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Oldham SACRE RE Support © 2019 Glossary of and beliefs

Oldham This glossary of terms is Agreed closely based upon the SCAA Glossary of Terms Syllabus for RE for (originally published in1994) which was drawn Guidance and up in consultation with members of the Support communities concerned. Materials

Glossary of Terms: and

1 Oldham SACRE RE Agreed Syllabus 2013 Guidance and support materials ~ Glossary of religions and beliefs

Catholic Anglican Baptist (i) Universal. (ii) Often used as an Churches in full communion with the (i) A member of the Baptist Church, abbreviation for Roman Catholic. Glossary See of Canterbury. Their origins and which grew out of the Anabaptist traditions are linked to the Church of movement during the 16th century Charismatic England, and are part of the Anglican Reformation. (ii) A Christian who A modern movement within the Unlike the other five world Communion. practises Believer's . Church, emphasising spiritual gifts, included in this glossary, most of the such as healing or speaking with terms given below are in English and Apocalyptic Baptistry tongues. will be familiar to many people. The (i) Revelatory, of 's present (i) Building or pool used for baptism, historic languages of the Christian purposes and of the end of the world. particularly by immersion. (ii) Part of a Chrismation scriptures are Hebrew, Greek and Latin. (ii) Used of a literary genre, for church, where baptism takes place. (i) The Orthodox second sacrament of The Old Testament was written largely example, the Book of Revelation. initiation by anointing with chrism (a in Hebrew, with some texts in Aramaic BC (Before Christ) special oil). Performed at the same and Greek (Apocrypha). The whole of Apocrypha Period of history before the estimated time as baptism. (ii) Anointing with oil, the Old Testament was translated into Books of the Old Testament that are birth of Jesus Christ. for example, healing or coronation. Greek, although many words and in the Greek but not the Hebrew passages have their origin in Aramaic. Canon. Some Churches recognise the Believer's Baptism Christ (Messiah) Latin became increasingly the Apocrypha as part of the Old The baptism of people who are old The anointed one. Messiah is used in language of the Western Church from Testament Canon. enough to understand the meaning of the Jewish tradition to refer to the the 5th century AD when the Bible was the rite. expected leader sent by God, who will translated into Latin. Apocryphal New Testament bring salvation to God's people. Jesus' A modern title for various early Benediction followers applied this title to him, and Absolution Christian books which are non- Blessing at the end of . Also, its Greek equivalent, Christ, is the The pronouncement by a priest of the canonical. late afternoon or evening service source of the words Christian and forgiveness of sins. including the blessing of the Christianity. Apostle congregation with the consecrated AD (Anno Domini) One who was sent out by Jesus Christ host (usually in a Roman Catholic Christmas In the Year of our Lord. The Christian to preach the Gospel. context). Festival commemorating the birth of calendar dates from the estimated Jesus Christ (25 December, in most date of the birth of Jesus Christ. Ascension Blessed Sacrament Churches). The event, 40 days after the Bread and wine which have been Advent Resurrection, when Jesus 'ascended consecrated and set aside for future Coming. The period beginning on the into heaven' (see Luke 24 and Acts 1). use (usually in the Roman fourth Sunday before Christmas (40 Church). (i) The whole community of Christians. days before Christmas in the Eastern Ash Wednesday (ii) The building in which Christians Orthodox tradition). A time of spiritual The first day of Lent. In some worship. (iii) A particular preparation for Christmas. Churches, penitents receive the sign of Brethren denomination. the cross in ashes on their foreheads. Christian, Exclusive or Open Brethren Agape are Christian groups which emphasise The love of God. New Testament word Atonement piety, high moral values, faithfulness to used for the common meal of Reconciliation between God and the bible and plural leadership. Christians; a Love Feast. humanity; restoring a relationship broken by sin. Canon (Scripture) Confession Altar (Communion Table, Holy Table) The accepted books of the Bible. The Contrition; penance. (i) One of seven Table used for Eucharist, Mass, Lord's Baptism list varies between denominations. sacraments observed by some Supper. Some denominations refer to Rite of initiation involving immersion Churches whose priest confidentially it as Holy Table or Communion Table. in, or sprinkling or pouring of, . hears a person's confession. (ii) An

2 Oldham SACRE RE Agreed Syllabus 2013 Guidance and support materials ~ Glossary of religions admission, by a Christian, of wrong- doing. (iii) A particular official Eucharist Holy Communion Kyrie (Greek) statement (or profession) of faith. Thanksgiving. A service celebrating the Central liturgical service observed by O Lord. Addressed to Jesus, as in 'Kyrie sacrificial death and resurrection of most Churches (see Eucharist, Mass, eleison' (Lord have mercy). Congregationalist Jesus Christ, using elements of bread Lord's Supper, ). Recalls the Member of a Christian body which and wine (see Holy Communion). last meal of Jesus, and celebrates his Lectern that each local church is sacrificial and saving death. Stand supporting the Bible, often in independent and self-governing under Evangelical the shape of an eagle. the authority of Christ. Group, or church, placing particular Holy Spirit Consubstantiation emphasis on the Gospel and the The third person of the Holy Trinity. Lectionary Doctrine of the Eucharist associated scriptures as the sole authority in all Active as divine presence and power in List of scriptural passages for with Luther, which holds that after matters of faith and conduct. the world, and in dwelling in believers systematic reading throughout the consecration, the substances of the to make them like Christ and empower year. Body and Blood of Jesus Christ and of Evangelist them to do God's will. the bread and wine co-exist in union A writer of one of the four New Lent with each other. Testament Gospels; a preacher of the Holy Week Penitential season. The 40 days leading gospel. The week before Easter, when up to Easter. Creed Christians recall the last week of Jesus' Summary statement of religious Font life on Earth. Liturgy beliefs, often recited in worship, Receptacle to hold water used in (i) Service of worship according to a especially the Apostles' and Nicene baptism. Icon or lkon prescribed such as Evensong or Creeds. Painting or mosaic of Jesus Christ, the Eucharist. (ii) Term used in the Free Churches Virgin Mary, a saint, or a Church feast. Orthodox Church for the Eucharist. Crucifixion Non-conformist denominations, free Used as an aid to devotion, usually in Logos Roman method of executing criminals from state control (used of 20 the Orthodox tradition. Word. Pre-existent Word of God and traitors by fastening them to a Churches). incarnate as Jesus Christ. cross until they died of asphyxiation; used in the case of Jesus Christ and Good Friday Iconostasis Lord many who opposed the Romans. The Friday in Holy Week. Screen, covered with icons, used in Title used for Jesus to express his Commemorates the day Jesus died on Eastern Orthodox churches to divine lordship over people, time and Easter the cross. separate the sanctuary from the nave. space. Central Christian festival which celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Gospel (Evangel) Incarnation Lord's Supper Christ from the dead. (i) Good news (of salvation in Jesus The doctrine that God took human Alternative term for Eucharist in some Christ). (ii) An account of Jesus' life form in Jesus Christ. It is also the Churches (predominantly Non- Ecumenism (Oikoumene) and work. belief that God in Christ is active in the conformist). Movement within the Church towards Church and in the world. co-operation and eventual unity. Grace Lutheran Jesus Christ (i) The freely given and unmerited A major Protestant Church that Episcopacy favour of God's love for humanity. (ii) The central figure of Christian history receives its name from the 16th and devotion. The second person of System of Church government by Blessing. (iii) of thanks before or century German reformer, Martin the Trinity. bishops. after meals. Luther. Justification by Faith Mass Heaven The doctrine that God forgives ('treats Term for the Eucharist, used by the Epistle (Letter) The place, or state, in which souls will as just') those who repent and believe Roman Catholic and other Churches. From the Greek word for letter. Several be united with God after death. in Jesus Christ such letters or epistles, from Christian Maundy Thursday leaders to Christian Churches or Hell Kerygma The Thursday in Holy Week. individuals, are included in the New The place, or state, in which souls will The central message about Jesus Commemorates the Last Supper. Testament. be separated from God after death. proclaimed by the early Christians.

