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Longleaf Pine 2014 Status Report

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Longleaf Pine 2014 Status Report G I N V I R I A From the Brink! The Effort to Restore Virginia’s Native Longleaf Pine 2014 Status Report Virginia Department of Forestry Acknowledgements This project was supported by grant funds from the USDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection Program. This publication was produced by the Virginia Department of Forestry. Authored By: Photos By: Jerre Creighton Billy Apperson Forest Research Manager, Virginia Department of Forestry Virginia Department of Forestry Dean Cumbia Christopher Asaro Forest Resource Management Director, Forest Health Specialist, Virginia Department of Forestry Virginia Department of Forestry Bobby Clontz Harvey Darden The Nature Conservancy State Lands Director, Virginia Department of Forestry Jerre Creighton Brian van Eerden Forest Research Manager, Virginia Department of Forestry Southern Rivers Program Director, The Nature Conservancy Harvey Darden Rick Myers State Lands Director, Virginia Department of Forestry Natural Areas Stewardship Manager, Virginia Department of Brian van Eerden Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage Southern Rivers Program Director, The Nature Conservancy Phil Sheridan Gary Fleming Director, Meadowview Biological Research Station Ecologist, Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, Edited By: Division of Natural Heritage Rick Myers Christopher Asaro Natural Areas Stewardship Manager, Virginia Department of Forest Health Specialist, Virginia Department of Forestry Conservation and Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage Designed By: Phil Sheridan Director, Meadowview Biological Research Station Janet Muncy Public Information Specialist, Virginia Department of Forestry Rebecca Wilson Natural Areas Steward, Virginia Department of Conservation and Maps By: Recreation, Division of Natural Heritage Todd Edgerton Forest Health Forester, Virginia Department of Forestry G I N V I R I A INTRODUCTION A Brief History of Longleaf Pine in Virginia Description Five centuries ago, longleaf pine was perhaps the most common forest tree species on the uplands of southeast Virginia. Although they were looking for and hoping to Longleaf pine is one of eight pine species explorers who arrived in Virginia in 1607 soon found found in Virginia. It occurs naturally in the anotherfind gold valuable and silver, resource John Smith – pitch and andthe othertar obtained English southeastern portion of the state and most closely resembles loblolly pine, the most that was both readily available and of great importance. common species in the Southeast. Mature from longleaf pines growing along the James River – longleaf pine is distinguished from loblolly pine by its much longer needles (8 to 20 inIn America.1608 when Given the itsfirst role “tryalls in the of region’s pitch and early tarre” economy were inches for longleaf vs. 4 to 11 inches for andexported its use to inEngland, building the construction, naval stores industrylongleaf washas beenborn loblolly), larger cone (6 to 10 inches vs. 2 to 5 inches) and stouter terminal branches Whileaptly dubbed critical the to “treecommerce that built and Tidewater.” transportation, the and buds. Longleaf pine seedlings, unlike rise of the naval stores industry marked the beginning all other Virginia pines, have a “grass of the demise for longleaf forests, both in Virginia and stage” in which seedlings display delayed southward throughout the longleaf range in the Atlantic vertical growth and take on the aspect of a clump grass. Seedlings transition out of this stage in three to five years with ofand decline. Gulf coastal Forest plain regeneration states. Extraction was greatly of impactedpitch across by rapid upward growth. Longleaf has been destructivevast acreages, foraging followed of feralby logging, hogs on led the to carbohydrate-the first wave documented to live for more than 300 rich roots of longleaf seedlings. Conversion of forests to years and attain sizes of up to 130 feet in agricultural use was swift across the productive, level height. The lumber properties of longleaf lands of southeast Virginia throughout the 1600s and are considered exceptional due to its of longleaf forests – was another main cause for longleaf straightness and strength. decline1700s. The and suppression caused widespread of wildfire failure – critical of tothe the species health to regenerate. Some consider the decline of Native American populations, which used fire extensively, as Allthe told, beginning from about of the 1500 fire suppression to 1850, more period. than one million acres of longleaf pine forest disappeared from Virginia. In 1893, longleaf pine in Virginia was pronounced by foresterlongleaf B.E. Fernow pines to are be essentially“…for