at one time, the operators could not ascertain the average number of eggs as it depended mainly on the request of the customers. One operator mentioned that sometimes the request would be around 10 eggs or more while another recorded not more than 10 per transaction.

All of the customers who requested turtle eggs are visitors from out of town. The operators reported that locals generally obtain turtle eggs directly from egg collectors (possibly non- licensed). The operators also revealed that the eggs were obtained from the villages and all of them stated that none of the turtle eggs sold were obtained from outsiders indicating that turtle eggs sold by chalet and resort operators generally are from the local nesting populations.

42 6. Key findings and concluding remarks

This study has provided a better understanding of the three main attributes that would affect the preferences and behaviour of stakeholders in consuming, selling and collecting turtle eggs. At the same time, the study also attempted to provide a better picture of the trade routes especially within Malaysia through verifications from field surveys and interviews. The sections below highlight key observations followed by recommendations.

Volume of eggs traded

6.1 Marine turtle egg consumers

The key findings related to marine turtle egg consumers especially in Terengganu are as follows:

1. In the study area, marine turtle egg consumption seems to take place in all walks of life, irrespective of gender and cuts across all age groups, professions, education levels and income levels. Most consumers eat marine turtle eggs as a delicacy and for pleasure and less so as a source of protein or for tradition, medication and aphrodisiac reasons. A first timer eats marine turtle eggs out of curiosity.

2. Most turtle egg consumers sourced turtle eggs from markets (91 per cent of those who bought turtle eggs from markets obtained them from Pasar Payang). There were respondents that obtained turtle eggs from family and friends (6 per cent), restaurants (5 per cent stated Mat Binjai), Redang and Perhentian Islands (4 per cent), Sabah and Sarawak (2 per cent) and Indonesia (1 per cent).

3. The turtle egg consumers are aware of the declining trend in marine turtle population but not all of them agree that marine turtle egg consumption is the main contributing factor. Many of them attributed the decline to fishing activities and habitat destruction but less on consumption of marine turtle eggs. Nonetheless, a majority of them would stop consuming if they knew that such appetite would adversely affect the marine turtle population. This signifies that there is still room for policy and management intervention to reduce such consumption.

4. Suggestions to reduce turtle egg consumption mainly focussed on awareness building programs through conventional communication avenues that the consumers are familiar with such as television, mosque talks and village talks and radio. Other effective measures suggested include turtle conservation programs and ecotourism activities with strong community involvement. These measures are favoured by the consumers surveyed. Given that consumers in the study area have low level of exposure to turtle conservation programs, the return of intervention in the initial period of the awareness programs could be high. An important consideration would be to develop a multi-approach initiative involving communication, education and awareness strategy, highlighting key messages regarding turtle egg consumption and trade with relevant stakeholders.

5. Consumers of marine turtle eggs in the study area are generally price sensitive, even among the hard-core consumers. Hence, legislative measures that can lead to upward movement of marine turtle egg prices shall be considered. However, implementation of such measures shall be complemented by measures that curb illegal cross-border trading of eggs as price hike on the local front will likely encourage egg smuggling activities.

43 6. Consistent egg consumers were defined as respondents who would continue eating turtle eggs even though the price of the eggs doubled or those who would continue eating eggs even if they knew that turtle egg consumption is one of the main reasons contributing to turtle population decline. 37 per cent of the respondents would continue eating turtle eggs even if they were aware egg consumption would lead to turtle decline while 18 per cent would continue eating eggs even price doubled. The majority of consistent egg consumers are men above 50. The results showed that the percentage of non educated or primary schooling group that will continue consuming eggs is higher than the other groups even if they aware of its contribution to turtle decline. A chi-square test showed that there is difference in consuming eggs across education group while there is no statistical difference across gender, age and income groups in cases where the respondents would continue to eat turtle eggs even if they are aware of its contribution to population decline.

7. Consistent consumers were found to eat turtle eggs because it is a delicacy (78 per cent) while 47 per cent just liked the taste. A smaller percentage ate turtle eggs for its protein (13 per cent) and medication properties (9 per cent) and aphrodisiac (3 per cent) and pregnancy cravings (3 per cent) reasons.

8. One-off turtle egg consumers were defined as those who ate turtle eggs out of curiosity and would be more willing to change their behaviour with suitable information and awareness materials channelled to them. More females than males and the younger age groups would consume eggs out of curiosity. In general, those who attained higher education levels were more likely to consume eggs out of curiosity.

6.2 Trade routes

1. Marine turtle egg collectors are generally from the more senior age groups who have been into the profession for many years. Turtle egg collection is generally a part time job and the collectors are low income earners. They collect turtle eggs to supplement their household income. Family tradition and own consumption are not the major reasons why they collect turtle eggs. In Terengganu it was estimated that turtle egg collection would contribute roughly 28 per cent of the monthly household income while it was around 23 per cent in Melaka.

2. On average, a marine turtle collector collects around 13 nests per year in Terengganu while in Melaka the estimated average was 18 nests per year. All the collectors reported selling the turtle eggs to DOF as required by law in Melaka while in Terengganu; the collectors usually sell their harvests directly to egg sellers at the local markets in Kuala Terengganu. Pasar Payang appears to be the main distribution centre of marine turtle egg in Kuala Terengganu. Other local markets that they sell to include Pasar Chukai, Pasar Dungun and Pasar Kemaman. Sellers at these markets are mostly hawkers selling snacks, food, vegetable, fruits and kitchen necessities and turtle egg is only one of several items that they sell.

3. In Terengganu, marine turtle egg collectors also sell to friends and relatives in the same community as well as to the hatcheries of DOF. Another important player in the marine turtle egg supply chain is local restaurants such as Mat Binjai in Kuala Terengganu. There is no report of involvement of middleman in all those transactions. Interviews with resort and chalet operators in Melaka showed that about 24 per cent of the operators supplied turtle eggs to their visitors from out of town. Some of the operators would serve turtle eggs for breakfast when requested. The operators would get turtle eggs mainly from egg collectors that are possibly non-licensed. They illuminated that the locals would not obtain turtle eggs through them as they would know to obtain from those who supplied eggs.

44

4. The price of turtle eggs in Terengganu and Melaka differ. The price offered by DOF received for incubation in Terengganu for green turtles is RM1.70 per egg while in Melaka it is RM1.30. In the markets, the price of a turtle egg could range from RM2.50 to RM4.00 depending on the season and availability while in Melaka, it was reported that the transactions involving chalet operators ranged from RM0.80 to RM2.00. In Terengganu the price of licenses depend on a bidding system while the cost of a license in Melaka is RM5 for collection from 1 January to 31 December.

5. Though not rampant, marine turtle egg collectors appear to be active in some of the marine turtle sanctuaries offshore of Terengganu, where marine turtle egg collection had been banned under state legislation. There were also reports of marine turtle eggs from outside especially Sabah being sold at local markets in Kuala Terengganu.

6. On the demand side, the most significant group of buyers of marine turtle eggs in Terengganu are local people buying for own consumption. Some of them are regular consumers. Visitors from other states represent the second most important buyers, followed by those who bought in bulk for resale.

6.3 Framework of stakeholders

Based on the overall findings, the study offers a framework that outlines background information on key stakeholders and target groups to guide the development of comprehensive conservation and awareness programs (Figure 6.1). This facilitates the better understanding of the background, characteristics, behaviour and perception of key target groups. Undertaking this process would provide the platform for better decision making and prioritising valuable resources towards developing effective education and awareness programs. The main stakeholders identified in the framework include, turtle egg consumers, collectors, sellers, illegal egg collectors, other suppliers and the general public. While it is beyond the scope of the study, policy makers at both state and federal levels are reflected in the framework as an important stakeholder in realising the goals of turtle conservation, especially in implementing the NPOA on sea turtles. Each target group would require different interventions with various levels of engagement. The returns to investments from allocating resources to various interventions would also differ from stakeholder to stakeholder. For the purposes of this study, key features of the stakeholders from the study (mainly on turtle egg consumers, collectors and sellers) are elaborated below.

