DOCSLIB.ORG

Law Review Article Concluded in 1958

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Law Review Article Concluded in 1958 +(,121/,1( Citation: 52 UCLA L. Rev. 1393 2004-2005 Content downloaded/printed from HeinOnline (http://heinonline.org) Wed Sep 1 11:52:08 2010 -- Your use of this HeinOnline PDF indicates your acceptance of HeinOnline's Terms and Conditions of the license agreement available at http://heinonline.org/HOL/License -- The search text of this PDF is generated from uncorrected OCR text. -- To obtain permission to use this article beyond the scope of your HeinOnline license, please use: https://www.copyright.com/ccc/basicSearch.do? &operation=go&searchType=0 &lastSearch=simple&all=on&titleOrStdNo=0041-5650 "LET ECONOMIC EQUALITY TAKE CARE OF ITSELF": THE NAACP, LABOR LITIGATION, AND THE MAKING OF CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE 1940s Risa Lauren Goluboff During World War II, the lawyers of the NAACP considered the problem of discriminationin employment as one of the two most pressing problems (along with voting) facing African Americans. In a departure from past Practice, they pursued the cases of African American workers vigorously in state and federal courts and before state and federal administrative agencies. These cases offered the NAACP lawyers opportunities to facilitate the growth of the Association, materially assist African American workers, and develop legal doctrine. After the war ended, however, the postwar political and economic climate was less favorable to such cases, and the NAACP's institutionalplans conflicted with the continued pursuit of labor cases. Moreover, the kinds of doctrinal opportunities labor cases offered diverged from the NAACP lawyers' increasingly single- minded pursuit of desegregation in education. By the time the NAACP lawyers embarked on the path that would ultimately lead them to victory in Brown v. Board of Education, labor cases, and the particular problems of working African Americans, had disappearedfrom their legal agenda. That loss has had fundamental implications for the civil rights they succeeded in instantiating in constitutional law, and for the civil rights we know as our own today. * Associate Professor of Law, University of Virginia School of Law. J.D., Yale Law School, M.A., Ph.D., Princeton University, A.B., Harvard University. The author thanks Dirk Hartog, Dan Rodgers, Bob Gordon, Colin Palmer, Bruce Ackerman, Eric Amesen, Reva Siegel, Mark Tushnet, Martha Biondi, Lani Guinier, Barry Cushman, Mike Klarman, Chuck McCurdy, and Ted White for assistance at various points. The author would also like to thank the participants at the University of Virginia School of Law Faculty Retreat, the Yale Legal History Workshop, the Harvard Faculty Workshop, the American Society for Legal History Annual Meeting, the Workshop on Historical Dynamics at Columbia University's Institute for Social and Economic Research Policy, and the May Gathering for their insightful comments. The author received excellent research assistance from Leslie Kendrick, Deborah Carleton Milner, Laurie Ripper, Sheri Lynae Shepherd, Marcy Smirnoff, Mary Ellen Stefanou, and Sarah Teich. The author especially thanks Rich Schragger. 1393 HeinOnline -- 52 UCLA L. Rev. 1393 2004-2005 1394 52 UCLA LAW REVIEW 1393 (2005) IN TRO DU CT IO N ..................................................................................................................1394 I. LABOR LITIGATION AND THE EARLY NAACP .........................................................1402 II. LABOR LITIGATION IN W ARTIME ..............................................................................1413 A . Embracing Labor C ases .....................................................................................1414 B. Political and Institutional O pportunities ..........................................................1418 1. G aining Political M om entum ...................................................................1418 2. Building the Institution .............................................................................1422 C . D octrinal O pportunities ....................................................................................1427 1. Pursuing Equality and Desegregation ......................................................1430 2. Arguing Due Process and the Right to Work ...........................................1435 3. G enerating State A ction ...........................................................................1443 4. Filling out the Fragm ents ..........................................................................1451 III. LABOR LITIGATION IN THE POSTWAR ERA ...............................................................1455 A . Political and Institutional C hoices .............................................................. 