all practical gone and purposes, fewer extinct.” Today,than natural200 mature, forests nativein Virginia longleaf containing pine for all practical purposes been eliminated at the northern range of this widely reality is, longleaf forests have distributed species. trees are known in the state. The 1 The “Original” Range of dominant forest tree in southeast Virginia as of 1607, Longleaf Pine westward into the Piedmont of Dinwiddie, Greensville An estimated 90 million acres of longleaf pine forests andranging Brunswick to probably counties, just north as well of theas eastwardJames River up andthe once existed within the native range, extending from to a more restricted range in Virginia as presented by length of Virginia’s Eastern Shore (Figure 1). Compared cansoutheast create Virginiathe impression to east ofTexas. a static The area terms within “native” which or a species“original” of plantrange or are animal in some is and ways has misleading, always been as found. they Little (1971), the map below represents a more recent Of course, the native range of organisms is constantly biological,interpretation historical by Eberhardt, and archeological et al. (2011) evidence. as adapted While shifting as climate and other physical factors, such as thefrom exact Frost distribution (1993) based of longleaf on additional pine in 1607 data was from not then and cannot today be precisely determined, for there is general agreement that longleaf pine was a forest restoration purposes it really does not need to be. fire frequency, sea level, etc., change over time. However, Figure 1. 2 Longleaf and Fire nearHistorically, sea level longleaf inland forests through were the found coastal on aplain wide where range itof dominatedsites, from manywet, poorly-drainedupland sites. Longleaf coastal grewflatwoods well Longleaf pine forests have been called “the forest that inland from the Atlantic coast, crossing the fall line and longleaf regeneration and growth cannot be overstated. fire made” (Greene 1931). The fundamental role of fire in even ranges into the mountains of northwest Georgia Numerous traits point to the species’ resilience and andoccupying northeast lower Alabama Piedmont up to sites. 2,000 Remarkably, feet elevation. longleaf habit, which protects the stem and terminal bud of dependence on fire. These include its “grass stage” Longleaf pine has mistakenly been considered by some bark, which insulates critical inner-bark tissue from to be a tree exclusively associated with well-drained, young seedlings from fire, and the tree’s thick, corky sandy soils. Indeed, many remnant longleaf individuals soil for seedling establishment, a condition that can be heat damage. Seeds require contact with bare mineral this, those unfamiliar with longleaf ecology and the and duff. Longleaf seedling growth and survival also and stands are found today on dry, sandy sites. Seeing hingesachieved on onlyperiodic through removal fire ofconsumption faster and taller-growing of leaf litter historicallyrole of fire occupiedmight come a broad to thespectrum incorrect of soil conclusion textures species, particularly hardwoods and loblolly pine, to gain that longleaf “likes” sandy soils. In reality, this species dominancevegetation. overAn extended longleaf pineabsence and ofinhibit fire enablesregeneration, other and moisture regimes. What longleaf “likes” is fire. longleaf pine restoration and natural regeneration particularly on moister sites. Therefore, successful depends on the judicious use of prescribed fire to sustain structure, function and composition (Van Lear, et al. 2005). no longer sweep across southeastern Virginia as While fires set by lightning and Native Americans to the landscape through the efforts of various they had for millennia, fire is making a comeback beagencies used toand control private competing landowners. vegetation Controlled and fires to establish– implemented suitable by seedbed qualified conditions professionals for longleaf – can seedling regeneration. 3 What Is Left? The Search for ‘Native’ Longleaf Pine place names (areas where turpentine, tar and pitch A 1998 census of longleaf were produced for wooden viewedships) or onewith questionable caution. pine in Virginia found herbarium specimen (McAvoyOther 2007)trees, suchand mustas pitch, be that approximately 4,400 loblolly, shortleaf and pond longleaf pine remained pine, have been used to on less than 800 acres produce naval stores and, therefore, naval store place census counted longleaf pine,(Sheridan, including et al. seedlings, 1999). The on habitats or stands known occurrencenames are ofnot longleaf a definitive pine. to contain native trees and Likewise,identification the occurrenceof the did not include non-native of turpentine stumps as ornamental yard trees. evidence of longleaf pine must also be carefully evaluated since
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