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Methodist consisting of national Churches (mainly Pentecostalist (ii) The human process of reconciling A Christian who belongs to the Greek or Slav), including the ancient A Christian who belongs to a Church Christians with one another. Methodist Church which came into Eastern Patriarchates. They hold the that emphasises certain gifts which existence through the work of John common Orthodox faith, and are in were granted to the first believers on Redemption Wesley in the 18th century. communion with the Patriarchate of the Day of Pentecost (such as the Derived from the practice of paying Constantinople. (ii) Conforming to the power to heal the sick and speak in the price of a slave's freedom; and so, Missal creeds sanctioned by the ecumenical tongues). the work of Jesus Christ in setting Book containing words and ceremonial councils, for example, Nicaea, people free through his death. directions for saying Mass. Chalcedon. Pope The Bishop of Rome, head of the Reformation Mother of God Palm Sunday Roman Catholic Church. A 16th century reform movement that The title given to the Virgin Mary, The Sunday before Easter, led to the formation of Protestant mainly in the Orthodox and Roman commemorating the entry of Jesus into Presbyterian Churches. It emphasised the need to Catholic Churches, to underline the Jerusalem when he was acknowledged A member of a Church that is recover the initial beliefs and practices Trinitarian belief that Jesus was truly by crowds waving palm branches. governed by elders or 'presbyters'; the of the Church. God (in this context, God refers to God of . Resurrection incarnate as seen in Jesus Christ). Paraclete (Comforter) (i) The rising from the dead of Jesus Advocate. Term used for the Holy Protestant Christ on the third day after the New Testament Spirit. That part of the Church which became crucifixion. (ii) The rising from the Collection of 27 books forming the distinct from the Roman Catholic and dead of believers at the Last Day. (iii) second section of the Canon of Parousia Orthodox Churches when their The new, or risen, life of Christians. Christian Scriptures. Presence. The Second Coming or members professed (or 'protested' - return of Jesus Christ. hence Protestant) the centrality of the Roman Catholic Non-conformist Bible and other beliefs. Members That part of the Church owing loyalty Term used to describe Protestant Passion affirm that the Bible, under the to the Bishop of Rome, as distinct from Christian bodies which became The sufferings of Jesus Christ, guidance of the Holy Spirit, is the Orthodox and Protestant Churches. separated from the established Church especially in the time leading up to his ultimate authority for Christian of England in the 17th century. crucifixion. teaching. Sacrament An outward sign of an inward blessing, Old Testament Patriarch Pulpit as in baptism or the Eucharist. That part of the Canon of Christian Title for principal Eastern Orthodox An elevated platform from which Scriptures which the Church shares bishops. Also used for early Israelite sermons are preached. Salvationist with , comprising 39 books leaders such as Abraham, Isaac, Jacob. A member of the Salvation Army covering the Hebrew Canon, and in the Purgatory founded by William and Catherine case of certain denominations, some In some traditions, a condition or state Booth in the 19th century. books of the Apocrypha. in which good souls receive spiritual cleansing after death, in preparation for heaven. Sanctification Pentecost (Whitsun) Quaker The process by which a believer is In episcopal Churches, the 'laying on The Greek name for the Jewish Festival A member of the Religious Society of made holy, to become like Jesus of hands' on priests and deacons by a of Weeks, or Shavuot, which comes Friends, established through the work Christ. bishop. In non-episcopal Churches, the seven weeks ('fifty days') after of George Fox in the 17th century. 'laying on of hands' on ministers by Passover. On the day of this feast, the Sin other representatives of the Church. followers of Jesus received the gift of Reconciliation (Confession) (i) Act of rebellion or disobedience the Holy Spirit. (i) Sacrament of the (Roman) Catholic against the known will of God. (ii) An Orthodox Church, consisting of Contrition, assessment of the human condition as (i) The Confession of sins, and Absolution .

4 Oldham SACRE RE Agreed Syllabus 2013 Guidance and support materials ~ Glossary of religions disordered and in need of transformation. A Church formed by the union of English Congregationalists with the Synoptic Presbyterian Church of England, and Having a common viewpoint. It is subsequently the Reformed applied to the presentation of Jesus' Association of the Churches of Christ. life in the first three gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke in contrast Vatican with that given in the Gospel of John. The residence of the Pope in Rome, and the administrative centre of the Tabernacle Roman Catholic Church. The chief (i) A receptacle for the Blessed building of the Vatican is St Peter's Sacrament, not immediately Basilica, built on the traditional site of consumed but set aside or 'reserved' St Peter's tomb. (mainly in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches). The Virgin Birth presence of the consecrated elements The doctrine of the miraculous is usually signalled by a continuously conception of Jesus Christ by the burning light. (ii) Term used by some Virgin Mary through the power of the denominations of their building. Holy Spirit and without the agency of a human father. Transubstantiation Roman Catholic doctrine concerning the Mass, defined at the Lateran Council of 1215, and confirmed at the Council of Trent in 1551. This states that in the Eucharist, at the words of consecration, the substance of the bread and wine becomes the substance of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ, and that he is thus present on the altar.

Trinity Three persons in one God; doctrine of the three-fold nature of God – Father, Son and Holy Spirit.

Unction (Sacrament of the Sick) The anointing with oil of a sick or dying person.

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Anapanasati Bodhisatta (Pali) Gompa (Tibetan) Glossary Anapanasmrti A Wisdom Being. One intent on Monastery; place of . Mindfulness of the breath. The practice becoming, or destined to become, a most usually associated with the Buddha. Gotama, before his Gotama As Buddhism spread throughout the development of concentration and Enlightenment as the historical Gautama East, it came to be expressed in many calm, but also used in the training of Buddha. Family name of the Buddha. different languages. Terms in the Vipassana (insight). and Pali of are in most Bodhisattva (Sanskrit) Jataka (Pali) common use in the West, although Anatta A being destined for Enlightenment, Birth story. Accounts of the previous Japanese and Tibetan terms also occur Anatman who postpones final attainment of lives of the Buddha. frequently. Pali is the language of the No self; no soul. Insubstantiality; denial Buddhahood in order to help living texts of the school, whilst of a real or permanent self. beings (see ). Jhana Sanskrit is used for general Mahayana. Dhyana Buddhism uses terms expressed in Anicca Brahma Viharas (Pali) Also Ch'an (Chinese) and Zen Japanese, and , Anitya The four sublime states: loving (Japanese). Advanced meditation. Tibetan. There is no preferred form. For Impermanence; transience. Instability kindness, compassion, sympathetic joy, convenience, the Pali term appears of all things, including the self. and evenness of mind. Kamma first, followed by the Sanskrit, except where otherwise indicated. Italicised Arahat, Arahant Buddha Action. Intentional actions that affect phrases represent a literal translation. Arhat Buddha one's circumstances in this and future Bold type indicates that this is also a Enlightened disciple. The fourth and Awakened or Enlightened One. lives. The Buddha's insistence that the glossary entry. highest stage of Realisation recognised effect depends on volition marks the by the Theravada tradition. One Dalai Lama (Tibetan) Buddhist treatment of kamma as Abhidhamma whose mind is free from all greed, Great Ocean. Spiritual and temporal different from the Hindu Abhidharma hatred and ignorance. leader of the Tibetan people. understanding of karma Further or higher teaching. The philosophy and psychology of Asoka Dana Karuna Buddhism in abstract, systematic form. Ashoka Dana Karuna Emperor of India in the 3rd century Generosity; giving; gift. Compassion. Abhidhamma Pitaka BCE. Abhidharma Pitaka Dhamma Kesa (Japanese) This is the third of the three principal Atta The robe of a Buddhist , , or sections of the canon of basic Atman Universal law; ultimate truth. The priest. scripture. It is a systematic, Self; soul. teachings of the Buddha. A key philosophical and psychological Buddhist term. Khandha treatment of the teachings given in Bhikkhu Skandha the Sutta Pitaka. Bhikshu Dhammapada Heap; aggregate. The Five Khandhas Fully ordained Buddhist monk. Dharmapada together make up the 'person' (form, Amitabha Amitayus (Sanskrit) Famous scripture of 423 verses. feeling, perception, mental formation Also, Amida (Japanese). Buddhas Bhikkhuni and consciousness). having unlimited light and life Bhikshuni Dukkha respectively. Fully ordained Buddhist nun. Duhkha Khanti Suffering; ill; unsatisfactoriness; Kshanti Bodhi Tree (Pali) imperfection. The nature of existence Patience; forbearance. The tree (ficus religiosa) under which according to the first Noble Truth. the Buddha realised Enlightenment. It is known as the Tree of Wisdom.