45 Policy Consumers makers & Consistent Curiosity Federal State

Education & Public awareness campaigns Egg collectors

Income Conservation

Other suppliers Egg sellers Illegal egg collectors Chalet Middle Restaurants Stalls operators person

Figure 6.1: Framework of stakeholders for developing turtle related education and awareness campaigns

• Consumers: The study has characterised the main groups of consumers as consistent consumers and one-off consumers. Consistent consumers are generally those who would continue eating turtle eggs even though the price of the eggs are doubled and they knew eating turtle eggs would reduce turtle populations. It is interesting to note majority of those defined as consistent consumers would eat turtle eggs mainly because it is a delicacy and because they like the taste of it. There were fewer that ate turtle eggs because of medicinal purposes, aphrodisiac or pregnancy reasons as generally thought. In Terengganu, though television remains the most popular mean of communication avenue, other options such as mosque and village talks and radio also surfaced as important avenues.

One-off turtle egg consumers are those who eat eggs because they are curious about it.. Their motivation to eat turtle eggs are not tied to more significant reasons such as medication or traditions. Appropriate awareness measures can be tailored to suit these two groups.

• Egg collectors: They are predominantly made up of those who collect eggs to supplement their household income. There were two respondents in Melaka that noted their main reason to be egg collectors was to collect eggs for conservation. Measures can be explored to see how the capacity of those motivated by conservation can be built and how they can be a role and influence to egg collectors who collect mainly due to income. Complementary programs that would be able to sustain income of egg collectors need to be considered. In particular, management tools such as direct conservation payments are increasingly explored. An example of a conservation measure involving egg collector was implemented on the Rendova Island in the Solomon Islands. These efforts have seen an almost complete halt to turtle harvest which were previously completely harvested for consumption. The incentive involves payments to a turtle monitor, villager who found

46 the nesting turtle and also the community fund when any nests monitored by the villagers hatch (Ferraro and Gjertsen 2008).

• Illegal egg collectors: Though it was beyond the scope of the study to characterize illegal egg collectors, relevant questions to egg collectors or state agencies noted that illegal egg collectors could generally be made up of those who collect turtle eggs illegally upon stumbling upon turtle nests and those that actively search for turtle nesting to be sold to available customers. The means of transferring illegally harvested turtle eggs to egg sellers/consumers need to be better understood for more targeted actions to be taken. The route reported to transfer eggs from Sabah through courier and air transfers need to be further investigated. Other routes such as cross- border illegal trade between Philippines and Malaysia or Indonesia and Malaysia have been noted but require verification as it was beyond the scope of this study. Cross border interventions would require cooperation with governments or players such as NGOs of neighbouring countries to strengthen monitoring and enforcement efforts.

• Egg sellers: These include middle men who have higher capital to purchase turtle eggs in bulk and those who would sell turtle eggs at their stalls as one of the many products. Appropriate awareness measures can be effectively targeted at Pasar Payang because an overwhelming number of consumers interviewed in the survey purchase turtle eggs from Pasar Payang and also some consumers continue eating turtle eggs because it is readily available. However, the sale of turtle eggs are usually fuelled by demand and also those that supply turtle eggs to them. While it may be beneficial to address egg sellers from an awareness and education program point of view, it may not be as high priority compared to egg consumers and middle persons or egg suppliers.

• Other suppliers: The survey found a restaurant, Mat Binjai in Terengganu popularly known among the locals and tourists serve turtle eggs as part of the menu. Resort or chalet operators have also been noted to sell turtle eggs to visitors in Melaka. While consumers are mainly the driving force, appropriate awareness measures used to engage the restaurant and resort/chalet operators could bring transformation to the mentality of consuming turtle eggs especially among tourists and ideally bring the awareness message to their visitors or consumers who visit them for turtle eggs in the future. The Turtle and Rehabilitation Group of Universiti Malaysia Terengganu has an active program engaging resort operators to be part of the campaign against consumption of turtle and terrapin eggs. As of July 2008, 11 resorts in Terengganu had joined the “Say No to Turtle and Terrapin Eggs’ campaign.39

• Public: In general, the public refers to the public at large (villagers in the area, urban societies and communities from other states). Various groups can be targeted for long term effectiveness and support for sea turtle conservation activities – for example through the youths or school children which has been implemented by DOF and WWF-Malaysia. Corporate companies can be targeted for their role in corporate and social responsibility (CSR) measures especially when conservation programs lack the resources to have massive marketing measures in delivering conservation messages to stop eating turtle eggs. Specifically, CSR efforts could provide such resource and expertise. Apart from television, the newspapers and radio were highlighted as important communication avenues. Working with the Malay media would be useful to reach out to the consumers that are mainly made up of Malays. Besides these mainstream communication avenues, mosque and village talks that are more targeted at the local level had also been identified as important communication avenues.

39 The News Straits Times, Malaysia, 29 July 2008.

47 Appendix 1: Areas allowed for licensed egg collection and details of egg collectors

A) Areas allowed for licensed egg collection Terengganu: (21 sites)

Kemaman 1. Kijal 2. Kemasek 3. Tg Batu 4. Pantai Kerteh 5. Penarek

Dungun 6. Kuala Paka 7. Kuala Dungun 8. Tg Sura 9. Kuala Abang 10. Tahu Tiga 11. Pulau Tenggol

Marang 12. Jambu Bongkok 13. Pulau Kapas

Besut 14. Keluang 15. Tg Kanan

Setiu 16. Kuala Baru Utara 17. Mengabang Sekeping

Kuala Terengganu 18. Mengabang Cicar 19. Mengabang Tapang Besar 20. Kuala Tok Char 21. Pulau Rhu

Melaka: (17 sites)

1. Pulau Upeh 2. Tg Kling, 3. Kem Terendak, 4. Tg. Bidara, 5. Balik Batu, 6. Pasir Gembur, 7. Padang Kemunting, 8. Sg. Tuang, 9. Telok Gong, 10. Teluk Belangga, 11. Kg. Tengah, 12. Kuala Linggi, 13. Meriam Patah, 14. Tg. Serai,

48 15. Sg. Kertah, 16. Tg. Dahan 17. Pengkalan Balak

Johor: (4 sites)

1. Pulau Mertang 2. Pulau Mensirip 3. Pulau Harimau 4. Pulau Simbang 5. Pulau Lima

Pahang: (8 sites)

1. Pulau Sri Buat 2. Pulau Mertang 3. Teluk Penut 4. Pasir Mentawak 5. Telok Saing 6. Teluk Munjur 7. Tanjung Bunut 8. Kg. Genting

B) Number and details of egg collectors (collection sites in brackets)

Terengganu – 13 licensed egg collectors (Note – collectors interviewed marked with *):

1. Yusof bin Muda (Pantai Kijal)* No 10, Kampong Madang, Jalan Baru Belakang SMKBAS, 24200 Kemasek, Kemaman

2. Ismail bin Besar (Pantai Kemasek)* No 4, Kpg Pantai Tanjung, 24200 Kemasek, Kemaman

3. Othman bin Embong (Telok Batu)* No 511-1, Kampung , 24000 Kemaman.

4. Awang Bani bin Mohd Nor (Pantai Kerteh)* No 540-2, Kampung Gelugor, 24300 Kerteh, Kemaman.

5. Suhaidi bin Yusuf (Penarik) No 3, Kpg Gelugor, 24300 Kerteh, Kemaman

6. Daud bin Ismail (Sempadan)* No 260, Kpg Cacar, 23100 Paka

7. Mohamad Napi bin Abd Razak (Kuala Dungun)* (represented by Mohd Aziz Hitam) No 2-A, Jalan Pantai, Tanah Lot, 23000 Dungun

8. Muhammad bin Abu Bakar (Kuala Abang)* No 85, Kampung Kuala Abang, 23050 Dungun

9. Razali bin Abdullah (Tahu Tiga)* No 139, Kampung Baru Kuala Abang, 23050 Dungun

49 10. Mohamad bin Musa (Jambu Bongkok)* Kampung Telaga Air, Jambu Bongkok, 21610 Marang

11. Ramli bin Ismail (Kuala Baharu Utara)* Kampong Gong Batu, 22050 Permaisuri, Setiu

12. Jamaldin bin Sidek (Mengabang Sekeping) Kampong Penarik, 22120 Setiu

13. Nordin bin Yahya (Kuala Tok Char) (Kak Mah)* Kg Bari Besar, Wakil Pos Merang, 21010 Kuala Terengganu

Melaka: 17 licensed egg collectors (Note – collectors interviewed marked with *):