1459 1. Defending Against the Cold War .................................1460 2. C larifying the Institutional M ission .........................................................1467 B. Doctrinal Choices ...............................................1473 1. A voiding Due Process ................................................................................1 474 2. T argeting State A ctors ..............................................................................1476 3. Reinterpreting Equal Protection ...............................................................1478 C O N C LU SION .....................................................................................................................1483 INTRODUCTION In December 1943, Thurgood Marshall, special counsel of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP or the Association), flew on short notice to northern California to assist a group of African American shipyard workers fighting for their jobs in area shipyards. The day before, 430 African American workers who had refused to pay dues to a segregated and powerless auxiliary of the International Brotherhood of Boilermakers had been barred from employment at the shipyards of the Marinship Corporation. Marinship had signed a closed-shop contract with the union-an agreement to hire only union members-and the black workers, the union claimed, had lost their good standing when they refused to pay their dues. The crisis had garnered so much local attention that Marshall appeared on a radio show to discuss it. He told his radio audience that, "as a negro and an attorney" of the NAACP, he saw "the right of the negro to nondiscriminatory employment"' and the right to vote as the two most 1. America on Guard (KSFO radio broadcast transcript, Nov. 27, 1943), microformed on Papers of the NAACP, pt. 13, set. C, reel 1, frames 55, 59-60 (John H. Bracey, Jr. & August Meier eds., Univ. Publ'ns of Am.) [hereinafter Papers of the NAACP]. HeinOnline -- 52 UCLA L. Rev. 1394 2004-2005 The NAACP and Labor Litigation 1395 pressing long-term problems of African Americans. "When those problems are solved," he predicted, "other questions will settle themselves."2 The African American boilermakers complaint, Marshall later explained, was "the type of case which must be filed."3 The NAACP's defense of San Francisco's African American shipyard workers reflected the Association's commitment to what Marshall called its "nation-wide fight against discrimination in defense industries. 4 As mobi- lization for World War II heightened national attention to discrimination against African Americans in the workforce,' the NAACP described "one of [its] objectives [as] ... the improvement of the economic status of Negro workers through the strengthening of their legal position by the enforcement of rights granted to them by the Constitution of the United States, the constitutions of states, and Federal and state laws."6 In the spring of 1946, a report on the work of the NAACP in the field of employment concluded: "During the war years the work of the NAACP concerned with elimination of discrimination in employment reached such a peak that the National Office found it necessary to employ one attorney [out of five] who would specialize in such work throughout the nation."7 In the years after the war ended, however, so too did the NAACP lawyers' pursuit of complaints like those of the San Francisco shipyard workers. By May 1946, Thurgood Marshall no longer could find the time to get to California, although he still had the boilermakers cases on his mind.' By 1950, when Marshall and his legal team embarked on their direct attack on segregation, the 2. Id. at 60. 3. Letter from Thurgood Marshall to Noah W. Griffin, NAACP Regional Secretary, West Coast Regional Office (May 9, 1946), microformed on Papers of the NAACP, supra note 1, at pt. 13, ser. C, reel 1, frame 492. 4. Letter from Thurgood Marshall to W.F. Turner, President, Denver Branch (Dec. 13, 1940), microformed on Papers of the NAACP, supra note 1, at pt. 13, ser. C, reel 7, frame 22. 5. See infra notes 108-124. 6. Motion for Leave to File Brief as Amicus Curiae, James v. Marinship Corp., 155 P.2d 329 (Cal. 1945) (S.F. No. 17015), microformed on Papers of the NAACP, supra note 1, at pt. 13, set. C, reel 1, frames 259, 259-60. 7. Work of the National Office and Branches of the [NAACP] in the Field of Employment-New York (Apr. 16, 1946), microformed on Papers of the NAACP, supra note 1, at pt. 18, set. A, reel 7, frame 762. 8. Letter from Thurgood Marshall, Special Counsel, NAACP to George R. Andersen & Herbert Resner (May 11, 1946), microformed on Papers of the NAACP, supra note 1, at pt. 13, set. C, reel 1, frame 494. HeinOnline -- 52 UCLA L. Rev. 1395 2004-2005 1396 52 UCLA LAW REVIEW 1393 (2005) attack that would eventually lead to victory in Brown v. Board
Load more

Recommended publications
  • UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations
    UC San Diego UC San Diego Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Thin, white, and saved : fat stigma and the fear of the big black body Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/55p6h2xt Author Strings, Sabrina A. Publication Date 2012 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO Thin, White, and Saved: Fat Stigma and the Fear of the Big Black Body A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology by Sabrina A. Strings Committee in charge: Professor Maria Charles, Co-Chair Professor Christena Turner, Co-Chair Professor Camille Forbes Professor Jeffrey Haydu Professor Lisa Park 2012 Copyright Sabrina A. Strings, 2012 All rights reserved The dissertation of Sabrina A. Strings is approved, and it is acceptable in quality and form for publication on microfilm and electronically: Co-Chair Co-Chair University of California, San Diego 2012 i i i DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my grandmother, Alma Green, so that she might have an answer to her question. i v TABLE OF CONTENTS SIGNATURE PAGE …………………………………..…………………………….…. iii DEDICATION …...…....................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………....................v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………...…………………………………….…...vi VITA…………………………..…………………….……………………………….…..vii ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION………………….……....................................viii
    [Show full text]
  • Working Against Racism from White Subject Positions: White Anti-Racism, New Abolitionism & Intersectional Anti-White Irish Diasporic Nationalism
    Working Against Racism from White Subject Positions: White Anti-Racism, New Abolitionism & Intersectional Anti-White Irish Diasporic Nationalism By Matthew W. Horton A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education and the Designated Emphasis in Critical Theory in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Dr. Na’ilah Nasir, Chair Dr. Daniel Perlstein Dr. Keith Feldman Summer 2019 Working Against Racism from White Subject Positions Matthew W. Horton 2019 ABSTRACT Working Against Racism from White Subject Positions: White Anti-Racism, New Abolitionism & Intersectional Anti-White Irish Diasporic Nationalism by Matthew W. Horton Doctor of Philosophy in Education and the Designated Emphasis in Critical Theory University of California, Berkeley Professor Na’ilah Nasir, Chair This dissertation is an intervention into Critical Whiteness Studies, an ‘additional movement’ to Ethnic Studies and Critical Race Theory. It systematically analyzes key contradictions in working against racism from a white subject positions under post-Civil Rights Movement liberal color-blind white hegemony and "Black Power" counter-hegemony through a critical assessment of two major competing projects in theory and practice: white anti-racism [Part 1] and New Abolitionism [Part 2]. I argue that while white anti-racism is eminently practical, its efforts to hegemonically rearticulate white are overly optimistic, tend toward renaturalizing whiteness, and are problematically dependent on collaboration with people of color. I further argue that while New Abolitionism has popularized and advanced an alternative approach to whiteness which understands whiteness as ‘nothing but oppressive and false’ and seeks to ‘abolish the white race’, its ultimately class-centered conceptualization of race and idealization of militant nonconformity has failed to realize effective practice.
    [Show full text]
  • Rodrigo's Eleventh Chronicle: Empathy and False Empathy
    Rodrigo's Eleventh Chronicle: Empathy and False Empathy Richard Delgadot INTRODUCTION: RODRIGO RETURNs AND AccoUNTs FOR His RECENT AcTvrms I was sitting in my darkened office one afternoon, thinking about life. To tell the truth, I was missing Rodrigo.' Not long ago, I had consigned him to the Great Beyond.2 But now, I was flooded with regret and sadness. I missed his brashness, his insouciant originality. Odd, I had not thought of myself as sentimental. How could I have allowed him to succumb to the Copyright © 1996 California Law Review, Inc. t Charles Inglis Thomson Professor of Law, University of Colorado; J.D., Boalt Hall School of Law, University of California, Berkeley, 1974. I. See Richard Delgado, Rodrigo's Chronicle, 101 YALE L.J. 1357 (1992) (review essay), [hereinafter Delgado, Chronicle], introducing Rodrigo Crenshaw, my fictional alter ego and the half- brother of famed civil rights lawyer Geneva Crenshaw. See DERRICK BELL, AND WE ARE NOT SAVED: THE ELUSIVE QUEST FOR RACIAL JUSTICE (1987) (on Geneva). The son of an African American serviceman and an Italian mother, Rodrigo moved to Italy when his father was assigned to a U.S. outpost there. After he graduated from the base high school, Rodrigo attended Bologna University where he earned a law degree and graduated second in his class. Rodrigo's Chronicle opens when the young law graduate seeks out "the professor" (his fictional mentor and intellectual foil) for career advice. Despite their age difference, the two become good friends, discussing in a series of meetings over the following two years nationalism and Critical Race Theory (Delgado, Chronicle, supra); the economic free market and race (Richard Delgado, Rodrigo's Second Chronicle: The Economics and Politics of Race 91 MICH.