6 Oldham SACRE RE Agreed Syllabus 2013 Guidance and support materials ~ Glossary of religions Kilesa Metta Parinibbana Sangha Klesa Maitri Parinirvana Sangha Mental defilement or fire, such as Loving kindness. A pure love which is Final and complete nirvana reached at Community; assembly. Often used for greed, hatred or ignorance. neither grasping nor possessive. the passing away of a Buddha. the order of bhikkhus and bhikkunis Koan (Japanese) in Theravadin countries. In the A technical term used in Zen Metta Sutta (Pali) Patimokkha Mahayana countries, the Sangha Buddhism referring to enigmatic or Buddhist scripture which describes the Pratimoksha includes lay devotees and priests, eg in paradoxical questions used to develop nature of loving kindness. The training rules of a monk or nun - Japan. intuition. Also refers to religious 227 in the case of a Theravada monk. problems encountered in daily life. Metteya Sankhara Maitreya Pitaka (Pali) Samskara Kwan-yin (Chinese) One who has the nature of loving Basket. Collection of scriptures (see Mental/karmic formation. The fourth of Also, Kannon (Japanese). Bodhisattva kindness. Name of the future Buddha. Tipitaka). the five Khandhas. of Compassion, depicted in female form. Identified with Bodhisattva Mudda Rupa Sanna Avalokitesvara. Mudra Rupa Samjna Ritual gesture, as illustrated by the Form. Used of an image of the Perception. Third of the five Khandhas. Lama (Tibetan) hands of Buddha images. Buddha; also, the first of the Five Teacher, or one who is revered. Khandhas. Satori (Japanese) Mudita Awakening. A term used in Zen Lotus (Sanskrit) Mudita Sakyamuni Buddhism. A scripture of major importance to Sympathetic joy. Welcoming the good Shakyamuni various schools within the Mahayana fortune of others. Sage of the Shakyas (the tribe of the Siddattha tradition. It describes the virtues of the Buddha). Title of the historical Buddha. Siddhartha Bodhisattva, and emphasises that all Nibbana Wish-fulfilled. The personal name of sentient beings possess Buddha-nature Nirvana the historical Buddha. and can attain Enlightenment Blowing out of the fires of greed, Samadhi (Nirvana). hatred and ignorance, and the state of Meditative absorption. A state of deep Sila secure perfect peace that follows. A meditation. Sila Magga key Buddhist term. Morality. Marga Samatha Path, leading to cessation of suffering. Nirodha Samatha Sutta The fourth Noble Truth. Nirodha A state of concentrated calmness; Sutra Cessation (of suffering). The third meditation (see Vipassana). Text. The word of the Buddha. Mahayana Noble Truth. Great Way or Vehicle. Teachings that Samsara Sutta Pitaka spread from India into Tibet, parts of Panna Samsara Sutra Pitaka Asia and the Far East, characterised by Prajna Everyday life. The continual round of The second of the three collections - the Bodhisattva ideal and the Wisdom. Understanding the true birth, sickness, old age and death principally of teachings - that comprise prominence given to the development nature of things. which can be transcended by following the canon of basic scripture. of both compassion and wisdom. the Eightfold Path and Buddhist Parami teaching. Tanha Mala (Pali) Paramita Trishna Also, Juzu (Japanese). String of 108 A perfection or virtue. One of the six or Thirst; craving; desire (rooted in beads used in Buddhist practice (like a ten perfections necessary for the Samudaya ignorance). Desire as the cause of rosary). attainment of Buddhahood. Samudaya suffering. The second Noble Truth. Arising; origin (of suffering). The second Noble Truth. Tathagata Tathagata Another epithet for the Buddha.

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Theravada Vinaya (Pali) Sthaviravada The rules of discipline of monastic life. Way of the elders. A principal school of Buddhism, established in Sri Lanka and Vinaya Pitaka (Pali) South East Asia. Also found in the The first of the three collections of the West. canon of basic scripture, containing mostly the discipline for and Thupa/Cetiya , with many stories and some Stupa teachings. Reliquary(including pagodas). Vinnana Tipitaka Vijnana Tripitaka Consciousness. The fifth of the Five Three baskets. A threefold collection of Khandhas. texts (Vinaya, Sutta, Abhidhamma). Vipassana Tiratana Vipashyana Triratna Insight into the true nature of things. A The triple refuge. Buddha, the particular form of meditation (see Dhamma and the Sangha. Another Samatha). way of referring to the three jewels. Viriya Tulku (Tibetan) Virya Reincarnated Lama. Energy; exertion.

Upaya (Pali) Wesak Any skilful means, eg meditation on Vesak (Sinhalese) loving kindness, to overcome anger. Buddha Day. Name of a festival and a month. On the full moon of Wesak (in Upekkha May or June), the birth, Enlightenment Upeksa and passing away of the Buddha took Equanimity; evenness of mind. place, although some schools celebrate only the birth at this time, eg Zen.

Vajrayana (Sanskrit) Zazen (Japanese) Thunderbolt; Diamond Way. Teachings Meditation while seated, as in Zen promulgated later, mainly in India and Buddhism. Tibet. Another term for esoteric Buddhism. Zen (Japanese) Meditation. Derived from the Vedana (Pali) Sanskrit 'dhyana'. A school of Feeling. The second of the Five Mahayana Buddhism that developed Khandhas. in China and Japan.

Vihara (Pali) Dwelling place; monastery.

8 Oldham SACRE RE Agreed Syllabus 2013 Guidance and support materials ~ Glossary of religions Arti Ayodhya Brahman Arati Birthplace of Rama. The ultimate reality, or the all- Welcoming ceremony in which pervading reality; that from which Glossary auspicious articles such as incense and Bhagavad Gita everything emanates, in which it rests lamps are offered to the or to The Song of the Lord. Spoken by and into which it is ultimately saintly people. Krishna, this is the most important dissolved. The main references are to Sanskrit scripture for most Hindus. Tradition terminology, although variants are Aryan dates it back to 3,000 years BCE, Brahmin found and used in other Indian Noble. Refers to those who know the though most scholars attribute it to Brahman languages. Lakshmi, Laksmi, Vishnu or spiritual values of life. Scholars say it the first millennium BCE. Considered Visnu type variants are not always refers to the original inhabitants of the an Upanishad. The first of the four varnas, the included because of their frequency. Sindhu region in India. principal social groupings from which Many of these terms will also be found Bhajan priests are drawn. Some writers, rather in books on Buddhism and , Ashram Bhajana confusingly, use the spelling but with somewhat different meanings. Asram Devotional hymn or song. ‘brahman’, and the meaning only Proper names and place names are A place set up for spiritual becomes clear in the context of a few only included in this list if variant development. Bhakti sentences (see also Brahman and forms are commonly used. Devotion; love. Devotional form of Brahma). The preferred form appears first, Ashrama Hinduism. followed by any variants. Asrama Darshan Shastras A stage of life (of which there are four) Bhakti-yoga Six systems of Hindu philosophy – Acharya adopted according to material The path of loving devotion, aimed at Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Sankhya, Yoga, Acarya considerations, but ultimately as a developing pure love of God. Vedanta and Meemansa. One who teaches by example. Usually means to spiritual realisation. refers to a prominent or exemplary Brahma Dassehra spiritual teacher. Atharva Veda A Hindu deity, considered one of the Dussehra The fourth of the Vedas. Trimurti, and in charge of creative Dassera Advaita power; not to be confused with Dashara Adwaita Atman Brahman or Brahmin. (Other variants are also found) Non-dual. Refers to the impersonalistic Atma Ten days. Also called Vijay Dashami. philosophy which unqualifyingly Self. Can refer to body, mind or soul, Brahmachari Celebrates the victory of Rama on the equates God, the soul and matter. depending on context. Ultimately, it Brahmacari tenth day of the bright half of the lunar refers to the real self, the soul. Brahmacharin month of Jyeshtha. As is often the case Ahimsa Brahmacarin with Hindu festivals, followers may Ahinsa Aum One in the first stage of life, a celibate interpret the festival differently, for Not killing. Non-violence; respect for student of Vedic knowledge. example in connection with Durga life. The sacred symbol and sound (see Navaratri). representing the ultimate; the most Brahmacharya Artha sacred of Hindu words. Brahmacarya Dharma Economic development. The second Also two words – Brahma and chari, Religion or religious duty is the usual aim of life. Avatar cari, charin or carin translation into English, but literally it Avatara The first ashrama or stage of life. means the intrinsic quality of the self Avtara or that which sustains one’s existence. One who descends. Refers to the descent of a deity, most commonly Dhoti Vishnu. Sometimes it is translated as A garment made of natural fibre incarnation which, although inaccurate, (usually cotton or silk), worn by males, may be the best English word which covers the lower body and legs. available.

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Dhyana Grihastha The International Society for Meditation. Gristhi Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON) Karma Grhastha A religious group of the Vaishnava Action. Used of work to refer to the law Divali The second stage of Hindu life; one tradition. of cause and effect. Diwali who belongs to that stage, that is, the Dipavali householder (grihasti). Janeu Karma-yoga Deepavali Jenoi The path of self-realisation through Festival of lights at the end of one year Guna Sacred thread worn by Hindus who dedicating the fruits of one’s work to and beginning of the new year, Rope; quality. Specifically refers to the study under a . God. according to one Hindu calendar. three qualities of sattva (goodness), rajas (passion) and tamas (ignorance), Janmashtami Durga which permeate and control matter. Janmashtmi Songs of praise; corporate devotional Female deity. A form of the The birthday of Krishna, celebrated on singing, usually accompanied by Parvati; wife Guru the eighth day of the waning moon in musical instruments. of Shiva. Spiritual teacher, preceptor or the month of Badra. enlightener. Krishna Dvaita Japa Usually considered an avatar of Dwaita Hanuman Jap Vishnu. One of the most popular of all Dual. Refers to the personalistic The monkey warrior who faithfully The quiet or silent repetition of a Hindu in contemporary Britain. philosophy that differentiates between served Rama and Sita. Also called mantra as a meditative process. His teachings are found in the God, the soul and matter. Pavansuta (son of the wind God). Bhagavad Gita. Jati Dwarka Havan Caste is the usual translation, meaning Kshatriya Dvarka Also known as Agnihotra. The basis of occupational kinship group. Khatri Dvaraka many Hindu used at weddings Second of the four varnas of Dwaraka and on other ceremonial occasions; the Jnana traditional Hindu society, the ruling or Pilgrimage site on the west coast of ceremony or act of worship in which Gyan warrior class. India. offerings of ghee and grains are made Knowledge. into fire. Lakshmi Ganesha Jnana-yoga Laksmi Ganesh Havan kund Gyan-yoga The goddess of fortune. Ganupati The container, usually square or The path of knowledge, that aims at Ganapati pyramid-shaped, in which the havan liberation. Mahabharata A Hindu deity portrayed with an fire is burned. The Hindu epic that relates the story of elephant’s head – a sign of strength. Kali the five Pandava princes. It includes The deity who removes obstacles. Hitopadesh Kaali the Stories with a moral. Name given to that power of God Bhagavad Gita. Ganga which delivers justice – often Mala The Ganges. Most famous of all sacred Holi represented by the Goddess Kali (a Maala rivers of India. The festival of colours, celebrated in form of Durga). Circle of stringed beads of wood or Spring. wool used in meditation. Gangotri Kali yuga Source of the river Ganges. Homa The fourth of the ages; the iron age or Mandala Term often used interchangeably with the age of quarrelling and hypocrisy. Mandal Gotra havan. A circle, area or community/group. Exogamous group within Jati. Kama The third of the four aims of life – Mandir regulated sense of enjoyment. Temple.

