Report of the Special Committee on Education Sessional Paper XXIV of 1943 Compiled Under the Chairmanship of Dr
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Report of the Special Committee on Education Sessional Paper XXIV of 1943 Compiled under the Chairmanship of Dr. C.W.W. Kanangara Transcribed in the public interest using the original print document By Education Forum Sri Lanka www.educationforum.lk (Page numbers here may not match with the original. Use Section numbers) [email protected] 1 Members of the Special Committee on Education 1. Dr. C. W. W. Kannangara, Minister for education, Ceylon 2. Mr. L. McD. Robison, Director of Education.1 3. Mr. H. S. Perera, Acting Director of Education. 4. Mr. E. L. Bradby, Principal, Royal College. 5. The Rev. Fr. M. J. LeGoc, Retired Rector, St. Joseph’s College. 6. Mr. P. de S. Kularathne, M.S.C., Retired principal, Ananda College. 7. Mr. S. Shivapadarsundaram, Retired Principal, Victoria College. 8. The Rev. R. W. Stopford, Retired Principal, Trinity College.2 9. Mr. S. Natesan, M.S.C., Principal, Parameswara College. 10. Mt. T. B. Jayah, M.S.C., Principal, Zahira College. 11. Mr. A. Rathnayake, M.S.C. 12. Mr. H. W. Amarasuriya, M.S.C.3 13. Mr. D. Wanigasekara, M.S.C.4 14. Mr. G. A. H. Wille, M.S.C. 15. Mr. A. R. A. Razik, M.S.C.5 16. Major E. A. Nugawela, M.S.C. 17. Mr. S. A. Pakeman, Retired Professor of History, University College.6 18. Dr. G. P. Malalasekaera, Professor of Sanskrit, Pali and Sinhalese, University of Ceylon 19. Mr. G. K. W. Perera 20. Mr. N. Nadarajah, K.C. 21. The Rev. R. S. de Saram, Warden, St. Thomas’ college. 22. Mr. J. C. Amarasingham, principal, Sinnatamby Training School. 23. Dr. W. I. Jennings, Vice- Chancellor, University of Ceylon. 24. Dr. H. de Soyza Secretary: Mr. K. Alvappillai, C.C.S. 1 Resigned on retirement from the post of Director of Education in May, 1943. 2 Resigned on retirement from the post of Principal, Trinity College, in January, 1941. 3 Resigned on leaving the executive Committee of Education on June 2, 1942. 4 Resigned on leaving the executive Committee of Education on February 20, 1942. 5 Became member on transfer to the executive Committee of Education from February 10, 1942. 6 Resigned on retirement from the post of Professor of History, Ceylon University College. 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Preface By the Minister for Education Chapter 5 ,, I._ Introduction … … … 9 ,, II._ General Considerations … … … 9 ,, III._ The Aims of Education … … … 11 ,, IV._ Historical Sketch … … … 15 ,, V._ Present Defects … … … 22 ,, VI._ Control of Education … … … 25 ,, VII._ Grading, Classification and Organization of Schools … … … 31 ,, VIII._ Medium of Instruction … … … 39 ,, IX._ General Education … … … 43 ,, X._ Technical and Vocational Education … … … 49 ,, XI._ Examinations … … … 52 ,, XII._ Supply of Teachers … … … 59 ,, XIII._ Educational Finance … … … 63 ,, XIV._ Educational Administration … … … 69 ,, XV._ Miscellaneous … … … 78 ,, XVI._ The Subjects of Study … … … 83 ,, XVII._ Methods of Learning and Teaching … … … 102 ,, XVIII._ The Differentiation of Curricula … … … 110 ,, XIX._ The School as a Community … … … 113 ,, XX._ Summary of Conclusions and Recommendations … … … 116 ,, XXI._ Transitional Provisions … … … 122 Appendices. 1. Questionnaire 149 2. List of individuals and Associations who sent Replies to the Questionnaire or forwarded Memoranda 149 3. Witnesses who gave Oral Evidence before the Committee 151 4. Sub-Committees and their Composition 153 5. Draft of the Educational Trusts (Declaration and Registration) Ordinance 155 6. Diagram illustrating Grading and Classification of Schools 156 7. Teachers’ Salary Scales 157 8. Financial Implications of the Salaries Scheme 158 9. Salary Scales of Training College Teachers 160 3 PREFACE On June 11, 1936, the following motion moved by Major E. A. Nugawela, M.S.C. in the State Council was referred to the Executive Committee of education under Standing Order 57: - “That in the opinion of this Council, a Commission should be appointed, under the Chairmanship of an expert from abroad, to report upon the existing system of education in Ceylon, and having regard to the changed conditions of the day and the future development of the country, to recommend the needed changes.” At a meeting of the State Council held on May 19, 1938, the following motion of Mr. D. Wanigasekera was moved and referred to the Executive Committee of Education: - “It is the opinion of this Council that the entire education system and policy prevailing in this country should be examined and reported upon by a Commission of educational experts with a view to evolving a system suited to the needs and requirements of this country.