1. Haron Bin Safar (Kem Terendak, Pdg. Kemunting, Sg. Tuang)* 2. Ab Hamid Bin Sahat (Telok Belanga, Kuala Sg. Baru) 3. Ahmad Bin Razak (Kuala Sg. Baru, Kg. Tengah) 4. Musa Bin Muid (Tg. Dahan, Kuala Linggi) 5. Mohd Ali Bin Maan (P. Upeh, Tg. Kling) 6. Md. Amin Bin Zin (P. Upeh, Tg. Kling) 7. Abd. Razak Bin Haron (P. Upeh, Tg. Kling) 8. Abu Bakar Bin Jaapar (P. Upeh, Tg. Kling)* 9. Mohd. Amin Bin Puasa (Tg. Bidara)* 10. Sabtu Bin Zakaria (Tg. Dahan, Kuala Linggi)* 11. PNK Melaka Barat (no sites given) 12. Zainal Bin Mohammad Amin (Kem Terendak, Kuala Sg. Baru)* 13. Masnah Binti Rahman (Tg. Bidara) 14. Shariff Bin Aman (Sg. Tuang, Telok Belanga)* 15. Omar Bin Eden (Tg. Bidara) 16. Musa Bin Had (Pdg. Kemunting, Pg. Balak, Sg. Kertah) 17. Rosni Bin Mahon (Pdg. Kemunting, Pg. Balak, Sg. Kertah, Sg. Tuang, Telok Gong, Telok Belanga)*

Johor: 4 licensed egg collectors

1. Normat Bin Othman (Kg. Tanjung Balang, Pulau Tinggi) 2. Wan Musa Bin Mustapha (No. 58. Kampung Air Papan, ) 3. Zawawy Bin Muhammad (Lot 53, Kg. Triang, ) 4. Ibrahim Bin Yaakob (Kg. Buau, Pulau Pemanggil, Mersing)

Pahang: 2 licensed egg collectors

1. Mohd Annuar (Pulau Sri Buat dan Pulau Mertang) Add : Kg. Juara, Pulau Tioman

2. Wan Musa (Teluk Penut, Teluk Saing, Teluk Munjur, Mentawak) Add : Air Papan Mersing

50 Appendix 2: Survey Questionnaires for Terengganu

Questionnaire 1: Household survey questionnaire

Marine Turtles Eggs Consumption Household Survey 2008 Kajian Isirumah Mengenai Pemakanan Telur Penyu 2008

Good morning [afternoon] ! My name is [_____]

The WWF-Malaysia through TRAFFIC SEA is conducting a Marine Turtles Eggs Consumption Household Survey to get a better understanding of the profile of turtle egg consumers/turtle egg sellers and collectors. The study will contribute towards the production of communication and awareness material. We are interviewing the households, turtle eggs collectors and sellers, and you have been selected just by chance for this household surveys. All the information you provide will be strictly confidential.

The interview will take about 10-15 minutes and we would like to give you a token of appreciation at the end of the interview.

Selamat Pagi [Petang]

Nama saya ialah [_____]

WWF-Malaysia bersama dengan TRAFFIC SEA sedang menjalankan satu Kajian Isirumah Mengenai Pemakanan Telur Penyu di Malaysia yang bertujuan untuk lebih memahami profil mereka yang memakan telur penyu/penjual telur penyu/pemungut telur penyu. Kajian ini akan menyumbang sebagai input untuk bahan komunikasi dan kesedaran Kami menemuramah isirumah, pengutip telur penyu dan penjual telur penyu, dan anda adalah di antara yang telah terpilih untuk kajian isirumah ini. Segala maklumat-maklumat yang anda bekalkan akan dianggap sebagai sulit.

Temuramah ini akan mengambil kira-kira 10-15 minit dan kita akan memberi anda cenderamata pada akhir temu ramah.

Name of respondent : ______Starting time : ______Nama responden Masa bermula

Address of respondent : ______Ending time : ______Alamat responden Masa berakhir

Name of interviewer : ______Date : ______Nama penemuduga Haribulan

51

SECTION A: Filter question SEKSYEN A: Soalan “filter”

1. When was the last time that you consumed marine turtle egg? ` Bilakah kali terakhir anda memakan telur penyu?

1 This week 3 Last month 5 Few years ago Minggu ini Bulan lepas Beberapa tahun lepas

2 Last week 4 Last year 6 Never (If never, stop the interview, Minggu lepas Tahun lepas thank the respondent) Tidak pernah (Jika tidak pernah, temuduga tidak perlu diteruskan dan ucapkan terima kasih kepada responden)

Section B: Turtle eggs consumption Seksyen B: Pemakanan telur-telur penyu

2. How many times did you consume turtle eggs last year/previous year ? ______times Berapa kali anda memakan telur penyu tahun lepas/tahun sebelumnya?______kali (Note to interviewer: If ate last year, please delete previous year, if ate previous year, please delete last year).

3. How many turtle eggs do you usually eat at one time? ______eggs Berapakah biji telur yang biasa anda makan dalam satu kali? ______biji telur

4. Who else in your family consumes turtle eggs? Siapakah di kalangan ahli keluarga anda yang memakan telur penyu?

1 Father 3 Spouse 5 Grandchildren Ayah Pasangan Cucu

2 Mother 4 Children 6 Others, please specify ______Emak Anak-anak Lain-lain, sila jelaskan ______

5. Where or from whom do you buy turtle eggs? Di mana atau daripada siapa anda dapat membeli telur penyu?

1 Pasar (name______) 3 Others, please specify Pasar (nama______) Lain-lain, sila nyatakan______

2 Egg collector (from kampung) Pemungut telur (dari kampung mana______)

6. How many eggs do you normally buy at one time ? Berapakah biji telur yang biasa anda beli dalam satu-satu masa? ______

7. Why do you consume turtle eggs? (tick one only) Apakah sebab utama anda makan telur penyu? (tanda satu sahaja)

1 As medication 3 Source of protein 5 Aphrodisiac Untuk perubatan Sumber protin Aprodisiak 2 Delicacy 4 Curious (for first timer) 6 Others (please specify Delikasi Ingin mencuba (bagi Lain-lain (sila nyatakan ______) pertama kali)

52 8. Do you know that the turtle population is declining? Adakah anda tahu populasi penyu semakin berkurangan?

1 Yes 2 No Ya Tidak

9. Would you continue to eat turtle eggs if you knew that turtle eggs consumption is one of the causes of its decline? Adakah anda akan terus makan telur penyu jika anda tahu bahawa pemakanan telur penyu adalah salah satu sebab yang menyebabkan pengurangan bilangan penyu?

1 Yes (please go to question 10) 2 No (please go to question 11) Ya (sila pergi soalan 10) Tidak (sila pergi soalan 11)

a. If Yes, why? (you may choose more than one answer) Jika Ya, kenapa? (anda boleh memilih lebih dari satu jawapan)

1 Turtle eggs contain more nutrients 3 Turtle eggs are still easily available Telur penyu mempunyai lebih khasiat Telur penyu masih mudah didapati 2 Turtle eggs consumption is not one of the causes 4 Others (please specify) of turtle population decline Lain-lain (sila jelaskan: ______) Pemakanan telur penyu bukan salah satu sebab yang menyebabkan pengurangan bilangan penyu

10. If the price of a turtle egg was doubled from around RM2 to RM4, would you still eat them? Adakah anda akan terus makan telur penyu jika harga telur penyu telah berganda dari RM2 ke RM4?

1 Yes (please go to question 12) 2 No (please go to question 13) Ya (sila pergi soalan 12) Tidak (sila pergi soalan 13)

a. If yes, would you still eat as much as now? Jika ya, adakah anda masih akan memakannya sebanyak seperti sekarang?

1 Yes 2 No Ya Tidak

Section C: Perception Seksyen C: Pendapat

11. What do you think are the main reasons for turtle decline? Apakah sebab-sebab utama yang menyebabkan pengurangan bilangan penyu?

