Know Before You Go

TANZANIA A Guide to Keep You Safe Abroad provided by: Pathways to Safety International

Updated May 2019 KNOW BEFORE YOU GO: 2

Let’s be perfectly clear, the number one way to prevent sexual assault is to not rape. While the responsibility of ending sexual gender based violence is on the perpetrators, this guide will offer general safety tips, country-specific information, and resources to help prevent and prepare travelers for the possibility of sexual assault abroad.

GENERAL SAFETY TIPS: 1. Use the buddy system and travel with friends. 7 out of 10 2. Be aware of social and cultural norms. For example, looking at someone in rapes are the eyes when you speak to them is perfectly normal in the U.S., but in committed another country that could signify you’re interested in the person. by someone known to the 3. Recognize controlling behavior when entering a relationship. Most rape victim1 survivors recall feeling “uncomfortable” about some of their partner’s behaviors such as degrading jokes/language or refusal to accept “no” as an answer, whether in a sexual context or otherwise.2 4. Avoid secluded places where you could be more vulnerable. Meet new people in public spaces and let a trusted friend know where you’ll be beforehand. Always have a backup plan in mind. 5. Trust your gut. Many victims have a “bad feeling” right before an assault takes place. It’s okay to leave a situation that is making you feel uncomfortable. Stay alert and aware in new social settings and places. ALCOHOL AND DRUG AWARENESS: • Always watch your drink being poured and carry it yourself, even to the bathroom. • “Drug-facilitated sexual assault drugs,” also referred to as club drugs or roofies may turn your drink slightly salty, bright blue, or cloudy. Effects such as distorted judgment, loss sense of time, sight, sound, identity, and overall consciousness can be felt within 15 minutes and may last up to 4 hours.3 • It is illegal to sell, serve, or consume alcohol under the age of 18.4 The World Health Organization estimates that 90% of alcohol consumed in Tanzania is homemade yet available commercially, which may pose health risks.5

CULTURAL INFORMATION: Major Religions: Christian 61.4%, Muslim 35.2%, Folk Religion 1.8%, Unaffiliated 1.4% Other 0.2%.6 Legal System: Tanzania is a presidential republic which derives its law from English Common Law and a 1977 Constitution.7 The Courts have a relatively high degree of freedom in applying Constitutional law, in Zanzibar and other highly Muslim regions Islamic Law may be more strongly applied.8

Social/Cultural Norms: The Zanzibar archipelago and the coastal regions are majority Muslim and visitors should expect Islamic customs to be observed in these regions.8 Eye contact and physical contact such as touching hands are common when talking; however, maintaining eye contact with someone of the opposite sex is perceived as rude.9

Gender Equality: In the 2018 Global Gender Gap Report by the World Economic Forum, Tanzania ranked 71st out of 149 countries in terms of gender equality.10 In both social and cultural contexts, men are seen as having higher standing than women.11 Although women legally have equal standing with men for healthcare access and economic opportunity, enforcement of law often favors men.12 USAID counts Tanzanian women as one of the most marginalized groups in Sub-Saharan Africa.13 KNOW BEFORE YOU GO: TANZANIA 3

SEXUAL ASSAULT AND THE LAW: Tanzanian Context The Sexual Offences Special Provisions Act of 1998 defines rape as occurring when a man has sexual intercourse (de- termined by penetration) with a woman via force or coercion, without her consent, under false pretenses, and/or by abusing a position of authority. Rape and attempted rape are punishable by a minimum of 30 years to life imprison- ment, in addition to paying compensation of an amount determined by the court. The law is much less severe for males under 18 years of age. Sexual assault is defined by this act as an intentional verbal or physical “sexual annoyance.”, and is a separate offence from rape.14

LGBTQ CONCERNS If You Experience Sexual Assault… Don’t blame yourself! Sexual assault is never the fault of the Attitudes towards LGBTQ people are negative victim. You may be unsure of how to proceed, and that’s okay. First, in Tanzania, and same sex public displays consider taking the following actions: of affection may be met with open hostility. Same sex activity is illegal even if consensual, 1. If you are in a safe place, call someone you trust to be with you. If and open discrimination against individuals you are not safe, call someone you trust to come and get you. based on their sexual orientation is wide- 2. Do self-collection of evidence. Put all of the clothes you were wear- spread in the country.19 LGBTQ victims may ing, bed sheets, and so on in a paper bag. If you have any injuries, face discrimination and further harm when take pictures. If there is semen present, collect what you can and reporting a crime.20 In 2015 Tanzania elected put it in the paper bag. a new President who has increased anti-LGBT 3. Call a Pathways to Safety International Advocate internationally toll regulations, significantly enhancing hostility free, 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. They can help you through the towards the LBGTQ community.21 ordeal, honoring your decisions. (See Resources for contact info.)

EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION (EC), POST-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS (PEP), MEDICAL CARE AND REPORTING AND ABORTION INFORMATION

SEXUAL ASSAULT IN TANZANIA Q: Are emergency contraception and The U.S. embassy recommends that American victims of crime in post-exposure prophylaxis available? Tanzania should report the crime to the nearest police station A: Emergency contraception is available in and request a copy of the report. The embassy specifically all levels of the health system.22 Common advises U.S. victims of sexual assault to report the crime to both brands that are available in Tanzania are a local police station and the U.S. embassy in Tanzania (informa- P2, Microlut, Eugynon, and Nordette.23 PEP is tion listed below) for assistance in procuring medical care and recommended by national guidelines and is legal aid.15 A victim is not required to produce medical evidence available in certain clinics.24 (See resources) in order to convict a perpetrator of sexual violence so long as their testimony is considered to be truthful.16 Victims should Q: Is abortion legal in Tanzania? be aware that medical and legal assistance is often hindered A: Abortion is illegal unless performed to pre- by a lack of appropriate medical resources- especially in rural serve the woman’s life. Procuring an abortion clinics- and corruption within the police force, primarily in the is punishable by up to 7 years in prison. forms of monetary extortion and accepting bribes.17 In addition Surrounding countries have similar laws to resource constraints, many victims of sexual violence report with the exception of Rwanda, wherein it is experiencing victimization and judgment from those within the legal to procure an abortion in cases of rape, process.18 Some police stations have special desks for tourists incest, and when the pregnancy poses a reporting crime, which should be utilized if possible, (both sta- danger to the health of the woman or child.25 tions listed in Resources have a tourist desk). KNOW BEFORE YOU GO: TANZANIA 4

RESOURCES AAR Health Services – PATHWAYS TO SAFETY INTERNATIONAL Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, Chato Street, Block One Regent Estate Crisis Line: As there is currently no AT&T access code for Tel: +255 754-760790 Tanzania, dial 000-1 to set up a collect call and then enter Email: [email protected] our phone number: 833-SAFE-833 (833-723-3833) Premier Care – Dar es Salaam Crisis Email: Connect with a Pathways Advocate via email 259 Ali Hassan Mwinyi Road, at [email protected]. All crisis emails will Namanga, Kinondoni be responded to within 24 hours. *For immediate help, Tel: +255 222-668385 please call our crisis line. Tanzania Red Cross National Society Live Chat: Pathways online chat service is available 24/7 Mwai Kibaki Road, Plot 53 Block C on our website at pathwaystosafety.org. Mikocheni Tel: (255) 22 2600 185 Email: [email protected] U.S. EMBASSY U.S. Embassy – Dar es Salaam 686 Old Bagamoyo Road, , Kinondoni District CRISIS CENTERS Tel: +255 22 229 4000 House of Peace - Dar es Salaam Emergency After-Hours Tel: +(255) 22-229-4000, dial Msasani, Mikoroshini Street, House No. 625 ‘1’ for an emergency operator Tel: +255 789 373 307 Email: [email protected]

LGBT Voice Tanzania POLICE Tel: +255 799 334 419 Emergency Number: 112 Website: http://lgbtvoicetz.org/ Police: 022 211 7362 Oyster Bay Police Station LEGAL AID Ali Hassan Mwinyi Rd Tanzania Women Lawyer Association Oyster Bay, Kinondoni Dar es Salaam Tel: 022 266 7322 TAWLA House, Plot 33, Ilala Sharif Shamba PO Box 9460 DSM Bububu Police Station Tel: +255 (0) 222 862865 Malawi Rd, Zanzibar Town, Tanzania Email: [email protected]

Women’s Legal Aid Centre HOSPITALS Kinondoni Hananasif Area, Kisutu Street (near Haydom Lutheran Hospital Lang’ata Inn) Block No. 40, House No. 184 P.O Box 9000, Haydom, Mbulu, Tanzania Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel: +255(0) 27 2533194/5 Tel: +255 22 2664051 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

The information in this guide has been gathered from public sources, is for informational purposes only, and is not vetted, endorsed or guaranteed by Pathways to Safety International. Pathways to Safety International is not rendering legal advice by making this guide available, is not a law enforcement agency, and does not engage in law enforcement activity. If you have any legal questions or concerns, you should consult a qualified legal or other professional that can consider the particulars of your specific case. Pathways to Safety International reserves the right to change or make corrections to this guide at any time, and will not be liable for any errors, inaccuracy or omissions contained herein. KNOW BEFORE YOU GO: TANZANIA 5