    [Show full text]
  • The Developing Conjuncture and Some Insights from Hubert Harrison and Theodore W. Allen on the Centrality of the Fight Against White Supremacy
    The Developing Conjuncture and Some Insights from Hubert Harrison and Theodore W. Allen on the Centrality of the Fight against White Supremacy Jeffrey B. Perry Epigraph (In 22 parts) “The King James version of the Bible . does not contain the word ‘race’ in our modern sense . as late as 1611 our modern idea of race had not yet arisen.” – Hubert Harrison “World Problems of Race,” 1926 “When the first Africans arrived in Virginia in 1619, there were no ‘white’ people there; nor, according to the colonial records, would there be for another sixty years.” – Theodore W. Allen The Invention of the White Race, Vol. 1, 1994 (Written after searching through 885 county-years of Virginia’s colonial records) “In the latter half of the seventeenth century, [in] Virginia and Maryland, the tobacco colonies . Afro-American and European-American proletarians made common cause in this struggle to an extent never duplicated in the three hundred years since.” – Theodore W. Allen Class Struggle and the Origin of Racial Slavery: The Invention of the White Race, 1975 “ . the plantation bourgeoisie established a system of social control by the institutionalization of the ‘white’ race whereby the mass of poor whites was alienated from the black proletariat and enlisted as enforcers of bourgeois power.” – Theodore W. Allen Class Struggle and the Origin of Racial Slavery: The Invention of the White Race, 1975 Jeffrey B. Perry 2 “ . the record indicates that laboring-class European-Americans in the continental plantation colonies showed little interest in ‘white identity’ before the institution of the system of ‘race’ privileges at the end of the seventeenth century.” – Theodore W.
    [Show full text]
  • Accomplices in the Academy in the Age of Black Lives Matter
    Journal of critical Thought and Praxis Iowa state university digital press & School of education ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Volume 6 Issue 2 Everyday Practices of Social Justice Article 3 Accomplices in the Academy in the Age of Black Lives Matter Jessica Powell & Amber Kelly Follow this and additional works at: http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/jctp/vol6/iss2/ This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Repository @ Iowa State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis by an authorized editor of Digital Repository @ Iowa State University Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis 2017, Vol. 6, No. 2, 42-65 Accomplices in the Academy in the Age of Black Lives Matter Jessica S. Powell* Southern Connecticut State University Amber Kelly Quinnipiac University While a growing number of white scholars and activists identify themselves as allies to people of color as they engage in movements to end institutional racism, others have criticized this alignment. Instead, an emerging and alternative framework calls for white scholars and activists to act as accomplices, working in solidarity with people of color within social justice and anti-racists movements. This paper discusses the differences between these two stances, with implications for white educators and scholars in the teaching and social work professions. We aim to provide a framework for moving conversations around race and justice forward, as well as highlight examples of accomplice work in scholarship, teaching, and service, from both the education and social work perspectives. Keywords: Accomplice | Race | Higher Education | Social Work | Education | Ally Philando Castile “Hands Up! Don’t Shoot!” “I Can’t Breathe!” “Black Lives Matter!” These chants can be heard at rallies across the nation as community members gather to demand justice in the wake of proliferating, publicized violence against people of color.