1 Habitat destruction 3 Caught in fishing nets/fishing activities Kemusnahan habitat Terperangkap dalam pukat/aktiviti perikanan

2 Consumption of eggs 4 Others (please specify) Pemakanan telur Lain-lain (sila jelaskan______)

Section D: Socioeconomic characteristics Seksyen D: Ciri-ciri socioeconomic

12. Ethnicity of respondent: Keturunan/ethnik responden:

1 Malay 2 Chinese 3 Others (please specify) Melayu Cina Lain-lain (sila nyatakan:______)

53 13. Gender of respondent: Jantina responden:

1 Male 2 Female Lelaki Perempuan

14. Age of respondent: Umur responden:

1 Under 20 3 30 – 39 5 50 – 59 Dibawah 20

2 20 – 29 4 40 – 49 6 Above 60 Atas 60

15. What is the highest level of education that you have completed? (Please check one) Apakah tahap pendidikan tertinggi yang anda capai? (Sila tandakan satu)

1 None 5 Certificate Tiada Sijil

2 Primary school 6 Diploma Sekolah rendah

3 SRP/PMR 7 Degree Ijazah

4 SPM 8 Postgraduate Sarjana

16. What kind of job do you have? Apakah jenis pekerjaan anda?

1 Farmer/Agricultural worker 6 Technician Petani/Pekerja bidang pertanian Pekerja teknik

2 Shop and market sales worker 7 Construction workerl Pekedai dan pekerja bidang pemasaran Kerja binaan

3 Clerical 8 Unemployed Kerani Menganggur

4 Factory worker 9 Don’t work (pensioner, student, housewife etc.) Pekerja kilang Tidak bekerja (pesara, pelajar, suri rumah dan sebagainya.)

5 Small business owner/ Retail sales 10 Others (please specify) Pemilik perniagaan kecil / Jualan runcit Lain-lain (sila nyatakan:______)

17. What is the level of your household income? Apakah tahap pendapatan keluarga anda?

RM per month RM per month RM sebulan RM sebulan

1 0 – 1,000 7 6,001 – 7,000

2 1,001 – 2,000 8 7,001 – 8,000

3 2,001 – 3,000 9 8,001 – 9,000

4 3,001 – 4,000 10 9,001 – 10,000

5 4,001 – 5,000 11 10,001 – 20,000

6 5,001 – 6,000 12 Greater than 20,000 Lebih daripada 20,000

54 18. How many people comprise your current household (including yourself)? Berapakah jumlah isirumah anda buat masa ini (termasuk anda)? ______

Section E: Communication avenues and interest in learning and protecting the marine turtles Seksyen E : Medan komunikasi dan minat pembelajaran dalam melindungi penyu

19. What are the main communication avenues that you depend on for news or updates? Apakah medan komunikasi yang anda gunakan untuk mendapat berita atau informasi terkini?

1 Newspaper 4 Village talks Suratkhabar Ceramah di kampung 2 Watch tv 5 Mosque talks Menonton tv Ceramah di masjid 3 Internet 6 Others (please specify) Lain-lain (sila nyatakan:______)

20. Have you been exposed to any turtle conservation awareness activities/materials before this? Adakah anda terdedah dengan mana-mana aktiviti-aktiviti/bahan-bahan kesedaran dalam pemuliharaan penyu sebelum ini?

1 Yes (Please specify what type) 2 No Ya (Sila nyatakan kejenisan______) Tidak

21. Would you be interested to participate in any of these conservation programmes? Adakah anda berminat untuk menyertai mana-mana program pemuliharaan seperti yand disenaraikan di bawah?

1 Community programs / activities (such as beach cleanup) Program / aktiviti bersama komuniti (seperti membersihkan pantai) 2 Research activities (such as turtle population status and taking care of turtle sanctuary) Aktiviti penyelidikan (seperti memantau status populasi penyu, menjaga sanktuari penyu) 3 Ecotourism programs that involves turtle conservation Program eko-pelancongan yang melibatkan pemuliharaan penyu 4 Others, please specify Lain-lain, sila nyatakan______5 No

22. What are the ways that you think we can reduce the consumption of turtle eggs? Pada pendapat anda, bagaimanakah kita dapat mengurangkan pemakanan telur penyu?

1 More education and awareness Menambahkan pendidikan dan kesedaran 2 Ban of turtle egg consumption Mengharamkan penggunaan/ pemakanan telur-telur penyu 3 Local community involvement in conservation Penglibatan komuniti tempatan dalam pemuliharaan 4 Others, please specify Lain-lain, sila nyatakan: ______5 No opinion

Thank you!!! This is the end of the questionnaire Terima kasih!!! Ini adalah soal selidik yang terakhir

55

Section F: Interviewer Debriefing Questions Seksyen F: MAKLUM BALAS PENEMUDUGA

1. Was the person who answered the questions irritated or nervous during the interview? Adakah orang yang menjawab soalan-soalan semasa temuduga kurang senang atau gugup?

1 Yes 2 No Ya Tidak

2. Do you think that it was easy for the respondent to answer the questions concerning Section B? Pada pendapat anda, adakah mudah untuk responden untuk menjawab soalan-soalan di Seksyen B?

1 Yes 2 No 2 NA/Missing Ya Tidak Tidak berkenaan

3. Do you think that it was easy for the respondent to answer the questions concerning Section C? Pada pendapat anda, adakah mudah untuk responden untuk menjawab soalan-soalan di Seksyen C?

1 Yes 2 No 2 NA/Missing Ya Tidak Tidak berkenaan

4. Was the person who answered the questions looking bored or tired during the interview? Adakah orang yang menjawab soalan-soalan semasa temuduga tersebut kelihatan bosan atau letih?

1 Yes 2 No Ya Tidak

5. Are you certain that the interviewee was answering the questions honestly and truly? Adakah anda pasti orang yang ditemuduga itu menjawab soalan-soalan dengan jujur dan benar?

1 2 3 4 5 Very Moderately Neutral Moderately Very Uncertain Uncertain Neutral Certain Certain Sangat tidak pasti Kurang Pasti Agak Pasti Sangat Pasti

6. Who else was listening while you conducted this interview with the respondent? (Check all that apply) Ada sesiapa yang mendengar perbualan anda semasa temuduga dengan responden? (Sila semak yang mana berkenaan)

1 No one 4 Other adults Tiada Dewasa 2 Spouse 5 Children Pasangan Kanak-kanak 3 Other adult family members 6 Other (specify) ______Ahli-ahli keluarga dewasa yang lain Lain-lain (jelaskan)______

56 Questionnaire 2: Egg collectors questionnaire

Marine Turtles Eggs Collectors Survey 2008

Good morning [afternoon]. My name is [_____]. The WWF-Malaysia through TRAFFIC SEA is conducting a Marine Turtles Eggs Collectors Survey in Malaysia. to get a better understanding of the profile of turtle egg consumers/turtle egg sellers/turtle egg collectors. The study will contribute towards the production of communication and awareness material.

We are interviewing turtle eggs collectors, sellers and consumers, and you have been selected just by chance.

All the information you provide will be strictly confidential. The interview will take about 10-15 minutes and we would like to give you a token of appreciation at the end of the interview.

Selamat Pagi (Petang) Nama saya ialah [_____]. WWF-Malaysia bersama dengan TRAFFIC SEA sedang menjalankan satu kajian mengenai penggutip/pemungut telur penyu di Malaysia. Tujuan kajiselidik ini adalah untuk memahami profil mereka yang menggunakan/memakan telur penyu/penjual telur penyu/pemungut telur penyu. Keputusan dari kajian ini akan digunakan untuk penyediaan bahan-bahan komunikasi dan kesedaran

Kami menemuramah pengutip telur, penjual dan juga pengguna, dan anda adalah di antara yang telah terpilih. Semua maklumat yang diberikan adalah sulit. Temu ramah ini akan mengambil masa kira-kira 10-15 minit dan kita akan memberikan cenderahati pada anda di akhir temu ramah ini.

Name of respondent : ______Starting time : ______Nama responden Masa bermula Address of respondent : ______Ending time : ______Alamat responden Masa berakhir Name of interviewer : ______Date : ______Nama penemuduga Haribulan

Section A: Socioeconomic characteristics SEKSYEN A: CIRI-CIRI SOSIOEKONOMI

1. Gender of respondent: Jantina responden

1 Male 2 Female Lelaki Perempuan

2. Age of respondent: Umur responden:

1 Under 20 3 30 – 39 5 50 – 59 Dibawah 20

2 20 – 29 4 40 – 49 6 Above 60 60 ke atas

57 3. Is turtle egg collection your main job? Adakah pengutip telur penyu ini pekerjaan utama anda?

1 Yes 2 No Ya Tidak

4. What other types of jobs do you have? Apakah pekerjaan lain yang anda lakukan?

1 Farmer/Agricultural worker 7 Manager Petani/Pekerja bidang pertanian Pengurus

2 Shop and market sales worker 8 Contruction worker Pekedai dan pekerja bidang Pekerja binaan pemasaran

3 Clerical 9 Unemployed Kerani Menganggur

4 Factory worker 10 Don’t work (pensioner, student, housewife etc.) Pekerja kilang Tidak bekerja (pesara, pelajar, suri rumah dan sebagainya.)

