Proceedings of the African Workshop for the World Natural Heritage Site Managers

P ROCEEDINGS OF THE A FRICAN WORKSHOP FOR THE WORLD

NATURAL HERITAGE SITE MANAGERS PROCEEDINGS OF THE AFRICAN WORKSHOP FOR THE WORLD NATURAL HERITAGE SITE MANAGERS

held in

THE SOUTHERN AFRICAN WILDLIFE COLLEGE

18-22 SEPTEMBER 2000

Edited by

Professor ERIC L. EDROMA Dr. ELIZABETH WANGARI

UNESCO 2001 The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion what- soever on the part of the UNESCO Secretariat concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of their authorities, or concerning the delimitation of their frontiers or boundaries. Reproduction is authorized, providing that appropriate mention is made of the source, and copies sent to the UNESCO (Paris) address below.

World Heritage Centre UNESCO, 7 place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP, France fax : +33-1 45 68 55 70 site web : http://www.unesco.org/whc

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I. INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION TO THE WORKSHOP ...... 7

1.0– OPENING SESSION ...... 11 1.1 Introductory remarks by ...... 13 1.1.1 Director of the Southern African Wildlife College (Dr. Eugine Moll) 1.1.2 Deputy Director General, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (Mr. Makgolo Makgolo) 1.1.3 Warden, Kruger National Park (Mr. Geert Erasmus) 1.1.4 International Affairs Specialist, National Oceanographic Atmospheric Administration, USA (Ms. Annie Hillary) 1.2 Official opening by The Senior Programme Specialist, UNESCO World Heritage Centre (Dr. Elizabeth Wangari)...... 15

2.0– THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION ...... 17 2.1 World Heritage Convention as a tool for conserving African biodiversity by Professor Eric L. Edroma...... 19 2.2 Slide show by Dr. Elizabeth Wangari ...... 26 2.3 General discussion lead by Professor Eric L. Edroma ...... 26 2.4 International Ranger Federation and World Heritage Convention by Mr. Gordon Miller ...... 26 2.4.1 Discussion of the paper on IRF 2.5 Early days of the convention ...... 28 2.5.1 Case Study: Tanzania 2.6 Present days of the Convention...... 31 2.6.1 Case Study I: Botswana by Mr. D. Thebes 2.6.2 Case Study II: Kenya by Mr. Bongo Woodley 2.6.3 Case Study III: Uganda by Mr. Ponsiano Oryema and Mr. Joseph Serugo 2.6.4 Case Study IV: Victoria Falls National Park 2.6.5 Case Study V: Long walk to nomination, Mozambique 2.6.6 Case Study VI: Cultural landscape of the Shai Hills Resource Reserves Ghana 2.6.7 Case Study VII: Yellowstone National Park, USA, by Mr. Mike Finley 2.7 Round table discussion ...... 43 3.0– WORLD HERITAGE SITES...... 47 3.1 World Heritage Sites: constraints and threats for global biodiversity conservation priorities by Professor Eric L. Edroma...... 49 3.1.1 Discussion 3.2 General talking points by Mr. Michael Finley...... 53

4.0– NATIONAL LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION ...... 55 4.1 Case Study I: South Africa by Mr. Makgolo Makgolo...... 57 4.1.1 Discussion 4.2 Case Study II: Nigeria by Dr. Joseph O. Eboreime ...... 60

5.0– ANALYSES OF FRAMEWORKS AVAILABLE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENVTION: WORKING GROUPS ...... 65 5.1 Eastern Africa...... 67 5.2 Western Africa ...... 69 5.3 Southern Africa ...... 69

6.0– PREPARATION OF NOMINATION FILES OF PROPERTIES ...... 73 6.1 Conclusions and recommendations from six working groups on nomination of Kruger National Park ...... 75 6.2 Preparation of the tentative listing by Ms. Y. Kaboza ...... 79 6.3 Reports of regional working groups on tentative listing ...... 79 6.3.1 Eastern Africa ...... 6.3.2 Southern Africa 6.3.3 Western Africa 6.4 General discussion in plenary session ...... 84

7.0– OCEAN, COASTAL LAND AND ISLANDS ...... 85 7.1 National Heritage of coastal and marine Africa by Dr. Elizabeth Wangari ...... 87 7.2 Case Studies ...... 88 7.2.1 St. Lucia Wetland National Park by Mr. Andrew Blackmoore 7.2.2 Long walk to nomination, Mozambique by Mr. S. Engdahl 7.3 Discussion on coastal and marine protected areas ...... 88

8.0– MEHTODOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES IN EVALUATING MANAGEMENT EFFECTIVENESS...... 89 8.1 Methodologies and techniques used in evaluating management Strategies by Professor Eric L. Edroma...... 91 8.2 Capacity building for World Heritage Site Managers by Mr. Frank Litondo...... 93 9.0– TRANSBOUNDARY NOMINATIONS ...... 95 9.1 Transboundary management of the natural resources by Dr. Elizabeth Wangari...... 97 9.2 Case studies ...... 98 9.2.1 The case of the Mosi–Oa–Tunya/Victoria Falls World Natural Monument Heritage Site between Zambia and Zimbabwe by Mr. Donald C. Chukumbi and Mr. Muyumbwa Ndiyoi 9.2.2 Masai Mara/Serengeti National Park by Mr. Ezekiel Dembe 9.2.3 The Okavango Ecosystem and its potential as a World Heritage Site for Botswana and Namibia by Mrs. Mary Kapere 9.2.4 The Okavango Delta by I.M. Chite

10.0– MIXED SITES ...... 109 10.1 Case studies...... 111 10.1.1 Sibiloi/Central Island National Parks, Kenya by Joseph M. Mburugu 10.1.2 The emerging nomination of Great Rift Valley ecosystem as a World Heritage Site by Joseph M. Mburugu

11.0– OPPORTUNITIES FOR REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION...... 121 11.1 Opportunities for regional cooperation in Africa by Professor Eric L. Edroma ...... 123

12.0– CONCLUDING RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 127

13.0– WORKSHOP EVALUATION REPORT ...... 131

14.0– ANNEXES...... 137 Closing address by Senior Programme Specialist, UNESCO World Heritage Centre (Dr. Elizabeth Wangari) ...... 139 List of participants ...... 141 7

INTRODUCTORY INFORMATION TO THE WORKSHOP

I —BACKGROUND • Potential for mixed site nominations, Of the 150 natural and mixed areas inscribed in including sites of outstanding universal the World Heritage List 33 are in Africa. Less value for demonstrating phenomena linked than half of these sites are in Anglophone to human evolution, are perhaps not ade- Africa. This undoubtedly is far below the quately explored; potential number of sites that could be designa- • West African countries (e.g. Ghana and ted as World Natural and Mixed Heritage in Nigeria) that do not have large extents of Anglophone Africa. The reasons for the under- wildlife habitats characteristic of eastern performance of the natural part of the and southern Africa may find it compara- Convention are many including: tively difficult to identify suitable areas for • Several countries have to date not yet rati- nomination as World Natural Heritage; and fied the Convention – now 28 years old; • Frameworks for bi-and multi-lateral co- • Some key countries have ratified the operation for designing trans-border nomi- Convention only in recent years and apart nations either do not exist or those available from the Republic of South Africa, the rest are not effectively used. are at a very early stage in the process of identifying and nominating sites for consideration as World Heritage; II — JUSTIFICATIONS • Countries that have ratified the Convention since the early days appear not explore The World Heritage Committee has frequently nomination of new sites or have difficulties stressed the importance of improving the repre- meeting rigorous standards and/or detailed sentativity of the World Heritage List. With documentation expected of nomination regard to World Natural Heritage in Africa this dossiers now, as compared to the dossiers would mean that countries would have to be submitted in the early days of the imple- provided assistance to identify sites and nomi- mentation of the Convention; the anglo- nate them as World Natural and Mixed Heritage phone African country with the largest sites. The nomination preparation process number of sites ( i.e. Tanzania with 4) has however, must be associated with a thorough not nominated any new site for inscription and participatory effort to identify World in the 1990s!; Heritage values of nominated sites and establi- • Decision makers and site managers may be shing systems to monitor the state of conserva- uncertain and /or apprehensive of the impli- tion of those values over the long-term. cations of potential World Heritage desig- The US Government in collaboration with nation for the management regimes in place the UNESCO World Heritage Centre facilitated in several African parks and sanctuaries through the provision of a grant for the organi- which frequently incorporate considerable zation of the workshop. African decision mak- visitor use of sites and wildlife manage- ers and site managers were pulled together and ment programmes that may include legal they exchanged views, information and experi- harvesting of wildlife and their products; ences that it is hoped may lead to a more bal- 8 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

anced representation of World Natural and to promote nature and biodiversity conser- Mixed Heritage Sites. The United States of vation in Africa and to recommend strate- America is one of the founding members of the gies for developing programmes and proj- notion of “World Heritage” and has been a Party ects for realizing those opportunities. to the Convention since the Convention was adopted by UNESCO in 1972, and was the first signatory to the Convention. Twelve of the IV – THE PROGRAMME country’s sites have been designated as World Heritage, and has also made effective use of the In order to achieve the main objectives of the Convention as an instrument to mobilize workshop and produce the envisioned outputs resources and strengthen management of sites (i.e. harmonized regional tentative list, draft such as Yellowstone and the Everglades nominations, and a summary of cooperative National Parks. opportunities for preparing nominations), the The workshop focused on African initiatives workshop, was fully interactive, and hands-on and examples, thereby enabling the sharing of with emphasis on participation. Facilitators were experiences among the anglophone African identified to guide discussions. Participants who States Parties to the Convention with view to had been requested to prepare papers and case assisting each other to improve the implementa- studies presented their documents. Case study tion of the Convention and to build bridges and materials and other information were provided co-operation between African States Parties. by the WH Centre to participants.

III – OBJECTIVES V – EXPECTED OUTPUTS

The objectives of the meeting were to: • Sub-regionally (e.g. Southern Africa, • Provide a forum sharing experience and Eastern Africa and Western Africa) harmo- knowledge in the implementation of the nized list of potential World Heritage sites Convention for the protection of natural were identified for future nomination; and mixed heritage of anglophone Africa; • Sample nominations of selected sites, • Identify and recommend policies, strate- including trans-border and mixed sites, gies and incentive measures that African identified for future nomination and for States Parties may consider putting in further elaboration by concerned States place in order to enhance the interest of Parties were prepared; African States Parties to prepare new • Opportunities for co-operation between World Heritage nominations; sites and regional and national academic • Encourage and enable African States and training institutes in the preparation of Parties to link the preparation and submis- nominations, monitoring state of conserva- sion of all future nominations to putting tion of properties and identifying and place systematic monitoring programmes mobilizing financial and technical that will continuously track the state of resources for the conservation of sites were conservation of World Heritage values; described, and • The participants became better informed • Identify innovative opportunities for co- on the WH Convention ever before; and operation among concerned African States • Recommendations were made targeting Parties for implementing the Convention relevant stakeholders. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 9

VI – ORGANIZATION OF THE MEETING management and wildlife conservation, and managers of designated World Natural Heritage The meeting was held in plenary and group ses- sites in anglophone Africa, and representatives sions in the Hans Hoheisen Research Centre from few international organizations, were some few kilometers from the Southern African among the participants. A full list of the 34 par- Wildlife College and strategic field trip was ticipants appears on the Appendix of the made to Kruger National Park. Participants Proceedings. were accommodated in the Wildlife College.

VIII –WORKSHOP VENUE AND DURATION VII – PARTICIPANTS The Workshop was held at the Southern Africa The African Site Managers of natural properties Wildlife College outside Kruger National Park on the tentative lists of participating States and lasted for 5 working days: 18-22 September Parties and managers of any other natural sites 2000. Participants arrived at the College on 16th were invited. Few national level policy and and some 17th and all departed on 23rd decision makers concerned with protected area September 2000. CHAPTER 1

Opening SESSION 13

O PENING SESSION

By Dr. Eugene Moll, Director

1.1 – INTRODUCTORY REMARKS develop a management plan. Because the students each have 5-10 years of field experience 1.1.1– Director of the Southern African Wildlife and the education philosophy of the SAWC is to College work intensively in small groups, students and The building of the Southern African Wildlife trainers are able to share experiences, develop College (SAWC) was funded by a DM 10 mil- networks and learn from one another. A key lion donation by the German Government. This focus of the curriculum, which sets the SAWC a was for a Southern African Development little apart from other training colleges in Community (SADC) project, and the funds Africa, is that there is a strong emphasis on were secured by WWF-SA and construction community based resource management. We at was completed at the end of 1996. The SAWC the SAWC further recognise that the act of is built on a farm known as Kempiana, which is inscribing a World Heritage Site is momentous, a contractual National Park authority. The but without proper management (and this means SAWC campus is some 32 ha in extent and is adequate funding) these sites will simply deteri- situated some 2 km north of the Orpen Road to orate. Kruger National Park, in the Timbavati area of Right here in the Central Lowveld there is an the Lowveld. This is about 10 Km west of the opportunity for the development of a huge Orpen Gate to the Park, so it is in the heart of Trans Frontier Conservation Area (TFCA). the Lowveld and in the country of the big five. Talks between the governments of South Africa, The first Short Courses at the SAWC were Mozambique and Zimbabwe are well advanced, run in 1997, and in 1998 the first Certificate and soon areas of land to the east and north of Course was started. Since then the SAWC has Kruger could be added to make a great TFCA of run Diploma and Certificate Courses on an some 5 x 106 ha. The SAWC sees itself playing annual basis. The students attending these Long a central role in the training of the managers for Courses have come from some 16 African coun- this area, whether through the Long Courses tries, mainly SADC countries, but also from the programme (which the SAWC considers to be Gambia, Cameroon and the Democratic its core) or the Short Courses that can be tailor Republic of Congo. The curriculum of these made to suit client needs, and even be run in situ courses is focused on honing the skills of exist- if that is deemed to be the best way to run the ing field managers. At the Certificate level this courses. Since biodiversity has no political is to enable managers to implement a manage- boundaries it is essential that managers of natu- ment plan, and at the Diploma level to actually ral areas are all able to communicate effective- Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 14

ly, solve problems and manage change in this and adapting these to our own African condi- globalised world in which we are confined. tions using our own experience developed over The SAWC also recognises that, although it evolutionary time. plays a regional role, there are other training colleges that have similar objectives. The 1.1.2 – Deputy Director General, Department vision of the SAWC, and to some extent that of Environmental Affairs and Tourism articulated by a UNESCO working group that (Mr. Makgolo Makgolo) met to consider training matters in 1998 in India, and again in 1999 in Cambridge, U.K., is Mr. Makgole Makgolo conveyed apologies of that at some level the training needs are better the Director General for being unable to parti- met regionally. My own opinion is that we cipate at the opening of this important work- should assist and encourage in-country training shop. On behalf of the Director General Mr. annually at the basic scout or ranger level where Kakgolo Makgolo welcomed participants to the demand is for many new trainees. But at the South Africa and urged everyone to feel at field manager level the training should be home. regionalised. There are a number of advantages Mr. Makgolo detailed the process that lead for this: South Africa to ratify the World Heritage • This level of training is more resource Convention in 1997. In the following year intensive and because each country needs (1998) South Africa presented nominations of 3-5 new managers annually, it is more cost Greater St. Lucia Wetland National Park, effective to have regional programmes. Robben Island and Sterkfontein Caves (Gradle • Regional initiatives bring together people of Mankind). All the 3 sites were inscribed at from different countries enabling them to the 23rd session of the WH Committee meet- network and learn from one another. Since ing held in Marakesh, Morocco, in 1999. conservation challenges are regional or South Africa has since 1998, been prepar- continental it is important for managers to ing files for new sites with potential for WH have first hand experience of this. Listing. In 1999 two sites Ukuhlumba • All the training colleges require funding Drakensberg and Cape Nature Park both of from donors or aid agencies as none are which were assessed at the beginning of 2000. currently self-sustaining. If there is too Mr. Magkolo Makgolo outlined the global much fragmentation of effort it will strategy initiation programme in South Africa, become more and more difficult to obtain aimed at encouraging countries to submit and adequate funding in future. register, and ratify the convention. This strat- As a result of these UNESCO workshops, egy also identifies problems, which are usual- three of the African Wildlife Training Colleges, ly financial. namely Garoua in Cameroon, Mweka in In conclusion Mr. Makgolo Makgolo reiter- Tanzania and the SAWC in South Africa have ated the stand of South Africa to develop agreed to network more closely to ensure that regional cooperation and cross-subsidies their respective programmes are closely between countries in the spirit of the WH con- aligned. It is important that it is easy to transfer vention. credits from one institution to the next, so people can move to gain more experience. 1.1.3 – The Warden, Kruger National My own personal vision is that we need to On behalf of the Director of Kruger National drive this African Renaissance from within Park, Mr. Erasmus Geert commended UNESCO using the best methods and ideas from the north for the choice of Kruger National Park as venue Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 15

of the Workshop. He warmly welcomed the par- The choosing of South Africa as the venue of ticipants to the national park, which is seeking to this workshop was based on the facts that: be a World Heritage site based on history, beauty, • South Africa has been very active and sup- records of the San art paintings, among others. He portive of the World Heritage Convention extended an open invitation to the participants to since 1997 when the country ratified the spend time in the park after the workshop. Convention; • South Africa has since then nominated 1.1.4 – International Affairs specialist, National both Cultural and Natural properties which Oceanographic Atmospheric Administration, have been inscribed in the World Heritage USA (Ms. Anne Hillary) List and more are being considered. Ms. Hillary elaborated on the work of USA in • South Africa has convened several world Oceanographic Atmospheric Administration in Heritage Convention meetings for the relation to the World Heritage Convention. In region; particular she is responsible for the listed ocea- • South Africa is a member of important nic WH Sites, assesses the need for more nomi- World Heritage Committee, which makes nations, and identifies countries interested in all the decisions concerning the World WH Site Projects. She wished Africa well in her Heritage Convention. efforts to implement the Convention. • South Africa is known for it’s traditional protected area conservation excellency, 1.2 – DR. ELIZABETH WANGARI and indeed there is a lot we can learn by Senior Programme Specialist, UNESCO, being there. World Heritage Centre, Paris • This meeting coincides with the celebra- tion on the 25th September of the South Professor Moll, Director Southern African African National Heritage Day; and Wildlife College, • Additionally, as you have learned from the The Coordinator of the World Heritage Conven- previous speakers on the value of Kruger tion in South Africa and the Deputy Director National Park, we could not have chosen a General, Department of Environmental Affairs better venue than this magnificent Park – and Tourism – Mr Makgolo Makgolo ; the Kruger National Park. Director, South African National Parks – Under the main heading of the meeting in ita- Kruger National Park Mr. Geert Erasmus ; lics, we note that this workshop is for “sharing Ms Annie Hillary and her colleagues from USA experience and building future cooperation.’ those who are here and those who could not The World Heritage Convention as we will see come ; through the course of this workshop, is a Distinguished Participants ; Convention based on Partnerships. In Africa, Ladies and gentlemen : the regional approach in managing protected It is a great pleasure for me on behalf of the area, be it a World Heritage Site or not, reco- World Heritage Centre and on my own behalf to gnizes the ever-increasing awareness of the welcome you all to the opening of the “African common property nature of terrestrial and aqua- Workshop for Natural World Heritage Site tic resources. No one country can claim to be Managers”. capable of achieving effective management of May I take this opportunity to convey our these resources in isolation; countries must gratitude and appreciation to our collaborators always cooperate in this area. We will therefore the United States, and to our host the Southern be required to pool our knowledge and expe- African Wildlife College. riences in the relevant fields. 16 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

As for this workshop within the very limit- identification, management and ways ed time we have, we will share experiences on from measuring management effective- the: ness and monitoring, as well as ways to • Values of the Convention as a tool for reinforce the transborder sites. conserving the African biodiversity; At the end of the workshop, we hope among • The constraints and the opportunities for others, that you will have put in place a pro- implementing the Convention; gramme for continued cooperation based on • National legal and policy framework for Natural World Heritage sites and a list of sites implementing the Convention; and for tentative listing. • Identification of suitable sites in the Once again, I thank you all and this work- region, and comparison of strategies for shop is now open! CHAPTER 2

The World Heritage CONVENTION 19

T HE W OLRD H ERITAGE C ONVENTION

By Professor Eric Edroma, IUCN Regional Councilor for Africa and Professor of Nkumba University, Uganda

2.1 – THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION AS A TOOL sentatives of wild nature. Over 30,000 PAs FOR CONSERVING AFRICAN BIODIVERSITY have been gazetted worldwide and they cover nearly 10% of the earth’s land surface in near- 2.1.1 – INTRODUCTION ly all countries. The percentage is much less if seas and oceans are included. But these Pas Africa has been renowned for the magnificent are not of equal size and value. Some are too wildlife spectacles of its plains. Its large herds small to contribute much to conservation of ungulates and charismatic species are part while many are poorly managed to achieve of the most varied fauna of any continent. their conservation objectives. Sub-Saharan Africa contains the greatest The World Heritage Convention adopted number of different families of plants and ani- by the General Conference of UNESCO on mals of all the various bio-geographical 16th November, 1972 in Paris and that came realms in the World. African ecosystems are into force on 17th December 1975, now with diverse that include rain forests, woodlands, 162 States Parties, for the purpose of protect- open savannas, mangrove forests, wetlands, ing the World Cultural and Natural Heritage open water bodies, coral reefs, semi-deserts Sites. The Convention is one of the 33 and deserts. The flora is one of the most diver- Wildlife Agreements\Conventions\Treaties se while the relief and river systems with their proclaimed since 1900 that are of significance waterfalls provide magnificent scenery. to the protection of biodiversity at global Environmental degradation and loss of habi- level, or one of the 12 Conventions of direct tants and species sweeping across the world relevance to the future of Africa’s biodiversi- have not spared Africa. Taking trees alone, at ty. The Convention is open to any State with leas 8,700 species or 10% of the world’s known UN membership or with one of the UN spe- tree species are threatened with extinction. Not cialized Agencies, or with the International less than 17% of these are from Africa. The Atomic Energy Agency, and to non-members of world is at the verge of losing up to 50,000 these Agencies specially invited by the General species of plants and animals annually. At this Conference of UNESCO to ratify or accede the alarming and frightening rates 67% of all living Convention. Currently there are 162 State par- species could be wiped out from the world by ties globally. the end of the 21st Century. The Convention has pulled these States Governments have responded by establish- Parties to its membership, which pledged to ing protected areas (PAs) to conserve repre- give international recognition, respect and sup- 20 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

port to the world’s best and most outstanding conservation principles such as “to protect and natural habitants, which are invaluable to preserve in their habitat, representatives of all human society. They are magnificent contribu- species and general of their local flora and tion of nature to human culture. fauna, in sufficient numbers and over areas These natural World Heritage (HW) Sites are extensive enough to assure them from beco- not immune to forces of environmental degrada- ming extinct through activities within human tion. They are increasingly being threatened by control”. competing uses, climate change, mass tourism The inscribed 125 natural and 20 (natural unplanned development, natural disasters, civil and cultural) mixed WH Sites scattered in 58 and military conflicts, poor budgetary allocation, countries across the world are treasures of all upstream water management, lack of transborder mankind. The plants, animals, air, large water cooperation, research and monitoring, poor plan- bodies and other resources of the environment ning, weak management, etc. All the natural WH are no respecters of international boundaries. Sites need to be managed if their high quality None can be said to belong to a particular coun- standards are to be maintained. try. The services they offer stretch beyond The World Heritage Convention concerns international boundaries. Mankind has conse- itself with defining the world’s heritage and quently come to realize the need to share the with the protection of the world’s cultural and responsibility of managing and preserving the natural sites of priceless and irreplaceable pos- natural WH Sites which contain the richest bio- sessions for all mankind, and of exceptional diversity in our common environment. interest and outstanding universal value. For Secondly the use of the environment the purpose of this workshop the discussion is resources regardless of international barriers is focused on the natural Sites. These are natural a strong justification for mankind to view them features of geological, physical, biological and as common assets and to share management physiological formations which are of outstand- responsibilities by pulling their resources ing universal value from aesthetic, scientific or together in order to achieve their effective man- conservation view point. These properties are agement and sustainable use. precious, the work of God’s hand and work Ratification of the Convention demonstrates done by our ancestors, and they deserve respect, international solidarity with the principles of con- preservation and protection from the threats of servation which is collective responsibility for the poaching, weak management, civil and military protection of the WH Sites. By ratifying the conflicts, and natural disasters, among many Convention a State Party pledges to conserve all other forces. The Convention offers hope for natural and cultural sites (whether listed under the their survival. Convention or not) on its territory. Their preservation for the present and future generations then 2.1.2 – AN INSTRUMENT OF INTERNATIONAL becomes a responsibility shared by the interna- COOPERATION tional community. The proclamation of the Convention indicates the growing concern of the The Convention is a means for States wishing to general public and of the highest political organs cooperate on conservation action to establish for the continued decline and disappearance of mutual legal obligations to pursue that end. It plant and animal species for which the Sites had provides framework mechanism for internatio- been outstanding. Membership of the Convention nal cooperation to ensure the protection of the affirms the notion that a rich biodiversity provides WH Sites. The preamble and provisions of the a healthy environment essential for socio-eco- Convention bind the Parties to very strong nomic development. The Convention is a unique Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 21

legally binding instrument by which the States tion for example in training, education, Parties agree to take action. Action that ensures management, among others. the sustainable conservation of the remains of b) Emergency assistance of US $50,000- African biodiversity. 75,000 for urgent salvaging and repair- ing\restoring of inscribed property or a 2.1.3 – A TOOL FOR GENERATION OF CONSERVATION site suitable for inclusion in the WH list FUNDS which has suffered severe damage due to sudden unexpected phenomena (for The World Heritage is a saleable popular com- example, fire, flooding, explosion, land modity of the public, which is keen to receive subsidence, etc.) are in imminent danger information or publicity of the WH Sites. Special of severe damage. Sites suffering from effort to promote awareness of the Convention deterioration by gradual process of therefore readily increases the status of the decay, pollution, erosion, poor manage- Convention as a tool for generating support for ment, etc, do not qualify for the emer- stepping up efforts to manage the resources of gency assistance. the Site. The membership of the Convention c) Training of specialized staff at all levels in offers an opportunity for the States Parties to identification, protection, conservation, make their concerns heard in the principal inter- preservation, and rehabilitation of proper- governmental meetings for discussion of the ties already inscribed. Grants of $ 20,000 conservation and wise use of the heritage proper- or more are available for each training pro- ties. The membership brings increased publicity gramme. Priority is given to group training and prestige for the World Heritage Listing of the at local, national or regional levels, or if of biodiversity in protected areas with outstanding individuals for short term refresher pro- international importance, and hence increased grammes. possibility of international support for manage- d) Technical cooperation with States Parties. ment projects from the WH Trust fund or through A grant of $ 20,000—30,000 for technical the Convention’s contacts with bilateral and mul- material support is available for formulat- tilateral development agencies. The Convention ing action plan outlining corrective meas- also enables member States to access the latest ures required for saving a property that is information and advice on internationally accep- threatened by action of man. ted standards for management of the inscribed e) Assistance of $5,000–10,000 for promo- natural Heritage Sites. tional activities, supporting meetings at The forms of assistance under the WH fund regional level or activities at national level are wide and varied which include: for promoting the Convention (meetings), a) Preparatory assistance (up to US $ 15,000) production of promotion materials, to any State Party that applies for: exchanging experiences, creating aware- i) Preparing tentative lists of natural and ness, etc. cultural properties. The WH Convention is a tool that provides ii) Organising meetings for harmonizing effective management and greater investments tentative lists in same geo-cultural or that serve as a model for conserving biodiversi- geo-ecological area\zone. ty for all mankind. States Parties especially the iii) Preparing nominations of properties poverty stricken developing countries are not to the World Heritage List. only entitled to, but are particularly encouraged iv) Preparing requests for conservation to apply for the WH Fund. Requests which must project proposals and technical coopera- be on UNESCO standardized format should be 22 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