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Mantra Navaratri Raja Yoga Sadhana That which delivers the mind. Refers to Navaratra Raj Yoga Sadhan a short sacred text or prayer, often The Nine Nights Festival preceding Path of self-control and meditation to One’s regulated spiritual practices or recited repetitiously. Dassehra, and held in honour of the realise God. discipline. goddess Durga. Rajas Sadhu Manusmriti Nirvana Passion or creative potency, one of the Saddhu The laws of Manu. An ancient and The cessation of material existence. three gunas (qualities of material Holy man, ascetic. important text on Dharma, including nature). personal and social laws. Panchatantra Sama Veda Marg Part of the supplementary Vedic Rakhi The Veda of chanting; material mainly Path (see Jnana yoga, Karma yoga scriptures, composed of animal stories Raakhi from the Rig Veda, arranged for ritual and Bhakti yoga). with a moral. A bracelet, usually made out of silk or chanting in worship. cotton, tied to give protection and to Mata Parvati strengthen the bond of mutual love. Samsara Mother. Often associated with Hindu The consort of Shiva, also known by Sansara who represent shakti other names such as Durga, Devi, etc. Raksha Bandhan The world – the place where (power). The festival when women tie a transmigration (the soul’s passage Prahlada decorative bracelet on their brothers’ through a series of lives in different Mathura Prahalada wrists. species) occurs. Holy place connected with Krishna. A great devotee of Vishnu, connected with the festival of Holi. Rama Samskar Maya The incarnation of the Lord, and hero Sanskar Not this. Usually, it refers to illusion, Pranayam of the Ramayana (avoid using the Samskara particularly where the permanent soul Pranayama variant ‘Ram’ for obvious reasons). Sacraments designed to initiate a new identifies itself with temporary matter, Regulation of breath as a means of stage of life. There is usually a total of for example, the body. It can also controlling the mind. Ramayana sixteen such rites of passage (though mean power. Ramayan many schools of thought do not Prashad The Hindu epic that relates the story of practise them all). Moksha Prasad Rama and Sita, composed by the sage Moksa Prasada Valmiki thousands of years ago. Sanatan Dharma Ultimate liberation from the process of Prashada The eternal or imperishable religion; transmigration, the continuous cycle of Sacred or sanctified food. Ramnavami also known as Vedic Dharma. birth and death. Ramnavmi Adherents often prefer this term to Pravachan The birthday festival of Rama. Hinduism since it characterises their Mundan A lecture or talk, usually based on the belief in the revealed and universal The head-shaving ceremony. scriptures. Rig Veda nature of religion. Performed in the first or third year of Rg or Rc Veda life. Puja The first scripture of Hinduism, Sannyasa Pooja containing spiritual and scientific The state of renunciation, the fourth Murti Worship. General term referring to a knowledge. stage of life. Moorti variety of practices in the home or Form. The image or deity used as a Mandir. Rishi Sannyasin focus of worship. ‘Idol’ should Rsi Samyasin definitely not be used, and ‘statue’ may Purana Risi Samnyasin also cause offence. Ancient. Part of the Smriti scriptures. A spiritually wise person. More A renunciate who, having given up Contains many of the well-known specifically, one of the seven seers who worldly affairs and attachments, has stories of Hinduism. received the divine wisdom. entered the fourth stage of life, often as a mendicant.

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Sanskrit Shri Tamas Vanaprasthi Sacred language of the Hindu Sri Ignorance or destructive potency; the Vanaprastha scriptures. Illustrious. Used as a title of respect, lowest of the three gunas. Forest dweller. One who is in the third for example Shri Krishna. Also a stage of life. Saraswati respectful title for men. The feminine Tilaka The power of knowledge, often form is Shrimati (Mrs). Tilak Varanasi represented by the goddess Saraswati, The mark made on the murti or on the Banares the goddess of learning. Shruti forehead of a worshipper. It is a Benares Srti, Sruti symbol of the power of God within. Kashi Sattva That which is heard. AA term Kasi Sattwa specifically applied to the Four Vedas, Trimurti City on the river Ganges, sacred to Goodness, or the potency to sustain including the Upanishads. The three deities. Refers to Brahma, Shiva. It is one of the holiest and nourish; one of the three gunas. Vishnu and Shiva, who personify and pilgrimage sites and also an ancient Sita control the three gunas. They centre of learning. Seeta represent and control the three Sewa The divine consort of Rama. functions of creation, preservation and Varna Service, either to the divine or to destruction. ‘Trinity’ should be Colour. The four principal divisions of humanity. Smriti avoided. Hindu society. It is important to note Srti that the word ‘caste’ refers strictly to That which is remebrered. Scriptures Upanayana sub-divisions within each varna, and Saivism less ancient than the Vedas. Includes Ceremony when the sacred thread is not to varnas themselves. The religion of Hindus who are the Ramayana and Mahabharata. tied – to mark the start of learning with devotees of Shiva. a guru. Varnashrama Sutra Varnasrama Dharma Shakti Sutta Upanishad The system whereby society is divided Sakti Short sayings or verses relating to Upanisad into four varnas (divisions), and life Energy or power, especially of a Hindu various rituals, or encapsulating To sit down near. A sacred text based into four ashramas (stages). feminine deity. profound philosophical meaning. on the teaching of a guru to a disciple. The Upanishads explain the teachings Varsha Pratipada Shiva Swami of the Vedas. The day of Creation, celebrated as New Siva Svami Year’s Day by many Hindus. (many variants – even Civa – have been Controller. Sometimes, more found) specifically, Goswami (one who can Vaisnavism Veda A Hindu god. The name means kindly control his/her senses). An honorific The religion of Hindus who are Knowledge. Specifically refers to the or auspicious. title applied to a religious teacher or devotees of the god Vishnu. four Vedas, though any teaching which holy person, particularly the sannyasi. is consistent with the conclusions of Shivaratri Vaishya these scriptures is also accepted as Sivaratri Swastika Vaisya Vedic. The annual festival celebrated in Svastika The third of the four varnas of Hindu February/March in honour of Shiva. From the Sanskrit for well-being; a society, composed of merchants and Vijay Dashmi Also called Mahashivaratri. mark of good fortune. The four arms farmers. Vijaya Dashami signify the four directions (space), the Another name for Dassehra. Shraddha four Vedas (knowledge), and the four Vanaprastha Sraddha stages (time) in the life cycle. Not to be The third stage of life, typified by Vishnu Ceremony in which sanctified food is confused with the Nazi symbol. retirement and asceticism. Visnu offered to the poor and needy in A Hindu god. With Brahma and Shiva memory of departed ancestors. forms the Trimurti.

12 Oldham SACRE RE Agreed Syllabus 2013 Guidance and support materials ~ Glossary of religions Vrat Vratam Vow. Often including abstention from certain foods.

Vrindavan Brindavan Vrindavana Brindaban The sacred village connected with Krishna’s pastimes as a youth.

Yajur Veda One of the four Vedas, dealing with the knowledge of karma.

Yamuna Jamuna Jumna Tributary of the river Ganga (Ganges), considered by many Hindus to be the most sacred of all holy rivers.

Yatra Jatra Pilgrimage. Usually to important sacred places in India.

Yoga Communion; union of the soul with the Supreme, or a process which promotes that relationship. The English word ‘yoke’ is derived from yoga.

Yuga Age, or extended period of time, of which there are four.

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Aishah al-Khulafa-ur-Rashidun Ansar One of the wives of the Prophet The Rightly Guided Khalifahs. The first Supporters. The Muslims of al- Glossary Muhammad (peace and blessings of four successors to the leadership role Madinah, who welcomed, helped and Allah be upon him), and daughter of of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and supported the Muslims who migrated

Abu Bakr. (Radhi-Allahu-anhum – may blessings of Allah be upon him). They from Makkah.