    [Show full text]
  • "A Road to Peace and Freedom": the International Workers Order and The
    “ A ROAD TO PEACE AND FREEDOM ” Robert M. Zecker “ A ROAD TO PEACE AND FREEDOM ” The International Workers Order and the Struggle for Economic Justice and Civil Rights, 1930–1954 TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS Philadelphia • Rome • Tokyo TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright © 2018 by Temple University—Of The Commonwealth System of Higher Education All rights reserved Published 2018 All reasonable attempts were made to locate the copyright holders for the materials published in this book. If you believe you may be one of them, please contact Temple University Press, and the publisher will include appropriate acknowledgment in subsequent editions of the book. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Zecker, Robert, 1962- author. Title: A road to peace and freedom : the International Workers Order and the struggle for economic justice and civil rights, 1930-1954 / Robert M. Zecker. Description: Philadelphia : Temple University Press, 2018. | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2017035619| ISBN 9781439915158 (cloth : alk. paper) | ISBN 9781439915165 (paper : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: International Workers Order. | International labor activities—History—20th century. | Labor unions—United States—History—20th century. | Working class—Societies, etc.—History—20th century. | Working class—United States—Societies, etc.—History—20th century. | Labor movement—United States—History—20th century. | Civil rights and socialism—United States—History—20th century. Classification: LCC HD6475.A2
    [Show full text]
  • Decolonizing the White Colonizer? by Cecilia Cissell Lucas a Dissertation
    Decolonizing the White Colonizer? By Cecilia Cissell Lucas A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Patricia Baquedano-López, Chair Professor Zeus Leonardo Professor Ramón Grosfoguel Professor Catherine Cole Fall 2013 Decolonizing the White Colonizer? Copyright 2013 Cecilia Cissell Lucas Abstract Decolonizing the White Colonizer? By Cecilia Cissell Lucas Doctor of Philosophy in Education University of California, Berkeley Professor Patricia Baquedano-López, Chair This interdisciplinary study examines the question of decolonizing the white colonizer in the United States. After establishing the U.S. as a nation-state built on and still manifesting a colonial tradition of white supremacy which necessitates multifaceted decolonization, the dissertation asks and addresses two questions: 1) what particular issues need to be taken into account when attempting to decolonize the white colonizer and 2) how might the white colonizer participate in decolonization processes? Many scholars in the fields this dissertation draws on -- Critical Race Theory, Critical Ethnic Studies, Coloniality and Decolonial Theory, Language Socialization, and Performance Studies -- have offered incisive analyses of colonial white supremacy, and assume a transformation of white subjectivities as part of the envisioned transformation of social, political and economic relationships. However, in regards to processes of decolonization, most of that work is focused on the decolonization of political and economic structures and on decolonizing the colonized. The questions pursued in this dissertation do not assume a simplistic colonizer/colonized binary but recognize the saliency of geo- and bio-political positionalities.
    [Show full text]
  • Killing in the Name of Struggle: Amiri Baraka's Revolutionary Theatre
    KILLING IN THE NAME OF STRUGGLE: AMIRI BARAKA’S REVOLUTIONARY THEATRE DOUGLAS KERN PhD THE UNIVERSITY OF YORK DEPARTMENT OF THEATRE, FILM AND TELEVISION JANUARY 2014 ABSTRACT This study explores representations of murder, killing, and death in the revolutionary drama of Amiri Baraka. After a brief Introduction, Chapter 1 serves as an introduction to Baraka’s birth as an activist and provides background regarding the U.S. racial climate in the 1960s as it relates to his activism. Moreover, it presents Baraka’s Black Arts Repertory Theatre School and how it helped establish the Black Arts Movement. Chapter 2 provides a detailed study of Dutchman, Baraka’s first success, to initiate an analysis of killing and murder within his plays. In addition, it examines The Slave and Slave Ship, which present revolutionary models whereby Black Power is sought, and in the case of Slave Ship achieved through the killing of whites. Chapter 3 offers a detailed look at Baraka’s move towards Third World Marxism. After categorically denouncing Nationalism, Baraka’s public embrace of Marxism in 1974 isolated him from the Black theatre he had helped establish. Case studies examine representations of Capitalist killers in What Was the Relationship of the Lone Ranger to the Means of Production? and Song. Chapter 4 begins with a brief introduction to Baraka’s activism in the early 1990s, along with details of his son’s tragic shooting, and culminates with in-depth analyses of Jack Pot Melting: A Commercial, The Election Machine Warehouse, and General Hag’s Skeezag, all published in the ‘90s and performed together for the Nuyorican Poets Café Theater in 1996.