submitted to the WH Fund Centre by 1st May or any State Party to ensure effective management of 1st September each year. its inscribed natural Heritage Sites by; i. Formulating and implementing planning 2.1.4 – PROMOTER OF CONSERVATION for sustainable management and wise use of the properties; One of the significant roles the WH Convention ii. Promoting the conservation of the proper- plays in conservation of the natural Heritage Sites ties through training personnel to imple- is that it keeps the State Parties on their toes on ment the Convention; conservation issues of concern. A State Party is iii. Consulting with other States Parties about by obligation expected to identify, present tentati- conservation of trans-frontier Sites shared ve list, prepare dosier for nominating natural and by more than one States Parties; or cultural Sites of outstanding universal value for iv. Ensuring adequate allocation of resources WH Listing, and to promote their protection and to the conservation budget; conservation. Out of 52 States in Sub-Saharan v. Informing the Bureau of any changes in African 41 ratified or acceded the Convention. ecological character of the inscribed Sites. The Convention expects these States Parties to Regular reporting on the conditions of nominate potential properties for considering Sites, on measures taken to restore and their Listing as WH Sites. The remaining 13 protect them, and on efforts to raise public being members of the UN should be encouraged awareness on the Sites are mandatory; to join the Convention membership. Worse still vi. Adhering to the Articles of the Convention for the whole of the Africa and Arab States, only and to the Guidelines for correct imple- 32 natural, 2 mixed and 67 cultural Sites are ins- mentation of the conservation strategy; cribed from only 31 States. The Africa/Arab vii. Promoting international cooperation in region grossly lags behind with only 101 (10.5%) conservation of the biodiversity in the nat- of the World total of 612 natural and cultural WH ural WH Sites; Sites. The Convention offers equal opportunities viii. Supporting the work of the Convention by and representation to all the regions. African attending meetings, adopting protocol and States should therefore rise up and revisit the paying annual subscriptions to the Centre imbalance. The overall awareness of the (1% of fees to UNESCO) for supporting Convention and its implementation must increa- the Convention; and se. The non-States Parties should be encouraged ix. Fostering communications about conserva- to join the Convention. Numerous properties ins- tion of biodiversity in the natural WH cribed on the tentative lists by States Parties Sites. require document and conservation plans. Those If the States Parties were able to comply and Sites already inscribed require increased protec- adhere to the implementation of the Articles of tion. The African States Parties must be seen to the Convention, biodiversity conservation in the show commitment and determination to the PAs of the States could greatly improve. The Convention, set up effective and enforceable legal Convention offers the opportunity which the protection mechanism, define coherent conserva- States Parties are encouraged to take. tion policies and training strategies, strengthen capacities of the institutions, accelerate the prepa- 2.1.5 – MECHANISM FOR COMPLIANCE ration of the nomination files, organize national workshops, request assistance from the World The success of the World Heritage Convention in Heritage Fund, and redress the imbalance of the conservation depends on the seriousness with list. The provisions of the Convention empower which the State Party complies with implementa- Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 23

tion of its obligation task. The Convention has within the UNESCO family to join the mechanisms for compliance. The WH Convention. Convention is not enforced as domestic or c) The Convention also requires each State National law. The States Parties can rarely be Party to establish a national authority like compelled to perform their obligations. They are Zambia National Parks and Wildlife serv- neither compelled by use of force, nor subjected ice, Zimbabwe National parks and Wildlife to court although such procedure exists. Non-for- Board, Uganda Wildlife Authority, Kenya cible techniques have been developed of persua- Wildlife Service, Tanzania National Parks, ding the member States to comply with their South African Parks Board, etc, to enforce international legal obligations. These include: provisions of the Convention. d) Reporting requirements are also useful. (i) Judicial and Arbitral procedures States Parties are required to submit regu- Once negotiations have failed to resolve a dis- lar situation reports in compliance with the pute between members States, appeal can be Convention. The reporting is particularly made to the international court of Justice at useful if submitted to formal meetings of Hague, The Netherlands. The accuser and the the Parties especially if attended by non- accused must be present before court procee- governmental conservation organizations dings can take place. Arbitration cases are rare which are quick to publicize poor enforce- as States are reluctant to take each other to court ment and pressurize transgressor States because the act is politically unfriendly and it is Parties to perform. difficult to achieve a satisfactory remedy, and e) Other measures to help enforcement even if damages and fines are awarded by the include observer schemes, systems of Hague court, they are rarely paid. inspection, offering financial lures to those Parties, which comply, and others. (ii) Other Compliance techniques a) Administrative and non-judicial mecha- (iii) National Legislation nisms are much more effective for securing National Legislation is often strong because the compliance. For example, the parties are: will of the majority is sufficient to override the • Required to meet regularly to review opposition of the minority. The Convention is implementation of provisions of the contrarily weaker because no State can be Convention; bound without its consent. The Articles of the • Reminded of their obligations; and WH Convention are imbedded in the national • Kept attentive on compliance. laws, which become implemented by national These administrative and non-judicial mech- legislation of each State Party. The national law anisms are designed to enable the States Parties is much easier to enforce than the international to take appropriate remedial actions. law. And if the national conservation law per- b) Establishment of World heritage Centre mits, the conservation agency can force its in Paris as the administrative Secretariat government to comply with the Convention. to oversea and assist in the implementation of the Convention. The World 2.1.6 – INSTRUMENT FOR JOINT MANAGEMENT Heritage Committee through the Centre monitors enforcement at international Many of the natural WH Sites (for example, level, provides technical assistance to Victoria Falls/Mosi-Oa-Tunya) are at transbor- States Parties experiencing enforcement ders and they experience the same environmen- problems, and encourages non-members tal problems. Management of transborder Pas 24 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

has often been frustrated by a number of 2.1.7 – MONITORING REQUIREMENTS management problems. Differences between two States often lead to confrontation. Under The WH Convention has proved its effective- the WH Convention two States sharing a com- ness as a tool in conservation of biodiversity in mon boundary and ecosystem can present joint the natural WH Sites through the requirement nomination of such a property with outstan- for monitoring and reporting conservation sta- ding universal value, for WH Listing and enter tus as the responsibility of the States Parties. into joint management of the shared natural This requirement if complied with can lead to WH Listing. Joint management of shared rescuing natural Sites under threats. Upon recei- natural WH properties inevitably brings the ving an alarming report on the conservation sta- managers of the common Site into direct regu- tus of an existing Site, the WH Committee can lar contact with each other concerning a wide then respond by publicizing awareness of the variety of management issues such as: boun- conservation status and mobilizing support to dary maintenance, resource conservation, rescue the site from continued deterioration. interpretation, provision of visitor services, The WH Committee has scored several tens of monitoring of tourist activities, law enforce- achievements from its interventions in Selous ment (anti-poaching), development projects, Game Reserve and Ngorongoro Conservation grazing, agricultural encroachment, fire Area in Tanzania, Garamba National Park in control, prevention of pollution, erosion, DR Congo, among others. The significance of spread of exotic\alien species, mitigation of this particular role of the Convention in biodi- natural threats\disasters, minimizing impacts versity conservation depends on the cooperation of negative local attitudes, research activities, of the States Parties. Secondly monitoring of training programmes for building expertise in conservation status also identifies Sites that various management activities, operational have lost much of their integrity which deserve reviews for discussing opinions, exchanging delisting. Resources that would be used for ideas and developing compatible positions, managing a Site being delisted can then be and others can best be achieved through joint transferred to improve management of other ventures. For the Transboundary species, protected areas. cooperation the WH Convention ushers between the management agencies of the two 2.1.8 – DANGER LISTING States Parties also stimulates indirect cooperation with other partners with similar objectives The designation of natural WH Sites in the within the greater regional ecosystem. This Danger List is intended to give an early warning can if well managed, lead to enlarging the PA mechanism, a preventive measure with the view covered by the WH designation or to creation of saving such a Site from continued deteriora- of other forms of PAs (such as Biosphere tion and possible delisting. The objectives of Reserves or Buffer Zones) around the main placing Sites in the Danger List is aimed at brin- natural WH Site. ging to the attention of the International Designation of WH Site can therefore be a Community on the actual and threatening dan- powerful tool for addressing major environmen- gers facing the Site. Most States Parties shy tal issues affecting the areas. With its interna- away from Danger listing fearing the act as tional profile the Convention has been useful for black listing. Any State Party whose natural supporting arguments concerning the value and WH Site is in the Danger list should appreciate significance of Natural heritage Sites especially the decision of the WH Committee and coope- on land use conflicts. rate with the WH Secretariat by submitting a Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 25

programme outlining the corrective measures viii) Up keeping and managing wildlife in accor- required to salvage the Site. Under the dance with the ecological needs of the habi- Convention collective action can then be mobi- tants and of the animal species inside and lized and directed to save it from further dete- outside PAs; rioration. The Convention in this regard serves ix) Re-establishing and restoring destroyed and as a tool for restoring the WH quality for which degraded ecosystems; the area had won international recognition of x) Enhancing the significant role of wildlife in being outstanding. A Site on the list of the WH enriching the environment, maintaining bal- in danger is entitled to special attention and ance in climate, controlling river flow and emergency action. flooding, saving biodiversity from extinction, promoting sustainable cultural, social, 2.1.9 – CONCLUSION economic, scientific, educational and other ecological uses, etc; The WH Convention is designed as a tool to xi) Ensuring mitigation and control of pollution lead to: of the environment; i) Establishment of new national parks, xii) Conducting public awareness on protection wildlife reserves and other categories of and wise use of wildlife resources; wildlife protected areas that contain repre- xiii) Establishing a global network of wildlife sentatives of all species and ecosystems institutions which cooperate directly with and that are of outstanding universal value; their counterparts in other States without ii) Keeping boundaries of national parks and adhering to the contracts of formal diplo- other PAs unaltered; matic channels. iii) Ensuring that each State Party establishes xiv) Increasing public participation. For years effective wildlife legislation and manage- management of Protected Areas had omit- ment authority, and adequate mechanism ted involvement of the adjacent local com- to enforce both the national and interna- munities and users of the protected tional wildlife law; resources in their management. This exclu- iv) Provision by the States Parties of extra- sion hightened conflicts between the PAs ordinary commitment to preserve and pro- managers and the local people and it aggra- tect the natural diversity; vated management problems. Recognition v) Ensuring compliance of States Parties with by the WH Convention of the practical the administration and implementation of understanding of the environmental and Articles of the Convention; conservation issues of the traditional soci- vi) Protection of species from man-induced eties and of the needs and aspirations of the over hunting, over fishing, over consump- people living within and around the PAs tion of the natural resources that could have made the local communities and the lead to species extinction; other stake holders to view the PAs as being vii) Emphasis on the need for international “ours”. Employing local people to carry out cooperation for conservation in activities various management tasks such as mainte- such as scientific research, inventory, nance of roads, buildings and nature trails, monitoring, technical cooperation, finan- tour guiding, providing security and casual cial assistance, training, education, services, participating in the process of awareness promotion, planning, zonation, developing PA management plans, oversee- production of management plans, among ing monitoring, taking part in policy deci- others; sions on tourism, buffer zone management, 26 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

and in the revenue sharing programmes, made that funding may be made available have individually and collectively mini- by December 2000. mized levels and frequencies of conflicts • Education system can be augmented by site with PA management, and therefore have managers who could play more active and contributed significantly to improvement of adaptive role and are well placed to reach management practices. The continued out to the neighbouring school systems. encouragement of participation of the local • West Africa has responded to calls of communities in PA management and in the democracy but the region is still plagued equitable sharing of the benefits on the use by civil struggles. For those sites that have of the PA resources are brightening the been registered, unrest has prevented future prospects for conserving the African implementation of the WH principles biodiversity. Question: • Concern that information on WH sites is 2.2– SLIDE SHOW limited and not freely available. • Major problem is making information By Dr. Elizabeth Wangari, Senior Programme available and its documentation to the Specialist, UNESCO, WH Centre local level. Suggestion: A slide show of the World heritage Centre titled • That all listed sites should have their appli- “Shared Joys and Responsibilities” was shown as cations published onto the internet. an introduction to the World Heritage • Sites information may be available at : Convention. a. www.iucn.org/wcpa.org The Slide show highlighted the Convention b. www.unesco.org/whc and the evolution of States Parties, operational c. Both sites have links to WCMC that Guidelines, the World Heritage Fund, monitoring has additional information and reporting of activities, Sites in Danger, selection of sites for World Heritage listing, challenges Question: of the World Heritage concept, sustainable • Statement that adults are the decision mak- tourism, urbanization and the World Heritage ers as well as those that are degrading the awareness building. sites, therefore need an education programme to focus on them. 2.3 – GENERAL DISCUSSION Answer: • Managers of sites need to be directly Lead by Professor Edroma and Dr. Wangari involved with all age groups. (This suggestion would require a separate session to Questions: be fully debated). • How do or can we promote Biosphere Reserves around WH sites • Student Programme – expand to primary 2.4 – INTERNATIONAL RANGER FEDERATION (IRF) and secondary schooling levels • Why has West Africa been dormant? By Gordon Miller, Executive Director, IRF Answer: • Funds are needed to be routed into operat- I will start by explaining the role of the ing these heritage sites. Intimation was International Ranger Federation (IRF). It is a Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 27

world wide Federation of national or state ran- tected areas in Latin America together for the ger organization. We exist to raise the profes- first time – animated Latin America conversa- sional standards of Rangers around the world. tion was a sight to behold as Rangers, many of To facilitate the exchange of expertise/expe- whom had not left their parks, let alone coun- rience and to represent the ‘grass roots’ in part- try, met and discussed mutual problems and nerships with other international organizations successes. Since Costa Rica there has been the such as UNESCO World Heritage Centre and first Latin American Ranger Training Course, the IUCN World Commission of Protected supported by IRF in Mexico, and followed by Areas with whom we signed a Memorandum a Ranger Guide Training Conference in of Understanding at the beginning of Argentina for 150 Rangers from 4 countries September 2000. (including WH sites) in South America. The III I have been involved on behalf of the IRF World Ranger Congress last week in Kruger on a UNESCO Task Force (CONNECT) study- Park has done the same in increasing aware- ing capacity building in World Heritage Sites ness and enthusiasm in Africa, 340 delegates in Paris. We have identified particularly train- from 58 countries met at Berg en dal and 24 ing needs, management effectiveness and net- African countries were represented. Area working as primary aims. The Federation as a integrity, working with communities and eco- ‘grass roots’ organization representing tourism were the main themes. Rangers at the forefront of conservation in pro- Congresses offer the opportunity for young tected areas is striving to increase its capacity Rangers to meet with those with considerable to represent more Rangers in more countries. experience – experience that should not be lost. The III World Ranger Congress held in Berg The Federation is to establish an IRF consultancy en dal, Kruger National Park during 1-5 to harness this experience for use throughout the September 2000 succeeded beyond our wildest world. The consultancy will offer training and dreams in exposing African rangers to what is support services (e.g. research, study tours, etc). happening elsewhere in the world. Without We will continue to work with the World Heritage doubt the most important points to emerge Centre to identify training needs in WH sites par- were the needs to raise standards, not only in ticularly in Africa, and look at opportunities of Africa, but also throughout the world. A reso- sharing expertise and extending capacity. We lution relating to those subjects that were con- heard a great deal last week in Berg en dal about sidered essential in training/education of the appalling lack of resources and lack of politi- Rangers was approved. How does this relate to cal support in many protected areas. In spite of Word Heritage(WH) Sites? In considering that, the enthusiasm generated was phenomenal – sites it is, I believe, becoming more important it were possible to bottle the essence of Berg en to consider not only designation but also those dal as a commodity and spread it around the sites that can maintain their biodiversity, world, I believe there would be a great deal more integrity and sustainability. It is this practical optimism for the future of our protected areas. aspect of World Heritage Sites that we are par- Rangers are a precious resource and in places ticularly interested in and would seek to work have become an endangered species. I was with you and other partners to achieve that. We delighted to hear of the financial support being have within the Federation a wealth of experi- given to field staff in Virunga and Garamba both enced Rangers and a growing network to in the, Democratic Republic of Congo by United spread that expertise. Nations Foundation through UNESCO. A pro- The II World Ranger Congress in Cost Rica posal for a UN Wildlife Protection Unit – green was notable for bringing Rangers from pro- helmet brigade, was made at a Costa Rica 28 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

Congress. While there have been difficulties in For Africa, it was agreed that countries will be progressing the resolution, we are pursuing the grouped into regions with a coordinating coun- idea. Dr. Ian Player and Dr. John Hanks raised the try, which forms a committee that has a repre- idea to address to UNEP and this has stirred inter- sentative on the IRF. est in the UN. The Federation is involved in a project to train rangers in the endangered WH site Question at Butrint, Albania in an example of IRF involve- • What has to be done to empower Rangers ment in improving the protection of WH sites. to manage WH Sites? The federation is very interested in discussing Answer with any parties, ways in which we can progress • We do have guidelines for inscription and our relationship with WH Sites and look forward a management plan has to be in place in to developing new relationships this week. order to qualify for inscription. Therefore burden is not entirely on the Ranger. 2.4.1 – DISCUSSION OF THE PAPER ON IRF

Questions 2.5 – EARLY DAYS OF THE CONVENTION • Why sites must be sustainable by empow- ering the Ranger and without equipping 2.5.1 – CASE STUDY:TANZANIA him? Under such situation the sites exist By Erastus T. Lufungulo (Deputy Chig Park only on paper? Western) • Should other ranks be included in the Ranger category? 2.5.1.1 – Introduction Answer The General Conference of UNESCO adopted • All those who manage a site are considered the Convention concerning the Protection of the as Rangers World Cultural and Natural Heritage or World Heritage Convention in November 1972. The Question Convention aims at safeguarding monuments, • Constraints operating around the effective- cultural sites and natural areas, which are of ness of the Ranger. outstanding universal value. Answer Tanzania became a Party to the Convention on • Requires a broad discussion outside of this August 2, 1977. Out of the 150 natural and mixed forum areas inscribed in the World Heritage list of Different sites are managed using different January 1, 2000, 33 are in Africa and four of these structures from country to country ranging from are situated in Tanzania. These include the Selous State to NGO but ultimately inscription has to Game Reserve, Ngorongoro Conservation Area, fall under a government or national authority. Serengeti National Park and Kilimanjaro National Park. Tanzania National Parks (TANA- Question PA) manages Serengeti and Kilimanjaro sites. • What is the structure of the IRF? Tanzania has also nominated new sites for Answer inscription, including: Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani • Continental>>National>>Local. and Ruins of Songo Mnara, Bagamoyo Historic Acceptance into IRF at a National level. Town, Zanzibar Stone Town, oldonyo Murwak, Executive Council>>National Association Gombe Stream National Park, and Jozani- >>individual ranger. Chwaka Conservation Area. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 29

TABLE 1. World Heritage Sites In Tanzania

SITE SIZE YEAR MANAGEMENT AUTHORITY IN KM2

Ngorongoro Conservation Area 8,288 1979 Ngorongoro Conservation Area Serengeti National Park 14,763 1981 TANAPA Selous Game Reserve 50,000 1982 Wild Division Kilimanjaro National Park 756 1987 TANAPA

2.5.1.2 – Serengeti National Park • Serengeti National Park provided habitats Serengeti National Park lies in Northern where populations of rare or endangered Tanzania, west of the Great Rift Valley. A species of plants and animals still survive. western arm extends close to the eastern shore (b) Conditions of integrity of Lake Victoria and the northern section joins Serengeti National Park also fulfilled certain the international boundary abutting Kenya’s conditions of integrity basing on the Masai Mara Game Reserve. It is also conti- Operational Guidelines for the Implementation guous with Ngorongoro Conservation Area, of the World Heritage Convention. Maswa, Grumeti, and Ikorongo Game The following conditions were applicable: Reserves. Serengeti was conferred with pro- • In the case of migratory species, season- tected area status of Game Reserve in 1940 able sites necessary for their survival, and it was upgraded to National Park status in wherever they are located, should be ade- 1951. The present Serengeti National Park quately protected; was created after extensive boundary modifi- • A management plan should be prepared cations in 1959. The park was accepted as a and implemented to ensure the integrity of World Heritage Site in 1981, and together with the natural values of the site in accordance Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Serengeti also with the Convention; and forms part of a Biosphere Reserve of UNES- • The site should be of sufficient size and CO, also recognized in 1981. contain the necessary elements to be self- perpetuating, and contain those ecosystem (a) Criteria for nomination components required for the continuity of Serengeti was accepted as a World Heritage Site the species, natural elements or processes after the Government of Tanzania nominated to be conserved. the area and the proposal accepted by UNESCO standards of the WH Convention. (c) The Serengeti National Park within The criteria recognized that: the context of the World Heritage Site • Serengeti National Park was an outstand- The size of the site is a common concept to both ing example representing a significant on Biosphere Reserves and World Heritage Sites going geological processes, biological that it must be large enough to function as an evolution and man’s interaction with his effective conservation unit. There is no doubt natural environment; that the Serengeti, as a national park, is large • Serengeti National Park contained unique, enough to contain viable populations of many rare or superlative natural beauty; and plant and animal species. 30 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

(d) Areas of importance largest volcanoes in the world, covering an area However it was scientifically proven that, the of some 388,500 ha. There are three main vol- Serengeti National Park did not contain within its canic peaks of varying ages lying on an east- borders all those areas utilized by and of vital south-east axis, and a number of smaller para- importance during the wet season. Such areas lie: sitic cones. The park has a management plan • Within the Ngorongoro Conservation that does not include the forest reserve. Area, and • Outside of both Ngorongoro and Serengeti (b) Justification for inclusion in the World to areas known as Salei plains. Heritage List It was also noted that vital dry season areas in the Kilimanjaro National Park nomination, as pre- northern Serengeti and in the Masai Mara in sented by the Government of Tanzania provided Kenya were being threatened by encroachment the following justification for designation as a thorough increasing settlement and agricultural World Heritage property; development. Settlement and fields occur right up • Superlative natural phenomena, and excep- to the border over much of the western boundary tional natural beauty. As the largest single of the northern Serengeti. Research also came up freestanding mountain mass in the world, with a list of some endangered species that are not Mount Kilimanjaro snow-capped summit well protected by the park. One such a species is stands almost 5 km above the surrounding the African Hunting dog (Lycaon pictus). plains. It is clear therefore that the acceptance of the • Habitat of rare and endangered species. Serengeti National Park as a World Heritage The park supports a variety of rare and Site, aimed at an improved management of the endemic plants and animal species. park and its surrounding environs. Possession of the following distinguishing features from other mountains in Africa: 2.5.1.3 – Kilimanjaro National Park - Its height? (a) General - Its physical form; and The Kilimanjaro National Park and the surroun- - Its place in the historical exploration and ding Forest Reserve occupy the upper part of “image” of Africa. Mount Kilimanjaro in northern Tanzania. The National Park with a size of 756 sq km com- (c) Kilimanjaro National Park in the context of prises the whole of the mountain above the tree the World Heritage Site line and six forest corridors, which stretch down Like the Serengeti National Park, the manage- through the Montana forest belt. ment of Kilimanjaro National Park also needs to History shows that Mount Kilimanjaro and be supported both financially and materially. the surrounding forests were declared as a game The main pressure on Kilimanjaro is being reserve by the German colonial government in experienced on the Forest Reserve, which sur- the early part of the 20th Century. The area was rounds and acts as a buffer zone to the national gazetted as a forest reserve in 1921. Part of the park. Nominally controlled logging continues area was reclassified as a national park in 1973. in the Forest Reserve and despite its high water- The national park was then accepted as a World shed values it is incrementally losing its natural Heritage Site in 1987. Kilimanjaro is a volcanic vegetative cover. massif (last showing signs of major activity in It has been established that the snow cover is the Pleistocene), which is not only the highest also decreasing due to global warming and other mountain in Africa, rising 4877 m above the human induced disturbances to the forest. This surrounding plains to 5895m, but also one of the World Heritage Site is large enough but is not Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 31

adequately protected because a large part of the (a) Tsodilo – A candidate for World Heritage ecosystem is outside the National Park System. listing The natural forests contain 70% of biodiversity. Background TANAPA is still pursuing the possibility of pro- Tsodilo is situated in the Northern corner of tecting the entire mountain and its biodiversity by Botswana near the Namibian border. Tsodilo is annexing the catchment forest to the park. comprised of four hills. These hills vary in height and shape and because of their relationship with one another, they have come to be 2.6 – PRESENT DAYS OF THE CONVENTION known as male, female, child and grandchild. Male, with peak of 1934 m above sea level is 2.6.1 – CASE STUDY 1: BOTSWANA the highest peak in Botswana. Tsodilo’s mas- By Mr. D. Thebes, Department of Wildlife and sive formations rise majestically from ancient national Parks sand dunes to the east and a dry lake bed to the west giving rise to them being called inselbergs 2.6.1.1– Introduction which is defined as a steep-sided eminence ari- The World Heritage Convention was adopted sing from a plain tract. The surrounding dunes in November 1972 in Paris, France by the are covered with trees and open savannah vege- General Conference of UNESCO. It came tation that add to the aura of mystery and spiri- into effect in 1975. The central theme of the tually of Tsodilo. The setting and multi-colou- Convention is that, from a global perspective, red rock formations combined with the great there are cultural and natural properties of number of rock paintings found there have a outstanding universal value and that these pro- spiritual nature that is very truly inspirational. perties should be conserved and protected for the benefit of all humanity. The Convention is Features of outstanding value concerned with encouraging member states to Tsodilo is one of Southern Africa’s most impor- identify, protect and preserve their cultural tant archaeological sites, and the remains of past and natural heritage. cultures can be found in the many rock shelters, caves and other sites found there. In addition to 2.6.1.2 – Sites with potential for nomination cultural remains, there are more than four thou- Botswana ratified the World Heritage Conven- sand five hundred individual rock paintings scatte- tion in October 1998 thereby pledging to protect red over more than 400 sites, some dating to 500 its cultural and natural heritage. The country has AD. This is significant since rock art in Botswana, selected within its borders, sites that it considers unlike that found in South Africa, Zimbabwe and to be of outstanding universal value. Botswana’s Namibia, is relatively rare due to the fact that sui- tentative list includes Tsodilo, Gchwihaba, old table or perhaps desirable rocky outcrops used by Palapye, Toutswemogala, Lekhubu Islands, early artist occur in limited numbers. Makgadikgadi Salt Pans and the Okavango The rock paintings at Tsodilo also have Delta. Of all these sites, Botswana has so far regional significance in Southern Africa in that only submitted Tsodilo to the World Heritage most of the paintings have been executed in isola- Centre for inscription on the World Heritage List. tion from one another or in fairly small panels, as There is need for more work to be done on the opposed to the large friezes which were more other proposed sites to satisfy the requirements commonly employed in the region. There are of the Convention. Plans have already started to also significant differences in terms of execution prepare the Okavango Delta and the Gchwihaba and composition between these paintings and hills for submission to the WH Centre. those found in Namibia, Zambia and South 32 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