5 Technician 11 Others (please specify: ) Juruteknik Lain-lain (sila nyatakan:______)

6 Small business owner/ Retail sales Pemilik perniagaan kecil / Jualan runcit

5. What is the level of your household income? Apakah tahap pendapatan keluarga anda?

RM per month RM per month RM sebulan RM sebulan

1 0 – 1,000 5 4,001 – 5,000

2 1,001 – 2,000 6 5,001 – 6,000

3 2,001 – 3,000 7 Greater than 6,000 Lebih daripada 6,000

4 3,001 – 4,000

6. How much does egg collection contribute to your montly income ? Berapa banyakkah pungutan telur menyumbang pada pendapatan bulanan anda? ______

Section B: Egg Collection SEKSYEN B: KUTIPAN TELUR

7. How many years have you been an egg collector? Sudah berapa lamakah anda menjadi pengutip telur? ______

8. What is the main reason for you to collect eggs? Apakah sebab utama anda mengutip/memungut telur?

1 Family tradition Tradisi keluarga

2 Important source of income Sumber pendapatan yang penting

58 3 Own consumption Kegunaan sendiri

4 Others (pl specify) Lain-lain (Sila jelaskan:______)

9. How many months did you collect turtle eggs last year/previous year? ______months Berapa bulan anda mengutip telur penyu pada tahun lepas/tahun sebelumnya? ______bulan

10. How many young and old turtle nests did you collect last year/previous year? Berapa banyak sarang baru dan lama yang anda kutip tahun lepas/tahun sebelumnya? ______young turtle nests (sarang penyu baru) ______old turtle nests (sarang penyu lama) (Note: If collected last year, please delete previous year, if collected previous year, please delete last year). (Nota: Jika dikutip tahun lepas, sila potong tahun sebelumnya, jika dikurip tahun sebelumnya, potong tahun lepas)

Section C: Markets for eggs SEKSYEN C: PASARAN UNTUK TELUR

11. What is the percentage of eggs that you send/sell to the following and the respective price? Apakah peratusan telur-telur yang anda hantar / jual kepada penerima berikut dan harga yang dikenakan

To Place Percentage (%) RM/egg Kepada (if necessary) Peratus (%) RM/telur Tempat (jika perlu)

1 Egg sellers at the market/s Penjual telur di pasar

2 Middle man Orang tengah

3 Friend and relatives Rakan dan saudara mara

4 DOF Jabatan Perikanan

5 WWF

6 Own consumption N/A N/A Kegunaan sendiri

7 Others______Lain-lain ______Total 100% Jumlah

12. Does the price change during peak season and low/non-season? Adakah harga telur berubah di antara musim puncak dan bukan musim?

1 Yes, ______during peak season (choose higher or lower) 2 No Ya, ______semasa musim puncak (pilih tinggi atau rendah) Tidak

13. How much do you pay for the license to collect turtle eggs? RM Berapakah anda bayar untuk mendapatkan lesen mengutip telur penyu? RM ______

59 SECTION D: PERCEPTION SECTION D : PENDAPAT

14. Do you think the population of turtles in your area have ______compared to 10 years ago? Pada pandangan anda adakah populasi penyu di kawasan anda telah ______berbanding 10 tahun lalu?

1 Increased 2 Decreased 3 Not changed Meningkat Menurun Tiada perubahan

15. If given a chance to change to an alternative job instead of collecting eggs, would you be willing to change? Jika anda diberi peluang untuk bertukar ke pekerjaan lain selain mengutip telur, sudikah anda untuk berubah?

1 Yes 2 No Ya Tidak a. If yes, what would you choose? Jika ya, apakah yang anda pilih?

1 Small business/retail/sales 5 Conservation related Perniagaan kecil- Mengenai konservasi kecilan/borong/penjualan

2 Construction sector 6 Community related Sektor pembinaan Mengenai kemasyarakatan

3 Farming /fisheries 7 Others Pertanian/perikanan Lain-lain ______

4 Factory related Mengenai perkilangan b. If no, why? Jika tidak, kenapa?

1 Important income that cannot be 3 Too comfortable with egg collection, not willing to replaced change to a new sector Pendapatan penting yang tidak boleh Serasi dengan mengutip telur, tidak mahu diganti berubah

2 Family tradition 4 Others Tradisi keluarga Lain ______

16. Would you be interested to participate in any of these conservation programmes? Adakah anda berminat untuk menyertai mana-mana program pemeliharan seperti yang disebutkan?

1 Research activities (such as turtle population status and taking care of turtle sanctuary) Aktiviti penyelidikan (seperti memantau status populasi penyu, menjaga sanktuari penyu)

2 Ecotourism programs that involves turtle conservation Program eko-pelancongan yang melibatkan pemuliharaan penyu

3 Others, please specify Lain-lain, sila nyatakan______

4 No Tidak

Thank you!! This is the end of the questionnaire. Terima kasih!! Soal selidik ini telah tamat.

60 Questionnaire 3: Egg seller survey questionnaire

Marine Turtles Eggs Sellers Survey 2008

Good morning [afternoon].

My name is [_____]. The WWF-Malaysia through TRAFFIC SEA is conducting a Marine Turtles Eggs Sellers Survey in Malaysia. to get a better understanding of the profile of turtle egg consumers/turtle egg sellers/turtle egg collectors. The study will contribute towards the production of communication and awareness material. We are interviewing turtle eggs collectors, sellers and consumers, and you have been selected just by chance.

All the information you provide will be strictly confidential. The interview will take about 5 minutes and we would like to give you a token of appreciation at the end of the \ interview.

Selamat Pagi [Petang] Nama saya ialah [_____] WWF-Malaysia bersama dengan TRAFFIC SEA sedang menjalankan satu Kajian Mengenai Penjual Telur Penyu di Malaysia yang bertujuan untuk lebih memahami profil mereka yang memakan telur penyu/penjual telur penyu/pemungut telur penyu. Kajian ini akan menyumbang kepada input bahan komunikasi dan kesedaran.

Segala maklumat yang anda bekalkan akan dianggap sebagai sulit. Kami menemuramah pengutip telur penyu, penjual telur penyu dan pengguna dan anda adalah di antara yang telah terpilih untuk kajian ini. Temuramah ini akan mengambil kira-kira 5 minit dan kita akan memberi anda cenderamata pada akhir temu ramah.

Name of respondent : ______Starting time : ______Nama responden Masa bermula Address of respondent : ______Ending time : ______Alamat responden Masa berakhir Name of interviewer : ______Date : ______Nama penemuduga Haribulan

Interviewer to record: type of shop (only selling turtle eggs or other things as well) ______Penemuduga diminta untuk mencatatkan: Jenis kedai (hanya menjual telur penyu atau beserta dengan barangan lain) ______

Section A: Egg Customers SEKSYEN A: PENGGUNA/PELANGGAN

1. Who usually buy turtle eggs from you? Siapakah yang selalunya membeli telur-telur penyu daripada anda?

1 Repeat customers for own consumption 4 Customers who buy in bulk for resale Pelanggan yang berulang, yang membeli Pembeli yang membeli secara banyak dan untuk kegunaan sendiri menjual semula

61 2 Visitors from other states, e.g 5 Others, please specify Pelawat dari negeri lain seperti ______Lain-lain, sila jelaskan______

3 Visitors from other countries, from (Pelawat dari negara lain, dari ______)

Section B: Sale of eggs SEKSYEN B: PENJUALAN TELUR

2. How is the turtle eggs demand in the market? Bagaimanakah permintaan telur penyu di pasaran?

1 Supply more than demand Pembekalan lebih daripada permintaan

2 Demand more than supply Permintaan lebih daripada pembekalan

3. What was the average turtle eggs that was supplied to you on an annual basis? Apakah kadar purata telur penyu yang dibekalkan kepada anda pada setiap tahun?