“ Major Nugawela’s motion was considered by the Executive Committee on various dates between August 4, 1936, and September 9, 1937. The majority of the members of the Committee who were no doubt aware of the pressing nature of the question of educational reform did not think that the solution lay in the appointment of a Commission of the kind envisaged in the above two motions. In July, 1937, the Board of Ministers, having had under consideration the rapid increase in educational expenditure during the decade 1927-37, proposed to his Excellency the officer Administering the Government that the Secretary of state for the Colonies should be asked to appoint a Commission from England to report on the system of education in the Island with special reference to its financial aspects. This proposal of the Board was announced by the Leader of the State council at the time of the Introduction of the Budget for the financial year 1937-38 in the following words: - “The problem of education is always with us and is likely to trouble us for many years to come. If you look at the estimates you will find the bill this year has increased by Rs. 2,211,887 and we do not know what the bill will be next year or the year after. This question has engaged the attention of the Board of Ministers for some time and they have come to the conclusion that the whole situation must be examined and reviewed by an independent authority. Some device must be found for controlling this expenditure so that it may be within the capacity of the country to bear. “ The proposal of the board was referred to the Executive Committee for its views. On August 17, 1937, the Executive Committee discussed the necessity for a Commission. Various opinions were expressed and the Committee tentatively agreed that – (a) a commission was necessary, (b) it should be appointed from outside, (c) it should consist of two experts, one of them having a knowledge of the national aspects of the educational problem, (d) not only its financial aspects but also the educational policy in general should be included in its scope, (e) it should be immediately appointed. The views of the Executive Committee on this subject cannot, however, be said to have definitely crystallized at this stage. On August 31, 1937, the State Council considered in Committee the budget provision for the ensuing year for the expenses of Commissions and Committees. In reply to questions by members the ministers explained that they proposed to recommend the appointment of an Education Commissions. The questions indicated a certain amount of opposition to such a Commission and a reduction in the vote by a sum of Rs. 15,000 moved by Mr. H. R. Freema, M.S.C. was agreed to. The Executive Committee had no alternative but to consider this decision of council as an expression of its disapproval of the proposal for an Education Commission and on September 9, 1937, whilst reconsidering Major Nugawela’s motion as well as the suggestion made Board of Ministers, arrived at the following decision which is quoted in extenso. 4 “On the matter being mentioned by the Minister for Education the proposal to obtain a Commission on Education from abroad was reconsidered. Simultaneously commission from the Legal Secretary inquiring whether the Education Bill should be proceeded with forthwith in spite of the likelihood of changes in educational policy as a result of the findings of the proposed Commission was also considered. It was resolved by a majority that a Commission on Education was not necessary and the drafting of the Education Bill should be proceeded with without further delay. The Minister for Education and Mr. Wille were in favor of the whole system of education being investigated by an outside certain necessary Commission and, in the meantime, of putting through necessary amendments to the existing Education Ordinance with a view to tightening up control over the administration of Assisted Schools.” A report on the above lines was made to the State Council. While this was considered by the Council on February 23, 1939, Mr. R. S. S. Gunawardena, M.S.C., moved an amendment to the motion deleting the words “from abroad”. The motion as amended was referred back to the Executive Committee. The Executive Committee saw no reason to change its attitude in the appointment of a Commission either local or outside and on April 4, 1940, pass the following resolution: - “The Executive Committee by a majority re-affirmed its earlier decision that no Commission on education was necessary and further decided that the task of investigating the defects of the present educational system and recommending measures of reform necessitated by the changed conditions should be under taken by the Executive Committee itself with the assistance of educational experts already available in the country. For this purpose, it was resolved to form Special Committee consisting of all the members of the Executive Committee willing to serve thereon and the following persons: - The Director of education The Principal, Training College The Principal, royal College The Rev.