Africa. In particular, there is a higher proportion enhanced by the presence of magnificent of geometric designs than either in human figures bamboo trees as well as large number of or depictions of animals, where as in the South Mongongo tree. Africa rock paintings, human figures tend to be the most dominant motif, and in Zimbabwe, ani- Nomination dossier mal figures are the most dominant in numerical The Botswana National Museum, the body res- terms. Tsodilo is also unique because the ponsible for all national monuments in the Basarwa, whose ancestors are believed to be country, sent in May 2000 nomination dossier responsible for much of the rock art, still reside in giving reasons and justifying why Tsodilo the area even today. should be considered and honoured as a World Tsodilo has strong spiritual and religious sig- Heritage Site. The outcome of this endeavour is nificance to many local groups. Local traditional expected in 2001. Tsodilo is Botswana’s hope doctors and churches often travel there for rituals, for a first World Heritage Site. When descri- prayer and meditation. The local Habukushu and bing Tsodilo, Professor Pierre De Meret in his the Basarwa have myths of creation and fertility report ‘Evaluation of the Tsodilo hills manage- associated with the hills. ment plan and its implementation (1995:2), Inclusion of Tsodilo in the tentative World states, “Tsodilo is a major landmark in the Heritage List is justified for the following rea- Kalahari desert. It is not only a wonder of natu- sons: re but also a rock art area of major international • Tsodilo is an outstanding example of significance”. The rock art of Tsodilo is truly a human occupation and land use in particu- Botswana and wider Africa treasure to be pro- lar area for at least 50,000 years and most tected and shared with the world. likely 100,000 years B.C. Traditions of hunting and gathering, metallurgy, cattle The Management plan of Tsodilo rearing and farming, use of land and tem- The government of Botswana, through the poral changes in populations are within the Department of Museum, has compiled a manage- archaeological record at Tsodilo. ment plan for the area including land use, site Evidence of the first cattle herding traditions in management and preservation. The management the region is found in Tsodilo. plan addresses the expected growth in tourism • Evidence of early mining activities is pres- and the carrying capacity of the site. Other deve- ent in Tsodilo. The rocks forming Tsodilo lopments in the area include 2.4 million belong to the Damara sediments and they Government sponsored site museum and cam- are economically important, containing ping grounds with camping facilities. The base metal ores and consisting of Department of National Museum has also appoin- quartzites, sandstones, siltstones, lime- ted a curatorial team to implement the manage- stones and massive dolomites. ment plan in line with the requirements of the • Evidence of early human endeavours at World Heritage Convention as well as Botswana’s expression through art is abundant at national development plan which both advocate Tsodilo. Tsodilo is also a place of “out- for the need to combine conservation with sui- standing natural beauty” as it is made up of table use. Unsuitable forms of development and inselbergs, caves and sand dunes. It is also commerce prohibited by the provisions on the home to the leopard, vervet monkey, ant Convention will not be carried out. The site is bear, warthog, brown hyena, kudu and however, being prepared to support eco-tourism diminutive Tsodilo Rock Gecko, which is activities, which will generate income and jobs found only in Tsodilo. The landscape is also for the local communities. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 33

(b) Conclusion approximately 2,800 square kilometres in Tsodilo represents an original example of the extent and is the largest remaining stand of indi- way the people of Botswana have lived in har- genous forest in the country. Since Kenya has mony with nature, combining our unique natu- only 3% forest cover the mountain is a vital ral environment. The evidence of this is the rock natural asset that must be protected. Extensive paintings, ancient settlements and oral histories commercial forestry plantations are established about Tsodilo. Tsodilo is too charming, too in the lower boundaries. beautiful, and too unique to remain the heritage A wide variety of fauna is represented with of Botswana alone; it is only right that the natural forest zone in particular hosting sev- Botswana shares this heritage with the rest of eral important population of endangered species the world. While Tsodilo is a priority for lis- such as elephant, black rhino, leopard, giant ting, in the more recent years there has been a forest hog, bongo and guereza colobus. call from the international community to have The local communities who live adjacent to the Okavango Delta and the Gchwihaba caves Mt. Kenya are the Kikuyu, Meru and Embu listed. Extensive consultation has to be carried tribes and they regard this holy mountain as the out before these areas can be included for tenta- spiritual dwelling place of their traditional god, tive listing. One of the major impediments to Ngai. the listing is that the Okavango Delta still sup- More practically about one third of Kenya’s ports a variety of lives including people who entire population depends on the mountain as a depend on it. Tourism activities in Okavango water catchment reservoir; it is also an impor- Delta are high and somehow it will have to be tant source of forest produce both for subsis- scaled down to meet the requirement of the tence and commercial use. Due to its unique Convention. The Gchwihaba area is still in its scenery and rich biodiversity, the mountain is a pristine stage and its caves are totally untouched major tourist attraction and source of much by human interference. needed revenue.

2.6.2 – CASE STUDY II: RECENT INITIATIVES TO 2.6.2.2 – Management Authority ENHANCE THE INTEGRITY OF MT. KENYA Until recently this ecosystem was managed by WORLD HERITAGE SITE,KENYA two separate administrations; the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) being responsible for By Mr. Bongo Woodley, Senior Warden the National Park and the Forestry Department being responsible for the forest 2.6.2.1 – Introduction reserve which included all indigenous forests Mt. Kenya is Africa’s second highest mountain also. The Wildlife Act (Cap 376) governs the after Kilimanjaro and attains an altitude of former whilst the Forest Act (Cap 385) 5,199 m (17,058 ft). Of volcanic origin it was governs the latter. Mt. Kenya had originally formed some three million years ago and it fea- been gazetted a forest reserve in 1932 and the tures dramatic peaks holding eleven glaciers National Park subsequently being created with deeply incised u-shaped valleys radiating within the forest reserve to include all the high from this volcanic plug. A diverse range of altitude moor land and peak areas gazetted in vegetation which varies with altitude and rain- 1949. In 1978 the park was internationally fall includes afro-alpine flora, heath and park- recognized as a Biosphere Reserve by UNES- land, pure bamboo and mixed closed canopy CO MAB programme and then in 1997 the forest with several endemic and near endemic park and the upper forests were accepted as species occurring. The entire ecosystem is Natural World Heritage Site No. 800. 34 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

2.6.2.3 – Degradation nous forest to KWS and to work out modali- Various factors have resulted in severe envi- ties of continued Forest Department manage- ronmental degradation of Kenya’s forests, and ment of plantation areas within the newly on Mt. Kenya and innovative method of low- gazetted National Reserve. level systematic aerial surveillance was under- These actions by the Government of Kenya taken to establish the threats to the integrity of which hopefully may set a precedent for other its forests. forests in the country constitute a positive cli- The results revealed that most of the mate for meaningful forest conservation and indigenous forests on Mt. Kenya were heavily should certainly negate recent calls for Mt. impacted by illegal activities leading to seri- Kenya to be considered for inclusion in the ous destruction of the canopy and a decrease List of World Heritage in danger. of the overall forest area. Threats included in It is proposed that the boundary of the the KWS August, 1999 report were 14, 600 World Heritage Site be extended to cover most indigenous trees felled, 8,200 ha of indige- of the natural forest (approximately 1632 nous forest virtually clear felled, 2465 char- sq.kms) including the areas now rejuvenating. coal kilns, 4258 head of livestock, 21 areas The inclusion of the plantation areas had also impacted by fire, 120 landslides, 127 exten- been suggested but justification for integrated sive areas of “non-resident cultivation” and forest land use may not apply. The Biosphere some 200 ha of cannabis cultivation. reserve concept would be eminently applicable to the new situation on Mt. Kenya with a 2.6.2.4 – Intensification of management modified World Heritage Site representing its measures core. This well catalogued and publicised devasta- tion led to a groundswell of public support 2.6.3 – CASE STUDY III: UGANDA and was undoubtedly the catalyst for the Government of Kenya to take the action of re- By Mr. Joseph Serugo and Mr. Chris Ponsiano gazetting the entire 2,124 square kilometres of Oryema, Wardens–In–charge of Rwenzori Forest Reserve to be a National Reserve Mountains and Bwindi Impenetrable National managed by the Kenya Wildlife Service Vide Parks Legal Notice No. 93 dated 24th July, 2000. This new status affords enhanced protec- 2.6.3.1 – Introduction tion over the indigenous forests and already Uganda ratified the World Heritage (WH) KWS has re-enforced security operations in Convention in 1987. Rwenzori Mountains, the area with considerable success. No fresh Bwindi Impenetrable, Murchison Falls and extensive logging areas have been detected in Mountain Elgon National Parks were conse- the natural forest although persistent attempts quently nominated in 1992. Two of these four at illegal exploitation occur. Given that 355 natural sites, Rwenzori Mountains and Bwindi kms of boundary enclose some 2,800 square Impenetrable National Parks were in kms of montane area it is obviously unrealis- December 1994 inscribed as Uganda’s first tic to assume that absolute integrity of Mt. batch of WH Sites under the World Heritage Kenya can be guaranteed. Convention of UNESCO. Both Protected A task force comprising of KWS and Areas are situated in South Western Uganda Forest Department personnel has also been along the border between Uganda and the formed to oversee and give recommendations Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). on the transition of management of the indige- Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 35

The outstanding values of these two areas • The concerns over the glacial recess. had been recognised early in Uganda’s colonial • The potential for the exploration of the history. They became managed as Forest mountains and its future prospects. Reserves first by the British Colonial masters The current management status of Rwenzori during the 1930s to 1962, and thereafter by the Mountains National Park is threatened by the pre- Ugandan authorities. The move to upgrade their sence of armed rebel groups operating within the conservation status to National Parks began in park and in the neighbourhood, and by the civil the 1970s when pressure for their resource use and military conflict in the DRC. The threats increased dramatically. became so serious that the site had to be closed to In August 1991 the two areas were finally tourists in 1998, and the staff managing it moved gazetted as National Parks under Uganda out of the park, and relocated at Kasese Town. National Parks Act. In August 1996 Uganda The WH Committee at its twenty-fourth session National Parks merged with the former Game in July 2000 consequently resolved to retain the Department to for the Uganda Wildlife National Park on the list of WH Sites in Danger. Authority the agency responsible for the management of the Wildlife estate including the two 2.6.3.3 – Bwindi Impenetrable National Park World Heritage Sites. Bwindi Impenetrable National Park was once part of the larger forest that had stretched north 2.6.3.2 – Rwenzori Mountains National Park along the Rift Valley Escarpment and south to Rwenzori Mountains National Park (996 Km2) the Virunga Volcanoes. But cultivation and sett- is part of the Albertine Rift Montane Forest lement caused considerable decline in the forest Eco-region, which straddles several national cover. Increased deforestration in the twentieth borders in East and Central Africa. On the wes- century significantly reduced the once extensive tern edge the mountains share the border with impenetrable forest to the present. the Virunga in the Democratic Republic of Bwindi’s rugged hills were formed by seismic Congo (DRC). It rises to a height of 5190 m unwrapping along the edge of the Great Western above sea level with rugged terrain covered by a Rift Valley. It is one of the few forest habitats in variety of vegetation types ranging from East Africa to include both lowland and Afromontane forest to heather/moorland. It has Afromantane forest habitats. Its altitude ranges several peaks some of which are permanently from 1160-2607 m above sea level between two covered with snow. geographical zones: the dry savannah of East The importance of Rwenzori Mountains Africa and the vast rain forest of the Congo revolves around its natural resource base, the Basin. Its geographical location has contributed conservation and management of the resources, to the forest’s high species diversity. the people, the institutions and environmental Most important however, is Bwindi’s proba- management issues. On natural resources base, ble role as one of the remaining Pleistocene the important aspects include the following: refuge, serving to protect species during the last • The theories accounting for the formation period of glaciations. It supports one of Africa’s of the mountains. richest plant and animal communities with over • Ethnic groups, the history and cultural 200 tree species, 350 bird species, 350 butterfly attachments to the mountains. species and half to the world’s remaining 600 • Biodiversity. mountain gorillas. • Geology and seismicity of the region. Threatened species in this WH Site include • The attributes of the mountains as water large mammals such as Chimpanzees, l’Hoest catchment area. monkeys, leopards, and elephants. Many species 36 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

of birds (e.g. the African Giant Swallow tail and 2.6.3.5– Recommendations and conclusion Green banded swallow tail are also endemic in (a) There is an urgent need for a legal, politi- the region. It is home of at least 23 Albertine Rift cal and socio-economic framework to har- endemic bird and over 40 butterfly species. monise co-operation and collaboration The current General Management Plan across national frontiers. The East African drawn in 1994 is still in use. Production of a Co-operation Treaty is a good starting new plan will soon start. point. (b) Uganda Wildlife Authority should contin- 2.6.3.4 – Challenges/Constraints ue to strengthen links with the army to Uganda Wildlife Authority as the implementing ensure security in its protected area estate. agency for the WH Convention for natural sites (c) Uganda should foster consultations with faces the following challenges: all stakeholders in any future nomination (a) The Rwenzori Mountains and Bwindi of WH sites. Impenetrable WH Sites share the interna- (d) The following sites are proposed for nom- tional border with the DRC. On the west- ination as WH sites: ern side of the border exists similar • Murchison Falls National Park originally Wildlife Protected Areas. However, co- nominated in 1992 was rejected for list- operation and collaboration efforts by ing due to heavy poaching that had cata- managers of these transborder PAs have strophically reduced its animal popula- been made difficult as a result of the armed tions. However, the declining trend has conflicts in the entire Great Lakes Region. been reversed and its boundaries have (b) Communication difficulties.Uganda is been extended to include two adjacent Anglophone while DRC is Francophone. Wildlife Reserves of Karuma and The language barrier, differences in ethnic Bugungu. The total area has increased diversity and lack of communication facil- from 3850 to over 5,000 sq.km. ities such as roads have made cooperation • Mt. Elgon National Park in Uganda is between the two states difficult. facing serious encroachment problems, (c) The Great Lakes Region is characterised which are political in nature. The Kenya by dense human population. This factor side of the mountain which is also a has placed increasing demand for the natu- National Park with the same name is also ral resources on these sites. experiencing similar problems. To pro- (d) Limited or lack of general information tect the mountain Elgon and its about the WH Convention and on the val- resources, it is important to accord the ues of its natural sites is a hindrance to two national parks with the highest level promoting management of the sites. of international recognition as a common (e) The proposed Trans-Rwenzori road con- transfrontier WH Site. necting Kasese, Kabarole and Budibugyo • Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in districts is posing a threat to the integrity Uganda is part of the same ecosystem of the Rwenzori Mountain National Park with the Virunga volcanoes in DRC and WH Site. volcanoes in Rwanda both of which are (f) Institutional instability of Uganda Wildlife already inscribed as WH Sites. Its nomi- Authority since 1997 has discouraged ade- nation for consideration as a Trans- quate funding, and because of this there boundary WH site will enhance its con- has been no submissions of nominations of servation especially as a shared home for other sites with potential for WH listing. half of the world’s mountain gorillas. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 37

Opportunities exist for the Uganda Wildlife Zambezi River. The Riverine Forest within the Authority to collaborate with Makerere Univ- splash area (Rainforest) is a fragile ecosystem ersity Institute of Environment and Natural dependent upon maintenance of abundant water Resources (MUIENR) and Institute of Tropical resulting from the spray. Forest Conservation (ITFC) among others in the nomination process. (c) Visitor and visitor facilities The Victoria Falls is one of the world’s grea- 2.6.4 – CASE STUDY IV: VICTORIA FALLS NATIONAL test natural wonders and on average about PARK,ZIMBABWE 20,000 people enter the Victoria Falls By Mr. Erickson Ndlovu, Site Manager. National Park every month. Besides providing access to the Falls, there 2.6.4.1 – Introduction are no other permitted activities within the The Victoria Falls is one of the world’s greatest Rainforest. Activities such as water rafting, natural wonders, and consequently it is a major Flight of Angels and leisure cruises are avail- tourist attraction in the Southern African able away from the main Falls area. Region. The social, economic and environmental impacts in the Falls are felt-locally and inter- 2.6.4.2 – Nomination nationally. Locally the Falls and related tourism In accordance with the articles of the World industry are placing significant – environmental Heritage Convention the Victoria Falls with its and development strains on the authorities in unique geological features is a result of pro- Zimbabwe and Zambia. Rapid and unmanaged cess erosion that creates a fissure at right growth of development for tourism is placing angles to the flow of the river. That has resul- severe strain on the municipality resources and ted in a waterfall and the Rainforest that sup- threaten to destroy the environmental assets ports a delicate plant community. The ecosys- upon which the town’s existence is based urban tem is considered to be of outstanding univer- municipal development is spreading to impact sal value. The Victoria Falls also has a histo- on the adjacent Zambezi and Victoria Falls rical significance to it in that although the National Park and the diverse ecosystem which local people knew of the existence of the they contain. Falls, David Livingstone whose statue still stands near the Falls was the first European to (a) Area and date of establishment visit the falls and he named it Victoria Falls. The Zimbabwean portion of the Victoria Falls The criteria for nomination are therefore Natural World Heritage Site occupies some based on the geology, scenery, culture and 3181 ha of land on the extreme North Western ecosystem in the area. Corner of Zimbabwe on the banks of Zambezi River. The area was declared a National Park 2.6.4.3 – Management tools in 1952 and a World Heritage site in 1989. In terms of the Parks and Wildlife Act (Chapter 20:14 of 1996), the Victoria Falls and the (b) Climate and vegetation Zambezi National Park is a National Park gazet- Annual rainfall is about 600-700 mm. The spray ted in 1952, Managed in accordance with the from the Falls is responsible for sustaining the Parks and Wildlife Act. rainforest. The Management Plan in use today was pre- The predominant vegetation is the Mopane pared by the National Park and Wildlife Colophospermum Mopane teak, and Miombo Department but for managing a World Heritage woodland and the Riverine forest along the Site. There is an urgency to prepare a detailed 38 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

integrated management plan for the greater area • Presence from the Heritage communal within which the WH Site falls. This has the Lands as demand for land increases ulti- effect of affording the National Park extra pro- mately this pressure will build on the tection in terms of the Act. Movement of people Victoria Falls. is controlled within the Rainforest, and other • On average there are 20,000 people enter- undesirable activities which may be detrimental ing the Rainforest every month. The pas- to the park are prohibited. The park has a finan- sage of human feet creates damage to the cial budget and personnel to administer the area site through (trampling). Currently the in accordance with the Park and Wildlife regula- visitors only use paved paths specially tions. constrained with the Rainforest. Realising that the Victoria Falls town is the • Development of the Victoria Falls town to fastest growing town and noting that the rapid provide facilities for the visitors and local unmanaged growth is likely to impact negatively population is mounting pressure. This will on the World Heritage Site, the Government of impact negatively on the World Heritage Zimbabwe has embarked on an Environmental Site unless managed properly; and capacity enhancement plan whose purpose is to • Threats to block the game corridors are provide the planning of environmentally sustain- expected to disrupt populations and struc- able communities. Expected impact of this plan tures of the large mammals in the greater is a better-managed development of the Victoria area. Falls Town area with long-term benefits to the World Heritage Site. 2.6.4.5 – Recommendation Improved financial and social benefits to The legal instruments for the Park and Wildlife the people through increased revenue from a management and capacity building to enable the better managed Victoria Falls town will managers to enforce the WH site regulations encourage people to preserve and protect the should all be strengthened. World Heritage Site as a Tourism destination. The Government in Zimbabwe is preparing 2.6.5 – CASE STUDY V: LONG WALK TO NOMINATION: an Environmental Bill. This legislation will THE IN MOZAMBIQUE form an important piece of regulatory frame- By Mr. Sen Enadahl, UNESCO, Maputo, work together with Management plans being Mozambique prepared by the World Bank Education. Situated within the Victoria Falls is the 2.6.5.1 – Introduction extension and interpretation branch of the (a) Location and coast Department of National Parks and Wildlife. Mozambique is situated between latitude 10° The purpose of this branch among other coun- 20’ S and 26° 50’ S. It’s coastline, of ca. 2770 tries is to make people aware of the values of km, is characterized by a wide diversity of the Victoria Falls as a World Heritage Site. habitats, including sandy beaches, coral reefs, estuarine systems, bays, and mangroves and 2.6.4.4 – Management Constraints sea grass beds. The coast is a compound sho- The Victoria Falls World Heritage Site is reline and can be divided into three main natu- constrained by a number of factors including: ral regions – a coral coast, a swampy coast and • Lack of a joint World Heritage Site man- a parabolic dune coast – with one additional agements plan to control and coordinate type of limited occurrence, namely the delta developments on the Zambia and coast. Zimbabwe sides of the Falls. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 39

Coral coasts occur in the northernmost sec- (c) Human Activities tion of the country, extending about 770 km The Mozambican coast is under pressure from: southward from the Rovuma River in the north. • Casual tourists (mainly campers and sport The primary formations consist of limestone fishermen): Uncontrolled illegal activities formed by fringing coral reefs, but extensive of these tourists consists of harvesting of mangroves and sea grass beds also occur. many hundreds of kilograms of fish Corals also occur at intervals offshore from including reef fish; driving above high Bazaruto southward to South Africa. The water mark thereby threatening the nests of southern limit of the shallow water fringing sea turtles, and harvesting of corals. corals is the Inhaca Island at latitude 26° S. • Visiting yachts: these usually anchor over Swampy coasts occur in the central section reefs, causing extensive damage. of Mozambique, extending over about 978 km • Requests for concessions to set up eco- between Angoche (16° 14’S) and Bazaruto tourism ventures, some of which have been Island (21° 10’S). They consist of simply linear illegally established. to arched beaches, swamps and estuaries. Low dunes known as Cheniers, which run parallel to 2.6.5.2 – The process of selecting potential sites the coast, characterize the shoreline. The sea to be norminated along this coast is shallow and the waves are During the Pacsicom conference (Pan-African high but short, disturbing the bottom materials Conference on Sustainable Integrated Coastal close to the beach and causing high turbidity. In Management) held in Maputo on July 16-26, this section 24 rivers discharge into the Indian 1998, the Government of Mozambique propo- Ocean, each with an estuary supporting well- sed that a technical workshop on natural herita- established mangrove swamps. Beaches ge of coastal areas of Africa be organised. This between Pebane and the Zambezi River have meeting did not take place. However, in 1999 black sand and are fairly rich in minerals the idea of candidating a coastal area in ilmenite and rutile. Mozambique to the UNESCO World Natural Parabolic dunes extend over 850 km of Heritage List was initiated and a first meeting shoreline, from Bazaruto island southward to with interested parties took place to explore the Ponta de Ouro in Mozambique and beyond to interest among Mozambican authorities and Kwazulu–Natal, South Africa. It consists of organizations. During this meeting the high parabolic dunes, north oriented capes and Government of Mozambique manifested great barrier lakes behind the dunes. The dune sys- interest in pursuing the work of candidating one tems attain heights of 120 m and are considered or several coastal areas to the World Natural the highest vegetated dunes in the world. Heritage List. The coastal zone unit under the Delta coasts occur in only two sections of Ministry for Coordination of Environmental the Mozambican coastline, at the Zambezi and Affairs (MICOA) was identified by the institu- Save river deltas. tions present to be the national focal point for the Nomination Coordinating Committee, until (b) Climate anything else was decided. The major part of the Mozambique coast expe- MICOA invited the interested parties to riences a tropical humid and sub-humid clima- another meeting in January 2000 to discuss pos- te, with the coast experiencing rainfall in all sible site candidates. During that meeting a list months with a summer maximum (November to of 7 sites along the coast of Mozambique was March). The highest annual average rainfall is compiled. The institutions present at the meet- recorded for the central region. ing also decided that this list should be devel- 40 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

oped further to form the basis for a more struc- and the total number of water birds counted has tured meeting on March 20-21, 2000 which exceeded 23,000 birds. should decide which coastal sites the Forty-five reptiles and amphibian species have Government of Mozambique might consider to been recorded in the archipelago. Five species of propose to the UNESCO World Natural marine turtle occur: green turtle (Chelonia Heritage List. mydas), hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbrica- During the Workshop in March, the partici- ta), loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) and the pants representing a broad variety of stakehold- leather back turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). The ers in Mozambique critically assessed the 7 olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) occurs coastal sites: Bazaruto Islands, Quirimbra in the open sea. Snakes play an important role in Archipelago, Maputo Elephant Reserve, Inhaca controlling the rodent population, especially of Island, Island of Mozambique, Nacala Bay, the house rat. Primeiras and Segurdas Islands. Among the marine fauna, large marine mam- The basis for the main discussion during the mal species recorded are: Humpback whale, workshop was a report presenting seven coastal minke whale, dwarf sperm whale (Kogia brevi- sites in Mozambique with potential for nomina- ceps) and false killer whale. In addition, 5 tion to the UNESCO World Heritage species of dolphins occur in the area: spinner, Committee. The participants also benefited humpback, bottlenose, common and spotted dol- from presentations from the regional guests. phins.The largest remaining population of the Based on the SWOT approach (strengths, endangered dugong (Dugong dugon) along the weaknesses, opportunities, threats) the work- east African coast survives in the area of the shop discussed all the seven sites and conclud- archipelago. ed that the strongest candidates for nomination The fish fauna of the archipelago is diverse to the UNESCO World Heritage Committee and rich. Over 2,000 species of fish have been were; recorded from the area. Around 74 species of fish • Bazaruto archipelago; and belonging to 33 families are captured by com- • Maputo Elephant Reserve including mercial fisheries. Most fish families of the Indo- Inhaca and Portuguese Island. Pacific Region are found in the Bazaruto Archipelago, and represent 80% of all species 2.6.5.3 – The biodiversity of the sites nominated recorded. In addition 20 species of crustacea and Fauna 57 species of mollusc are recorded for the area for The Bazaruto Archipelago has a few indigenous dugongs and green turtles. mammal species from the geological period when The Fauna for the Maputo Elephant Reserve the archipelago was part of the mainland. The including Inhaca and Portuguese Islands are sim- existing terrestrial mammal species consist of ilar to those described as above for Bazaruto samango monkey (Cercopithecus mitis), lesser Archipelago. gushnbaby (Galago moholi), red squirrel (paraxerus Palliatus), red duiker (Cephalophus 2.6.6 – CASE STUDY VI: CULTURAL LANDSCAPE OF natalensis), bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus) and THE SHAI HILLS RESOURCE RESERVE: few species of rodents such as the house rat PROPOSED WORLD HERITAGE SITE FOR GHANA (Rattus rattus). By Mr. James Agyei-Ohemeng, Site Manager Around 180 bird species have been recorded in the Archipelago, distributed among marine, 2.6.6.1– Introduction intertidal and inland birds. Thirty-six species of The Shai Hills Resource Reserve is situated waders have been recorded in the Archipelago about 50 km northeast of Accra, the capital of Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 41