Number of eggs Bilangan telur a. 10 years ago (i.e. 1998) ______10 tahun lalu (i.e. 1998) b. 5 years ago (i.e. 2003) ______5 tahun lalu (i.e. 2003) c. Last year (i.e. 2007) ______Tahun lepas (i.e. 2007)

4. How many eggs do you sell in a day? Berapa biji telurkah yang anda jual dalam sehari? a. During nesting season ______eggs Semasa musimpenyu bertelur ______biji

b. Non-nesting season ______eggs (if sell only during nesting season, please note NA – not applicable) Bukan musim penyu bertelur ______biji (jika dijual semasa musim penyu telur, sila letak NA –Tidak berkaitan)

Thank you!! This is the end of the questionnaire. Terima Kasih!! Soal selidik ini telah tamat

62 Appendix 3: Survey Questionnaires for Melaka

Questionnaire 1: Marine Turtle Egg Collectors Survey, Melaka, 2008 Marine Turtle Egg Collectors Survey Kajiselidik Pengutip Telur Penyu 2008

Good morning [afternoon], My name is [_____]. WWF-Malaysia in partnership with TRAFFIC SEA is conducting a Marine Turtle Egg Collectors Survey in Malaysia to better understand the profile of local turtle egg consumers/turtle egg sellers/turtle egg collectors. The study will contribute towards the production of communication and awareness material.

We are interviewing turtle egg collectors, sellers and consumers, and you have been selected to participate. All the information you provide will be strictly confidential. The interview will take about 10-15 minutes and we would like to give you a token of appreciation at the end of the interview.

Selamat Pagi (Petang), Nama saya [_____]. WWF-Malaysia dengan kerjasama TRAFFIC SEA sedang menjalankan satu kajian mengenai pemungut telur penyu di Malaysia. Tujuan kajiselidik ini adalah untuk memahami profil mereka yang menggunakan/memakan telur penyu/penjual telur penyu/pemungut telur penyu. Keputusan yang diperolehi daripada kajian ini akan menyumbang kepada penyediaan bahan-bahan komunikasi dan kesedaran

Kami sedang menemuramah pengutip, penjual dan juga pengguna telur penyu, dan anda adalah di antara yang terpilih. Semua maklumat yang diberikan adalah sulit. Temu ramah ini akan mengambil masa kira-kira 10-15 minit dan kita akan memberikan cenderahati pada anda di akhir temu ramah ini.

Name of respondent Starting time : : Nama responden Masa bermula

Address of respondent Ending time : : Alamat responden Masa berakhir

Name of interviewer Date : : Nama penemuduga Tarikh

SECTION A: SOCIOECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS SEKSYEN A: CIRI-CIRI SOSIOEKONOMI

17. Gender of respondent: Jantina responden:

1 Male 2 Female Lelaki Perempuan

18. Age of respondent: Umur responden:

1 Under 20 3 30 – 39 5 50 – 59

63 Dibawah 20

2 20 – 29 4 40 – 49 6 Above 60 60 ke atas

19. Is turtle egg collection your main job? Adakah mengutip telur penyu pekerjaan utama anda?

1 Yes 2 No Ya Tidak

20. What other types of jobs do you have? Apakah pekerjaan lain yang anda lakukan?

1 Farmer/Agricultural worker 7 Manager Petani/Pekerja bidang pertanian Pengurus

2 Shop and market sales worker 8 Construction worker Pekedai dan pekerja bidang Pekerja binaan pemasaran

3 Clerical 9 Unemployed Kerani Menganggur

4 Factory worker 10 Don’t work (pensioner, student, housewife etc.) Pekerja kilang Tidak bekerja (pesara, pelajar, suri rumah dan sebagainya.)

5 Technician 11 Others (please specify: ) Juruteknik Lain-lain (sila nyatakan:______)

6 Small business owner/ Retail sales Pemilik perniagaan kecil / Jualan runcit

21. What is the level of your household income? Apakah tahap pendapatan keluarga anda? RM per month RM per month RM sebulan RM sebulan

1 0 – 1,000 5 4,001 – 5,000

2 1,001 – 2,000 6 5,001 – 6,000

3 2,001 – 3,000 7 Greater than 6,000 Lebih daripada 6,000

4 3,001 – 4,000

22. How much does egg collection contribute to your annual income ? ______Berapa banyakkah pungutan telur menyumbang kepada pendapatan tahunan anda? ______7. How many people are there in your current household (including yourself)? ______Berapakah jumlah isirumah anda buat masa ini (termasuk anda)? ______

SECTION B: EGG COLLECTION SEKSYEN B: PENGUTIPAN TELUR

8. How many years have you been a turtle egg collector? Sudah berapa tahunkah anda menjadi pengutip telur penyu?

64 9. What is the main reason for you to collect eggs? Apakah sebab utama anda mengutip/memungut telur?

1 Family tradition Tradisi keluarga

2 Important source of income Sumber pendapatan yang penting

3 Own consumption Kegunaan sendiri

4 Others (please specify) Lain-lain (Sila jelaskan:______)

10. How many months did you collect turtle eggs last year? ______months Berapa bulan anda mengutip telur penyu tahun lepas? ______bulan

11. Which months? From ______to ______Dari bulan______hingga bulan ______

12. How many turtle egg clutches did you collect last year (2007)? Berapa sarang telur penyu yang anda kutip tahun lepas (2007)?

SECTION C: MARKET FOR EGGS SEKSYEN C: PASARAN UNTUK TELUR

13. Where do you sell the turtle eggs that you collect? ______Di manakah anda menjual telur penyu yang dipungut?

14. Are the turtle eggs used in any other way? Adakah telur penyu digunakan untuk kegunaan lain?

1 Own consumption, how many eggs per week and how often in a year? ______Kegunaan/pemakanan persendirian, bilangan telur dalam seminggu dan berapa kali setahun?______

2 For friends and relatives, how many eggs per week and how often in a year? ______Untuk rakan dan saudara mara, bilangan telur dalam seminggu dan berapa kali setahun?______

3 Sold to middle men/chalet operators, how many eggs per week and how often in a year? ______Dijual kepada orang tengah/pengurus ‘chalet’, bilangan telur dalam seminggu dan berapa kali setahun?______(interviewer please select either middle men or chalet operators)

4 Others ______, how many per eggs per week and how often in a year? ______Kegunaan lain ______, bilangan telur dalam seminggu dan berapa kali setahun?______

15. Are there poaching activities in your area? Adakah aktiviti pungutan telur penyu tanpa lesen berlaku di kawasan anda?

1 Yes 2 No Ya Tidak

16. Where are the eggs usually poached?______which beach

65 Pantai manakah kes pungutan telur tanpa lesen kerap berlaku?

17. How often do you encounter poachers while patrolling the beach in a week? Berapa kali seminggu anda menemui/terserempak dengan pemungut telur tanpa lesen semasa anda meronda pantai?

______times a week during nesting season ______kali seminggu semasa musim bertelur

______times a week during non-nesting season ______kali seminggu semasa bukan musim bertelur

18. Please estimate how many clutches of turtle eggs poached in one week Sila anggarkan bilangan sarang telur penyu yang dikutip tanpa lesen dalam seminggu

Clutches of Eggs poached/week______during nesting season Bilangan sarang seminggu ______semasa musim bertelur

Clutches of Eggs poached/week ______during non-nesting season Bilangan sarang seminggu ______semasa bukan musim bertelur

19. Where are the poached eggs sold? How? How much? Dimanakah telur yang dikutip tanpa lesen dijual? Bagainama dan apakah harga?

To How and where? RM/egg Kepada Bagainama dan dimana? RM/telur

1 Middle man Orang tengah

2 Friends and relatives Rakan dan saudara mara

3 Resort operators Pengurus chalet

4 Others______Lain-lain

20. Is the market price for turtle eggs different during nesting season compared to off nesting season? Adakah harga pasaran telur penyu berbeza semasa musim bertelur berbanding bukan musim bertelur?

1 Yes, ______during peak season 2 No (choose higher or lower) Tidak Ya, ______semasa musim bertelur (pilih tinggi atau rendah)

21. Are you willing to pay a higher price compared to RM5 for the egg collecting license? Adakah anda sanggup membayar lebih daripada RM5 untuk lesen mengutip telur penyu?

1 If Yes, how much? RM ______2 No Jika Ya, berapa? Tidak

22. What’s the terms and conditions of the licenses? ______Apakah syarat pelesenan? ______

66 SECTION D: PERCEPTION SECTION D : PENDAPAT

24. Why are turtle eggs favoured even though they are at least 4 times more expensive than chicken eggs? Mengapakah telur penyu masih digemari, walaupun harganya adalah 4 kali ganda telur ayam biasa?