REFERENCES

1 Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Crime Victimization Survey, 2010-2014 (2015). 2 West Virginia University. “Tips for Prevention.” WELLWU. April 6, 2017. Accessed: November 21, 2017. https://well.wvu.edu/resources/sexual-assault/tips-for-prevention. 3 U.S. Department of Women’s Health. ‘“Date rape drugs.” April 28, 2017. Accessed: November 21, 2017. https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/date-rape-drugs 4 “Minimum Legal Age Limits - Data by Country - Worldwide.” Minimum Legal Age Limits, International Alliance for Responsible Drinking, www.iard.org/policy-tables/ minimum-legal-age-limits/. 5 “UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA (THE).” World Health Organization, 2004. 6 “The World Factbook: TANZANIA.” Central Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence Agency, 5 Oct. 2017, www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tz.ht- ml. 7 Nyanduga, Bahame Tom, and Christabel Manning. “Guide to Tanzanian Legal System and Legal Research.” GlobaLex, Hauser Global Law School Program, 2016, www. nyulawglobal.org/globalex/Tanzania1.html. 8 “Tanzania International Religious Freedom Report 2007.” U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/ irf/2007/90124.htm. 9 Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Assistant Deputy Minister Human Resources, Learning. “Cultural Information - Tanzania.” Global Affairs Canada, Global Affairs Canada, 13 Nov. 2014, www.international.gc.ca/cil-cai/country_insights-apercus_pays/ci-ic_tz.as- px?lang=eng. 10 “Data Explorer.” Global Gender Gap Report 2018, World Economic Forum, http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2018/data-explorer/#economy=TZA 11 Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Assistant Deputy Minister Human Resources, Learning. “Cultural Information - Tanzania.” Global Affairs Canada, Global Affairs Canada, 13 Nov. 2014, www.international.gc.ca/cil-cai/country_insights-apercus_pays/ci- ic_tz.aspx?lang=eng. 12 “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 - Tanzania.” Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/ hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2016&dlid=265310#wrapper. 13 Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment | Tanzania. U.S. Agency for International Development, 17 Nov. 2016, www.usaid.gov/tanzania/our-work/gender-equali- ty-and-women%E2%80%99s-empowerment. 14 “The Sexual Offences Special Provisions Act, 1998.”, The United Republic of Tanzania. 15 “Tanzania.” Country Information, U.S. Department of State, 8 June 2017, travel.state.gov/content/passports/en/country/tanzania.html. 16 “Tanzania: An audit of legal practice on sexual violence.” Accord Tanzania. 17 Muganyizi, Projestine S., et al. “Managing in the Contemporary World: Rape Victims’ and Supporters’ Experiences of Barriers Within the Police and the Health Care System in Tanzania.” Journal of Interpersonal Violence, vol. 26, no. 16, 30 Jan. 2011, pp. 3187–3209., doi:10.1177/0886260510393006. 18 Campbell, Rebecca. “What Really Happened? A Validation Study of Rape Survivors Help Seeking Experiences with the Legal and Medical Systems.” Violence and Victims, vol. 20, no. 1, 1 Feb. 2005, pp. 55–68., doi:10.1891/vivi.2005.20.1.55. 19 “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2016 - Tanzania.” Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, U.S. Department of State, www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/ hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2016&dlid=265310#wrapper. 20 “Treat Us Like Human Beings”. Human Rights Watch, 23 June 2015, www.hrw.org/report/2013/06/18/treat-us-human-beings/discrimination-against-sex-workers-sexu- al-and-gender. 21 Gaffey, Conor. “Tanzania’s President Says ‘Even Cows’ Disapprove of Homosexuality as Crackdown Continues.” World, Newsweek, 27 June 2017, www.newsweek.com/ gay-africa-tanzania-john-magufuli-629333 22 “COUNTING WHAT COUNTS: TRACKING ACCESS TO EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION IN TANZANIA.” International Consortium for Emergency Contraception. 23 “Emergency Contraception: Database of pill brands worldwide.” Office of Population Research, Princeton University, ec.princeton.edu/worldwide/default.asp#country. 24 “National Guidelines for the Management of HIV and AIDS.” National AIDS Control Programme, Feb. 2009. 25 The World’s Abortion Laws 2017. Center for Reproductive Rights, worldabortionlaws.com/map/