Ghana on the main Tema-Akosombo highway. educational purposes include Pianoyo, Hioweyo, It is approximately one hour drive from Adwuku, and Sayu. There are also several sites of Central Accra. The Reserve is 5,140 ha and is major cultural importance to the Dangme Shai in made up of largely Savannah covered plains, the hills of the reserve. Makpwin, which is locat- about 60 m elevation, which surround a series ed on the slopes of Hioweyo is of particular sig- of inselbergs. The most prominent of these is nificance to the people. Entry to this site is about 290 m high. The hills are covered by a restricted to only 7 nominated persons. mosaic of forest; thickets and grassland with a This custom is taken into account as far as unique low stature dry forest in the interve- visitor management is concerned. ning canyons. At present, Ghana has 15 terrestrial protected 2.6.6.3 – Evaluation of site features and areas of different categories under the Wildlife potential Division of the Forestry Commission. The pro- Cultural landscapes offer rare opportunities for tected areas cover 1,247,600 ha. or 5.2% of the collaborative work and multidisciplinary country. Categories of protected areas adminis- approach to issues of culture resource manage- tered are National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, ment as well as adaptive mechanisms and stra- Strict Nature Reserves and Resource Reserves. tegies amongst Africa’s hill dwelling popula- Shai Hills Resource Reserve is one of the first tions (Eboreime, 1999). Even though the Sais protected areas to be established by the Wildlife do not dwell in Shais Hill anymore they have Division. It was established on 5th November maintained the link to the Hills. 1971 by Legislative Instrument No. 710. At the time of their expulsion, the Shais could not carry their gods out of the reserve and 2.6.6.2 – History so many of the original and most significant The Shai Hills area has been occupied since late shrines of the Shais are still located in the Stone Age time (10,000 BC to 500 BC) by hun- reserve. They are uniquely confined within ter-gatherers. From the Middle Iron Age (10th small areas showing all the scenic cultural fea- Century AD) to 1892 Shai Hills was the home of tures of present day Shais. the Dangme Se and Le people (Anquandah, There are six major shrines within the Hills 1992). The Shai people were expelled from the of the Reserve regularly visited by the Shais to hills in 1892 by the British colonial army and date, namely: were dispersed into a number of local settlements • Kotoklo >> April though some migrated as far as present day Togo. • Makpwem >> May Pottery was a major occupation of the Shai • Mla Hiome Lalne >> May people and several archaeological sites with • Nadu >> June large amounts of pottery aritifacts are found in • Ngmayem >> September the reserve. Several of the sites have been exca- • Mkagbao >> October vated and surface collections made from others. In addition to the natural beauty and game vie- Trade items dating to 1600 AD such as car- wing potential of the Reserve, the Obonu Tem nelian and glass beads from India and Venice and Se Yo as well as Aduoku caves are unique have been unearthed (Anquandah, 1992). features. The Obonu Tem and Se Yo are opened Evidence of bone fragments dating to the at both ends, and were used as escape routes same period indicates the former presence of during invasions and tribal wars. There is a large carnivores and elephants in the locality. legend that the fetish priests could recite some Numerous archaeological sites are found in the incantations for the stones to close up so that reserve, notable among them for touristic and external enemies could not get them. 42 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

The kob (Kobus kob) one of the mammals in As far as Shai Hills Resource Reserve land- the Reserve with conservation importance has a scape is concerned, it is continuous, and experts special significance to the Shais. The hide is define this as “one which retains an active social used for performing the Dipo puberty rites for role in contemporary society closely associated girls. The initiates sit on the hide during the with the traditional way of life…. At the same ceremony. time it exhibits significant material evidence of its evolution over time” (Rossler 1999). This is 2.6.6.4 – Community involvement and evident from the annual visits of the Shai peo- integration ple to their shrines. This is dependent on establishing lines of com- In Shai Hills Resource Reserve due recog- munication to gain support and using incentives nition has been given to associative values of to strengthen that support. At the same time edu- landscape and features to indigenous Shai cating the communities on their responsibilities people as well as protecting biological diver- and accountability they will have to assume with sity. regard to the reserve. In 1996, the Wildlife Division (1998) offered the Shai traditional 2.6.6.6 – Conclusion Council the chance to hold their annual durbar Ghana is committed to conserve this living within the Reserve on commemoration of their vibrant Reserve for posterity, for appreciation expulsion 100 years ago with a donation of one today and tomorrow. At the moment, the Kob for associated rituals. This has established a European Union, under a Protected Areas firm foundation for community participation in Management Programme for some selected conflict resolution through communication and Reserves in Ghana, has agreed to implement the consensus based on stakeholders. Shai Hills Resource Management Plan for pur- A Management Advisory Board with mem- poses of recreation, education and cultural bership drawn from the Traditional Council, needs of tourists. Part of the income derived District Administration and opinion leaders from these activities will be reinvested in the from within and around the Reserve to pro- management of the natural and cultural vide communication link between the people resources of Shai Hills Resource Reserve. as stakeholders and the Wildlife Division as the Wildlife and archaeological conservators. 2.6.6.7 – References ANQUANDAH. J.R, 1992. Archaeological and 2.6.6.5 – Justification for Shai Hills resource Cultural aspects of the Shai Hill area. reserve as a cultural landscape Commission report, Ghana. There are 3 criteria in defining areas, which DANSO, Elijah Yaw and AGYARE Andrew, qualify to be regarded as a cultural landscape. 1992. Social-economic perspectives of the Shai Hills fulfils one of these, namely the orga- Shai Hills Game Production Reserve nically evolved landscape (Rossler, 1999). EBOROIME O. Joseph, 1999. Anon, 1992. “This results from an initial social, economic, Shai Hills Management Plan: Wildlife administrative and/or religious imperative and Division, Ghana. Shai Hills Visitor’s Guide. has developed its present form by association ROSSLER Mechtild, 1999. The World Heritage with and in response to its natural environ- Convention and Cultural landscapes in ment”. In this case the Shai people conducted Africa – Expert meeting – Tiwi, Kenya, 9-14 their social, economic, administrative and /or March 1999. religious activities in the hills as evident from Wildlife Division 1998. (Wildlife Development the archaeological sites. Plan-1996-2020 vol.8: May 1998) Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 43

2.6.7 – YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK (WORLD (i) Proposed mining in the vicinity of the Park HERITAGE SITE) by a Canadian mining conglomerate. By Mr. Michael Finley, Superintendent (ii) Exotic fish introduced in the park’s lake. (iii) Sewer leakages. Introduction (iv) Deteriorating road networks. Yellowstone National Park is a natural site but (v) Visitor use especially snow mobiles. has cultural sites which are protected. (vi) Overpopulation of bison numbers (2400) at It was established as the first World’s present. National Park in 1872. It has a landmass of A combination of all or some of the above have 107x87 sq km. greatly impacted on the ecosystem of the park.

Park’s unique features Resolutions The park has rare geological phenomenon Some parts of the park are closed at certain sea- such as 2 living volcanoes, 10 geothermic sons so as to lessen the impacts on resources areas, about 200 geysers and hot springs, the found in these areas. There is need to benefit from falls of 90M in height marks the boundaries of the revenue generated from the microbar exploi- the lava flows and thermal areas. tation by companies. It is an important ecosystem with 5 endan- Park management have also developed a gen- gered species. Its vegetation types range from eral management plan to help in analyzing any near desert to sub alpine meadows and forests. emisaged development. It is home to a variety of Wildlife which among them include bison (American buffalo), elk, grizzly and black bears, trumpeter 2.7 – ROUND TABLE DISCUSSION swam and tort, etc. Since its establishment as a National Park, Moderated by Dr. Wangari and Prof. Edroma Yellowstone has evolved from being a pleasure resort and wildlife sanctuary to today’s The sessions on session 2.0 (the World Heritage biosphere reserve and World Heritage Site. Convention) was rounded up in a lively and infor- The park has 12 camping grounds, over 2000 mative discussion. The following are highlights of km trails that offer recreational activities such the issues. The aim of the workshop system is to as boating, canoeing, bicycle rides, etc. It gain feedback as previous calls for information in attracts visitor patronage of 120,000 in winter the form of circulars and questions. and about 2-9 million in summer. Question: Current status • How is funding from WH Council/Bureau The park was listed on 5th December 1995 as awarded? a site on danger. About 14 Non-governmental Answer: organizations raised an alarm on the danger in • Director can approve up to $5,000. A reply which Yellowstone was. may be achieved within days of request. • Up to $20,000, requests are approved by Impacts affecting the Park the Chairperson. The listing among endangered sites was due to • Up to $30,000, requests are approved by a number of impacts affecting the park. Some Bureau of the WH Committee. of the impacts include: • Above $30,000, the approval is considered by the World Heritage Council. 44 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

• Requests cannot be considered –particular- veto discussions regarding the integrity of ly for Cooperation and Preparatory the Park. Assistance – until the 1% membership fee • The biggest threat to wildlife is the “rich” is fully paid. person that can lure local men to poach for commercial gain. Question • State officials e.g. Policemen could easily • Community involvement in managing WH be bought by these operators. sites. How do we involve these, at times of violent communities in protected Area Question Management? • What mechanisms are available to address Answer this issue? • Increase the tangible benefit from the Answer buffer zone e.g. Tourist lodges within • The WH Convention interacts with other buffer areas that are run/administered by Conventions that give strength to regula- the community. These are examples tion and law enforcement e.g. CITIES, where the communities started patrolling TRAFFIC. Also need to involve local com- exclusive areas around the lodges. Also munities in the management of the Park. community gains or benefits from profits of the core area. Most monies go into Question community-based projects. • What benefits will accrue to each WH • Provide resources from the protected area Site from the Global Strategy, and what and 20% of gate entrance and thereby base is given to either natural or cultural sharing ownership of the resources. heritage sites. Funds go to community projects. Answer Employment is biased towards communi- • Cultural heritage sites are few on this, parties abutting the protected area. ticularly so for Southern African countries • Make social/economic benefits greater as they had not ratified the conventions or than what is obtained from illegal activi- those that had, had not listed sites. ties. • An alternative is one of resource owner- Question ship and parity in decision-making as • Provision must be made for bird sanctuar- well as the establishment of meaningful ies particularly for migratory birds. partnerships. Answer • Conservation of the WH Site requires the • These sites need to be identified, but establishment of proactive land use plan- whether the sites meet the criteria for WH ning to ensure integration of the Park into needs should be investigated. For those a broaden landscape. marine related sites that meet the criteria – • Support of earlier comment– need consul- a list of experts that interact with these tation with neighbouring communities so sites should be forwarded to Ms Annie that they feel that they have meaningful. Hillary so that they could be considered for place in ownership and sharing of benefits her June 2001 workshop. • Need to build capacity rather than address- • RAMSAR would also need to be ing an isolated needs with donor funding. approached for registration under the • Cannot trade values of the resource – con- RAMSAR Convention. There is a strong servation authority needs to retain right to move to harmonise other conservation Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 45

Conventions with WH Convention. In so annual reports to UNESCO as a “back-up” doing if a site is threatened under RAM- to ensure that flow of information on the SAR it will automatically become a threat- status of WH Sites in Africa is sustained. ened site under the WH Convention. Considerable debate was held on the potential Question inscription of the Okavango Delta. A major • Reporting on the status of WH Sites after importance is that the Delta is reliant on water inscription, what mechanisms are in place that is sourced in Namibia and Angola. It was to assist in this process? motioned that a large proportion of the catch- Answer ment be included in the application. This • A report needs to be submitted every 6 would require cooperation between the 3 coun- years. There is a proforma that needs to tries. It was suggested that the Botswanian be followed which is appended to the component of the system (i.e. the core area) be application documents. Only 6 of the 18- inscribed and then the site expanded to include 20 reports have been received from WH in critical ones in neighbouring countries at a Africa. Suggestion was made to submit later stage. CHAPTER 3

World Natural Heritage SITES 49

CONSTRAINTS AND THREATS FOR GLOBAL BIODIVERSITY

By Prof Eric Edroma, IUCN Regional Councilor for Africa

3.1.1 – CONSTRAINTS With limiting funds basic urgent obligations cannot be met, equipment and other facilities 3.1.1.1 – Lack of Integrated Management Plan cannot be bought/supplied and human and other Any area protected under the WH Convention resources cannot be availed. must have an integrated management plan, developed by involving all stakeholders. Most 3.1.1.3 – Inadequate staff of the WH Sites lack up-to-date integrated Most Protected Areas in Africa are understaffed. management plans. In some cases the plans are For example the vast Mana Pools National Park either out of date, or are in the form of drafts, (6784 km2) was in 1998 managed by only 3 incomplete, not yet approved and unpublished. wardens and some 120 supporting staff. Worse For a management plan to be meaningful, it still the workers have not been trained to mana- must be drawn with involvement and consulta- ge Protected Areas inscribed on the WH List. tion of the people living in the surrounding community and other stakeholders in the 3.1.1.4 – Lack of monitoring of activities regions. Several WH Sites are being managed As demanded by the Convention and its operatio- without approved and published management nal guidelines monitoring of management activi- plans. Lack of this vitally important document ties is lacking in many Protected Areas. Most has been seen as the main source of the major urgent problems are solvable if only mechanisms problems weakening management of the sites. for regular and vigilant monitoring is put in place to enable management to detect potential pro- 3.1.1.2 – Funding blems and to promptly formulate action strategy Many WH Sites suffer from chronic inadequate before they blow out of proportion. funding and shortage of cash flow. They are heavily constrained by acute shortage and/or grossly 3.1.1.5 – Research inadequate budgetary allocation by the Treasury Research in natural protected areas is either to cover maintenance costs, human resource fragmented or totally lacking. Limited scientific development, salaries and wages to staff, conser- information upon which to base decision is a vation, laboratory work, management and moni- common constraint throughout the continent. toring of human activities on regular basis, sur- veying, purchase of specialized equipment such 3.1.1.6 – Communication as Light aircraft, etc. Lack of funds has paralysed Lack of Communication both within a country conservation activities in many of the Protected where the Protected Areas are remote from the Area’s. Examples are many across the continent. Head Quarters, and with other states hinders 50 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

progress in sharing experiences among the pro- Kahuzi Biega are under rebel groups based in tected area managers. We need to develop net- Goma and Bukavu. There is therefore no com- working schemes and national, regional and munication between individuals of ICCN and international cooperation so as to break up the the Government in Kinshasha in case of communication problem. Virunga. In Kahuzi Biega only 5-10% of the 6000 km2 National Park is accessed by ICCN. 3.1.1.7 – Political interference Elephants have been severely poached, and This is a wide spread factor that undermines their reduction is bound to affect the mountain management Authority and effectiveness. It ren- gorillas since elephants open up thick forests ders conservation, policies and legislation null and create areas of secondary growth, preferred and void. habitats for the gorillas. WH Values of Simea National Park in 3.1.2 – THREATS Ethiopia have been severely eroded by wars. While in Rwensori Mountain National Park 3.1.2.1 – Uncontrolled harvesting. Uganda the conflict between the Allied Defence Commercial poaching, illegal fishing, unsustai- Forces (ADF) and the government Uganda nable collection of plant species with nutritional Peoples Defence Forces (UPDF) has lead to the and medicinal values and domestic poaching as closure of the Site. Again in Uganda, the brutal the main source of protein in areas of military and senseless attack of tourists and Park staff by conflict, etc., threaten the integrity of the natural the Interehamure rebels on 1st March 1999 WH sites. Example for uncontrolled harvestings plunged Bwindi Impenetrable National Park are many, especially in those countries ravaged by into panic. This single incidence crippled armed conflict. The biodiversity in such regions is tourism in Uganda. Efforts made by the govern- threatened by poaching for ivory, seriously deci- ment forces have restored peace and order in the mating the animal populations. Despite mitigatian Park since December 1999. by military counter attacks of the concerned governments, the menace still continues. 3.1.2.3 – Inappropriate institutional framework The implementation of integrated management 3.1.2.2 – Armed civil and military conflicts plan under the WH Convention makes it neces- Africa is plagued by armed struggles. Armed sary to set up an appropriate management Civil and military conflicts attributed by authority or agency, with the necessary powers government authorities (both Formal and rebel) of decision making. Where a WH Site is impac- to different groups have created, for example, in ted by several competing interests (e.g. fishery, DRC total lack of communication and coordi- agriculture, dams constructions, water develop- nation between authorities responsible for ment, tourism, conservation, etc.) it may beco- ICCN in Kinshasha and those in the 5 WH Sites me necessary to create one autonomous mana- – Virunga National Park, Garamba National gement authority as proposed for the Okavango Park, Okaya Wildlife Reserve, Salonga Delta WH Listing. In some countries manage- National Park and Kahuzi Biega National Park. ment agencies with similar objectives are loca- The management operations in the 5 sites fall ted in different ministries. This has often bred under authorities of individuals with 3 different internal wrangles and direct conflict involving governance regimes: Salonga under the govern- exchange of arms. Agencies for managing ment of DRC, Garamba, Okapi and Northern wildlife, forestry, fisheries, cultural sites and Virunga under the rebel authorities based in other lead Departments should be placed in one Beni/ Bhura, while Southern Virunga and or same ministries or if possible merged. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 51

3.1.2.4 – Encroachment tion of downstream dams in Senegal had inter- Human settlement, deforestation, degradation fered with the water regime of Djondji National of the biological diversity, agricultural and pas- Bird Sanctuary (WH Site). This resulted in its toral farming in the surrounding community of inscription on the list of WH in Danger in 1984. the WH Sites, compounded by increasing poaching and other illegal practices, lack of respect 3.1.2.8 – Weak management for the Heritage Site, and presence of potential- Management involves day-to-day operations, ly hostile subsistence farmers who live close to management arrangements, resource manage- the boundaries of natural Heritage Sites pose ment, responsiveness to concerns, etc. serious problems to the future of such Protected Management may be rated excellent, very good, Areas. good, satisfactory, poor, very poor, better, worse, similar, etc. Continuation of weak 3.1.2.5 – Refugees management in some of the WH Sites is threa- Africa is plagued by refugee problems. tening biodiversity in sub-Saharan Africa. Refugees resident in and around Mt Nimba Nature Reserve are seriously threatening the 3.1.2.9 – Introduced animals future of that WH Reserve. It has consequently Alien or introduced animals especially into vul- been listed a Heritage in Danger. For its rescue, nerable areas disturbed by grazing, clearings, or a Foundation for Mt Nimba has been suggested fire, worsen the level of integrity of the area. and the governments of Guinea and Cote d’ Introduced or feral animals such as dogs, cats, Voire are preparing joint nomination for trans- foxes, rabbits, mice, sheep, goats, and other boundary management. species are destructive to the native/ local vegetation, and to the botanical and conservation 3.1.2.6 – Mass tourism values of the area. WH sites are source of tourism and recreation. The tourist activities include clustering to 3.1.2.10 – Mining appreciate the scenic beauty, fauna and flora, Mining threatens or has the potential to threaten recreational walking, camping, fishing, and WH sites. A meeting is taking place tomorrow hunting. Tourism activities in many of the natu- 21-22 September 2000 for conservationists and ral WH Sites including the Mosi-Oa-Tunya/ miners to produce general principles, explora- Victoria Falls, Mana Pools and other national tions and extraction of minerals in natural WH Parks with influx of 4x4 vehicles is alarming. Sites, their impact on WH Sites, contribution of 3.1.2.6 – Dams mining companies to the objectives of the WH Construction of Dams for power generation dis- Convention and of biodiversity conservation. rupts the hydrological cycles and sedimentation Fortunately there is already increasing collabo- patterns in the resulting lakes. Depths of lakes ration between mining and conservation inter- therefore decrease more rapidly which in turn ests, which hopefully will lead to minimizing provoke changes in water regime or flooding. the impacts of mining on protected areas in the The Ichkeul National Park WH Site is Tunisia future. has been severely threatened by the construction of a dam. The decrease in the numbers of 3.1.2.11 – Pening of roads water birds especially of wintering birds has Dja Faunal Reserve in Cameroon is faced with been significant. The wintering ducks decrea- illegal opening of roads for forestry activities, sed from 200,000 to 50,000 individuals follo- logging and poaching for meat. The road wing floral degradation. Similarly the construc- construction has created significant threat to the 52 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

Site. Providing alternative resource use options reform over the past 5-10 years. Some countries for the local communities and donor support for are already reviewing their policy and legislation capacity building are desirable. In Tanzania that had outlived their life span or found to be construction of a proposed access road to impracticable. Ngorongoro through the Ngorongoro WH Site is certain of threatening this Site. A feasibility 3.1.2.17 – Pollution study in progress will soon, guide decision on the construction. In Bwindi Impenetrable 3.1.3 – DISCUSSION National Park, a proposed major road was strongly resisted in1993. Thanks to a feasibility study Professor Eric L. Edroma was commended for the report that forced the government in Uganda to paper. The following issues emerged from cancel the proposal. Questions and Remarks: • That some States like U.S.A. feel that by rat- 3.1.2.12 – Invasion by alien/exotic species ifying and listing their sites under the WH Invasion of Djoudji National Bird Sanctuary in Convention, they are losing their states sov- Senegal, by water hyacinth lead the Director of ereignty to the United Nations and Senegalese National Parks on 25 April 2000 to UNESCO. request the WH Committee to be re-included • Concern that protected areas are not man- in the list of WH Sites in Danger due to the aged according to what management plans imminent dangers of the invasion. Manage- states but rather according to what influential ment of invasive species is desirable that politicians say. should involve: prevention, eradication, • Where political interference is too much, control, legislative and regulatory principles, ratifying the Conventions could help as the knowledge and awareness-raising require- international community and provisions of ments. the convention could stop some development envisaged for protected areas of man- 3.1.2.13 – Water and solid wastes agement. Several natural heritage sites with water bodies • There is resistance to sending/submitting face threats of water pollution due to discharge sites for inscription because of fear of los- of effluent and solid wastes. ing existing benefits, especially by those already benefiting from that area. The 3.1.2.14 – Uncontrolled bush/veld fires effects of uncontrolled environmental unfriendly substances such as DDT should 3.1.2.15 – Unexpected natural disasters be viewed as threats. Africa is being used Africa is prone to occurrences of drought, floo- as dumping site for DDT. Uncontrolled ding, El Nino weather conditions, disease out- growth of numbers of animals in protected breaks, earthquakes etc., which have caused des- areas can also be a threat. Too many ani- truction of resources in the WH Sites. mals can destroy a site. Professor Eric Edroma’s key note paper on 3.1.2.16 – Policy and legislation Constraints and threats for protected areas was Until recently the policies and legislation practices amplified by Dr. Wangari’s illustrations of indica- across Africa were out of date, unimplementable tors of site deterioration. The factors accelerating and colonial. They made management difficult to deterioration were grouped in categories of: the disadvantage of the biodiversity. Most coun- - Development pressure; tries have gone through policy and legislation - Environmental pressure; Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 53

- Natural threats and catastrophes; 3.2.3 – PROJECT OBJECTIVES - Tourism consequences; - Relationship with neighbouring residents to • Develop expert consensus on potential areas the site; for nomination as World Heritage Sites; - Socio-economic considerations; • Development of an innovative approach for - Specific problems of refugees; applying a multi-site approach (clusters and - Other factors such as vandalism, looting, trans-border sites). etc. 3.2.4 – PROJECT ACTIVITIES

3.2 – GENERAL TALKING POINTS: WORLD HERITAGE • An assessment of existing constraints to PROJECT expand World heritage listing to include tropical coastal, marine protected areas and small island ecosystems. By Mike Finley, Yellowstone national Park, USA • A compilation of tropical coastal, marine protected areas and small island ecosystems 3.2.1 – PROJECT PARTNERS for consideration as potential World Heritage Sites. • World Conservation Union (IUCN); • An expert workshop to develop a consensus • UNESCO Regional Office in Jakarta; report on potential sites for nomination. • National Oceanographic Aeronautical • An expert consensus workshop report for Association (NOAA) as sister to NASA; dissemination to World heritage Committee • UNESCO World Heritage Center; and States Parties. • Others (TBD). • A pilot project strategy (including agreements by States parties and donors) to pur- 3.2.2 – PROJECT PURPOSE sue multi-site nominations.

• To analyze potential constraints for expand- 3.2.5 – PROJECT SCHEDULE:JULY 2000 –JUNE 2002 ing World Heritage listing to include tropical coastal, marine protected areas and small Year One islands. - Prepare for workshop (July 2000-January • To develop and promote a multi-site (cluster 2001); and trans-border) approach for nominating - Conduct the Assessment (July 2000- tropical, coastal, marine and small island January 2001); ecosystems. - Conduct Workshop (Winter 2001); • To assist UNESCO in identifying priority Year Two sites for consideration and to encourage - Produce and disseminate workshop report their nomination through pilot project devel- (Spring 2001); opment. - Consultation for financing and conducting pilot (Fall 2001). CHAPTER 4

National legal an policy framework FOR IMPLEMENTING THE W ORLD H ERITAGE C ONVENTION 57

Case studies

4.1 – CASE STUDY 1: SOUTH AFRICA 4.1.2 – THE WORLD HERITAGE ACT

By Mr Makgolo Makgolo, Deputy Director South African World Heritage Convention General Department of Environmental Affairs Committee and Tourism The Committee is made up of senior officials from the provincial departments of Environ- ment and Arts & Culture, the national 4.1.1 – INTRODUCTION Departments of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Arts, Culture Science and Technology South Africa ratified the World Heritage and Foreign Affairs, the related statutory bodies Convention in May 1997. The Department of – National Botanical Institute, the South Environmental Affairs and Tourism, which is African National Parks and the National the line function department responsible for the Heritage Resources Agency, as well as the implementation of the Convention, immediately South African National Commission for UNES- established an intergovernmental advisory CO (ex-officio). The Committee is chaired by Committee, as a conflict management tool, to the Deputy Director General in the Department ensure a consultative process in implementing of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, its secre- the Convention. This Committee is called the tariat is also located in this Department. South African World Heritage Convention The Role of the Committee is to advise the Committee. The South African Government Minister and the Department in the implemen- has also developed legislation to provide for tation of the Convention. It assists in identify- incorporation of the World Heritage Convention ing sites and preparing the tentative list of into the South African law; the enforcement and potential South African World Heritage Sites, implementation of the World Heritage and makes recommendations on nomination of Convention; the establishment of Authorities sites for submission to the World Heritage and the granting of additional powers to exis- Centre. This Committee meets twice a year, in ting organs of state. The World Heritage Act is April and September. The tentative list and the the focal point of this paper. nominated sites which were submitted to the World Heritage Committee in 1998 were prepared by this Committee. The establishment of this structure has to a large extent prevented regional conflict on location of World Heritage 58 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

Sites. Establishment of such structures is impor- the legislation and it reports to the aforementio- tant in non-unitary states in order to enhance co- ned Council. operate governance and nation building. 4.1.3.3 – The World Heritage Act (1999) 4.1.3 – EXISTING LEGISLATION The South African government, through the National Department of Environmental Affairs There are various pieces of legislation gover- and Tourism, developed a piece of a legislation ning the protection and management of both – the World Heritage Convention Act of 1999 – cultural and natural sites in South Africa. The designed to create a legal and administrative key ones are the National Environmental framework to effectively manage the South Management Act of 1998 and the National African World Heritage Sites. The Act was crea- Heritage Resources Act of 1999. The National ted to incorporate the World Heritage Heritage Resources Agency is responsible for Convention into the South African Law. There the implementation of the latter while the are only two States Parties to the Convention, Department of Environmental Affairs & Australia and South Africa, with such legisla- Tourism is responsible for the former tion. This clearly demonstrates the government’s commitment to the objectives of the 4.1.3.1 – National Environmental Management Convention, in particular section II of the Act Convention, which deals with “National The National Environmental Management Act Protection and International Protection of the provides for co-operation in environmental Cultural and Natural Heritage.” governance by establishing principles for decision making on matters affecting the environ- 4.1.3.4 – Objective of the World Heritage Act mental governance “by establishing principles (1999) for decision making on matters affecting the The Act seeks to create a legal and administra- environment, institutions that will promote co- tive policy framework for the implementation operative governance and procedures for co- of the Convention in South Africa. It seeks to ordinating environmental functions exercised create a mechanism that allows the govern- by organs of the state; and provide for matters ment to: connected therewith.” • Strengthen the powers of bodies managing World Heritage Sites where such powers 4.1.3.2 – National Heritage Resources Act do not exist or are not strong and appropri- (1999) ate; On the other hand, the National Heritage • Establish new management authorities Resources Act is intended to “introduce an inte- where such authorities do not exist, to pro- grated and interactive system for the manage- vide for management and sustainable ment of the National Heritage Resources; to development of World Heritage Sites; introduce an integrated system for the identifi- • Create, where necessary, advisory boards cation, assessment and management of the to oversee the authority and its staff com- Heritage Resources of South Africa”. The ponent responsible for the day-to day man- management of this legislation is co-ordinated agement of the Sites; by the National Heritage Resources Council, • Provide for the preparation of integrated established under the National Heritage Council management plans and the state of conser- Act of 1999. The National Heritage Resources vation reports as required by the Agency is responsible for the implementation of Convention; Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 59