1 As medication/health 3 Source of protein 5 Aphrodisiac Untuk Sumber protein Menguatkan tenaga batin perubatan/kesihatan

2 Delicacy/delicious 4 Curious (for first timer) 6 For pregnant women Delikasi/Sedap Ingin mencuba (bagi Wanita mengandung yang mengidam pertama kali)

7 Others (please specify Lain-lain (sila nyatakan ______)

25. Currently there is scientific evidence to show that turtle eggs have the same nutritional value as chicken eggs. Do you think village folk would stop eating turtle eggs if they were aware of this? Kajian saintifik terkini mendapati kanduangan nutrien di dalam telur penyu adalah sama dengan kandungan nutrien di dalam telur ayam biasa. Pada pendapat anda, adakah orang kampung akan berhenti memakan telur penyu sekiranya mereka mengetahui perkara ini?

1 Yes 2 No Ya Tidak

26. If No, why? (you may choose more than one answer) Jika Tidak, mengapa? (anda boleh memilih lebih dari satu jawapan)

1 Local tradition is difficult to change 3 Others (please specify) Tradisi tempatan sukar diubah Lain-lain (sila jelaskan: ______)

2 Turtle eggs are still easily available Telur penyu masih mudah didapati

27. Do you think the population of turtles in your area has ______compared to 10 years ago? Pada pandangan anda adakah populasi penyu di kawasan anda telah ______berbanding 10 tahun yang lalu?

1 Increased 2 Decreased 3 Not changed Meningkat.. go to Q29 Menurun.. go to Q28 Tiada perubahan.. go to Q29

28. What do you think are the main reasons for turtle decline? (only for those who said turtle population declined) Pada pendapat anda, apakah sebab utama bilangan penyu kian menurun?

1 Habitat destruction Kemusnahan habitat

2 Poaching and consumption of eggs Pengutipan tanpa lesen dan pemakanan telurnya

3 Caught in fishing nets/fishing activities Tersangkut di dalam pukat/ aktiviti perikanan

4 Others (pl specify ______) Lain-lain (sila jelaskan)

67 29. If given a chance to change to an alternative job instead of collecting turtle eggs, would you be willing to change? Jika anda diberi peluang untuk bertukar ke pekerjaan lain selain mengutip telur penyu, sudikah anda bertukar?

1 Yes… go to Q30 2 No… go to Q29a Ya Tidak

a. If no, why? Jika tidak, mengapa?

1 Important income that cannot be 3 Too comfortable with egg collection, not willing to replaced change to a new sector Pendapatan penting yang tidak boleh Serasi dengan mengutip telur, tidak mahu diganti berubah

2 Family tradition 4 Others Tradisi keluarga Lain ______

30. Would you be interested to participate in any of these conservation programmes? Adakah anda berminat untuk menyertai mana-mana program pemeliharan seperti yang disebutkan?

1 Research and conservation activities (such as turtle population status and taking care of turtle sanctuary) Aktiviti penyelidikan and konservasi (seperti memantau status populasi penyu, menjaga sanktuari penyu)

2 Ecotourism programs that involves turtle conservation Program eko-pelancongan yang melibatkan pemuliharaan penyu

3 Others, please specify Lain-lain, sila nyatakan ______

4 No Tidak

Thank you!! This is the end of the questionnaire. Terima kasih!! Soal selidik ini telah tamat.

68 Questionnaire 2: Resort and Chalet Operators Survey on Sale of Marine Turtle Eggs, 2008.

1) Can I get turtle eggs here? 2) How do you serve turtle eggs? (for breakfast, as per request, sell directly) 3) What is the price of an egg? Is the price usually the same during nesting or non-nesting seasons? 4) Who usually comes here to buy eggs? 5) How many eggs do they normally buy in one go? Do you sell in bulk. Is there more demand than supply or more supply than demand for turtle eggs? 6) Where do you get the eggs from? a. from local villagers - where.. can we go visit the kampong? b. From outsiders? (from Sabah? Philippines?) How do they send the eggs to you?

69 Appendix 4: List of chalets and resorts in related nesting areas in Melaka Note: Operators that supply turtle eggs are marked with *** Operators that were interviewed and do not supply turtle eggs are marked with *

No. Chalet/ Address Manager/Contact Number Location 1 Muara Bidara Resort En Mansor Padang Pdg Kemunting, Tel: (06)3847971 Kemunting 78300, Masjid Tanah

2 Chalet Deruan Ombak* Minhat b. Bahudin Padang Pdg Kemunting, Tel: (06)3847628 Kemunting 78300, Masjid Tanah (013)3885715

3 Ismah Chalet* En Ismail Padang Pdg Kemunting, Tel: (06)3848141/3846897 Kemunting 78300, Masjid Tanah Fax: (06)3848140 www.ismahresort.com [email protected] 4 Asyraf Chalet* Abd Razak Padang Pdg Kemunting, Tel: (06)3843255 Kemunting 78300, Masjid Tanah (012)3945451

5 Mawar Chalet Hjh Rokiah Binti Bahoman Padang Pdg Kemunting, Tel: (06)3849225 Kemunting 78300, Masjid Tanah

6 Chalet Hjh Barok*** Zuraida Bte Mat Padang Pdg Kemunting, Tel: (06)3845640 Kemunting 78300, Masjid Tanah

7 Darul Darul Aslah Tn Hj Ibrahim b. Leman Padang Pdg Kemunting, Tel: (06)3842469 Kemunting 78300, Masjid Tanah (012)2208159

8 Putra Sayang Resort*** Datuk Yunos Padang Pdg Kemunting, Tel: (06)3848946 Kemunting 78300, Masjid Tanah

9 Kenangan Chalet* Cikgu Zul Padang Pdg Kemunting, Tel: (06)3844811 Kemunting 78300, Masjid Tanah (013)6035064

10 Chalet Hjh Som* Tel: (06)3844055 Padang Jln Tok Bakar, P. Balak, Kemunting Pdg Kemunting, 78300, Masjid Tanah

11 Chalet Sri Impian Pn Hjh. Jariah Abdullah Padang Pengkalan Balak, Tel: (06)5565855 Kemunting

70 No. Chalet/ Address Manager/Contact Number Location 78300, Masjid Tanah (012)6663102

12 Kemunting Beach Resort En Zakaria Padang Lot 3412, km34, Tel: (06)3848744 Kemunting Pantai Pdg Kemunting, Fax:(06)3847844 78300, Masjid Tanah

13 Chalet Cahaya Perdana Tel: (06)3844049 Padang BT22 ½, Pantai Pdg Kemunting, Kemunting 78300, Masjid Tanah

14 D’ Ceria Chalet Hjh Kamsiah/Hj Harun Padang Pantai Pdg Kemunting, Tel: (06)3842359 Kemunting 78300, Masjid Tanah (012)2800267

15 Impian Chalet En Hj Latif B. Mat Dom Padang Pantai Pdg Kemunting, Tel: (06)3841284 Kemunting 78300, Masjid Tanah (012)2505388

16 D’Nelayan Beach Resort* Azalina Abdul Karim (013)6963600 Padang Jalan Persisiran Pantai, Tel: (06)3848777 Kemunting 78300, Masjid Tanah Fax:(06)3851877

17 Nur. Legenda Chalet Tel: (06)3848951 Padang Pantai Pdg Kemunting, (012)2202336 Kemunting 78300, Masjid Tanah

18 Chalet Abah Tel: (012)3680882 Kampung Kg Hailam, Pengkalan Balak, (016)2702425 Hailam 78300, Masjid Tanah

19 Seraya Pantai Chalet* Tel: (06)3841809 Kampung Kg Hailam, Pengkalan Balak, (012)6188499 Hailam 78300, Masjid Tanah

20 Angin Laut Tel: (06)3853493 Kampung Kg Hailam, Pengkalan Balak, (016)6406658 Hailam 78300, Masjid Tanah

Angsana Chalet Kampung Kg Hailam, Pengkalan Balak, Hailam 78300, Masjid Tanah

21 Astana Edayu Chalet *** Tel: (06)3853493 Kampung Kg Hailam, Pengkalan Balak, (017)3694326 Hailam 78300, Masjid Tanah (012)6194822

22 Comel Chalet* Capt. Bakar Dion Kampung Kg Hailam, Pengkalan Balak, Tel: (06)3851309 Hailam 78300, Masjid Tanah

23 Chalet Hjh Mahawa En Merah Pangkalan Jalan Persisiran Pantai, Tel: (06)3845497 Balak

71 No. Chalet/ Address Manager/Contact Number Location Pengkalan Balak, 78300, Masjid Tanah

24 Chalet Sri Pangkalan Balak* Hj Bakau Sungai Jalan Persisiran Pantai, Tel: (06)3847564 Tuang Kg Sg Kerteh, (012)6238564 78300, Masjid Tanah