    [Show full text]
  • The Easton Family of Southeast Massachusetts: the Dynamics Surrounding Five Generations of Human Rights Activism 1753--1935
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 2006 The Easton family of southeast Massachusetts: The dynamics surrounding five generations of human rights activism 1753--1935 George R. Price The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Price, George R., "The Easton family of southeast Massachusetts: The dynamics surrounding five generations of human rights activism 1753--1935" (2006). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 9598. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/9598 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Maureen and Mike MANSFIELD LIBRARY The University of Montana Permission is granted by the author to reproduce this material in its entirety, provided that this material is used for scholarly purposes and is properly cited in published works and reports. **Please check "Yes" or "No" and provide signature** Yes, I grant permission No, I do not grant permission ___________ Author's Signature: Date: 7 — 2 ~ (p ~ O b Any copying for commercial purposes or financial gain may be undertaken only with the author's explicit consent. 8/98 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
    [Show full text]
  • American Book Awards 2004
    BEFORE COLUMBUS FOUNDATION PRESENTS THE AMERICAN BOOK AWARDS 2004 America was intended to be a place where freedom from discrimination was the means by which equality was achieved. Today, American culture THE is the most diverse ever on the face of this earth. Recognizing literary excel- lence demands a panoramic perspective. A narrow view strictly to the mainstream ignores all the tributaries that feed it. American literature is AMERICAN not one tradition but all traditions. From those who have been here for thousands of years to the most recent immigrants, we are all contributing to American culture. We are all being translated into a new language. BOOK Everyone should know by now that Columbus did not “discover” America. Rather, we are all still discovering America—and we must continue to do AWARDS so. The Before Columbus Foundation was founded in 1976 as a nonprofit educational and service organization dedicated to the promotion and dissemination of contemporary American multicultural literature. The goals of BCF are to provide recognition and a wider audience for the wealth of cultural and ethnic diversity that constitutes American writing. BCF has always employed the term “multicultural” not as a description of an aspect of American literature, but as a definition of all American litera- ture. BCF believes that the ingredients of America’s so-called “melting pot” are not only distinct, but integral to the unique constitution of American Culture—the whole comprises the parts. In 1978, the Board of Directors of BCF (authors, editors, and publishers representing the multicultural diversity of American Literature) decided that one of its programs should be a book award that would, for the first time, respect and honor excellence in American literature without restric- tion or bias with regard to race, sex, creed, cultural origin, size of press or ad budget, or even genre.
    [Show full text]
  • Toward a Cleaner Whiteness: New Racial Identities
    Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Philosophy: Faculty Publications and Other Works Faculty Publications Fall 2005 Toward a Cleaner Whiteness: New Racial Identities David Ingram Loyola University Chicago, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/philosophy_facpubs Part of the African American Studies Commons, Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, Child Psychology Commons, Educational Sociology Commons, Ethics and Political Philosophy Commons, Ethnic Studies Commons, Multicultural Psychology Commons, Race and Ethnicity Commons, School Psychology Commons, Social Psychology Commons, Social Psychology and Interaction Commons, and the Sociology of Culture Commons Author Manuscript This is a pre-publication author manuscript of the final, published article. Recommended Citation Ingram, David. Toward a Cleaner Whiteness: New Racial Identities. The Philosophical Forum, 36, 3: , 2005. Retrieved from Loyola eCommons, Philosophy: Faculty Publications and Other Works, http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1111/j.1467-9191.2005.00203.x This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty Publications at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Philosophy: Faculty Publications and Other Works by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. © 2005 Wiley-Blackwell. 1 Toward a Cleaner White(ness): New Racial
    [Show full text]
  • 1 Economics 764 Gerald Friedman United States Economic History
    Economics 764 Gerald Friedman United States Economic History Spring 2016 Economics 764 provides a survey of the economic history of the United States with a focus on the impact of social conflict. My office is 926 Thompson Hall, E-Mail: [email protected]. Hours by appointment. Required readings are marked with a star *. Class discussions will focus on these readings. Students are expected to participate in class discussions and prepare at least 6 papers assessing the week’s readings; papers should be submitted (as email attachment) before 5 PM on Tuesday before class. In addition, you should prepare research proposal including a research plan and an annotated bibliography of the literature on a research question of your choice. Students will present these papers in class after Spring break. 1. Introduction: Approaches to Economic History *Paul David, “CLIO and the Economics of QWERTY,” American Economic Review 75 (1985), 332-37. *Gerald Friedman, Statemaking and Labor Movements, chapter 7. *David Gordon, Richard Edwards, Michael Reich, Segmented Work, Divided Workers (Cambridge, 1982), chs. 1-2. *Alice Kessler-Harris, “The Wages of Patriarchy: Some Thoughts about the Continuing Relevance of Class and Gender,” Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas 3 (2006), 7-21 *Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, “The Communist Manifesto, Part I” *__________________________, “Eleven Theses on Feuerbach” *Donald McCloskey, "Does the Past Have Useful Economics?," Journal of Economic Literature (1976), 434-61. *Joan Scott, “On Gender,” International Labor and Working Class History (Spring 1987), 1-13. *Joan Scott, “Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis,” American Historical Review (1986), 1053-1075 *Kenneth Sokoloff and Stanley L.
    [Show full text]