• Provide for proper auditing and financial authorities responsible for management of these control, as well as the preparation of annu- Sites have been consulted. al reports outlining the activities of each authority; and 4.1.3.7 – Guidelines for implementation of the • Ensure that it gives “the cultural and natu- Convention in South Africa ral heritage a function in the life of the In recognition of lack of post-inscription guide- community” (Article 5(a) of the lines for the management of the new World Convention) to enhance the well-being of Heritage Sites, and the implementation of the such a community which resides within Convention in general, the Department opted the vicinity of the World Heritage Site. for development of alternative guidelines applicable to the South African situation. The key 4.1.3.5 – Main features of the act sections of these guidelines are: The Act therefore ensures that the principles • Introduction to the World Heritage and values of the Convention are given proper Convention application over South Africa’s tentative and • Having a site inscribed inscribed Sites. • Management of World Heritage Sites This entails taking effective and active mea- • Contact Details sures for the protection, conversation and pre- The drafting of these guidelines is in progress sentation of world cultural and national sites and it is hoped that they will be completed by situated in South Africa. November 2000 The main features of the Act are as follows: • Definitions, objectives, principles and 4.1.4 – CONCLUSION implementation • Authorities The World Heritage Convention Act is seen as a • Board and Executive Staff Component seminal example of how development, growth • Integrated Management Plans and job creation, can be combined with the pre- • Land servation of cultural heritage and the conserva- • Finances and Reports tion of biodiversity. The various regulations and • General institutions allowed for in the act are explicitly designed to emphasise sustainable development 4.1.3.6 – Regulations over constraining forms of protectionism that The Department, in consultation with the site have sometimes been associated with the managers, is presently in the process of drafting Convention. This balance between conservation site specific regulation for management of the and development is particularly important in new World Heritage Sites as required by the developing countries such as South Africa, Act. The first regulations to be drafted are for where we cannot afford the under-development the Greater St Lucia Wetland Park. These regu- of important national assets, such as our World lations are intended to create mechanisms for Heritage Sites at the expense of the socio-eco- establishment of an authority to manage the nomic needs of our impoverished communities Sites. They are also intended to establish admi- living within or in the boundaries of these Sites. nistration framework for the Site. The Greater In this sense, it could be argued that the Act is St Lucia Wetland Park regulations will be ready of value to all developing countries seeking to by the end of October 2000. use the Convention as a means to protect their Drafting of regulations for Robben Island and heritage while at the same time utilising it for the Cradle of Humankind will commence after jobs and entrepreneurial creation. 60 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

The Act encourages strict management con- While much of the natural and cultural her- trols and devotes national and international sup- itage of Nigeria is yet to be comprehensively port to these activities while at the same time surveyed and documented, it is established that encouraging sustainable development and the landscape is characterized by some of the growth, through controlled tourism and utiliza- following features and outstanding heritage tion of these resources. values which include: • Some of the World’s oldest and most 4.1.5 – DISCUSSION diverse rain forest ecosystems, Gashaka Gumti in the Afro-tropical zone of the Question: north-eastern highlands of Nigeria, with a • If a WH Site was inscribed where it had total area of 6,402 square kilometers, it been a protected areas, does that mean that has several ecological zones protecting a the regulations that had been existing for complex variety of flora and fauna. It is that national park will be changed? the most diverse conservation area in Answer: Nigeria, while Yankari National Park in • New regulations are not supposed to con- the north-central zone, is one of the most flict with existing regulations. If the exist- important conservation areas in West ing regulations are found wanting, then Africa. additions can be made by enacting new • Black Africa’s largest 18th century city legislation. and some of her most extensive ruins: Old-Oyo (Oyo-Ile) – Katunga lying within the vicinity of the Oyo-Ile National 4.2 – CASE STUDY II: THE N IGERIAN SITUATION Park. Oyo-Ile ruins represents remnants of the ancient political capital of the Yoruba. By Dr O.J. Eboreime, National Coordinator, • The most extensive block of threatened UNESCO, World Heritage Programme for mangrove ecosystems on earth; the Niger Nigeria Delta wetlands and marine ecosystems/ coastlands. 4.2.1 – INTRODUCTION • The world’s longest and most extensive ancient earthworks (Benin – Ijebu) which Nigeria occupies a landmass of 923,765 square provide some of the earliest topographic kilometers with a population of over 100 mil- evidence of urbanization processes as well lion and some 350 ethno-linguistic groupings as the engineering feat involved in their distributed into 36 territo-administrative states, construction and execution. They are said which lie within six geo-political zones; south- to be more extensive than the famous west, south-east, north-central, north-east and China walls. north-west. The national capital is the Federal • Africa’s first cultural landscape to be Capital territory of Abuja carved out of the enlisted into the UNESCO’s World north-central zone in the middle of the country. Heritage List, Sukur in the north-eastern Nigeria is a landmass of vast and variegated borderlands with the Cameroon, bio-cultural diversity; some of which are of out- described as an eloquent testimony to a standing value from the point of view of scien- strong and continuing spiritualism and tific values, aesthetic ambience and integrity as cultural tradition that has endured for cen- well as from the point of view of human cre- turies, protected down the ages through ative genius and authenticity. customary law. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 61

4.2.2 – LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK FOR 4.2.3 – THE UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE HERITAGE CONSERVATION PROGRAMME

Today the Nigerian cultural heritage consis- The implementation of the UNESCO Conv- ting of monuments, sites, and buildings are ention did not proceed as expected in Nigeria protected under Decree 77 of 1979, which set for several reasons including: up the National Commission for Museums • Lack of awareness of the Convention and and Monuments, a Federal Government the guidelines for its implementation. Parastatal with a Director General and a Board • The concept of monumentality and eccle- of Management under the Ministry of Culture siastical architectural forms were in and Tourism. The Decree was a modification favour of western cultural heritage and of the Antiquities Ordinance of 1953. Christianity; and excluded sub-Saharan There are sixty-six listed monuments under African Civilizations. The notions of gazette, most of which were scheduled when spirituality and the intangible heritage the concept of World Heritage Listing had not embedded in our oral traditions and the fully developed. other forms of cultural representation The Natural Heritage in the form of were excluded. This made it impossible National Parks are protected under a Federal for any of Nigeria’s listed monuments to Decree promulgated in 1991. Kanji National qualify for World Heritage Listing. Park in the north-central part of the country • The civil war and the subsequent political (5,380 square kilometres) was however the instability in Nigeria did not favour sus- first to be designated a Federal National Park tained conservation efforts. They make it in 1979; the same year as the Decree estab- impossible to match action with policies lishing the National Commission for on environment and conservation. Museums and Monuments was promulgated. The strengthening of cultural solidarity sys- The National Policies on Environment and tems as survival mechanisms at the grass roots Culture came into being in 1979 and 1988 was the result of the near collapse of the natio- respectively. These policies were intended to nal project before the democratic dispensation set the pace for the implementation of the var- of President Olusegun Obasanjo came to the ious international conventions, which Nigeria timely rescue last year (1999). Thus totemic had signed to conserve her natural and cultur- beliefs and agelong taboos protected sacred al heritage. It is noteworthy that Nigeria forests, groves, shrines and monuments from signed the 1972 UNESCO Convention con- being vandalized and some animals and bird cerning the Protection of the Natural and species from being exterminated. At the same Cultural Heritage in 1974, two years after its time however the rapid growth of Christian adoption by the General Assembly of and Islamic fundamentalism has threatened UNESCO. She has also been very active in the culture and biodiversity conservation. Man and Biosphere Programme of UNESCO The situation calls for an aggressive aware- which has yielded fruits in the declaration of ness campaign at all levels to protect what is the Omo Forest Reserve in Ogun State (south- left of the heritage of Africa’s most populous western Nigeria) as a UNESCO Biosphere country. This is being pursued within the lim- Reserve. Similar reserves are underway in the itations of the Nigerian World Heritage other vegetation zones (savannah, sand, etc) Committee. of the country. 62 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

4.2.4 – THE INAUGURATION OF THE NIGERIAN 4.2.5 – THE SUKUR CULTURAL LANDSCAPE: UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE PROGRAMME THE FIRST FRUIT OF THE CONVENTION AND THE BIRTH OF A NATIONAL COMMITTE Out of the 18 properties submitted to UNES- The inauguration of the UNESCO World CO, seven were selected for further systema- Heritage Programme emerged in 1994 from the tic research, survey and dossier compilation initiative of a non-governmental organization by the World Heritage Center (4 were cultural the Leventis Foundation, in collaboration with and three natural properties). the British Council, United States Information Guided by the recommendations of two Agency and the Nigerian National Commission UNESCO / ICOMOS evaluation missions the for UNESCO. Nigerian Committee proceeded with Sukur, The Leventis Foundation sponsored a Benin and Osun (Osogbo) cultural landscapes. countrywide identification project in 1994, Sukur’s nomination was processed rapidly which produced Nigeria’s first tentative list due to a combination of the following factors: that was forwarded by the National • The enthusiasm and zeal of the local Commission for UNESCO through Nigeria’s communities whose customary laws and permanent delegate in Paris to the World protective mechanisms are still very much in Heritage Centre. The same year the British place to the advantage of conservation. Council supported the training of Dr. Joseph • The relative isolation and remoteness of O. Eboreime on Heritage Management at the the landscape have ensured Sukur’s Southampton University in the United integrity and authenticity; two crucial Kingdom. This course emphasised the details conditions required by UNESCO’s and strategies for the implementation of the Bureau and the WH Committee. World Heritage Convention as well as the • The cooperation of the State Governor broader areas of heritage planning, education and Government facilitated the and conservation management. The United promulgation of protective laws within States Information Agency reinforced this by weeks. designing a visitor training programme to five • The commitment of the members of the States in America, visiting parks, heritage Committee facilitated by the donation of places, museums and monuments as well as a computer to the programme by the exchanges with funding bodies and institu- Horniman Museum in London as well as tions. the support of the museum and monu- The result of these exposures were fed ments management. back to the Management of the National • The Global strategy team at the World Commission for Museums and Monuments Heritage Centre in Paris led by Galia who in consultation with the National Sauoma-Forero and Mechtild Rössler Commission for UNESCO inaugurated a facilitated Nigeria’s chances through National Heritage Committee on the approval trainings and exposures at Porto Movo, of the Minister to coordinate the implementa- Tiwi (Kenya, Mombassa) and Paris tion of the UNESCO Convention in Nigeria in where the new concepts of cultural land- 1995. The Nigerian model has since been scape and cultural itineraries were adopted by Ghana after Dr. Eborome was sent increasingly elucidated through interac- on a UNESCO mission to that country in tional workshops and field visits. 1999. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 63

4.2.6 – THE WAY FORWARD The Nigerian UNESCO World Heritage Committee will continue to promote awareness Sukur now forms a model that will build the capa- of the Convention with the support of the city in people, materials and networks at regional, National Commission for Museums and national and local levels for other properties to be Monuments, the National Parks, State and rapidly inscribed into the World Heritage List. Local Governments. The Nigerian Government is conscious of the dynamic relationship between World Heritage 4.2.7 – BIBLIOGRAPHY Sites, the National Parks and eco-tourism development in Nigeria. Hence the inclusion of the AREMU David. 1988. Reconnaissance and National Parks in the tentative list. Rescue Archaeology of the Yabkari Game Nigeria is also conscious of the relationship Reserve Bauchi State. Unpub. Report. between biodiversity conservation and the ethno- AMARASEKARA, D. 1995. A Cultural solidarity systems that will sustain community Tourism and Visitor Effect with Special identification with the World Heritage Reference to Srilanka, Central Cultural Convention. This is the basis of the inclusion of Fund, Colombo. the Niger-Delta Mangrove and Wetland ecosys- CLEERE, H.(ed). Archaeological Heritage tems as well as its threatened monuments and Management in the Modern World. One sites in the revised tentative list to UNESCO. World Archaeological Series No 9, London. Each geographical zone is now represented on the DARLING, P.J. 1994. World Heritage Sites for tentative list which is subject to revision in the Nigeria: A study Sponsored by Leventis light of more surveys, and documentation in con- Foundation to create a tentative list for sultation with local communities. Nigeria. Unpub. Report. The Government has inaugurated a EBOREIME, J. O. 1995. Nigerian Museums and Countrywide Master Plan upon which site specif- the Preservationof Heritage in Perspective. ic plans will be formulated and implemented by Cambridge Archaeology 18; (1). the respective conservation Agencies; (i.e. EBOREIME, J. O. 2000. The Sukur and Benin National Museums and National Parks). Cultural Landscapes as case studies on cur- With the creation of a new Ministry of Culture rent issues on Authernticity and Integrity. and Tourism, and the prospect of a new Great Zimbabwe meeting 26-29 May, 2000. Department of Museums and Monuments within Federal Govt of Nigeria Decree 77 of 1979 the National Commission for Museums and Establishing N.C.M.M. Monuments, the framework for collaboration and Icomos 1994. Tourism at World Heritage cites, partnership with all the stakeholders in the chal- the Site Manager’ Hand book. Central lenges of heritage conservation has been firmly Cultural Fund, Colombo. established. CHAPTER 5

Analyses of frameworks AVAILABLE FOR IMPLEMENTING

THE WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION 67

A NALYSES OF FRAMEWORKS

The following conclusions were reported from (b) Law Enforcement – patrols and surveillance the three sub-regional working Groups. (c) Ecological monitoring coordinated by Frankfurt Zoological Society and Tanzania Wildlife Research Institute and others. 5.1 – EASTERN AFRICA (d) Funding Mechanisms: • TANAPA and Ngorongoro Conser- vation Areas – are autonomous parastatal 5.1.1 – TANZANIA bodies (self accounting), which pay cor- poration tax to government. 5.1.1.1 – Institutional framework • Wildlife division and Selous World The Ministry of Natural resources and Tourism Heritage Site receive subvention from through the : government. • Tanzanian National Park (TANAPA) • Management plans are in revision/pre- • Wildlife division paration. • Ngorongoro Conservation Area • The Tanzania Tourism Board is res- The Ministry is the lead Ministry under which ponsible for adverting, marketing and the management of the World Heritage Sites promotion of the World Heritage Sites. fall. The management activities are coordinated by the UNESCO/MAB Committee. 5.1.2 – UGANDA

5.1.1.2 – Legislative framework 5.1.2.1–Institutional framework • The Wildlife Conservation Act (1974) The Ministry of Tourism, Trade and Industry • The Wildlife sector policy (1998) current- (MTTI) through : ly under review • Uganda Wildlife Authority (parastatal) (UWA) 5.1.1.3 – Administrative framework • National Committee for UNESCO/ MAB Sites are integrated into local, Regional/district and National development plan. 5.1.2.2 – Legal framework • The Uganda Wildlife statute No.1 of 1996 5.1.1.4 – Implementation • The Wildlife Policy (1996) (a) Community Conservation Services– Extension work. 68 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

5.1.2.3 – Administrative framework (a) Firstly, the Office of President through the Management of the World Heritage Sites is inte- Kenya Wildlife Service is responsible for grated into local, District and National develop- the natural sites within the wildlife ment plans of the Government. (National Parks) protected areas. (b) Secondly, the Ministry of Home Affairs 5.1.2.4 – Implementation through the Department of Museums and (a) Cooperation with the World Bank, Global Antiquities is charged with cultural sites. Environment Facility, World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), Carry American Relief 5.1.3.2 – Legal framework Everywhere (CARE) project called • The Wildlife Act (1976) Development Through Conservation. • The Kenya Wildlife Service Act 1990 (b) Awareness/Education–Community • The Monuments Act (1990) Conservation Department in the UWA Headquarters is represented on the ground 5.1.3.3 – Implementation by the Community Conservation Wardens • Through the Education Department and Rangers. • Community Conservation Department (c) Research coordinated by the Institute of • Scientific Department Tropical Forest Conservation (ITFC) at • Tourism Department Ruija in Bwindi Impenetrable National N.B.: The Management Plan for Mt. Kenya World Park and by the Makerere University Heritage Site expired. It is currently under review with Biological Field Station based in Kibale UNESCO funding. National Park. (d) Advertising/Marketing and publicity by 5.1.4 – AMENDMENTS (GENERAL) FOR KENYA, the Uganda Tourism Board (UTB) TANZANIA AND UGANDA (e) Funding Mechanisms: - Donor Funding mainly by World Bank. • Review of Institutional Framework under- - Government subvention. way – Reform and Restructuring. - The Bwindi Impenetrable Forest and • Review of management Plans, boundaries, Mgahinga Gorilla Conservation Trust etc, is required. Fund. • Greater cooperation with East African - Revenue Generated (Inadequate) by Cooperation Agreement is desirable. the World Heritage Sites as tourism attractions. 5.1.5 – RECOMMENDATIONS (f) Law Enforcement – patrols by the Ranger force of UWA. The World Heritage Committee should do the (g) Ecological monitoring of changes in key following: species, habitats, diseases, etc. (a) Facilitate preparation of simple, integrated (h) Brochure production by UWA and UTB. and achievable management plans for all sites. 5.1.3 – KENYA (b) Standardise signage/plaques for site identity. (c) Streamline Communication through: 5.1.3.1– Institutional framework - Copying to site managers There are two sets of institutional arrangement - Use of internet for managing the World Heritage Sites in (d) Encourage Networking – facilitation of Kenya. International Rangers/Wardens Association. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 69

(e) Introduce Regional training for site staff urges the World Heritage Centre to facilitate the (f) Address site Managers by official titles formation of National Committees within the e.g. Senior Warden-in-Charge. sub region in areas where they do not exist (g) Streamline reporting system through: (Gambia, Sierra Leone, Liberia, etc.). - simple format for use by site Managers 5.2.2 – The National Committees should be - annual reports for site managers empowered to prepare tentative lists and expand - staff placements/handovers existing ones to accommodate the efforts of - incidental reports by site managers IUCN, the Man and Biosphere programme, (h) Hold regular regional meetings for site RAMSAR and Bonn Conventions among others. managers at rotating sites. 5.2.3 – It is also strongly recommended, as a (i) Consult with appropriate stakeholders and matter of deliberate policy, that UNESCO competent authorities for the nomination encourages Regional meetings within the World and listing of newly proposed Trans- African sub-Region for the attainment of the frontier sites with potential under the Global Strategy, as well as the harmonization of Convention. the Tentative lists and listed sites. (j) Review site boundaries as appropriate. 5.2.4 – The working group further recom- (k) Establish databases at sites, National and mended that the World Heritage Centre facili- Regional headquarters. tates the involvement of IUCN and the World (l) Establish mechanisms for contingency plans. Commission for Protected Areas in the effective (m) Urgently respond to the inscription of the management and capacity building of protected following Tran frontier sites: prospective areas and listed sites. - Serengeti - Masai Mara - Kilimanjaro - Amboseli - Mt. Elgon - Kenya/Uganda 5.3 – SOUTHERN AFRICA - Mgahinga-Queen Elizabeth (Uganda), Bufumbira Volcanoes (Rwanda) and The Working group from Southern Africa dis- Virunga (DRC). cussed the framework for implementing (n) Provide support/fundraising for: The World Heritage Convention under three • The formation of World Heritage Site sections by examining the processes for listing Trust Funds for formulation and produc- sites under the Convention, ratifying the tion of operational guidelines for site man- Convention, formulation of regulations, and by agers. proposing recommendations.

5.3.4 – RECOMMENDATIONS 5.2 – WESTERN AFRICA The working group recommended that: The working group for Western Africa compri- (a) Applicant country should have followed sed of members from Nigeria, Ghana, Gambia, regulations and have basic infrastructure and three delegates representing International and documentation in place. organizations made the following four recom- (b) Applicant country should develop net- mendations. working and support systems. 5.2.1 – The group recognized the importance (c) Rigorous sensitization and lobbying by the of National Committees in the implementation implementing agent at local and national of the World Heritage Convention and therefore level are essential. 70 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

5.3.1 – PROVISIONAL LIST

WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION

Review and single out what is relevant for the Convention from Ratification existing legislation

HHC

Where necessary, develop Draft bill

Green paper (public review)

White paper Modification (Cabinet comments)

Enactment

Regulations changeable Additional listing according to needs of the WHS Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 71

5.3.2 – RATIFICATION PROCESS

WHS Review ans see requirements policy on international Convention

Cultural/Natural realize needs Implementing Application to UNESCO departments agency to ratify

Acknowledgement

Modify legislation

5.3.3 – REGULATIONS

REGULATIONS

EXISTING AUTHORITY NEW AUTHORITY

1 Finances

WHS : Partnerships, biosphere, tourism enterprises 2 Board 2 Board

3 Environmental management plan 3 Environmental management plan

4 Integrated development plan 4 Integrated development plan CHAPTER 6

Preparation of nomination files OF PROPERTIES 75

N OMINATION FILES OF PROPERTY

6.1 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS physical description in terms of its cultural and OF WORKING GROUPS ON NOMINATIONS natural significance. While the history and deve- OF KRUGER NATIONAL PARK lopment of the area relates to the significance of the site in relation to its current status whether cultural or natural or both. The historical signifi- 6.1.1 – IDENTIFICATION OF PROPOSED PROPERTY cance of the place and how the communities are linked to it should also be described. Note should The Working Group recommended the follo- be taken of upgrading the site for utilization in wing identification for proposing Kruger line with the planned programmes. National Park for listing as World Heritage Form and date of most recent records of the Site. site that explain the latest archaeological findings, research, documentation, etc., about the 1. Country: South Africa; site and it’s linkage with past and present gen- 2. Location: Mumalanga and Northern erations should be reflected. Provinces; Under the present status of conservation 3. Kruger National Park; indicate the category of protection accorded. 4. Management Institution: South African Does the protection of the site fall under any National Park; of the following: 5. Park Headquarters: Skukuza; • Protected Area; 6. Area: Nearly 2 million hectares. • Cultural Site; • Sacred Groove; Area: Nearly 4 million hectares, the area is • National Monument; or transboundary, shared by South Africa, • Any other category. Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The Buffer Zone for Kruger National Park alone is 6.1.2.2 – Policy and legislation not known The policy for the site must be in line with the Guidelines for the World Heritage Conv- 6.1.2 – FORMAT AND CONTENT OF NOMINATIONS ention. It should be under governmental control, cultural control or any form of control 6.1.2.1 – Description with a management plan with specific mana- Description of the property involves the geogra- gement objectives. phical description of the site / property and the 76 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

6.1.3 – NOMINATION OF KRUGER NATIONAL PARK AS cant natural habitats for in situ conservation of WORLD HERITAGE SITE biological conservation it also has outstanding prehistoric evidence of the earth’s history qua- The group of 3 participants having considered lifying it for inscription under criteria 1(a). the salient features noted adequate justification for nominating Kruger National Park as a 6.1.4 – FACTORS AFFECTING THE SITE World Heritage Site. The Working group of 4 participants exami- 6.1.3.1– Description ned all parameters, situations and structures in Kruger National Park is one of the oldest pro- Kruger National Park and made the following tected areas in Africa. It was proclaimed in observations: 1920. The Park is the most extensive in terms of acreage and age. It contains one of the ear- 6.1.4.1 – Sizes Vs pressures liest evidence of prehistoric stone and iron age The Park has a very large area of 2 million ha. developments in Southern Africa that include: That there is a lot of pressure from Tourists. iron ores, pottery, tuyeres, iron furnaces, But the size of the park is large enough to slugs, among many others. absolve this pressure. The area covers a wide area of 4 million hectares, making the largest transfrontier 6.1.4.2 – Development pressures ecosystem in Africa. Nearly half of this exten- At the buffer zones, firewood collection, sive area is taken by the Kruger National mining and agricultural practices occur. Park. Poaching takes place in the Park. The need for effective enforcement of the by-laws and 6.1.3.2 – Justification for inscription promoting awareness programmes were stres- (a) Kruger National Park contains a unique sed. constellation of protected and natural resource areas found nowhere else in the world. 6.1.4.3 – Environmental natural disasters/ (b) What is more outstanding is its delicate pressures combination of three biomes (Savanna Rock fall is evident in the buffer zone and pro- Woodland, Afro-montane and grasslands bably in the park as well. There was also evi- mosaic) giving it an ambience of scenic dence of floods and heavy situation seen in the beauty and safe habitat for biodiversity Olifant river. Fire was very extensive at the interplay. time and ought to be controlled. Research (c) It thus provides an environmental land- unit should assist in controlling burning. scape of heterogeneous zoological fauna Drought appeared to be intense, and effect of and flora species thriving within this pollution from the neighbouring mining sites exceptional biospherical ecosystem. need not be underestimated. Rock paintings were being washed off 6.1.3.3 – Recommendation through seepage. When all the threats (fire, refugees, mining, etc.) have been addressed Kruger National 6.1.4.4 – Visitor/tourism pressures Park should be nominated under criteria IV of Traffic congestion was noticeable and feared the operational guidelines as it evidently har- to exert stress on the animals. The problem of bours some of the most important and signifi- litter were evident. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 77

6.1.5.2 – Criterion 1 6.1.4.5 – People within the site/buffer Outstanding examples of major stages of the The Park is a passage for immigrants or refu- earth’s history including significant on-going gees from Mozambique. geological processes. - Park was used for drug and weapon traf- ficking. 6.1.5.3 – Criterion 2 - Population of workers and tourists need Outstanding examples of significant on-going to be checked and properly planned. ecological and biological processes in the evo- - Population pressure for land in the buffer lution of terrestrial and development of terres- or land around the park’s periphery trial, freshwater, coastal and marine ecosystems should be controlled. and communities. - Pressure for energy is depleting the fuel • Only remaining most coastal subtropical wood resources. area large enough to sustain original ecological and biological processes to operate 6.1.4.6 – Other factors without interference; The impact of Wildlife (especially elephants) • Huge gradient from highly dystrophic to on the ecology of the Park needs regular eutrophic soils; monitoring. Aircraft should be used in moni- • Remarkable environmental heterogeneity toring sorveillance of fires, poaching, and variability and an equally remarkable enchroachment and other illicit activities in diversity in natural biota; order to achieve effective management of the • All historical elements and processes pres- vast Kruger National Park. ent in the national park excluding elephant and lion; 6.1.5 – JUSTIFICATION FOR INSCRIPTION AS WORLD • High density of life support systems. HERITAGE SITE 6.1.5.4 – Criterion 3 6.1.5.1 – Justification for inscribing African (a) Superlative natural phenomena or areas Sites under the World Heritage Convention of natural beauty and aesthetic importance It includes: • Highest forested aeolian coastal dune cor- • Last remaining sub-tropical area contain- don, uninterrupted throughout the entire ing its original components. length (220 km) of the Park; • Exceptional terrestrial, wetland, and • Pristine Mkuze Swamp with its extensive marine ecosystems. reedbeds and associated cascading wetland • High density of endemic and internation- systems. ally threatened and migratory species. (b) Other superlative natural spectacles • Outstanding geomorphological processes. • Breeding Leatherback and Loggerhead tur- It was noted that such wide range of systems, tles; processes, wetlands, species of special impor- • Whales, sharks, dolphins and whale sharks; tance, etc., have not been documented for the • Pristine corral reefs; African Coast under the World Heritage • One of the highest density/diversity of Convention. migrant and breeding waterfowl ncluding The working Group considered the follow- pink and yellow bank pelicans, yellow ing criteria for justifying inscription of sites billed storks, Caspian (and other) terns, under the World Heritage Convention. spoon bills, saddle bills, red winged prat- incoles, etc. 78 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

(c) Tested importance to an international society 6.1.6.3 – Protective measures and means of Dune mining threat was averted not only by implementing them the National Parks intrinsic value to conserva- • Territorial integrity tion, but importantly to spiritual value to both • Management plan and development plan the indigenous and visitor communities. e.g. • Finance/Staffing calming effect the Park had on violent and • Institutional arrangements for safeguard- severely traumatized people ing protection

6.1.5.5 – Criterion 4 6.1.6.4 – Plans agreed/endorsed by Contain the most important and significant • Government natural habitats for in situ conservation of bio- • Private institution diversity, including those containing threate- • Any other (specify) ned species of universal value • Each habitat (wet & dry forest, wet and 6.1.6.5 – Sources and levels of finance dry grasslands, thickets, fresh water, • Assessment of needs marine and estuarine vegetation, sandy • Assessment of securing funds (sustainable dunes, etc) has a high richness, and many financing) with the aim of diversified fund- others have a high number of regionally ing sources. (including internationally) important or threatened species. 6.1.6.6 – Sources of expertise and training • High density of type descriptions with • Government the original type habitats. •Private • Park occurs within two centres of • Donor endemism and hence has a high occur- • Any other (specify) rence of endemics within the bounds of the Park. 6.1.6.7 – Site management and development plan 6.1.6 – MANAGEMENT • Availability site (date) • Need for review The working group reported that the status of a • Non-existent site proposed for nomination under the World Heritage Convention should be adequately des- 6.1.7 – MONITORING cribed under the following: The working group of 3 participants discussed 6.1.6.1 – Ownership of the site monitoring of areas listed as World Heritage Indicate whether or not by : Sites under three major sections. • Government •Private 6.1.7.1– Key indicators for measuring the state • Any other (specify) of conservation (a) Outline criteria for selecting the site as pre- 6.1.6.2 – Legal status scribed as a World Heritage Site. • Protected area under highest legal protec- (b) Take inventory of the site inscribed on: tion flora, fauna, prestiness, cultural/monu- • Traditional protection ment site and determine their status. • Any other (specify) State other values: aesthetic, religious, Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 79

ecological, geological, historical, spiritu- ria of Universality, and that States Parties are al, geomorphological and any others. urged to go to regional or sub-regional grou- (c) List possible threats, constraints and suc- pings. cess of the Site and state its biological, Ms. Kaboza then requested participants to economical and sociological significance. discuss in working groups preparation of tenta- (d) List human resource requirements avail- tive lists from the three Eastern, Southern and able and those lacking. Western African sub-regions.