25 Attar Villa*** Tel: (012)6141610 Sungai Jalan Persisiran Pantai, (02)96703141 Tuang Kg Sg Kerteh, (02)63653496 78300, Masjid Tanah

26 Chalet Keluarga Sri Tel: (06)3842704 Sungai Jalan Persisiran Pantai, (019)3362776 Tuang Kg Sg Kerteh, 78300, Masjid Tanah

27 Atie Ira Tel: (06)3849165 Sungai Jalan Persisiran Pantai, Tuang Kg Sg Kerteh, 78300, Masjid Tanah

28 Chalet Permata* Cikgu Hj Abdollah Sungai Jalan Persisiran Pantai, Tel: (06)3842423 Tuang Sg Tuang, (013)6204507 78300, Masjid Tanah

29 D’ Nelayan* Azalina Abdul Karim (013)6963600 Sungai Jalan Persisiran Pantai, Tel: (06)3848787 Tuang Kg Sg Tuang, Fax:(06)3851878 78300, Masjid Tanah

30 Harmorni Chalet* Tel: (06)3843397 Teluk Gong Kg Teluk Gong, Kuala Sg Baru, (013)6311929 78200, Masjid Tanah

31 Chalet Triplet Cottage* Tel: (06)3841401 Teluk Gong Kg Teluk Gong, Kuala Sg Baru, 78200, Masjid Tanah, Melaka.

32 Istana Beach Resort Tel: (016)6305500 Teluk Gong Kg Teluk Gong, Kuala Sg Baru, 78200, Masjid Tanah

33 Damar Suria Resort Tel: (06)3842255 Teluk Gong Kg Teluk Gong, Kuala Sg Baru, Fax:(06)3841199 78200, Masjid Tanah www.damarsuriaresort.com [email protected]

34 Kembang Sejati Chalet Tel: (012)6218945 Kuala Linggi Lot485, Kg. Balik Bukit

72 No. Chalet/ Address Manager/Contact Number Location Kuala Linggi 78200, Kuala Sg. Baru

35 KM Chalet Tel: (06)3878033 Kuala Linggi Kg. Balik Bukit (012)6544639 Kuala Linggi 78200, Kuala Sg. Baru

36 Rizalan Chalet Tel: (012)920989 Kg. Balik Bukit (012)6697499 Kuala Linggi 78200, Kuala Sg. Baru

37 Inapan Samudera En. Nurulhalim Bin Hassim Kuala Linggi KM 52, Kg. Balik Bukit Tel: (06)3876913 Kuala Linggi (013)6212116 78200, Kuala Sg. Baru Website: http://asia.geocities.com

38 Chalet Keluarga Tel: (06)6112207 Meriam Meriam Patah, (012)6115344 Patah Kuala Linggi, 78200

39 Nuriesah Chalet* Tel: (012)6288680 Meriam Meriam Patah, (013)6657257 Patah Kuala Linggi, 78200

40 Cindai Chalet* Tel: (06)3847595/3844078 Tanjung Batu22, Kg Balik Bukit, Bidara Tanjung Bidara, 78300, Masjid Tanah

41 RC Chalet Tel: (06)3844772 Tanjung Batu23, ½, (03)55484115 Bidara Tanjung Bidara, (012)3143274 78300, Masjid Tanah

42 Mutiara Chalet* Tel: (06)3512049/3845350 Tanjung Batu23, ½, Kg Balik Batu, (012)6113230 Bidara Tanjung Bidara, 78300, Masjid Tanah

43 Samudera Bidara Resort*** Tel: (06)3853245/3853825 Tanjung Jalan Samudera, Fax:(06)3853642 Bidara Kg Balik Batu, Tg Bidara, E-mail: 78300, Masjid Tanah [email protected]

44 Tanjung Bidara Beach Resort Tel: (06)3842990 Tanjung 78300, Masjid Tanah Fax:(06)3842995 Bidara E-mail: [email protected]

73 Reference

BERNAMA. Turtle eggs from Sabah and Philippines sold in Terengganu, says expert. 16 April 2008.

Brunei Bulletin. Turtle eggs no ‘Viagra’. 18 June 2008.

Chan, E. H. 2006. Marine turtles in Malaysia: On the verge of extinction? Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management, 9(2):175-184, 2006. Taylor and Francis Group.

Chan, E.H. 2004. Turtles in troubles. Inaugural lecture. KUSTEM Ser. 7. Kolej Universiti Sains dan Teknologi Malaysia, Terengganu, Malaysia.

Chan, E. H. and H.C. Liew. 1996. Decline of the leatherback population in Terengganu, Malaysia, 1956-1995. Chelonian Conservation and Biology. 2(2): 196-203.

Daily Express. 250 turtle eggs seized in Sandakan. 5 October 2008.

Daily Express. 2,300 turtle eggs seized. 3 June 2003.

Daily Express. Turtle eggs sales rampant. 29 December 2004.

Daily Express. 290 turtle eggs seized in Sandakan. 10 July 2007.

Daily Express. Seller nabbed having 300 turtle eggs. 21 April 2008.

Daily Express. Turtle eggs seized on plane. 21May 2003.

Daily Express. Over 1,000 turtle eggs seized at KK mart. 25 June 2004.

Daily Express. Sabah turtle eggs via agent claim. 26 September 2006.

Department of Fisheries. National Plan of Action For Conservation and Management of Sea Turtles 2008. 46pgs.

Hamann, M., K. Ibrahim, and C. Limpus. 2006. Status of leatherback turtles in Malaysia, p. 78-82. In Hamann, M., C. Limpus, G. Hughes, J. Mortimer and N. Pilcher. 2006. Assessment of the conservation status of the leatherback turtle in the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia. IOSEA Marine Turtle MoU Secretariat, Bangkok.

Liew, H. C. 2002. Status of Marine Turtle Conservation and Research in Malaysia, p. 51-56. In Kinan, I. (ed). 2002. Proceedings of the Western Pacific Sea Turtle Cooperative Research and Management Workshop. February 5-8 2002, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. Honolulu, HI: Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council. 300 pgs.

Ibrahim, K. And D. S. K. Sharma. 2006. Forty years of sea turtle conservation efforts: where did we go wrong? Lessons learned and the way forward p. 29-34. In M. Ahmed, S. Wagiman, K. Ibrahim, S.C. Ho, H.C. Liew, B. H. Yeo, M. M. Lau,M. N. Basiron and D.S.K. Sharma (eds). 2006. Charting multidisciplinary research and

74 action priorities towards the conservation and sustainable management of sea turtles in the Pacific Ocean: A focus on Malaysia, 16-17 August 2004, Terengganu, Malaysia. The WorldFish Center Workshop Proceedings 74, 106 pgs.

Marine Turtle Newsletter. 1989. How C.I.T.E.S. Benefits Sea Turtles. 46:11-14, 1989.

Metro. Turtle-egg smugglers to watch it. 2 June 2008. Source: http://www.jphpk.gov.my/English/June08%202a.htm (accessed 23 December 2008).

Department of Fisheries Malaysia. 2008. Malaysia National Plan of Action For Conservation and Management of Sea Turtles. Ministry of Agriculture and Agro- based Industry Malaysia. http://www.umt.edu.my/turtle/wp-content/files/NationalPlanOfAction2008.pdf (accessed 14 January 2009).

Steering Committee, Bellagio Conference on Sea Turtles. 2004. What can be done to restore Pacific turtle populations? The Bellagio Blueprint for Action on Pacific Sea Turtles. The WorldFish Center, Penang, Malaysia.

The Star. 2005. Fisheries Department mulls ban on turtle egg trade. 26 April 2005.

The Star. Marine cops seize 10,000 turtle eggs. 3 November 2008.

The News Straits Times. Nine resorts join drive to save turtles. 29 July 2008.

Turtle Research and Rehabilitation Group, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu. 2008. Say “NO!” to turtle and terrapin eggs. http://www.umt.edu.my/turtle/?p=18 (accessed 21 August 2008).

Zahaitun, M. Z. 2004. Exercise Luzon SEA (Phase I) – Palawan Expedition. Maritime Institute of Malaysia. 16 to 26 March, 2004.

Zulkifli T., Ahmad A., Ku-Kassim, and Mahyam, M.I. (Editors). 2004. Conservation and Enhamcement of Sea Turtles in the Southeast Asian Region. 141 pgs

75