Allah be pleased with them). were Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Arafat The Qur’an was revealed in Arabic. Ali (Radhi-Allahu-anhum – may Allah A plain, a few kilometres from Makkah, Therefore Arabic is the language of Akhirah be pleased with them). where pilgrims gather to worship, pray Islam, Islamic worship, , ethics Everlasting life after death – the and ask for forgiveness. This takes and jurisprudence. Islam is inextricably hereafter. al-Madinah place on the ninth day of the Islamic linked with the Arabic language Madinatu’n-Nabi (The City of the month of Dhul-Hijjah, the day before despite the variety of languages Akhlaq Prophet). The name given to Yathrib Id-ul-Adha. spoken by the believers. Conduct, character, attitudes and after the Prophet Muhammad (peace

ethics. and blessings of Allah be upon him) Asr (Salat-ul-Asr) For British teachers and pupils who migrated there in 622 CE and founded Mid-afternoon salah which may be have not encountered Islamic terms, al-Amin the first Islamic state. performed from late afternoon until a this transliteration is a simplified The Trustworthy. The name by which short while before sunset. version of that used by contemporary Prophet Muhammad (peace and Ali scholars. An apostrophe is used to blessings of Allah be upon him) was Cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet As-Salamu-Alaykum indicate a pause. The reader will note generally known, even before the Muhammad (peace and blessings of Peace be upon you. An Islamic that the words salah and zakah end in revelation of Islam. Allah be upon him); husband of greeting. ‘h’ when they appear alone. When part Fatimah Zahrah; father of Hassan, of a phrase, these words are written al-Aqsa Hussein, and Zainab; the fourth of ‘al- Ayah (sing.) with a ‘t’ at the end, for example, Salat- Masjid-ul-Aqsa (The Farthest Mosque) Khulafa-ur-Rashidun’ according to A unit within a Surah of the Qur’an. ul-Zuhr, Zakat-ul-Fitr, as a guide to in Jerusalem. Located near the Dome Sunnis, and the first successor pronunciation. of the Rock. accepted by Shi’ah Islam (Radhi- Barakah Allahu-anhum – may Allah be pleased Blessings. Abd al-Fatihah with them). Servant. As in Abdullah, servant of The Opener. Surah 1 of the Qur’an . Bilal Allah. Recited at least 17 times daily during Allah The first Mu’adhin of Islam (see the five times of salah. Also known as The Islamic name for God in the Arabic Adhan), a companion of Prophet Abu Bakr ‘The Essence’ of the Qur’an. language. Used in preference to the Muhammad (peace and blessings of The first Khalifah, successor to the word God, this Arabic term is singular, Allah be upon him), formerly an leadership of the Muslim community al-hamdu-li-Llah has no plural, nor is it associated with Abyssinian slave (Radhi-Allahu-anhu – after the death of the Prophet All praise belongs to Allah. Frequently masculine, feminine or neuter may Allah be pleased with him). Muhammad (peace and blessings of used as an expression of thanks to characteristics. Allah be upon him). Allah. Bismillah Allahu In the name of Allah. Adam al-Kafi Allah is most great. Adam (peace be upon him). The first The title of the books of Hadith Bismillah-ir-Rahman ir-Rahim man, and first Prophet of Allah. compiled by Muhammad (peace and Angels In the name of Allah – All Gracious, All blessings of Allah be upon him) ibn- Beings created by Allah from light. Merciful. The preface to all Surahs of Adhan Yaqub Koleini, a Shi’ah scholar. They have no free will and are the Qur’an except the ninth one. It is Call to prayer. From the same root, completely obedient to Allah. usually said by Muslims before eating Mu’adhin (one who makes the call to or beginning any action. prayer).

14 Oldham SACRE RE Agreed Syllabus 2013 Guidance and support materials ~ Glossary of religions Dar-ul-Islam Fatihah Hajj Iblis House or abode of Islam. Sometimes See al-Fatihah. Annual pilgrimage to Makkah, which The Jinn who defied Allah by refusing used to refer to lands ruled by Islamic each Muslim must undertake at least to bow to Adam (peace be upon him), Shari’ah. Fatimah (al-Zahrah) once in a lifetime if he or she has the and later became the tempter of all Daughter of the Prophet Muhammad health and wealth. A Muslim male who human beings (see Shaytan). Da’wah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon has completed Hajj is called Hajji, and Call. Inviting people to Islam, whether him); wife of Ali; mother of Hassan, a female, Hajjah. Ibrahim by literal invitation and preaching, or Hussein and Zainab (Radhi-Allahu- Abraham (peace be upon him). by the example of good actions. anhum – may Allah be pleased with Halal A Prophet of Allah to whom the them). Any action or thing which is permitted ‘scrolls’ were given. Dawud or lawful. David (peace be upon him). A Prophet Fatwa Id of Allah to whom the Zabur (the Book The legal guidance of a pious, just, Haram Recurring . A religious of Psalms) was given. knowledgeable Muslim scholar and Anything unlawful or not permitted. holiday; a feast for thanking Allah and jurist, based on the Qur’an, Sunnah celebrating a happy occasion. Dhikr and Islamic Shari’ah. Haram Sharif Remembrance. Remembrance of Allah The grand mosque in Makkah, which Id Mubarak in one’s heart or by reciting His names Fiqh encompasses the Ka’bah, the hills of Id blessings! Greeting exchanged or sections from the Qur’an. Understanding. Islamic jurisprudence. Safa and Marwah and the well of during Islamic celebrations. Zamzam. Dhimmi Ghusl Id-ul-Adha A non-Muslim living freely under the Greater ablution. Formal washing of Hijab Celebration of the , protection of an Islamic state. the whole body prior to worship (see Veil. Often used to describe the head commemorating the Prophet Wudu). scarf or modest dress worn by women, Ibrahim’s willingness to sacrifice his Dhul-Hijjah who are required to cover everything son Isma’il for Allah (peace be upon The month of the Hajj, last month of Hadith except face and hands in the sight of them). Also known as Id-ul- – the the Islamic year. Saying; report; account. The sayings of anyone other than immediate family. Greater Id – and Qurban Bayram the Prophet Muhammad (peace and (Turkish) - feast of sacrifice. Din blessings of Allah be upon him), as Hijrah Way of life, religion together with its recounted by his household, progeny Departure; exit; emigration. The Id-ul-Fitr practices. and companions. These are a major emigration of the Prophet Muhammad Celebration of breaking the fast on the source of Islamic law. Some Hadith are (peace and blessings of Allah be upon day after Ramadan ends, which is also Din-ul-Fitrah referred to as Hadith Qudsi (sacred him) from Makkah to Madinah in 622 the first day of Shawal, the tenth A description of Islam as the natural Hadith) having been divinely CE. The Islamic calendar commences Islamic month. Also known as Id-ul- way of life. communicated to the Prophet from this event. Saghir - the Lesser Id – and Sheker Muhammad (peace and blessings of Bayram (Turkish) – sugar feast. Du’a Allah be upon him). Hira Varying forms of personal prayer and The name of a place near Makkah, Ihram supplication. Hafiz where the Prophet Muhammad (peace The state or condition entered into to Someone who knows the whole Qur’an and blessings of Allah be upon him) perform either Hajj or Umrah. During Fajr (Salat-ul-Fajr) by heart. went for solitude and worship. It was this period, many normally permitted Dawn salah which may be performed there that he received the first actions are placed out of bounds to from dawn until just before sunrise. Hajar revelation of the Qur’an. Muslims. Also, the name of the two Hagar. Wife of the Prophet Ibrahim, plain white unsewn cloths worn by Fard and mother of the Prophet Isma’il Ibadah male pilgrims to indicate the Obligatory duty according to divine (peace be upon them). All acts of worship. Any permissible brotherhood, equality and purity of the law, for example, offering salah five action performed with the intention to pilgrim. For women, the dress of Ihram times a day. obey Allah. consists of their normal modest clothing.