6.1.7.2 – Administration arrangements for monitoring property 6.3 – REPORT OF WORKING GROUPS (a) Develop integrated management plan. ON TENTATIVE LISTING (b) Monthly report according to existing institutional or organizational structures, 6.3.1 – RECOMMENDATIONS FOR EASTERN AFRICA protocols, etc. (c) Collect and compile information from 6.3.1.1 – Tanzania various experts within the site. (a) Tentative Listing (d) Review the management and develop- • Ruaha National Park ment plans for the site. Ruaha National Park is Tanzania’s second (e) Report quarterly for the organization and largest National Park (after Serengeti). It is annually for UNESCO. the transition point between the Southern (f) Establish criteria 4 database and sharing and Northern habitats with Unique stands of information with line ministries. Draw of Miombo woodland. Watered by the a mechanism for interministerial flow of Great Ruaha River the park hosts an information. important elephant population. It meets (g) Put in place appropriate infrastructure. criteria (ii) and (iii) for listing. (h) Development educational program and information update for neighbouring • Udzungwa Mountain national Park communities This important catchment area is the easternmost of the great arc of mountains over- 6.1.7.3 – Results of previous reporting exercises looking the eastern rift valley. Apart from When the above are in place, it becomes easy being rich in biodiversity Udzungwa to evaluate the successes of the previous Mountain National Park is high in reporting exercise. endemism of both flora and fauna, including the mangabeys and galago’s. It meets criteria (ii) for listing. 6.2 – PREPARATION OF THE TENTATIVE LISTING (b) Modification to existing sites By Ms. Y. Kaboza, UNESCO World Heritage • Kilimanjaro World Heritage Site bound- Centre, Paris ary is proposed for lowering/extension to include all the catchment area of the natu- Ms. Kaboza presented a model for presenting a ral forest. tentative list of nominations of sites for submis- • Ngorogoro World Heritage Site bound- sion to UNESCO WH centre. She outlined that ary is considered for extension to include a country can nominate as many sites as pos- Olduvia Gorge, a paleological site, and sible depending on whether they meet the crite- possibly be nominated as a mixed natu- 80 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

ral/cultural site pending consultation with where their chances of survival had been ICOMOS. slim. The Hirola is the most critically endangered antelope on the continent. 6.3.1.2 – Uganda The bird-ringing site at Ngulia has also (a) Tentative Listing provided important information on • Murchison Falls Conservation Area migrants. The Mzima springs produces The Murchison Falls Conservation Area pristine water at a rate of 450 million Includes the Murchison Falls National litres a day which is tapped underground Park, Bugungu and Karumu Wildlife at source and supplies Mombasa of water Reserves and the entire area complex is the needs. Mzima also supports a wide vari- largest protected area in Uganda. This ety of fauna in such an arid region as does world famous Murchison Falls of the river the Ol Turesh spring and The Tsavo, Nile is threatened by the frequently pro- Athi/Galana, Voi and Tiva Rivers. posed development of a dam to generate Geologically the area supporting the power. If constructed, not only will the Tsavo National Parks contains the world’s magnificent/spectacular/mighty waterfalls longest lava plateau – the Yatta – as well be lost, but the development will affect the as lava and limestone caves and also the rich diversity of flora (including wetlands) ash cones of Chiemau and Shaitani. The and fauna (including chimpanzees and re- landscape is scenically outanding and the tailed monkeys) of the Sanctuary. The area biodiversity is one of the richest and least is the converging point of western and disturbed in the region. The two Tsavo eastern faunal species and it harbours a National Parks meet Criteria (ii), (iii) and variety of historical and cultural sites. (iv) for listing. Murchison Falls National Park had been nominated for listing in 1993, but due to • Kakamega Forest Reserve the low populations of fauna at the time the This endangered tropical forest is the nomination was rejected. The current sta- easternmost extent of the central African tus of the Wildlife population warrant the rainforest. Accordingly it contains a high area for renomination. It meets criteria (ii) diversity of flora, fauna and avi-fauna. and (iii) of the guidelines. The Kakamega Forest Reserve meets Criteria (ii) for listing. 6.1.3.1.3 – Kenya (a) Tentative Listing • Aberdares National Park and Natural • Tsavo National Parks (East and West) Forest Reserve The two Tsavo National Parks covering an Scenically spectacular and a vitally area of some 21,000 sq kms including the important catchment area that contains Chyulu hills is one of the largest protected extensive stands of montane forest and areas on the continent. It supports several afro-alpine moorland. This area forms complete ecosystems and an abudance of part of the eastern wall of the great fift wildlife including some 8,000 elephants valley. Geological formations of volcanic and two populations of black rhinoceros. origin are dated at 13 million years old The Tsavo National Parks also contain and predate Mt. Kenya by 10 million about 80 Hirola antelope (Damaliscus years and clearly defines the difference hunteri), which were Translocated from between the two mountains. With many their original range near the Somali border endemic megahites and other rare flora Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 81

the area also hosts important populations tional boarder being Mt. Elgon National of endangered fauna such as the bongo, Park, sharing the same name. The two the giant forest hog, the black rhino and National parks meet Criteria (ii) and (iii) elephant. for listing.

6.3.1.4 – Transboundary • Mgahinga Gorilla National Park (a) Tentative Listing (Uganda) Muhavura Volcano’s • Virunga World Heritage Site (DRC) & (Rwanda), and Virunga (DRC) Queen Elizabeth Conservation area The Virunga Volcano in DR Congo – is (Uganda) already a World Heritage Site. This Queen Elizabeth National Park together together with the Virunga Volcano in with Kigezi and Kyambura Wildlife Rwanda and the Ngahinga Gorilla Reserves form the second largest protect- National Park in Uganda hold the world’s ed area in Uganda (after the Murchison population of some 300 mountain gorillas. Falls Conservation area). The complex is Water catchment value, richness in biodi- part of the greater Virunga World versity and ongoing geological processes Heritage Site and it has high biodiversity would also reinforce this nomination as a including endemic avi-fauna and large transboundary shared natural resource. water bodies such as Lakes George and The Virunga Ecosystem meet criterias (i), Edward. Once the Uganda side of the (ii) and (iii) for listing. resources are inscribed, its management and that of the neighbouring Virunga • Serengeti (Tanzania)/Masai Mara World Heritage Site would become easier (Kenya) and efficient under shared transboundary Serengeti National Park is already a World internal arrangement. The area meets Heritage Site while Masai Mara reserve is Criteria (ii) and (iii) for listing. the dispersal area for the world’s greatest migration of wildlife. Both Serengeti and • Mt. Elgon Nation Park (Uganda) and Masai Mara are directly linked and depend Mt. Elgon National Park (Kenya) on one another for the survival of an Mount Elgon is a border extinct volcano extraordinary wealth of biodiversity. It is astride the Kenya/Uganda boarder. It imperative that this ecosystem falls under erupted some 24 million years ago. It has integrated management planning. This the world’s largest surface area and an area meets Criteria (ii), (iii) and (iv) for intact caldera of 40km2 area surrounded listing. by numerous peaks. The mountain has several hot springs of over 50C which pre- • Kilimanjaro (Tanzania/Amboseli – sumably contain microbes of scientific Kenya) National Parks and corridor interest, as well as deep caves used by Kilimanjaro is already a World Heritage elephants and other wildlife as a mineral Site whilst Amboseli could stand in its lick and by cultures from the present and own right as another. The fact that past. The water catchment value of the Amboseli and its wetlands depend on the mountain is immense and the diversity of water resource from Africa’s highest its forest is unfortunately being threat- mountain (Kilimanjaro), and that ele- ened by illegal logging and encroachment phants migrate from one sanctuary to the despite the two sides across the interna- other as well as the two offering world 82 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

famous fascinating view of wildlife and 6.3.2.2 – Botswana great mountain in the foreground and - Ractified the Convention in 1998. backdrop respectively, justify recognition - The history of San bushmen is clearly pre- of this common resource across the inter- served in rock partings, tools all protected national boundary. Amboseli also boasts under the Monuments Act. of having the only intact elephant popula- - The government endorsed nomination for tion in the region. It didn’t suffer from the WH Listing of: widespread poaching and thus retains - Tsodilo Hills, and complete family structures. Its elephant - Okavango Delta. However there is are the most intensely researched in the need to undertake consultations with world. This area meets Critera (i), (iii) other stakeholders of the Okavango nor- and (iv) for listing. mination.

• Kisite Mpunguti (Kenya)and Pemba 6.3.2.3 – Mozambique Island (Tanzania) The Mozambique Island This an extensive system of coral reefs - Coastal area Basaluta island 5 islands 5 – and a relatively undisturbed marine 12,000 hectares. ecosystem including mangrove forests. - Has largest collection of sea cows – ex This area supports populations of sea tur- endangered some 100 times, tortoise, tles, dugongs and whale sharks. It meets whales, migratory birds, hard corals, soft Criteria (ii) and (iv) for listing. corals, etc. Maputo elephant reserve. Inyaka Island and Portuguese island 6.3.2 – REPORT FROM SOUTHERN AFRICA could serve as an extension of St Lucia wetland WH Site with increased biodiver- 6.3.2.1– Namibia sity for migratory birds. Could have The Namibia Desert should be nominated increased biodiversity because it is meet- because : ing point for tropical and sub tropical (1) It is pristine; areas. (2) It possesses a unique desert elephant and horse; 6.3.2.4 – Zambia (3) Adopting well to macro and micro Waterfall species of mammals, reptiles, insects and 1. Katambo Falls as the second deepest in arthropods; Africa in North Zambia. It is host to (4) It offers a main route for whales and sea endangered species. lions. 2. Bangwerly – Kafue Wetlands host endem- - the area is a wilderness which is ente- ic species like the lechwe which are endan- red only with permit gered. IUCN and WWF are trying to pre- - the areas with seals are tourist centers serve them. - there is a plan to put up recreational area and tourist facilities in the area. 6.3.2.5 – Zimbabwe - the area wants to start mountain tou- (a) Mana Pools National park rism in due areas but feasibility study is This flood plain is very unique: still being done on traffic and environ- - Acacia albida provides food when other mental impact generally of opening trees do not have. The trees therefore area for tourism. attract fauna to their area for food. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 83

- Scenic view is attractive Committees for the Implementation of the - Zimbabwe hopes to twin with Zambia in World Heritage Convention in the Collaborative making this shared flood plain a transfron- compilation of Tentative lists with the World tier WH Site. Heritage Centre. (b) Victoria Falls It was the considered opinion of the Group (c) Matopos Great Zimbabwe ruins that the gains of the National Committee should form the basis for regional cooperation along 6.3.2.6 – Swaziland the West Coast; within Anglo-phones and Swaziland has not yet ratified the Convention. between Anglo and Franco-phones in the But it has identified sites that are worthy of Economic Commission of West African States World Heritage Committee consideration for (ECOWAS) sub region. The group also consid- inscription under the Convention. These include: ered the (OAU) Charter on Regional integration (a) Malolotya Nature Reserve as fertile ground for this strategy. - Lion larven – mine 40,000 years old; The UNESCO project on Slave and Iron - Ngwenya mine; roads provide further impetus for cooperation as - Rare species; well as the Man and Biosphere (MAB) and the - Species diversity; Global Environment Facility (GEF) projects. - Falls, pot holes; The West African coastal region is a breed- - Scenic values; ing ground for threatened rare species of fish, - Wilderness character; birds and depleting marine life. The mangrove - Zone of endemism. ecosystem is on the verge of disappearance (b) Sibebe grantic outcrops from foreign species and the activities of oil and - Biggest grantic outcrop in the world; gas exploration and exploitation. - Zone of endemism; The following properties were recommend- - Protected by government statute; ed for a West African Tentative list for serial and - Tourist attraction. joint nominations: (c) Mdoimba mountains 1. The marine and coastal heritage of West - Protected traditionally; Africa. This requires Anglo-Francophone - Burial sites for kings; cooperation; - Increased biodiversity. 2. Oban Hills/Korup between Nigerian and Cameroon; 6.3.2.7 – Recommendations 3. The slave routes (as Anglo-Francophone Need for regional meetings to discuss World heritage); Heritage matters and screening of tentative lis- 4. The stone circles between The Gambia and ting and to discuss the management of the pro- Senegal. posed sites. The working Group recommended that UNESCO The World Heritage Centres should appoint should facilitate a reassessment meeting for someone to be focal point to assist other coun- nominations1, 2 & 4 to enable countries identify tries with their nominations. experts and net up teams for the project. The group was aware that the third nomination was 6.3.3 – REPORT FROM WESTERN AFRICA well under way within the UNESCO slave roads project. 6.3.3.1 – Tentative listing The marine and coastal heritage of West The West African working group took cogni- Africa would satisfy Criteria (i) and (iv) as the zance of the importance of National stretch and in country nomination represent out- 84 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

standing examples that calibrate ongoing eco- • Determining economic benefits of World logical and biological processes of fresh and Heritage Sites including intrinsic values; salt-water coastal and marine ecosystems. • Legal instrument for policy framework on Containing the most important and significant World Heritage Sites; natural habitat. • National Strategy for World Heritage Sites required; • Community involvement and partnership 6.4 – GENERAL DISCUSSION essential; • Capacity building within States parties to Lively discussion lead by Professor Timothy effectively manage World Heritage Sites Afoloyan covered a wide range of issues within for sustainability; the theme of the workshop. The following • How often should workshops of this type salient points were emphasised: be held; • All parties are urged to form national com- • No natural and cultural property should be mittees; listed as World heritage Sites unless it has • Countries wishing to submit nomination approved integrated management plans; should quickly do so; • The current frequency of 6 years for man- • There is need for networking and sub- agers of World Heritage Sites; regional cooperation; to submit status of conservation reports is • Focal points required in each country; too long. Managers tend to forget. It • Program for education, outreach, commu- should be every 2 years; nities and awareness must be developed; • Encourage partnerships in management of • How to involve policy makers and all World Heritage Sites. stakeholders in the convention; • Closing the gap for imbalance in the membership and distribution of WH Sites across the World; CHAPTER 7

Ocean, coastal land AND ISLANDS 87

O CEAN, COSTAL LAND, AND ISLANDS

By Dr. E. Wangari, UNESCO WH Centre, Paris

7.1 – N ATURAL HERITAGE OF COASTAL ulations. Coastal erosion and desertification AND MARINE AFRICA related to climate change provoke biodiversity loss and drinking water problems. Local Wetlands, marine and coastal areas are among economies are adversely affected by over- the most productive natural environments on exploitation of living resources, coastal devel- earth providing substantial socio-economic opment which ignores ecosystem services, pol- benefit to humans as well as habitat for nume- lution of coastal aquifers, etc. Transboundary rous species. However despite their importance impacts are caused by marine and fresh-water to the natural process and livelihood to humans, pollution, river damming, harbour and other wetlands and marine areas remain among the major coastal developments. Short-term eco- world’s most threatened habitats. nomic gains often take priority over long-term Recently, one quarter of the world’s popula- benefits. tion of some 5.9 billion lives in coastal areas and Integrated coastal area management offers a most of the largest urban concentrations are in the means to balance the competing demands of seacoasts. The current coastal urban population of different users of the same resources and to 220 million is projected to almost double in the manage the resources to optimise the benefits to next 20–30 years. Unless governments take be derived on a sustainable basis consistent with appropriate action and users of coastal resources, a country’s goals. In many countries, sector- population pressure and associated levels of eco- oriented line ministries have the mandate, tech- nomic activity will further increase the already nical competence and professional experience evident over-exploitation of coastal resources and to conserve, manage and develop coastal environmental degradation of many coastal habi- resources. Commitment on the part of some tants. In many developing countries, this trend is ministries is a condition of the successful adop- further exacerbated by the widespread existence tion and application of truly integrated plans for of extreme poverty and unemployment. the conservation, management and development Furthermore, conflict often arises from compet- of coastal resources. In addition to the institu- ing and antagonistic use of resources, or by the tional capacities to undertake their tasks, line displacement of traditional users of coastal ministries must also have staff with a suffi- resources by new economic activities. ciently flexible approach for constructive col- African coastal countries face serious coastal laboration across ministries. management and development problems. With this realization the Convention on Degradation of the coastal environment is caus- World Cultural and Natural Heritage recog- ing a decline in the quality of life of local pop- nizes since its creation in 1972 the importance 88 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

for rational management of coastal and marine • Inscribed in 1999; environment and conservation of their biolog- • Surface area is 15000 ha; ical resources as a determinant component for • Criteria used for inscription is 1,2,3, and 4; sustainable development. • Justification for its inscription was that it is Over seventy-five wetland and marine sites the last remaining sub-tropical area, con- are already inscribed in the World Heritage List taining its original components; and three more nominated sites are pending • It entails outstanding geological, ecological, approval of the World Heritage Committee as of biological, coastal and marine ecosystems; December 1999. The oldest Coastal World • It is a zone of endemism with internation- Heritage sites include the Everglades National ally threatened and migratory species. Park in the United States and the Galapagos National Park in Ecuador both inscribed in the 7.2.2 – MOZAMBIQUE World Heritage List in 1979. By Mr S. Engdahl, UNESCO, Mozambique The Everglades World Heritage site, which covers 592,920 hectares, represent an area of Mr. Engdahl provided a slide presentation sum- exceptional conservation value as it includes marized as follows: the largest mangrove ecosystem in Western Mozambique ratified the WH Convention in 1982 Hemisphere and is a home for several endan- and discussion on nomination of potential sites gered species. for inscription started in 1999 and hope to submit In Africa there are four World Heritage tentative list with potential for WH Standards in coastal sites: Saint Lucia Wetlands National 2001. Potential candidates have been Maramei, Park in South Africa, Djoudj Bird Sanctuary Bazaruto, Pomene, Maputo Elephant Reserve, in Senegal, Aldabra Atoll in Seychelles and Inyaka and Portuguese Island. These areas are Banc d’ Aigun in Mauritania. Africa has sev- being chosen for their pristine condition and high eral significant marine zones that contain biodiversity amongst others. All these sites cho- areas which may merit consideration for sen are coastal and inland ecosystems and will be World Heritage nomination and it is hoped included in the next nomination/submission. that this workshop will identify them. Recognizing the importance and the threat posed on the wetland and marine areas, the 7.3 – DISCUSSION ON COASTAL AND MARINE World Heritage Centre working with IUCN PROTECTED AREAS initiated a project to prepare a global strategy for natural World Heritage Sites covering var- Lead by Ms Anne Hillary ious biomes of the world including wetlands and marine areas. The workshop noted with concern the imbalance shown in the distribution of WH Sites of terrestrial and marine ecosystems. The urgency 7.2 – CASE STUDIES was expressed to address this anormally. The attention of the participants was drawn to publi- 7.2.1 – ST LUCIA WETLAND NATIONAL PARK cations of the IUCN’s World Commission on By M. Andrew Blackmoore Protected Areas (WCPA) that includes marine aspects as well. The site managers were advi- In verbal presentation, Mr. Blackmoore provi- sed to join this (WCPA) commission and to ded the following information on St. Lucia request for documents and guidelines on marine Wetland World heritage Site: protected areas. CHAPTER 8

Methodology and techniques USED IN EVALUATING MANAGEMENT

EFFECTIVENESS 91

M ETHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES

By Professor Eric L Edroma, IUCN Regional Councelor for Africa

8.1– METHODOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES USED (a) They preclude land and sea uses which are IN EVALUATING MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES incompatible with protection of World Heritage Values. 8.1.1 – MANAGEMENT PLAN (b) They include implementation plans. (c) They should make provision for monitor- At the time of nomination, an area for inscrip- ing and periodic review. tion under the WH Convention must have an (d) They should include mechanisms integrated overall management plan of the (methodologies and techniques) to address greater region within which the WH property cumulative impacts. falls. The management plan must be develo- (e) They should have statutory force and ade- ped with involvement of the local people quate resources (financial and human) living in the surrounding community and available for their effective implementa- other stakeholders in the region who have tion. interest. Consultation of the local community (f) They should identify fully human activities is not enough. likely to endanger natural WH values. These forces could include: 8.1.2 – WAYS AND MEANS OF DESIGNING MONITORING • Human population and settlement. SYSTEMS • Human encroachment on boundaries or in upstream areas. Management of World Heritage properties must • Agricultural and industrial develop- be based on sound principles and guideline for ment including use of pesticides and fer- management inscribed, in management plans tilizers. for each World Heritage Site. This document • Construction of water reservoirs which must be developed and implemented as a high flood important parts of the property. priority and that the primary objective of the • Installation of major public works. management plan must be to “protect the World • Mining and petroleum exploration and Heritage property in perpetuity whilst still reco- production. Mining is not a compatible gnizing the implications (for management) of activity in a national park (IUCN catego- other natural and cultural values”. ry II PA). In the April 1999 IUCN Council Essential requirements of such a manage- we issued a strong statement prohibiting ment plan should include: by law or other effective means exploration and extraction of mineral 92 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

resources from PA’s in IUCN manage- • That relevant legislation for the protec- ment categories I to IV. Mining was defi- tion of pastoral areas be enforced where ned to include removal of petroleum, necessary. coal, shell, gypsum and other ores, slat, (i) They should prevent introduction of animals sand, etc. Mining impacts on the high (dogs, cats, foxes, rabbits, goats, sheep); that botanical values, the entire vegetation feral herbivore and carnivore predator con- communities, scenic amenity and land- trol and eradication programmes continued scape values, and integrity of the area. as a priority activity. • Pollution – from domestic, industrial • Those efforts are continued to ensure and agro-pastoral activities. that areas made free of feral animals • Extraction of basic raw materials. A remain that way. basic raw materials strategy for the WH (j) They should prevent invasion by Alien/ areas must be developed so that the basic Exotic Species. This causes imminent dan- raw materials are accessed in an orderly ger to the WH Site. Such species (e.g. Water and ecologically sustainable manner. Hyacinth) should be kept out through man- (g) They should consider tourist development agement practices of involving prevention, and pressures. eradication, biological control, legislative • That an overall tourism management and regulatory principles, knowledge and strategy be developed to provide a syste- awareness-raising requirements. matic basis for future tourism develop- (k) They must control commercial and recre- ments. ational fishing. • That management plans be developed • That research and monitoring pro- for specific “hot spots”, where there is grammes be encouraged to provide an known development activity. accurate picture of fish populations and • That zonation of the WH Site be consi- habitat. dered for segregating recreational users • That measures to ensure the recovery of and activities thus spreading out tourism threatened populations and to prevent fur- pressures and restricting certain fragile or ther decline, and promote their recovery sensitive parts of the property from tou- be adopted. rism and certain research activities (l) They must control development projects. • That access to identified areas of speci- • Whether of water, aquaculture, fic vulnerability be restricted until ade- construction or any other, development quate infrastructure or staffing surveillan- project, must be preceded by Project ce is in place Development Plan that has undergone (h) They should avoid over-grazing by domestic full environmental impact assessment. livestock. • That this assessment includes conside- • That the management agency of WH ration of a range of factors such as loca- Sites be encouraged to more actively tion of the developments, land tenure administer and monitor management of adjacent to the proposed site, potential pastoral leases (e.g. In Shark Bay WH for pollution, conditions specific to the Site in Australia) area, proximity to “hot spots”, the risk of • That advice, current research informa- introducing invasive species, emergence tion and assistance are made available to of infectious diseases of wildlife, etc. pastoralists in an accessible form to ensu- • That no development consent be gran- re best practice of pastoral management. ted for an activity until it has been Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 93

demonstrated that such a development techniques such as enforcement of regula- does not pose a threat to the WH values tions, information flow, education, inter- and to the ecological integrity and sustai- pretation, awareness campaigns, etc. nability of the ecosystems. • Using Landsat imagery, remote sensing • That the assessment process be subject data, Geographical Information System to full consultation, exhibition, and com- (GIS) and other techniques. ment and be prepared with extreme (o) They should encourage establishment of vigour. partnerships between the management agen- • That no new cultures that are likely to cies and the local communities together with damage the WH area and its WH values stakeholders, in the management and sus- be permitted. tainable utilization of the WH Sites. (m) They should ensure sound marine management. • That resources be provided for manage- 8.2 – CAPACITY BUILDING FOR WORLD HERITAGE SITE ment of marine WH Sites and that these MANAGERS: AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE be staffed by persons with specialist marine environmental management skills. By Mr Frank Litondo, Kenya Wildlife Service (n) They should insist on development of mod- Training Institute ern means of defining monitoring systems and environmental auditing at the time of 8.2.1 – OBJECTIVES nomination of the natural properties for WH Listing. Such monitoring systems should (a) To equip the managers with adequate include: knowledge and skills. • Identifying key performance indicators (b) To be well focused to allow the managers that are quantifiable or measurable e.g. the confidence they need to deal with pre- Quality of the site in terms of species vailing situation (economic, political, envi- diversity, species abundance, vegetation ronmental, scientific, etc). cover, environmental quality, pollution (c) To focus on various levels of management level, soil fertility, etc. and based on training needs assessment. • Using accurate impact measurement techniques such as photographing (syste- 8.2.2 – IMPORTANCE OF WORLD HERITAGE SITES matically at regular intervals at particular times under particular conditions), wei- 8.2.2.1– Natural ghing, counting, sampling, quadrat analy- (a) Homage for biodiversity. sis and transects. (b) Role of enhancing ecological balance. • Establishing goals which should be spe- (c) Stepping grounds for migratory birds and cific, realistic, challenging, attainable and other animals. measurable. (d) Research. • Establishing lower performance levels • Genetic variations in organisms and steep performance declines are clear • Hydrologic cycles signs of lack of management effective- • Biodiversity ness. • Fish and human diseases • Determining impacts on soils, plants, (e) Support lives of endangered and rare species. wildlife, water, etc. (f) Breeding ground for species. • Adopting communication management (g) Geological value. 94 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

8.2.2.2 – Cultural (c) Careful selection of trainees. (a) Bearing important historical features. (d) Designing of modules for training. (b) Architectural. (e) For biodiversity: (c) Archaeological. - Training is a two-way process: > Bottom-up track 8.2.3 – THREATS FACING WORLD HERITAGE > Top down

Sites may include: 8.2.7 – TRAINING PROGRAMME MODEL (a) National Development projects. (b) Demographic factors. (a) Target Group 1 for lower level managers: (c) Human settlement. • Grassroots type of training (administra- (d) Unpredictable environmental dynamics. tion, monitoring and evaluation) (e) Land ownership and tenure system. • Data collection techniques and mitiga- (f) Policies. tions • Sustainable management 8.2.4 – MITIGATION (b) Target Group 2 for middle level managers: • As above and also in Culture, history, • Training of Protected Area Managers. science and legislation • Education and training to create awareness. (c) Target Group 3 for top-level managers: • General knowledge of identified site 8.2.5 – WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO TRAIN? • Policy issues and relevant international laws and conventions Long term implications • Value and problems of sites (a) To create a knowledgeable and skilled team • Management plan with capacity to conserve and manage the Sites. 8.2.8 – TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT (b) To train PA Managers, to a level of understanding and appreciating the importance of (a) To reveal patterns of deficiencies in knowl- Heritage Sites. edge and skills (c) PA Managers should be able to understand (b) Design of required training the levels where they can be able to take (c) Selection of trainees appropriate measures during sporadic environmental changes. 8.2.9 – CONCLUSION (d) Effective training will enable site managers to address the conservation needs. (a) Integration of training in the general process. (e) Local communities need to be educated on (b) Integration of revealed deficiencies in train- the management plan and its implications. ing. (c) Trainees to be selected basing on revealed 8.2.6 – TRAINING PROGRAMMES patterns of deficiencies. (d) Awareness created and protection issues Strategies addressed leading to development and imple- (a) Identification of target groups. mentation of an acceptable management (b) Training needs Assessment. plan. CHAPTER 9

Transboundary NOMINATIONS 97

T RANSBOUNDARY MANAGEMENT

By Dr Elizabeth Wangari, UNESCO WHC, Paris

9.1 – TRANSBOUNDARY MANAGEMENT der, e.g. Trade, poaching, smuggling, etc. OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES 3. Where one party can profitably learn les- sons from the experiences of the other.

