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T TA/f-T Dissertation UUVT1 Information Service University Microfilms International A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 N Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 40106 8612421 Turk, Phyltis Gottesman BUILDING BRIDGES IN THE NEGEV: TWO ISRAELI DEVELOPMENT TOWNS, DIMONA AND ARAD The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1986 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1986 by Turk, Phyllis Gottesman All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been Identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages______ 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print_______ 3. Photographs with dark background f 4. Illustrations are poor copy _______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy ______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages u- 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine_______ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print_______ 11. Page(s)___________lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s)____________seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages ______ 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received ^ 16. Other________________________________________________________________________ University Microfilms International BUILDING BRIDGES IN THE NEGEV: TWO ISRAELI DEVELOPMENT TOWNS, DIMONA AND ARAD DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Phyllis G. Turk, B.A., M.A. The Ohio State University 1986 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Dr. Erika Bourguignon Dr. Chung-Min Chen Adviser Dr. John C. Messenger Department of Anthr Copyright by Phyllis G. Turk 1986 Jerry and Akiva PREFACE According to Patai (1980:8-9), The European destruction, the Afro-Asian evacuation and the Israeli ingathering of exiles, have all taken place within an astoundingly short period of time. It all happened in a quarter of a century, from about 1940 to 1965— a mere moment in the his­ tory of Jewry. The establishment of the development towns of Dimona and Arad by the Israeli government in the northern Negev (Figure 3) was part of the continuous historical saga of the immigration of Jews to Israel from the four corners of the earth. My dissertation is an ethno­ graphic encounter with the diverse populations of Dimona and Arad, and the comparative study of these two towns: their historical foun­ dations, population diversity, and socio-cultural achievements. I first visited Dimona in 1956, while I was an exchange stu­ dent in Israel. Our tour guide thought that it was important for us to visit a new development town in the Negev. Dimona, at the time, was a year old; its population consisted of thirty-two immigrant fami­ lies from North Africa. The residents spoke Arabic with each other; the women wore long-flowing caftans and the men were dressed in jalabiyas (long, Arab-style robes). The physical setting of the town included small asbestos huts, used as temporary housing by the immi­ grants. One woman offered me a glass of tea with nana (fresh mint leaves) which was delicious and refreshing. I left Dimona with the hope that I would someday return to watch the town's progress. I did return to Dimona twenty years later, in 1976, for a short visit. I found that Dimona had expanded in its physical setting and included 27,000 residents. A commercial center served the local needs of the residents and included a variety of shops, many filled with merchan­ dise imported from Europe and the United States. The shikunim (neigh­ borhoods) had expanded in all directions, and the Matnas (cultural center) offered to the residents varied cultural programs and many educational services. The national bus system, Egged, had built a permanent bus station which served local and regional needs, and also provided service once a day to Jerusalem and to Tel-Aviv. Socio-cultural changes among the ethnic groups in Dimona were evident. Many young adults, who had migrated with their parents, and the Sabras (native-born) spoke Hebrew with each other. A large popu­ lation of first-generation Indian Jews, in Dimona, spoke Marathi, and many women dressed in saris. The first generation of North African immigrants were still visible in the mercaz (town plaza); their dress was now Western, and while they spoke Arabic with each other, they spoke Hebrew with their grandchildren. I realized that Dimona would be an excellent town in which to do my fieldwork. I returned to Dimona in 1980 and lived there for eight months. In 1976 I also visited Arad, which was located fifteen kilo­ meters from Dimona. Arad, at the time, was a bustling town in the process of expansion in every direction. The landscaping was breath­ taking with gardens and flowers planted in every shikun. It was obvious to me that Arad was, to all appearances, a very special iv place, and seemed to be diametrically opposed to Dimona in its physi­ cal setting and in the visible absence of first-generation Oriental immigrants, I knew that a comparative study of the two towns would not only be fascinating, but should be theoretically important to social science research. I returned to Arad in April 19&1, and lived there for four months and completed my fieldwork. Acknowledgments In Dimona, I was able to observe several Moroccan, Pakistani, Indian, Yemenite, Russian, and Tunisian families in very close inter­ personal settings. They were as interested in me as I was in them. Their homes were always opened to me and I was welcome at all times. It was due to their kindness, patience, and generosity that I owe my critical insights into the deep complexity of inter-generational ties and inter-ethnic relations among the various groups in Dimona. I am also indebted to the residents of Arad, who were equally as interested in my research; their cooperation, kindness, and friendship made my tasks considerably easier, I want to thank Dr. Chaim Adler, Professor of Sociology at the Hebrew University, who advised me, by letter, to contact Mr. Yossi Luria, the Assistant Director of Education in Dimona, who then graciously gave me official permission, with introductions, to conduct my research in the town. Mr. Menachem Kaplan, the Director of Educa­ tion in Arad, also graciously extended to me official permission with introductions so that I was able to continue with my research. I am indebted to Mrs. Rena Chiun, the secretary of the Education office v in Dimona, who volunteered to type and mimeograph the questionnaires that I used in the course of my research. My deep thanks are to the professionals and the residents of Dimona and Arad whom I interviewed They willingly gave of their time, and to all those in Dimona and Arad whom I met, both young and old, I can only say— THANK YOU. In the Department of Anthropology at the Ohio State Univer­ sity, I would like to acknowledge the help which was given to me by those on my dissertation committee: I would like to pay tribute to Dr. Daniel T. Hughes, who was my adviser and friend. I owe to him much of the initial planning of this project. Dr. Erika Bourguignon, my teacher and adviser, to whom I am indebted for her continued support and patience in reading and com­ menting upon earlier dissertation drafts. Her unwavering search for excellence has always been a source of inspiration and challenge for me. I deeply appreciate the time that Dr. John C. Messenger and Dr. Chung-Min Chen devoted to reading and commenting upon earlier dis sertation drafts. I am very grateful to Dr. Ilan Avisar of the Melton Jewish Studies Center at the Ohio State University for his suggestions.

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