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Ijma Khutbah General consensus of scholars, Isnad Speech. Talk delivered on special Place near Makkah, where pilgrims expressed or tacit, on matters of law Chain of transmission of each Hadith. occasions such as the Jumu’ah and Id stay on the 10th, 11th and 12th of and practice. . Dhul-Hijjah and perform some of the Jibril activities of the Hajj. Imam Gabriel. The angel who delivered Laylat-ul-Qadr Leader. A person who leads the Allah’s messages to His Prophets. The Night of Power, when the first Minbar communal prayer, or a founder of an revelation of the Qur’an was made to Rostrum; platform; dais. The stand Islamic school of jurisprudence. In Jihad Prophet Muhammad (peace and from which the Imam delivers the Shi’ah Islam, Imam is also the title of Personal individual struggle against blessings of Allah be upon him). It is khutbah or speech in the mosque or Ali (Radhi-Allahu-anhu – may Allah be evil in the way of Allah. It can also be believed to be one of the last ten praying ground. pleased with him) and his successors. collective defence of the Muslim nights of Ramadan. community. Miqat Imamah Madinah See al-Madinah. Place appointed, at which pilgrims Office and function of an Imam. Jinn enter into the state of ihram. Religious authority in Shi’ah Islam; Being created by Allah from fire. Maghrib (Salat-ul-Maghrib) successor to the Prophet Muhammad Sunset salah which is performed after Mi’raj (peace and blessings of Allah be upon Jumu’ah (Salat-ul-Jumu’ah) sunset until daylight ends. The ascent through the heavens of the him) as leader of the Muslim The weekly communal salah and Prophet Muhammad (peace and community. attendance at the khutbah performed Mahdi, al-Muntazar blessings of Allah be upon him). shortly after midday on Fridays. The (rightly) guided one who is Iman awaited and will appear towards the Mu’adhin Faith. Ka’bah end of time to lead the Ummah and Caller to prayer (see Adhan). Known in A cube-shaped structure in the centre restore justice on Earth. The one who is English as ‘muezzin’. Injil of the grand mosque in Makkah. The promised in the Judaic, Christian and Gospel. A book given to Prophet Isa first house built for the worship of the Islamic traditions. Muhammad (peace be upon him). One True God. Praised. Name of the final Prophet. Makkah Iqamah Khadijah City where the Prophet Muhammad Muharram Call to stand up for salah. First wife of the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon First month in the Islamic calendar, (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) was born, and where the Ka’bah which is calculated from the time the Isa him). Mother of Fatimah Zahrah is located. Prophet Muhammad (peace and Jesus. A Prophet of Allah, born of the (Radhi-Allahu-anhum – may Allah be blessings of Allah be upon him) virgin Mary (peace be upon them). pleased with them). Maryam migrated to Yathrib (Madinah). Mary. The virgin mother of the Prophet Isha (Salat-ul-Isha) Khalifah Isa (peace be upon them). Musa Evening salah which may be Successor; inheritor; custodian; vice- Moses (peace be upon him). A Prophet performed from just over an hour after regent (see al-Khulafa-ur-Rashidun). Masjid of Allah to whom the Tawrah (Torah) sunset, until midnight. Place of prostration. Mosque. was given. Khilafah Islam The institution of the Khalifah. Mihrab Mumin Peace attained through willing Niche or alcove in a mosque wall, Faithful. A believer, a practising Muslim obedience to Allah’s divine guidance. Khums indicating the Qiblah – the direction who wholeheartedly yields to Allah’s Contribution (additional to zakah) of of Makkah, towards which all Muslims guiding wisdom and is thus in Isma’il one fifth of surplus annual income paid face to perform salah. harmony with His will and at peace Ishmael. A Prophet of Allah. Son of the by Shi’ah Muslims. Sunni Muslims with himself and fellow creatures. Prophet Ibrahim and Hajar (peace be only apply Khums to booty. upon them).

16 Oldham SACRE RE Agreed Syllabus 2013 Guidance and support materials ~ Glossary of religions Muslim Sa’y Shahadah Sunnah One who claims to have accepted Walking and hastening between Safa Declaration of faith, which consists of Model practices, customs and Islam by professing the Shahadah. and Marwah, as part of the Hajj, in the statement, ‘There is no god except traditions of the Prophet Muhammad Muzdalifah remembrance of Hajar’s search for Allah, Muhammad is the Messenger of (peace and blessings of Allah be upon Place where pilgrims on Hajj stop for a water for her son Isma’il (peace be Allah’. him). This is found in both Hadith and time during the night of the day they upon them). Sirah. spend at Arafat. Shari’ah Sadaqah Islamic law based upon the Qur’an Sunni Nabi Voluntary payment or good action for and Sunnah. Muslims who believe in the Prophet of Allah. charitable purposes. successorship of Abu Bakr, Umar, Shaytan Uthman and Ali (Radhi-Allahu-anhum Niyyah Safa and Marwah Rebellious; proud. The devil (see Iblis) – may Allah be pleased with them) Intention. A legally required statement Two hills in Makkah, near the Ka’bah, after the Prophet Muhammad (peace of intent, made prior to all acts of now included within the grand mosque Shi’ah and blessings of Allah be upon him). devotion such as salah, Hajj or sawm. (see Sa’y). Followers. Muslims who believe in the Imamah, successorship of Ali (Radhi- Surah Qadar Sahih al-Bukhari Allahu-anhu – may Allah be pleased Division of the Qur’an (114 in all). Allah’s complete and final control over The title of the books of Hadith with him) after the Prophet the fulfilment of events or destiny. compiled by Muhammad ibn Isma’il al- Muhammad (peace and blessings of Takbir Bukhari, a Sunni scholar. The Allah be upon him) and eleven of his Saying ‘Allahu Akbar!’ Recited during Qiblah collection is described as Sahih most pious, knowledgeable salah, Id and other celebratory Direction which Muslims face when (authentic). descendants. occasions. performing salah – towards the Ka’bah (see Mihrab). Sahih Muslim Shirk Tawaf The title of the books of Hadith Association. Regarding anything as Walking seven times around the Qur’an compiled by Abul Husayn Muslim ibn being equal or partner to Allah. Shirk Ka’bah in worship of Allah. Also, a That which is read or recited. The al-Hajjaj, a Sunni scholar. The is forbidden in Islam. part of Hajj and Umrah. Divine Book revealed to the Prophet collection is described as Sahih Muhammad (peace and blessings of (authentic). Shura Tawhid Allah be upon him). Allah’s final Consultation of the people in the Belief in the Oneness of Allah – revelation to humankind. Salah management of religious and worldly absolute as practised in Prescribed communication with, and affairs. A duty prescribed in the Qur’an Islam. Rak’ah worship of, Allah, performed under to leaders at all levels, from family to A unit of salah, made up of recitation, specific conditions, in the manner government. Tawrah standing, bowing and two prostrations. taught by the Prophet Muhammad The Torah. The book given to the (peace and blessings of Allah be upon Sirah Prophet Musa (Moses) (peace be upon Ramadan him), and recited in the Arabic Biographical writings about the him). The ninth month of the Islamic language. The five daily times of salah conduct and example of the Prophet calendar, during which fasting is are fixed by Allah. Muhammad (peace and blessings of Ulama required from just before dawn until Allah be upon him). Scholars of Islamic law and sunset, as ordered by Allah in the Sawm jurisprudence (sing. Alim). Qur’an. Fasting from just before dawn until Subhah sunset. Abstinence is required from all String of beads used to count Umar ibn ul-Khattab Rasul food and drink (including water) as recitations in worship. The second Khalifah of Islam. Messenger of Allah. well as smoking and conjugal relations. Ummah Community. World-wide community of Muslims; the nation of Islam.

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Umrah Lesser pilgrimage which can be performed at any time of the year.

Uthman The third Khalifah of Islam.

Wudu Ablution before salah.

Yathrib Town to which the Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) migrated from Makkah (see al-Madinah).

Zabur The Book of Psalms given to Prophet Dawud (David) (peace be upon him).

Zakah Purification of wealth by payment of annual welfare due. An obligatory act of worship.

Zakat-ul-Fitr Welfare payment at the end of Ramadan.

Zamzam Name of the well adjacent to the Ka’bah in Makkah. The water first sprang in answer to Hajar’s search and prayers (see Hajar and Sa’y).

Zuhr (Salat-ul-Zuhr) Salah which can be performed after midday until afternoon.

18 Oldham SACRE RE Agreed Syllabus 2013 Guidance and support materials ~ Glossary of religions Ashkenazim Circumcision Hasidism Judaism Glossary Jews of Central and Eastern European Religious rite of Brit Milah, performed Chasidism origin. by a qualified mohel on all Jewish A religious and social movement boys, usually on the eighth day after formed by Israel Baal Shem Tov (from Most of the terms included in this Bar Mitzvah birth. the 18th century onwards). section are Hebrew in origin. However, Son of Commandment. A boy’s coming since the Jewish diaspora, many terms of age at 13 years old, usually marked Gemara Havdalah reflect the different countries where by a synagogue ceremony and family Gemarah Distinction. Ceremony marking the Jews have settled. For example, many celebration. Commentary on the Mishnah included conclusion of Shabbat. words are in Yiddish, a common in the Talmud. language (a mixture of German, Bat Mitzvah Hebrew Russian and Hebrew) developed by Bat Chayil Genizah Ivrit Jews throughout Central and Eastern Daughter of Commandment. As above, Storage place for damaged religious Ancient Semitic language; language of Europe. The preferred form in this but for girls from 12 years old. May be texts. the Tenakh (Hebrew Scriptures) and glossary uses the Sephardic marked differently between used by Jews for prayer and study. pronunciation, which is equivalent to communities. Haftarah Also, everyday language in Israel. modern Hebrew as spoken in Israel Completion. Passages from Nevi’im today. As with all transliterations, there Bet ha Knesset (Prophets) read in the synagogue Huppah may be acceptable differences in the Beit ha Knesset (linked to weekly Torah and festival Chuppah ways in which words are spelt. Shul readings). Canopy used for a wedding ceremony, House of Assembly. Synagogue. under which the bride and groom The preferred form is given first, Hagadah stand. followed by any variants. Bimah Haggadah Dais. Raised platform primarily for Telling. A book used at Seder. Israel Afikomen (Greek) reading the Torah in the synagogue. One who struggles with God. The Halakhah phrase refers to the world-wide Jewish Dessert. Portion of a matzah eaten near the end of the Seder. Brit Milah Halacha community; the land of Israel and the Berit Milah The Way. The code of conduct modern state of Israel. Bris encompassing all aspects of Jewish life. Agadah Aggadah Circumcision. Kabbalah Hanukiah Cabala Telling. Rabbinical teachings on moral Challah Chanukiah Jewish . values. Hallah Menorah Enriched bread used particularly on Nine-branched Hanukkah lamp used Kaddish Aleinu Shabbat and during festivals. at the festival of Hanukkah. Prayer publicly recited by mourners. Key prayer at the conclusion of each service. Chazan Hanukkah Kashrut

Aliyah Hazzan Chanukah Laws relating to keeping a kosher To go up. (i) Being called to read the Cantor Dedication. An eight-day festival of home and lifestyle. Leader of reading, singing and lights to celebrate the re-dedication of Sefer Torah in the synagogue. (ii) The migration of Jews to Israel. chanting in the services of some the temple following the Maccabean Ketubah synagogues. victory over the Greeks. Ketubbah Document that defines rights and Amidah Standing. The standing prayer. Chumash Hasid (plural Hasidim) obligations within Jewish marriage. Five. The Torah in book form, used in Chasid (plural Chasidim) the synagogue and the home. Pious. Member of the Orthodox Ketuvim Aron Hakodesh Holy Ark. The focal point of the movement of Hasidism. Writings. Third section of the Tenakh. synagogue, containing Torah scrolls.