9.1.1 – INTRODUCTION 9.1.3 – ARE THERE REGIONAL APPROACHES THAT ARE VALUABLE? Transboundary or Crossboundary issues are a subset of the broader concept of regional issues, The answer is yes that includes: i.e. issues that affect more than one country. 1. The exchange of practical experiences; Transboundary issues are those that actually go 2. The valorisation of local capacities; across the border of two or more countries. 3. Addressing an entire biome for conserva- Both terms (cross-border and regional) are tion planning; increasingly in vogue in the environmental and 4. A situation Where a landscape approach or biodiversity resource management sectors. ecosystem approach is possible; There is now a huge literature on “Trans- 5. Addressing cross border issues such as boundary Conservation”, including the “Peace migration, refugees, poaching; Parks” concepts. 6. Economy of scale on investment, training Donors are funding crossborder initiatives. and research; East Africa over the last two years has seen the 7. Facilitation of common policies on start of the Global Environment Facility funded resource management in the region; Cross Border Biodiversity Project, and four more 8. The synergy of persuasion – if one country regional and crossborder GEF projects were can do, they ALL can! under preparation. There are several Southern Africa crossborder Peace Parks initiatives and a 9.1.4 – WHAT ARE BIODIVERSITY ISSUES series of planning workshops for Transboundary AT REGIONAL LEVEL? Conservation Areas in the sub-region. 9.1.4.1 – Transboundary issues 9.1.2 – WHAT ARE THE BASIC ISSUES BEHIND They require regional or bilateral strategies to CROSSBORDER INITIATIVES? address them, e.g.: a. Lake Victoria as an ecosystem; 1. Where there is a shared continuous ecosys- b. Managing cross-border protected areas; tem, or migratory resource. such as National Parks (e.g. Mt Elgon 2. Where threats to that ecosystem cross bor- National Park in Kenya and in Uganda); 98 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

c. Common Watershed Management (e.g. b. Harmonization of policies and laws affect- head waters of Okavango Delta). ing the shared resources c. Exchange of information 9.1.4.2 – Common issues Common to two or more countries best 9.1.4.6 – Type of interaction in transboundary addressed at regional level but do not require resource management common strategies e.g.: a. Joint capacity building programmes a. Institutional capacity building in all including training fields of biodiversity conservation; b. Technical coordination e.g. of database b. Training at all levels, pooled training; management, inventory methodologies, etc. promoting centres of excellence; c. Resource inventories–broader regional pic- 9.1.4.7 – Roles and regional interaction in ture for planning and shared methodologies; transboundary resource management d. Monitoring resource use, depletion, a. Identify transboundary resources impacts and conservation effectiveness; b. Facilitate meetings between relevant e. Implementing regional/international expertise on transboundary resources conventions. c. Joint wildlife surveys and monitoring, disease surveys and environmental studies 9.1.4.3– Similar issues d. Encourage joint forest and water catch- Issues or problems that are similar but may ment protection services. not benefit by a regional approach, but can benefit from exchange of experiences at regional level: 9.2 – CASE STUDIES a. The formulation of national biodiversity strategies; b. Lack of adequate ex situ conservation 9.2.1 – THE CASE OF THE MOSI-OA-TUNYA VICTORIA facilities; FALLS WORLD NATURAL MONUMENT c. Inadequate regulations/ enforcement in HERITAGE SITE BETWEEN ZAMBIA AND the control of alien species. ZIMBABWE

9.1.4.4 – Regional interactions for mutually by Donald Chukumbi and Muyumbwa Ndiyoi beneficial biodiversity issues - Taking common positions in, for 9.2.1.1 – Introduction example International Conventions The Mosi-Oa-Tunya or Victoria Falls, spanning - Sharing common experiences, e.g. the Zambezi River is surrounded by Mosi-Oa- Wildlife research management and anti- Tunya National Park on the Zambian side, poaching activities. Victoria Falls and Zambezi National Parks on - Institutional Cooperation, e.g. Research the Zimbabwean side. Between Zambia and technology (e.g. common databases) Zimbabwe, the Victoria Falls lies at 17 degrees Utilisation of expertise from the region 56 minutes south of the equator and 25 degrees 55 minutes east of the Greenwich meridian. 9.1.4.5 – Type of regional interaction for trans- The Victoria Falls and the gorges found downs- boundary issues tream are geologically, geomorphologically and a. Common management strategies and pri- hydrologically of outstanding value in both orities scientific and aesthetic terms. The flora and Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 99

fauna in the surrounding Mosi-Oa-Tunya, 1984 brought together local authorities to the Victoria Falls and Zambezi National Parks add Falls region to decide on the speakers, contrib- a complementary biological interest to the utors and areas of research required for the World Heritage Site. The mist soaked Forest on October meeting. But the process stalled for the opposite side of the Falls support rare plants, some time until around 1987-88. At that time which are of interest to botanists. the management plan of Mosi-Oa-Tunya was being prepared. 9.2.1.2 – Nomination and inscription The path to the joint nomination has not In 1989 Zambia and Zimbabwe jointly recom- been a smooth one. Initial steps towards the mended the nomination of the Victoria Falls same were being hindered by conditions which National Park and the Zambezi National Park in first had to be met – land ownership and control. Zimbabwe and the Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Park In both countries, the larger part of the site is in Zambia to the UNESCO World Heritage within the designated national parks of Committee for the inscription on the World Zimbabwe and Zambia. This created apprehen- Heritage List of Natural and Cultural wonders. sion to national parks and wildlife Department, The month of December 1989 saw the inscription which nearly worsened when it was rumoured of the Victoria Falls on the World Heritage List. that the Zimbabwe side was moving away from the idea of declaring the Falls as a World 9.2.1.3 – Universal significance Heritage Site. IUCN played a pivotal role to In assessing the joint recommendation of the assure the Zambian National Park that two Governments, the IUCN Committee deci- Zimbabwe was not abandoning the idea or ded that only the core features of the Falls area rather process. (i.e. the Falls, gorges and upstream islands) were of “Universal Significance” and hence 9.2.1.4 – Path to nomination of Victoria Falls only that area was inscribed on the World World Heritage Site Heritage List as a World Heritage Natural Site. In this process, Zimbabwe was quite ahead as Prior to the inscription, working groups were far as documentation and submission of the constituted in both countries to work on the nomination was concerned. Zimbabwe at the documentation of the area. time had already three World Heritage Sites At its earlier meeting of 29th February namely Great Zimbabwe, Khami Ruins and 1984, the Executive Committee of the Man and Mana Pools National Park. By 1985, Biosphere (MAB) Zambia, together with Zimbabwe had already submitted the nomina- National Heritage Conservation Commission tion of the Victoria Falls as World Heritage Site (then National Monuments Commission) but it was turned down for the reason that “it requested the production of a plan for a meet- related to merely half of an international site” ing in October, 1984 to draft the application to even though the supporting documentation had the World Heritage Committee for inclusion of been deemed adequate. This created an oppor- the Victoria Falls Region on the World Heritage tunity for both countries to collaborate in List. It was felt strongly that the Victoria Falls conformity to the requirement of the WH and its environs qualify for inclusion in the nat- Convention guidelines regarding Sites shared ural properties of the World Heritage List by more than one State Parties (Section B of (Section D, paras 43-45 of the Operational operational guidelines). During the prelimina- Guidelines – 1999). ry meeting held in Harare on the 18th May The second meeting of the Executive attended by representatives from Zambia Committee of MAB held on the 18th April National Commission for UNESCO, IUCN 100 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

staff in Zambia and Zimbabwe, National A similar meeting was held on the Zambian side Monuments commission, National Museum, on the 12th May 1988 attended by NMC of National Parks and Wildlife Services noted Zambia, IUCN Regional Office for Southern that, though Zambia was slightly behind in Africa, Zambia National Commission for documentation, there was a great deal of work UNESCO, National Parks and Wildlife already undertaken on the preparation of the Services, Livingstone Museum, Zambia Victoria Falls National Park Management Plan National Tourist Board, IUCN Senior which would greatly contribute to the World Consultant – Zambia. One very important issue Heritage Nomination. was taken note of during the meeting on the It was also deemed realistic, with IUCN Zambian side as regards the area to be designa- assistance (Consultancy to assist with the prepa- ted. It was required that “all the land must be ration of a nomination bid) and Zimbabwean state-owned or at least subject to control and collaboration, to plan for a submission before management by Government”. This was in refe- 31st December 1988. rence to the north bank below Songwe Gorge During the same preliminary meeting, it was held in trust by the State but is not public land. suggested that the Zimbabwe group should The issue was settled by incorporating State scrutinize the draft nomination by the Joint ownership in Mosi-oa-Tunya National Park meeting with Zambian group. The Joint group through the Commissioner of Lands who acted meeting would then focus on the harmonisation on behalf of the President. of the efforts and the actual procedures for joint The Joint meetings were meant to har- nomination. The following steps were agreed monise, exchange information and minimize upon to assist in the Joint Nomination: disparities. Some of the issues debated and • Distribution of minutes; agreed upon were the extent of the proposed • Provision by IUCN of copies of the former world heritage site. nomination for Victoria Falls and Mana A proposal to nominate the whole area Pools National Park; including the three national parks was adopted • Preparation by IUCN of a draft re-nomina- unanimously. But the IUCN Committee felt tion from the Zimbabwe side; that declaring the whole area does not conform • Convening of a further meeting in Harare to Section D of the Operational Guidelines. The to review the draft re-nomination and to two countries were later requested to re-demar- define the route for channelling the pro- cate the boundaries to encompass the core fea- posals; tures of the Falls area in conformity with • Holding of a joint meeting with the Section D and this was done. Zambian group at Victoria Falls, Final draft to carry signature of senior offi- Zimbabwe, which would include a site cials at Permanent Secretary level. Heads of visit to the Zambian; the meeting to work States would be invited to sign at the actual on the integration of the two draft docu- Proclamation ceremony in one course. ments into a single nomination; • Distribution to and review by Zambian and 9.2.1.5 – Assistance Zimbabwean authorities of the draft nomi- Technical nation; and Part III paragraph 78-87(1988) of the guide- • Revision, finalisation and submission by lines provides for application for technical 31st December 1988, failure to which assistance. The working groups collaborated UNESCO could be notified to expect a in preparing a proposal for technical assistan- slightly late nomination. ce towards the implementation of the World Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 101

Heritage Convention. The proposal has three • The existing institutional and infrastruc- projects, which had, as their general objective, ture arrangements be taken advantage of implementation of the World Heritage and used to the fullest potential and in so Convention. The three projects (namely: doing, minimising costs. Facilitation of further meeting, Scientific, • IUCN and UNESCO to serve in an adviso- Educational and Interpretative Measures, and ry capacity in the proposed body; but rehabilitation of the Mosi-Oa-Tunya National their powers and responsibilities to be Park) were formulated to achieve the following determined by the Governments of the specific goals: States Parties. • That the fruitful collaboration between Scientific, education and interpretative measures UNESCO, IUCN, Zambia and Zimbabwe The aim of this micro-project was to enhance in respect of the nomination of Victoria both the general appreciation of the World Falls as a World Heritage Site be sustained Heritage Site and Scientific knowledge of the and strengthened with a view to successful Site. The funds requested US$9,000, initiated implementation of the World Heritage the efforts that would then be sustained from Convention; local resources and tourism receipts. The sum • That steps be taken to inform the public bet- of money was shared equally to meet the edu- ter about the Scientific, ecological and aes- cation needs of the two countries. thetic value of the World Heritage Site; and On the Zambian side, the money was used in • That necessary measures for the further meeting the publication costs of a new conservation of the Site be undertaken and Interpretative Guide to the Victoria Falls and its where necessary, remedial work be under- Environs. Research and preparation of the mate- taken to rehabilitate neglected and degrad- rial had already been funded by Zambia’s ed portions of the site. National Conservation Committee and IUCN. The book contains detailed descriptions on, Facilitation of further meeting geology, vegetation, mammals, reptiles, insects, Under this project, the assistance sought was to fish, early man, modern man, tourist attractions, facilitate the formation of a Joint body to be tas- modern art and culture. ked with responsibility of formulating Joint The proceeds from the sale of the Guide was objectives for the conservation of planning and to be managed by the National Monuments management of the falls areas, harmonising Commission and the National Conservation development and conservation, and maximising Committee and devoted to the rehabilitation and the interchange of information between Zambia continuing conservation of the environs of the and Zimbabwe on one hand and IUCN and Zambian side of the Victoria Falls. UNESCO on the other. To achieve the fore- On the Zimbabwean side, the following were going, it was agreed that: intended to be achieved with this assistance: - • The joint working group from both coun- • Incorporation of the World Heritage tries that prepared the WH Site nomination Theme into the interpretative centre at be reconvened to formulate proposals to Victoria Falls National Park. the Governments and to the World • Small permanent exhibition on World Heritage Commission of UNESCO on the Heritage was mounted as a global effort. establishment of a Permanent Joint Body. • The Interpretative Centre would foster the • A project budget of US$1,000 be request- exchange of photographic and other inter- ed for establishment costs only, subsequent pretative material with other World funding to be met by the States Parties. Heritage Site. 102 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

Rehabilitation of Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Park • The lack of adequate interpretative infra- Under this project, assistance was sought to structure. help National parks and Wildlife Services, The Zimbabwean side had also a share of its National Monuments Commission and own as regards the environmental problems and Livingstone District Council in accordance with little strides were made but much is still left to proposals already developed by Management be desired. plan working group to: In 1993, the Joint Committee agreed on sev- • Improve footpaths especially around the eral issues to bring the situation under control as Falls by provision of appropriate surfacing; indicated by the Minutes of 22nd–23rd April • Provide safe access especially for the dis- 1993 and some of the issues of concern were as abled and elderly people; follows: • Remove extraneous matter and rehabilita- • The drawing up for implementation of a tion of the floodlighting; Master Plan for tourism development in • Erect controlled access gates with appro- two resort areas, where the two countries priate sign posters at Songwe, Mukuni share common borders, namely, Victoria Village, Maramba Show grounds; and Falls, Kariba and Lower Zambezi. • Construction of cattle grids at entrance • The need for the Commissioning of an inte- points. grated Victoria Falls Development Plan, including Environmental impact ssessments 9.2.1.6 – Post inscription collaboration for the future development of the area. Increased pressure • Environmental Impact of Tourism In December 1989, the Victoria Falls was ins- Infrastructure Development (for example, cribed as a World Heritage Site under the WH of the proposed cable car, etc). Convention of UNESCO. But prior to its • Constraints on Tourism Development in declaration, the Falls had witnessed or expe- the Victoria Falls area due to the Victoria rienced pressure as far as tourism develop- Falls being designated as a World Heritage ments were concerned. The Victoria Falls Site. being a tourist attraction of high class it has Tourism Master Plan for Livingstone was done attracted several developments and activities but not implemented. Similarly an Environ- many of which had not been planned for. After mental Impact on tourism development was the inscription the WH Site experienced even a done but not effected either. greater increase of tourism activities, which In 1995, the two countries through the Joint has threatened the integrity of the site. In a Management Committee sought assistance project proposal of 1988 on Victoria Falls from IUCN to carry out a Strategic Environ- Interpretation Project, it was observed that, mental Assessment of Development around the “The Victoria Falls on the Zambia side is fast Victoria Falls. The extent of coverage of this deteriorating in terms of attractiveness as com- study was a 30 km radius around the Victoria pared to the Zimbabwean side. This report Falls. The aim of the Strategic Environmental alluded this to: Impact was to give: • Lack of environmental consciousness on • Guidelines for development in the World the part of the Zambian developers; Heritage Site and surrounding areas. • The lack of approved Park Management Apart from this collaboration, the Joint Plan including Zoning, which meant that Committee collaborated successfully in defen- the Park is being run without Environ- ding the World Heritage Site against the propo- mental Management Plan; and sal of Batoka Hydro-Electrical Station. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 103

Constraints against the implementation of the is good, Masai Mara Game Reserve should be WH convention nominated by the Government of Kenya and • Lack of co-ordination in tourism deve- must be accepted by the World Heritage Centre lopments. This still persists. basing on its own merits rather than as an exten- • Conflicts between Institutions as regards sion of the Serengeti National Park. Ngoron- control and Management of Site. goro Conservation area was accepted by the • Inadequate funding especially for the World Heritage Communication as part of the Zambian side. Masai Mara/Serengeti ecosystem basing on its status. Therefore the criteria for the nomination Current co-operation should be based on its own conservation status Both Zambia and Zimbabwe are holding natio- in the same ecosystem. nal workshops on the implementation of the IUCN recommendations. Later in the year 9.2.2.2 – Serengeti-Masai Mara Ecosystem 2000, a bilateral meeting is scheduled to discuss The Serengeti-Masai Mara Ecosystem is an area and work out a Management Plan with regard to of some 25,000 km2 on the border of Tanzania the Site on the: and Kenya and is defined by the seasonal move- • Planning and Biophysical Development; ment of the migratory wildbeest. The ecosystem • Planning and Socio-Economic Dev- covers several different conservation administra- elopment; tions. These are Ngorongoro Conservation Area • Zoning and Guidelines Development; (8,288 km2), Serengeti National Park (14,763 • Need for cross border Institutional km2), Maswa Game Reserve (2,200 km2), and arrangement; Grumeti/Ikorongo Game reserves and Loliondo • Sustainable Development and Maint- Game Controlled area in Tanzania, and the Masai enance of Wilderness Value; Mara Game Reserve (1,672 km2) and adjoining • Monitoring and Adaptive Management; Group Ranches in Kenya. It is obvious that • Communication and Co-ordination. improved ecosystem is seriously threatened by Constant consultations between the two parties increasing population pressure especially in the ensures harmony and survival of this unique western borders in terms of settlement, agricultu- World Heritage Site. re and livestock husbandry, commercial poaching for meat, and disease transmission bet- 9.2.2 – MASAI MARA/SERENGETI NATIONAL PARK ween wildlife and domesticated animals.

By Ezekiel Dembe, Tanzania 9.2.2.3 – Reasons as to why nomination has not been possible 9.2.2.1 – Introduction According to the criteria by the WH The management of the Masai Mara/Serengeti Convention each country has to nominate its Ecosystem has been a great concern to many own property for a WH Site. Tanzania nomi- conservationists and scientists who have come nated Serengeti and was accepted in 1981, into contact with this world famous area. The while Kenya did not nominate Masai Mara. World Heritage Centre has also been concerned Even if Kenya requested Tanzania to joint- over the area for a long time. The Centre even ly nominate the Masai Mara Game Reserve as suggested a joint nomination of Masai Mara a World Heritage Site, the following observa- Game Reserve as an extension of the Serengeti tions will come into force: National Park. To do justice to the area, Tanzania is aiming at promoting low vol- TANAPA’s position is that while this suggestion ume tourism in the Serengeti National Park. 104 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

This has been possible by developing a manage- provide a value added to either sites, but rather ment plan and a management zone plan that con- would spread the bad experiences on the enti- trol development and use of the park for improved re ecosystem. services and visitors experience without seriously When eventually both Serengeti National impacting the resource. But the management of Park and Masai Mara Game Reserve (or any Masai Mara Game Reserve has to the contrary other status) are World Heritage Sites they been encouraging mass tourism that has also should be known by their respective names and attracted massive development inside the reserve. the management should effect close co-ordina- In the long run, such massive development might tion to improve the quality of the ecosystem, seriously affect the trends of the world famous which is otherwise further degrading. wildebeest migration and other ungulates into the Tanzania desires to see Masai Mara Game ecological system. Reserve nominated to a World Heritage status. TANAPA is not against the management of Similarly, TANAPA is concerned with the man- reserves by County Councils in Kenya, but it is agement problems in the Masai Mara Game difficult to harmonize National Parks policies Reserve and other similar areas, which are with those of Game Reserves due to different directly affecting the future of the Masai management objectives. TANAPA has always Mara/Serengeti ecosystem. wondered why Kenya Wildlife Service was not managing the Masai Mara Game Reserve (cur- 9.2.3 – THE OKAVANGO ECOSYSTEM AND ITS rently managed by Narok County Council). If POTENTIAL AS A WORLD HERITAGE SITE the concept of trans-boundary parks will come FOR BOTSWANA AND NAMIBIA into effect, it would also speed up the expected transformation of the status of Masai Mara By Mrs Maria Kapere, Director of Resource to a National Park like in the case of the Management, Namibia Serengeti National Park. 9.2.3.1 – Background 9.2.2.4 – Possible solution Namibia is endowed with an extensive system of TANAPA strongly advocates that Masai Mara national parks and game reserves covering about Game Reserve needs restoration through 15% of the country. The 15 proclaimed national serious interventions if the ecosystem is to be parks and game reserves provide for an excep- effectively conserved and protected. The tional tourist product and afford tourists with the World Heritage Centre should speak to the opportunity to experience the diversity of nature Government of Kenya on this predicament and and all its facets throughout the country. seriously look into the future management of The low and erratic rainfall typical of Masai Mara Game Reserve. In order for the Namibia, which is serious constraint for agri- Government of Kenya to nominate Masai cultural production, nevertheless lends itself to Mara Game Reserve to be a WH Site, the area tourism and wildlife. Because of the fragile must meet the criteria set by the WH environment, tourism development should not Convention and must fulfil the conditions of be allowed to expand unchecked without con- integrity of the area. The Centre must also sidering the resource base on which it relies, encourage the Government of Kenya to nomi- namely wildlife and the aesthetic qualities of nate the site on its own merit and not as an the environment. It is therefore necessary to extension of the Serengeti National Park, regulate by determining the tourism carrying which is one and only in Tanzania. The exten- capacity of the national parks and preserving sion of the WH Site to Masai Mara will not the historical/cultural aesthetic sites. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 105

The Okavango River is located in the The part of the River, which falls, in the Kavango and Caprivi regions and these have Buffalo core conservation area forms the upper been thought of by planners as the potential reaches of the Okavango Delta and as such is “bread basket” of Nambia because they benefit of international importance. The agricultural from the highest rainfall in the country. The schemes and settlements along the Okavango River is the official border separating Nambia River in Botswana also present a hostile envi- from Angola and rises from the southern part of ronment, which tends to push animals, north- Angola. It flows eastwards along the northern wards into the Namibian National Parks. border of Namibia and empties into the Forests are a natural phenomenon to which Okavango Delta in the western part of Namibian forest and savannah ecosystems are Botswana where a diverse of animals occur. adapted. Problems occur when frequent man- The Okavango River is one of two perennial made fires disturb forest ecology, destroying inland rivers of the country and contains major trees, retarding tree growth and hampering freshwater and forest resources, relatively fer- seedling regeneration. tile Rivernine, flood plain and alluvial soils. High densities of elephants are significant- The average population density along the river ly destroying Rivernine vegetation and hence is rather high. Livelihoods in the area are large- habitat for species such as the Reed Buck. ly dependent on the natural resources and are in Pressure is most acutely felt on the Okavango return a direct threat to the natural environment River section where it is reported that some in general and to the National Parks in particular. 4,000 elephants are concentrated along a 20 km stretch of the river. 9.2.3.2 – Conservation The river floodplains of the Okavango River The Namibian Cabinet recently approved the are vital habitats for a wide variety of animals, renaming of Caprivi National Park to including rare and endangered species of mam- Bwabwata National Park and to integrate the mals and birds and host Namibia’s only true Mahango National Park in the Bwabwata wetland/tropical habitats and a rich biodiversity. National Park and to deproclaim the Bagani The areas along the River have tremendous corner and Omega. Without access to the tourism potential and are identified in Namibia’s rivers, the wildlife populations will not survi- Tourism Development Plan as an area ideally ve. The Ministry of Environment and Tourism suited for the establishment of tourism facilities. with deproclamation of Bangani and Omega gives the surrounding communities the oppor- 9.2.3.3 – Conclusion tunity to establish a conservancy for their The current situation requires an integrated benefit. long-term conservation and development The 20 km of the Okavango River bordered approach. Many of the necessary activities are by the Mahango National Park on one side and already underway. The Ministry of Environment the Buffalo core conservation area on the which is responsible for national parks and wild- other, represents the only conserved area of life reserves, is in the process of reviewing the some 440 km2 of Rivernine habitat along the management and the infrastructure inside the entire Namibian length of the Okavango River northeast wildlife protected areas. and the Ministry plans to declare this part of The future of the Okavango River will the Rivernine habitant a potential World depend on Angola, Namibia and Botswana’s Heritage Site. The rest of the river falls in com- joint management approaches. Namibia is pre- munal land and managed by Traditional pared to look at the possibility to declare the Authorities. part of the Okavango River in the Bwabwata 106 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