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Kibbutz (plural Kibbutzim) Mashiach Mitzvah (plural Mitzvot) Pogrom Israeli collective village based on Moshiach Commandment. The Torah contains Organised attack on Jews, especially socialist principles. Messiah 613 Mitzvot. Commonly used to frequent in 19th and early 20th century The anointed one who will herald in a describe good deeds. Eastern Europe. Kiddush new era for Judaism and all Holy. A prayer sanctifying Shabbat humankind. Mohel Purim and festival days, usually recited over Person trained to perform Brit Milah. Festival commemorating the rescue of wine. Matzah (plural Matzot) Persian Jewry as told in the book of A flat cracker-like bread which has Moshav (plural Moshavim) Esther. Kippah been baked before it rises; used at Collective village or farm in Israel. Yamulkah Pesach. Rabbi Capel Ner Tamid My teacher. An ordained Jewish Head covering worn during prayers, Menorah Eternal light. The perpetual light above teacher. Often the religious leader of a Torah study, etc. Some followers wear Seven-branched candelabrum which the Aron Hakodesh. Jewish community. it constantly. was lit daily in the Temple. Nevi’im Rashi Knesset Mezuzah Prophets. Second section of the Rabbi Shlomo ben Yitzhak (1040 – Assembly. Israeli parliament. A scroll placed on door posts of Jewish Tenakh. 1105). A French rabbinical scholar and homes, containing a section from the leading commentator on the Torah Kol Nidrei Torah and often enclosed in a Noachide Laws and Talmud. Kol Nidre decorative case. Seven laws given to Noah after the All vows. Prayer recited on the evening flood, which are incumbent on all Rebbe of Yom Kippur. Midrash humankind. These laws form the Rabbi. The term used by Hasidim for Collections of various Rabbinic foundation for a just society. their religious leader. Korach commentaries on the Tenakh. Name of the leader who defied Moses Parev Rosh Hashanah in the wilderness Mikveh Parveh Rosh Ha-Shanah Ritual bath used for the immersion of Neutral foods, which are neither milk Head of the Year. Jewish New Year. Kosher people and objects. nor meat, for example vegetables, Kasher eggs, fish. Seder Fit; proper. Foods permitted by Jewish Minyan Order. A home-based ceremonial meal dietary laws. Quorum of ten men, over Bar Mitzvah Pesach during Pesach, at which the Exodus age, required for a service. Progressive Passover from Egypt is recounted using the Ladino communities may include women but Festival commemorating the Exodus Hagadah. Language used predominately by do not always require a minyan. from Egypt. One of the three biblical Sephardim. pilgrim festivals. Pesach is celebrated Sefer Torah Mishnah in the spring. Torah scroll. The five books of Moses Magen David First writing down of the Oral hand-written on parchment and rolled Shield of David, popularly called Star Tradition. An authoritative document Pikei Avot to form a scroll. of David. forming part of the Talmud, codified Pirke Avoth about 200 CE. Sayings of the Fathers. Part of the Sephardim Maimonides Mishnah containing ethics of Sefardim Rabbi Moses ben Maimon (1135–1204), Mishkan Rabbinical sages. Jews originating from Mediterranean a leading Jewish philosopher, medical Dwelling. The original travelling Pikuakh Nefesh countries, especially Spain, North writer and codifier of Jewish law. sanctuary used prior to the building of Save a soul. The setting aside of Africa and the Middle East. the permanent Temple in Jerusalem. certain laws in order to save a life.

20 Oldham SACRE RE Agreed Syllabus 2013 Guidance and support materials ~ Glossary of religions Shabbat Simchat Torah Tenakh Yom Hashoah Shabbos Rejoicing of the law. Festival Tanakh Day to commemorate the Shoah. Day of spiritual renewal and rest celebrating the completion and The collected 24 books of the Jewish commencing at sunset on Friday, recommencement of the cycle of the Bible, comprising three sections: Yom Kippur terminating at nightfall on Saturday. weekly Torah reading. Torah, Nevi’im, and Ketuvim Day of Atonement. Fast day occurring (Te;Na;Kh). on the tenth day after Rosh Hashanah; Shatnez Sukkah (plural Sukkot) a solemn day of Tefillah and Teshuva. Shaatnez Tabernacle; booth. A temporary Teshuva Garments containing a forbidden dwelling used during Sukkot. Repentance. Returning to God. Zionism mixture of wool and linen. Political movement securing the Jewish Sukkot Tikkun Olam return to the land of Israel. Shavuot One of three biblical pilgrim festivals, Tikun Weeks. One of three pilgrim festivals. Sukkot is celebrated in the Autumn. Care for the world and environment. Shavuot is celebrated in the summer, seven weeks after Pesach. Synagogue Torah Shul Law; teaching. The Five Books of Shekhina Bet Haknesset Moses. The divine presence. Bet Hamidrash Building for Jewish public prayer, study Tzedaka Shema and assembly. Righteousness. An act of charity. Major Jewish prayer affirming belief in one God. The Shema is found in the Tallit Tzizit Torah. Tallith Tzittzit Prayer shawl. Four-cornered garment Fringes on the corners of the Tallit. Shemot with fringes. Also commonly refers to the fringed Names. Seven holy . undervest worn by some Jewish males. Talmud Shiva Mishnah and Gemara, collected Yad Seven days of intense mourning together. Hand-held pointer used in reading the following the burial of a close relation. Sefer Torah. During this period, all ordinary work is Tefillah prohibited. Tefila Yahrzeit Self-judgement. Jewish prayer and Year-time. Anniversary of a death. Shoah meditation. Desolation. The suffering experienced Yeshiva by European Jews at the hands of the Tefillin College for study of the Torah and Nazis, including the systematic murder Tephilin Talmud. of six million Jews between 1933 and T’filin 1945. Phylacteries Yiddish Small leather boxes containing Language used predominantly by Shofar passages from the Torah, strapped on Ashkenazim. Ram’s horn blown at the season of the forehead and arm for morning Rosh Hashanah prayers on weekdays. Yishuv Ingathering. The Jewish community of Siddur Israel. Order. Daily prayer book.

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Amrit ceremony Sikhism Glossary Amrit Pahul Collection of compositions, some of The fifth Guru who was the first Sikh Sikh terms are drawn from the Punjabi Khande di Pahul which are attributed to the tenth Sikh martyr (1563–1606). language, and the versions below are Sometimes just ‘Amrit’ or ‘Taking Guru, compiled some years after his based upon that language. Many of Amrit’ (‘Amrit Chhakna’) death. Guru Gobind these terms will also be found in books The Sikh rite of initiation into the Guru Govind Singh on Hinduism and Buddhism but with . ‘Baptism’ should not be used. Giani (Original name: Guru Gobind Rai) somewhat different meanings. As with A person learned in the . Tenth Sikh Guru. It is important to all transliterations, there are problems note that the title ‘Guru’ must be used which are difficult to resolve. This is Anand Sanskar with all the ’ names. usually particularly true when moving from the Ceremony of bliss. Wedding ceremony. Reader of the , use further terms of respect, for script which has an alphabet who officiates at ceremonies. example Ji or Guru of 35 letters, to the Roman alphabet Ardas Nanak Dev Ji. which has only 26 letters. Names of Prayer. The formal prayer offered at persons and places are only included most religious acts. Bani Guru Granth Sahib in this list if variant forms are Vani Adi Granth commonly used. Baisakhi Divine word revealed by the Gurus. The (‘Granth’ by itself should be avoided) Shabads contained in the Guru Primal collection of Sikh scriptures,

Akal Purakh A major Sikh festival celebrating the Granth Sahib. compiled by Guru Arjan and given its The Eternal One. A designation formation of the Khalsa, 1699 CE. final form by Guru Gobind Singh. frequently used of God by . Bangla Sahib Gurudwara Guru Har Gobind The site of the martyrdom of Guru Har Sikh place of worship. Literally the Krishan (Delhi). ‘doorway to the Guru’. Guru Hargovind Takht Akal Takhat Sixth Sikh Guru. Bhai Khanaya Throne of the Eternal; throne of the A Sikh commended by Guru Gobind The Guru’s guidance. Timeless One. Building facing the in , where Singh for serving water to the enemy Guru Harkishan wounded. Gurmukh Guru Harkrishan Sikhs gather for political purposes. One who lives by the Guru’s teaching. Eighth Sikh Guru.

Akhand Path A humble carpenter who opened his Gurmukhi Guru Nanak Continuous reading of the Guru house to Guru Nanak. The Guru From the Guru’s mouth. Name given to The first Guru and the founder of the Granth Sahib from beginning to end.

preferred Bhai Lalo’s simple food to the script in which the scriptures and Sikh faith (1469–1539). the offerings of a local rich merchant. the are written. Amrit Nectar. Sanctified liquid made of sugar and water, used in initiation Chanani The ninth Guru who was martyred for Chandni Gurpurab the principle of religious tolerance ceremonies.

Canopy over the scriptures, used as a A Guru’s anniversary (birth or death). (1622–1675). mark of respect. Also used for other anniversaries, for example, of the installation of the Adi Haumai Chauri Granth, 1604 CE. Egoism. The major spiritual defect. Chaur Symbol of the authority of the Guru Guru Granth Sahib. Fan waved over Teacher. In Sikhism, the title of Guru is God’s will. scriptures, made of yak hairs or nylon. reserved for the ten human Gurus and It should not be called a ‘fly whisk’. the Guru Granth Sahib.

22 Oldham SACRE RE Agreed Syllabus 2013 Guidance and support materials ~ Glossary of religions Hukam Kaur Vak Princess. Name given to all Sikh Patases Random reading taken for guidance females by Guru Gobind Singh (see Manji Sahib Patashas from the Guru Granth Sahib. Singh). Small platform on which the scripture Sugar bubbles or crystals used to is placed. prepare Amrit. There is only One God. The first phrase Kes of the Mool Mantar. It is also used as Uncut hair. One of (see panj Munmukh Panjab a symbol to decorate Sikh objects. kakke). Self-orientated (as opposed to Land of five rivers. The area of India in gurmukh). which Sikhism originated. Janamsakhi Khalsa Janam Sakhi The community of the pure. The Sikh Mool Mantar Ragi Birth stories. Hagiographic life stories community. Mul Mantar Sikh musician who sings compositions of a Guru, especially Guru Nanak. Basic teaching; essential teaching. The from the Guru Granth Sahib. basic statement of belief at the Double-edged sword used in the beginning of the Guru Granth Sahib. Rahit A morning prayer, composed by Guru initiation ceremony. Also used as the Sikh obligations, for example to Nanak, which forms the first chapter of emblem on the Sikh flag. Nam meditate on God. the Guru Granth Sahib. Nam Simaran Kirat karna Naam Simran Rahit Maryada Jivan Mukt Earning one’s livelihood by one’s own Meditation on the divine name, using Rehat Maryada Jivan Mukht efforts. passages of scripture. Sikh Code of Discipline. Enlightened while in the material body; a spiritually enlightened person, freed Sadhsangat from worldly bonds. Sword. One of the five Ks (see panj Birthplace of Guru Nanak. Now in kakke). ‘Dagger’ should be avoided. . Congregation or assembly of Sikhs. Kachera Traditional underwear/shorts. One of Kirtan Sewa the five Ks (see panj kakke). Devotional singing of the Sikh flag flown at . Seva compositions found in the Guru Service directed at the sadhsangat Kakka Granth Sahib. Nit nem and gurdwara, but also to humanity in See panj kakke. Singular of the The recitation of specified daily general. Punjabi letter K (plural ‘kakke’) prayers. Kirtan Shabad A prayer said before retiring for sleep. Panj kakke Sabad Kanga It is also used at the cremation The five Ks. The symbols of Sikhism Shabd Comb worn in the hair. One of the five ceremony and when the Guru Granth worn by Sikhs. Word. Hymn from the Guru Granth Ks (see panj kakke). Sahib is laid to rest. Sahib; the divine word. Panj piare Kurahit (other forms may also be Sikh Steel band worn on the right wrist. Prohibitions, for example intoxicants. found) Learner; disciple. A person who One of the five Ks (see panj kakke). The five beloved ones. Those first believes in the ten Gurus and the Guru initiated into the Khalsa; those who Granth Sahib, and who has no other Karah parshad Guru ka Langar perform the rite today. religion. Karah Prasad Guru’s kitchen. The gurdwara dining Sanctified food distributed at Sikh hall and the food served in it. Panth Singh ceremonies. The Sikh community. Lion. Name adopted by Sikh males Mela (see kaur). Fair. Used of Sikh festivals which are not .

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Sis Ganj Sahib The site of the martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur (Delhi)

Vak Vaak A random reading taken for guidance from the Guru Granth Sahib.

Vand chhakna Sharing one’s time, talents and earnings with the less fortunate.

Waheguru Wonderful Lord. A Sikh name for God.

24 Oldham SACRE RE Agreed Syllabus 2013 Guidance and support materials ~ Glossary of religions Ethics Humanism Naturalistic Humanism Moral rules and principles to A view of life, and a way of life, A world-view that does not use govern human conduct. Some based solely on our any notion of the divine or Glossary religions see them as influenced understanding of the natural . Humanism is by divine interventions but world, human feelings, founded on a naturalistic world Humanism is a major ethical humanists consider them to be intelligence and creativity and on view, rather than a supernatural non-theistic tradition. This constructed solely by people a personal commitment to view: thus evolution provides an glossary is based on working together in a society. valuing and cooperating with account of how we come to be discussions with several one another as fellow human as we are biologically and members of the British Faith beings. socially, while meaning and Humanist Association 1. Frequently used to mean the Humanists regard people as purpose are the creations of our same as religion. responsible both for themselves shared imagination, feeling and

2. Trust. and for the societies and life story-telling. (www.humanism.org.uk) stances that they create; they God regard all life stances, including Religion In some religions, the cause and all religions, as human creations, A serious, examined way of life support of all that is and the without any supernatural input. based on a set of beliefs and Open-mindedness or genuine source of morality. Usually They believe that this is the only practices with one or more of the doubt as to the truth of claims regarded as taking a direct life we have, so it is infinitely following dimensions: mythical, made for the reality or existence interest in individuals in this life precious, and that by working doctrinal, spiritual, ethical, ritual, of God or any supernatural and judging them after death. together we can make it better social, symbolic, belief in a god, domain. Buddhism, , for everyone. or the supernatural. Most - Belief or assertion that ideas and Humanism do not use the humanists would say that about God or gods lack concept. Life stance humanism is not a religion but convincing evidence and The style and content of an this is debatable on the basis of arguments; individual’s (or a community’s) the definition above. The word is formed from “a” relationship with that which is Confucianism, Taoism and major (“without”) and “gnosis” most ultimate in and guides their strands of Buddhism and (“knowledge”). lives: the consequences for life do not involve a god or gods, that flow from this. and there are non-theistic The term encompasses both strands in Christianity and Denial of the existence of God or theistic and non-theistic Hinduism. gods. The word is formed from positions without favouring one “a” (“without”) and “theos” more than the other. Science (“deity, god”). Christianity and Islam are theistic The enterprise of creating and life stances, for example, while organising human understanding Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism of the natural world, including and Humanism are non-theistic humanity, through open enquiry, life stances. imaginative theory devising, invited challenge and testing against evidence.

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Secular Supernatural This word can be used in two 1. “Other-worldly” reality different ways: radically different from ordinary 1. Excluding and rejecting experience; religion. 2. From beyond the world as we 2. A civil society in which know it, government and its services are 3. Hidden or occult. structured independently of See also Naturalistic religion organisations, which protects freedom of belief as it Theistic does other freedoms, and treats Involving a god or gods. people equally. Ultimate Questions Spiritual Highest or deepest, or most The highest expression and searching and far-reaching, activity of the human person questions of meaning in life and deriving from whatever source. death. (1) Some aspects of “The potential for spiritual Religious Education are development is open to concerned with responses to everyone and is not confined to Ultimate Questions. Many of the the development of religious responses to these questions are beliefs or conversion to a theistic (e.g. Christianity, Islam). particular faith.” (1) Others are non-theistic (e.g. Buddhism, Jainism, Confucianism, Taoism, “Spirituality refers to the inner Humanism, ). nature of human beings often expressed in the search for (1) “SPIRITUAL AND MORAL meaning and purpose in life; the DEVELOPMENT – A DISCUSSION sense of personal value and PAPER”: National Curriculum values: reflections on the Council (1993) (2) “A RELIGIOUS EDUCATION challenges life brings; and a SYLLABUS FOR INDEPENDENT sense of mystery and awe at the SCHOOLS”: universe.” (2) Independent Schools Joint Council (1994)

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