National Park as a World Heritage Site to give mately twenty percent of the Okavango Delta. more status to this sensitive ecosystem. Surrounding the Reserve is the Wildlife Namibia is a long way to go and prepare jus- Management Areas (WMAs), which serve as tification for nominating the proposed areas as buffer zones between the Reserve and commu- WH sites. nal areas. These WMAs are made up of community, hunting and/or photographic areas. 9.2.4 – THE OKAVANGO DELTA The Okavango Ecosystem is divided into six categories: By I.M. Chite, Department of Wildlife and • Upper Okavango: catchment of Cubango National Parks, Botswana and Cuito Rivers in Angola, • Namibia Section: Okavango River 9.2.4.1 – Introduction between Mucusso and Mohembo, In the North West part of Botswana lies one of • Panhandle: Okavango River and swamp the largest inland Deltas called the Okavango. between Mohembo and the Delta, This comprises the end drainage of the • Delta: All areas liable to flooding within Okavango River, together with those of the Gumare and Thamalakane fault troughs, Chobe and upper Zambezi as well as the whole • Boteti River, and Makgadikgadi internal drainage system. • Makgadikgadi Depression. The Botswana government ratified the Convention on wetlands “The Ramsar 9.2.4.2 – The ecology of the Delta Convention” and it become a contracting party The Okavango Delta comprises of three major as of 4th April 1997. The Okavango Delta was ecotypes, distinguished by their lack or abundan- listed as a Ramsar site as per article of the ce of water. These are: Convention. The conservation and wise use • The permanent swamp, with perennial sur- such a wetland of International importance face water up to 4 m deep; should therefore be promoted. The Harry • Seasonally-inundated areas, the extent of Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre and which varies to a large degree, depending on the National Conservation strategy of Botswana the magnitude of the annual flood from are preparing a management Plan for the Delta. Angola and the amount of local rainfall; and The Okavango Delta has been proposed as a • The higher dry land masses of which there World Heritage Site. Botswana is now working are three examples: Moremi Game Reserve, on its first nomination of World Heritage Sites, Chiefs Island and the Western sand veld. which is the Tsodilo Hills. located at the begin- Within these broad divisions is an interlocking ning of the Okavango Delta. mosaic of habitat types, which contribute most to The Moremi Game Reserve is found in the the Delta’s diverse wildlife spectrum at all phylo- middle of the Delta and covers an area of 4871 genetic levels. square kilometres. The area was officially Most of the conspicuous wildlife species declared as a game reserve in 1965 and was ini- utlise the last two zones to varying degrees, but tially managed by the Fauna Conservation the first provides suitable habitat for compara- Society. Moremi was then extended to include tvely few large wild animals. The permanent Chiefs Island in 1976. In August 1979 the swamp is characterised by deep, permanent- Reserve was taken over by the Department of lyflowing channels and lagoons, with extensive Wildlife and National Parks. A further exten- beds of papyrus and reeds. Islands occur sion was added as recently as 1992 and now the throughout this zone with increasing frequency Reserve contains within its boundaries approxi- towards the south. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 107

The second and largest zone is one of largeris- are water independent, such as the gemsbok and lands divided by streams that are wide, shallow, ostrich, which reflects the delta’s proximity to the grass and sedge covered flood plains. The arid region of south western Africa. Primary floodplain dominated by sedges, is regu- The permanent swamp sustains only three larly inundated less frequently, when the flood is species of large wild animals, the crocodile, hip- higher than average. popotamus and sitatunga, although since it is not The islands in this zone also show the typical a completely discrete zone, lechwe do occur in fringe of riparian woodland and central areas of some areas and occasionally leopard may be island grassland. found in he larger islands. In addition other The large dry land masses comprise mainly species may traverse sections of this zone, areas of mopane woodland with frequent pans. notably the elephant and the buffalo. Interspersed with these are large patches of deep It is however, in the vast mosaic of channels sandveld where the dominant trees are Terminalia and islands together with the major dry land serecia or Acacia giraffe. Another important com- intrusions that the large variety of the ponent of the Okavango’ s physical environment Okavango wildlife resource becomes apparent. is the large number of termitaria that occur It is here that the unique alternating floods and throughout the delta. Widespread in the dry areas rains characterise the seasonal distributions of the termitoria are of some importance to various most of the large fauna. There are 20 species of animals as either vantage points or for convenient large herbivores ranging from the steenbok to burrowing. the elephant. They have been attributed to having a substan- The habitat with the most pressure exerted on tial effect on regulating the flow of the floodwa- it is the ecotone consisting of the woodland/grass- ters and initiating the formation of new islands. land fringes of the larger islands and dry land The input of water into the delta is biphasic. masses. Here the diversity of browsing and graz- Each year the Okavango floods of Angolan ori- ing animals on a year-round basis has resulted in gin, provide water at a time when the residue of locally evident browse lines and patches of over- the single annual rainy season is diminishing or grazing. The grazing phase of this ecotone has disappeared. Precipitation normally occurs receives protection to a varying degree from the between November and April with the bulk of the rising flood waters. rain falling in January and February. In a normal Large predators are abundant with the lion and year the rainwater in pans, streams and other spotted hyena being most evident. Cheetah and areas of impeded drainage has disappeared by wild dog are widespread and the leopard July. This coincides with the high points of the undoubtedly occurs throughout the Delta. The annual flood in the central delta. Water begins to brown hyena is also found in the Delta. rise in the Okavango River in Mid January and The largest snake in the Delta is the African peaks at Xaxaba in May and at Maun in August. Python. There are three genera for water snakes. As the water in the streams recedes to a minimum The most conspicuous back-fanged snake is the towards the end of the year, rains normally begin boom slag, which is common throughout, as are to fill the pans. This is crucial to the majority of the sand snakes. Three species of cobras occur larger wild animals. The delta boasts of an commonly and equally abundant is the black extremely wide variety of large wild animals, mamba. ranging from those that are almost totally aquatic, such as the crocodile and hippopotamus, semi 9.2.4.3 – Present uses of the Okavango Delta aquatic species such as sitatunga and lechwe, The Okavango Delta is utilized for the following many water dependent species, and a few which purposes: 108 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

• Domestic water supplies; appreciation of which will be of great • Livestock watering; importance to future generations, • Irrigated agriculture; • With a rapidly rising tourist industry, attract- • Wildlife and Fisheries; ed by wildlife and wild places, the interest • Tourism and Recreation. and variety of national parks and other sites are enhanced by the wetlands they contain, 9.2.4.4 – Why conserve the Okavango Delta • A number of African wetlands have become The landscape, biodiversity and cultural attri- scientific benchmarks as a result of invest- butes of Okavango Delta are of such outstan- ment in research, and ding international value that the Delta deserves • The Delta is under threat from some special conservation attention. The major rea- exploitation of its water for irrigation and sons include: industrial development. This would mean • It has unique features of geology, geography, diverting some of its water to the above flora and fauna, the understanding and activities. CHAPTER 10

Mixed STUDIES 111

C ASE STUDIES

10.1.1 – SIBILOI/CENTRAL ISLAND NATIONAL PARKS, Ethiopia. Turkana water is blackish with a pH KENYA of 9.5 –9.7, but drinkable, and the lake holds freshwater fish. The 600 km or so of lakeshore By J.M. Mburugu, Kenya Wildlife Service vary greatly in substrate, from rock to pebble, sand and mud at Loiyengalani, Elmolo and 10.1.1.1– Introduction Allia Bays, the Oma delta and the inlets of the The Convention concerning the protection of the Turkwell and Kerio rivers. World Cultural and Natural Heritage (UNES- The country surrounding the lake is semi- CO’S World Heritage Convention 1972) establi- desert with sparse vegetation. Annual rainfall shed a unique international instrument, which averages less than 250 mm (substantially less in recognises and protects both the cultural and natu- some places). The lakes Central Island with ral heritage of outstanding universal value. Kenya three beautiful crater lakes supports a variety of is among the 33 African countries, which have bird species. natural and mixed Sites. At present the country The site was nominated in accordance with has only two Sites. Mt. Kenya the second highest the operational guidelines, which state that mountain in Africa, the first in Kenya inscribed “States Parties should as far as possible endeav- under natural Criteria (ii) and (iii) as one of the our to include in their submissions properties most impressive landscapes of East Africa with its which drive their outstanding universal value rugged glacier-clad summits and forested slopes from a particularly significant combination of illustrating outstanding ecological processes. The cultural and natural features”. second Site is a joint Sibiloi and Central Island National Parks in the northern part of Kenya, 10.1.1.3 – Criteria for nominating Sibiloi/ which was nominated on the basis of its both cul- central Island Site as a mixed WH Site tural and natural outstanding universal values. Sibiloi National Park was established on the eastern shores of Lake Turkana in 1973 while 10.1.1.2 – Site description – 20 27’ N, 360 04’E Central Island in the central part of the lake was Lake Turkana covers an area of 756,000 ha at an established in 1983 for the protection of the altitude of 335 m. It is a very large, isolated greatest Crocodile Crocodylus militicus chloro – carbonate alkaline lake, the northern concentration in the World found in the lake. It most and by far the largest of the chain of Rift is home to a variety of fauna and flora inclu- Valley Lakes in Kenya. The Omo river delta at ding some of the threatened species such as the extreme northern end of the lake is within Grevy Zebra, which are usually found north of 112 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

the equator. It is also rich in fish, with 47 spe- managers themselves. They are the ones who must cies, seven of which are endemic. Lake find practical solutions to the challenges of the Turkana is extremely important waterbird site, preservation of the cultural sites and conservation 84 waterbird species, including 34 Palaeartic of natural sites while addressing human needs. migrants, have been recorded at the lake. Over Management of a site is an operational 100,000 Little Stints may winter, representing process initially best dissected by analysing the 10% of the entire East Africa/South East Asian managerial functions which enable organisa- wintering population. Lake Turkana is among tions to achieve their objectives by planning, the most important Bird Areas in Kenya. The organising and controlling their resources World Heritage Committee inscribed this pro- including gaining the commitment of their perty on the basis of natural heritage criteria (i) employees (motivation). and (iv) for the discoveries of mammal fossil Management is not an activity that exists by remains in the site, which led to scientific its own right. It is rather a description of a vari- reconstruction of the Palaeo-environment of ety of activities carried out by those members of the entire Turkana Lake Basin of the organisations whose role is that of a manager that Quaternary period. The lake Turkana ecosys- is someone who normally has formal responsi- tem with its diverse bird life and desert envi- bility for the work of at least one other person in ronment offers an exceptional laboratory for the organisation. The activities carried out by studies of plant and animal communities. managers have generally been grouped in terms Concerning cultural criteria, the WH of planning, organising, motivating and control- Committee noted that the comparative study of ling activities. These groupings describe activi- fossil hominid sites by ICOMOS gives highest ties, which indicate broadly what managers actu- importance to Koobi Fon a an area where fos- ally do. They are describing manager’s job pri- sil remains of extinct elephant and footprints marily in term of their inputs. of Homo erectus the human closest ancestors, have been discovered. It is rich in fossil Summary of management activities remains of animal and human beings bearing The grouping of management activities can be clues of the origins of modern man and his pre- summarised as follows: decessors dating back nearly three million • Planning – Deciding the objectives or years and has been consequently named the goals of the organisation and preparing “Cradle of Mankind”. how to meet them. The locations of the most important finds • Organising – Determining activities and can be visited. Four particular treasures are: - allocating responsibilities into appropriate the shell of a giant tortoise dating back 3 mil- structure. lion years, a set of jaws over 5 ft long from a • Motivating – Meeting the social and psy- crocodile believed to have been over 45 ft in chological needs of employees in the ful- length and the remains of extinct elephant with filment of organisation goals. massive tusks, both dating back 1.5 million • Controlling – Monitoring and evaluating years and the hominid (early man) finds. activities and providing.corrective mechanisms. 10.1.1.4 – Management as an operational These traditional groups – the POMC process approach are a convenient way of describing No one is better able to identify, describe, and most of the key aspects of the work of managers communicate the most effective strategies for in practice. An effective management of site management of World Heritage Sites than the requires the support of the following: Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 113

Management plan passage. The highest densities of water A management plan based on a sound Research birds are on mud and pebble shores particu- findings, which should include contributions lars concentration occur in sheltered muddy from all stakeholders. Protecting anything of bays and the Omo delta. At least 23 species Nature, whether it may be a single or a whole breed in the delta, including Goliath Heron. representative ecosystem, requires management Ecological relationships intervention to ensure that the desired environ- What animal eats what? What plant comment is maintained. To manage protected areas petes with what? What otherwise depends with any degree of efficiency and safety, the on what? What are the key species main- manager must first know and understand the way taining the integrity and functioning of the in which the various ecosystems involved opera- ecosystem? The variety of the fish at the te, and the effects of Man upon them. lake support large population of croco- The integrated management plan for Sibiloi diles. National Park recognizes the importance of both Monitoring and dyanamics of change cultural and natural values including threats of Studies are needed on colonization and livestock grazing and the need for regional col- restoration of disturbed areas, invasion by laboration with Ethiopian Government where new species, changes of river flow or quali- Omo River that supplies 90% of the lake’s water ty, and population trends within species. Is comes from. there evidence of climatic change? The Omo flows from the Ethiopian Highlands Biophysical information where its flow has been diminished by irri- Five basic topics can be identified for which the gation projects and the effects of prolonged manager will require accurate, scientifically col- drought. Important Kenya inflows, such as lected, biophysically treated information before the Turkwell have also been substantially he (or she) can prepare a comprehensive plan for reduced in recent years by hydro-power and the long-term management of a protected area. irrigation schemes. These are: Predictive manipulation of ecosystems Inventory Where the natural processes of change are What plants, animals, and other natural contrary to the objective of management, resources are present? Are there reliable the manager will want to prevent change or estimates of species and populations densi- effect its direction. To do this will require ties? How are they distributed in space and special knowledge of the direct or indirect time? What are important medicinal plants short-term and long-term effects of different and other wild relatives of domestic management options. species? What are the water runoff rates and amount of measurable pollution? Are 10.1.1.5 – Management resources there geological and soil maps? What are A site manager should address the following the threats to the protected site? 5Ms for effective management of World Heritage Species needs Sites As much information as possible should be Manpower gathered on status, particular habitat The planning of manpower is a resourcing requirements, shelter, food, minerals and activity. Sibiloi National Park is managed water-needs of species of special manage- through a workforce of 30 members of staff ment significance. For example Lake including the Warden. This site is currently Turkana is a key stop-over site for birds on understaffed. 114 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

Money 10.1.1.6 – Conclusion To build and maintain the institutional In conclusion the following is the summary of and technical capacity need to sustain- the management challenges for the Sibiloi and ably manage natural resources, a stable Central Island National Parks as WH Site. source of financial support must be avail- • Overgrazing by livestock causes deterio- able. Sibiloi site is operating on a mea- ration of the lakeshore vegetation. gre financial resource. • Minimal poaching Machinery/equipment • Disturbances by fishermen seem to be a These are essential tools to enable the general problem for the island nesting manger to effectively manage an area. At birds. present Sibiloi requires a reliable trans- • Omo river flow has been diminished by port and an extra powerful boat. irrigation project in Ethiopia and the Marketing effects of prolonged drought within the The museum of Koobi For a site provides region. valuable information to the visitors. • Kenyan inflows have also been substan- However marketing an area and creating tially reduced in recent years by awareness taking into account that hydropower and irrigation schemes. changing stakeholders behaviour is a • Erosion of soils by very strong winds complex process that is influenced by characterises this area. their knowledge and by social and eco- • Inadequate manpower, finances, machin- nomical factors. ery and equipment. Methodology It must be emphasized that in order to balance Appropriate methods of implementing the twin goals of conserving biodiversity and projects of conservation of natural meeting people’s needs, the use of natural resources such as Game Census must be resources must be sustainable. addressed. Site interpretation 10.1.1.7 – References Site interpretation to minimise tourism Kenya Wildlife Service 1999. Nomination impacts on the ecosystem to educate the Dossier for Sibiloi/Central Island World visitors on the importance of the site. Heritage Site. Sibiloi and Central Islands National UNESCO, 1997. Operational Guidelines for Parks being in the remotest part of Kenya the implementation of the World Heritage are visited by only a few visitors and as Convention. such there is no significant tourism Cole, G.A, 1999. Management Theory and impact. The total number of visitors to Practice, Fourth Edition University of this site from 1992 to 1998 are shown Sussex. below:

YEAR 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

Central Island 271 457 450 501 413 468 204

Sibiloi 735 619 475 480 881 289 254

Total 1006 1076 925 981 1294 757 458 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 115

10.1.2 – THE EMERGING NOMINATION OF GREAT nal, national and local importance. Among the RIFT VALLEY ECOSYSTEM AS A WORLD biological resources include the internationally HERITAGE SITE famous concentrations of the Lesser Flamingo and globally threatened, rare and endemic spe- By J.M. Mburugu, Kenya Wildlife Service cies of mammals, birds, fish, micro inverte- brates and micro-organisms. As the inter-lake 10.1.2.1 – Introduction flights of flamingos, pelicans and other birds so The Republic of Kenya is strategically located conspicuously show, the Rift Valley lakes from astride the Equator and on the Indian Ocean sea- a linked chain of ecosystems. board. It covers an area of 582,646 sq.km. of Valley lakes form a linked chain of ecosys- which 13, 396 sq.km. is water surface and the tems. remaining 569, 250 sq. km. is land surface. The Great Rift Valley also contains many The Great Rift Valley Ecosystem is one of the fossil remains of plants, animals and human most spectacular volcanic regions in the world. beings bearing clues of the origins of modern The valley extends southwards for 6,000 km. man and his predecessors dating back nearly from Dead Sea through Red Sea coming ashore at four million years ago and has been conse- a far and passing through Ethiopia, across Kenya quently named “Cradle of Mankind”. The fossil into Tanzania and Mozambique. finds enable the reconstruction of human histo- Name of property: The Great Rift Valley ry and the history of other animal species. Ecosystem. Exact location on map and indication of geo- Possible comparative analysis (including state of graphical coordinates: The Great Rift. conservation of similar sites) Valley Ecosystem in Kenya stretches from The areas that are presently set aside for conser- Lake Turkana (formerly Lake Rudolf, 40 35’ N vation constitute a small proportion of the total and 350 50’E) in the north to Lake Magadi area of the Great Rift Valley ecosystem. These (2000’S and 360 18’E) in the south. The pro- protected sites do not form viable conservation posed World Heritage Site includes the Rift Valley units and are not established to form an effecti- floor and associated lakes, and the escarpments to ve network. the watershed boundary that delineates the extent of the Rift Valley internal drainage. The drainage Criteria under which inscription is proposed system covers an area of 126,910 km2. (and justification for inscription under these Area of site proposed for inscription (ha.) and criteria) proposed buffer zone (ha.) if any: The Great Rift The Great Rift Valley ecosystem meets both the Valley Ecosystem in Kenya extends for a distance criteria for the inclusion of cultural properties of 900 km from the north to south. The average and the criteria for inclusion of natural proper- width of the Rift Valley at Magadi is 56 km, ties in the World Heritage List. Naivasha, 45 km, Baringo, 97 km and Turkana, 169 km. The lowest parts of the Rift Valley floor 10.1.2.3 – Cultural properties are at Lake Magadi, 584 m above sea level and The Great Rift Valley ecosystem meets all the Lake Turkana, 375 m above sea level. criteria for inclusion of cultural properties.

10.1.2.2 – Justification for inscription Criteria Statement of significance Human creative genius The Great Rift Valley ecosystem supports diver- Many important fossils have been found se biological resources that are of global, regio- on the shores of lake Turkana including the 116 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

skull of Homo habilis (KNM-ER 1470), 10.1.2.4 – Natural Properties the earliest recognized species of the Criteria genus Homo. Outstanding example representing major chan- Interchange of human values ge of earth’s history Olorgesailie is a site that has numerous The Rift Valley was formed as a result of artefacts of early man, which have been powerful uplifts and down warping of the left as they were buried 600,000 years ago. interior of the African continent since Unique testimony to cultural tradition or Pleistocene. The Rift Valley, as seen today, civilization is therefore, part of a great rapture of the Koobi Fora is the only site in the world, earth’s surface, which has been formed over which has documented record of human the last 30 million years as a result of tecton- physical and cultural evolution over the ic movements. last 4 million years. Outstanding example representing significant on- Technological ensemble illustrating significant going ecological and biological processes stages in human history The biological resources in the Great Rift Hyrax Hill was occupied during the last Valley ecosystem can be categorised as phases of the Stone Age (Neolithic) and aquatic and terrestrial. Owing to its geo- during the last phases of the Iron Age. graphical position, the Rift Valley serves as Traditional human settlement representative of the wintering and maintenance station for a a culture, which has become vulnerable under large number of terrestrial and aquatic birds, impact of irreversible change which include Southern Africa, Sub-Saharan Kariandusi represents an ideal display of and Palearctic species. Many species of typical Acheulian archaeology. plants and animals have high levels of Events or living traditions with ideas, beliefs of endemism. outstanding universal significance Contain superlative natural phenomena, areas of The Stone Age Man hewed blocks of exceptional beauty or aesthetic importance obsidian for tool manufacture at Fischer’s The Great Rift Valley is a geological specta- Tower at the northern end of Hell’s Gate cle of extreme natural beauty and aesthetic near Lake Naivasha. significance. It is dotted with distinctive volcanic mountains some with remarkable Authenticity craters. Lake Nakuru has earned the title of Authenticity in setting the greatest bird spectacle in the world where Koobi Fora, Karandusi, Hyrax Hill, it is possible to see more than 2 million Gambles Cave and Olorgesailie are impor- Lesser Flamingo. tant for their rich fossiliferous deposits Contain the most important and significant habi- which have preserved records of the Rift tats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity Valley inhabitants over a period going The Great Rift Valley ecosystem contains back to 4 million years. many sites that have been identified as Legal and /or contractual and /or traditional Important Bird Areas (IBAs) and regarded as protection and management mechanisms priority sites for biodiversity conservation. The Great Rift Valley historical sites and monuments are protected under the Integrity Museums Act (Cap 216) and the Key interrelated and interdependent elements Antiquities and Monuments Act (Cap 215) The earth movements, since Miocene enacted in 1983. (about 20 million years ago) have had pro- Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 117

found geological, hydrogical, biological lects, documents, preserves, and presents and human consequences. The landscape natural and cultural heritage for the benefit of the Great Rift Valley can be divided into of Kenya and the world. four components, namely, highlands, low- Important site for conservation of biological lands, the young volcanic and scarp, and diversity the built (modified) environment. The Great Rift Valley ecosystem contains Key aspects of processes essential for long-term many habitats that have been identified as conservation Important Bird Areas (IBAs) by Nature The diverse features of the Great Rift Kenya, Bird life International and GEF. Valley ecosystem, including physical and chemical characteristics and climatic con- 10.1.2.5 – Description ditions, have resulted in numerous habitat Description of Property types and an evolution of diverse flora and The Great Rift Valley is an extension of the fauna. world-girdling system of mid-oceanic Outstanding aesthetic value ridges. The Great Rift Valley is one of the world’s History and Development most spectacular places. It is a scar on the The Great Rift Valley was formed during face of the earth that is visible 140,000 km the Late Cainozoic Phase (the last 20 mil- out in space. Its most dramatic section is lion years). In the last 11 million years, a in Kenya where it appears as a gigantic succession of faulting took place, and the chasm. shoulders of the valley were uplifted Habitats for maintaining the most diverse fauna exposing walls of the escarpment, mainly and flora of basalt rock. National and international mechanisms in Form and date of most recent records of site place for biodiversity conservation and Lake Turkana supports a large population management in specific habitats include of the Nile Crocodile (approximately protected areas such as national parks, 14,000). Over 500 species of birds have national reserves, Ramsar Sites, Man and been recorded in the Rift Valley. In one Biosphere Reserves, and World Heritage single day, more than 300 bird species Sites. These protected areas cover lakes, have been sited at Lake Baringo. The tropical savannah and montane forests. Lesser Flamingo population in the Rift Management plans Valley soda lakes is estimated at 4 mil- Amongst the protected areas in the Great lion. Rift Valley ecosystem, only Lake Naivasha Present state of conservation Ramsar Site has a community-based man- A number of conservation areas have been agement plan. established in the Rift Valley by the Long-term legislative, regulatory and institutio- Government of Kenya. These include: nal protection National Parks (Lake Nakuru, Sibiloi, Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) is charged Central Island, Turkana, South Turkana, with the mandate of wildlife conservation Aberdares, Mount Longonot and Hell’s and management. In recognition of the Gate); national reserves (South Island need for collaboration, KWS has signed Turkana, Nasalot, Lake Naivasha); Man memoranda of understanding with and Biosphere Reserves (Mt. Kulal); and Forestry and Fisheries Departments. The World Heritage Sites (Sibiloi/Central National Museums of Kenya (NMK) col- Island National Parks). 118 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

Policies and programmes related to the presen- Level at which management is exercised (e.g., on tation and promotion of the property site, regionally) There is considerable political will to con- The management of environmental affairs serve the cultural and natural resources as within the Rift Valley is largely sectoral. attested by the Ramsar Convention, World Kenya Wildlife Service, Forestry Heritage Convention, CITES, Convention Department and the National Museums of on Migratory Species of Wild Animals, Kenya have signed a tripartite collaborative and the Convention on Biological memorandum of understanding. Diversity. Agreed plans related to property (e.g., regional, local plan, conservation plan, tourism develop- 10.1.2.6 – Management ment plan) Ownership National development plans and policy The ownership of the Great Rift Valley papers provide guidelines to government ecosystem is shared among Government departments and agencies as well as institutions (Ministry of Environment and resource developers with regard to natural Natural Resources, KWS. Forest resource management. Department, Fisheries Department, National Sources and levels of finance Museums of Kenya), local authorities, local The sources of finance are from communities and the private sector. Government allocation to departments and Legal status local authorities as well as gate collections The Environmental Management and Co- from tourists to protected areas. ordination Act (1999) is now in force. Sources of expertise and training in conservation Protective measures and means of implemen- and management techniques ting them The Kenya Wildlife Service Training Protected areas and cultural sites are man- Institute in Naivasha conducts training to aged by KWS and the National Museums various cadres including Rangers, Non- of Kenya in accordance with their legisla- Commissioned Officers and Wardens for tive mandates respectively. The local KWS and other organizations. The public authorities legislation is applied in those universities provide expertise in research, areas under the jurisdiction of the country monitoring and impact assessments. Councils. Visitor facilities and statistics Agency/agencies with management authority Visitor facilities are available in well-estab- The agencies that have management man- lished protected areas such as Lake Nakuru dates over environmental matters in the and Aberdares National Parks. In other pro- Rift Valley are KWS, National Museums tected areas, visitor facilities are under vari- of Kenya, Forestry Department, Fisheries ous stages of development. Department, Water Department, Lands and Settlement Department and Kenya 10.1.2.7 – Factors affecting the site Agricultural Research Institute. Local Development Pressures (e.g., encroachment, authorities such as country and municipal adaptation, agriculture,mining) councils have the rights of use and man- The major threats to the cultural and natural agement over natural resources within resources of Great Valley ecosystem are lin- their areas of jurisdiction. ked to human activities. Overgrazing and clear Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 119

felling of trees has exposed the soil to the sons per square km in Turkana District to agents of erosion. 198 persons per square km in Nakuru Environmental Pressures (e.g., pollution, clima- District. te change) The pollution impact is heavy in the cen- 10.1.2.8 – Monitoring tral Rift Valley where land use is most Key indicators for measuring state of conser- intensive. vation Pollution from agricultural chemicals The key indicators for measuring the state such as fertilizers, pesticides and herbi- of conservation can be grouped into cate- cides as well as domestic effluent threat- gories. These include: en the biodiversity of Lakes Nakuru and • Regional Landscape; Naivasha. Invasive alien weeds such as • Community/Ecosystem; Salvinia molesta and Eichhornia crassipes • Species/Populations; and threaten the ecological character of lake • Protected Area Management. Naivasha. Administrative arrangements for monitoring Natural disasters and preparedness (earth- property quakes, floods, fires, etc.) The Kenya Wildlife Service, the National The drought of 1999/2000 has led to the Museums of Kenya and the Department of decimation of wildlife, livestock and star- Resources Surveys and Remote Sensing vation of the local people in many parts of undertake monitoring of specific sites. the Great Rift Valley. There is no overall monitoring programme Visitor/tourism pressures for the whole Great Rift Valley ecosystem. There is a growing concentration of human settlements associated with fishing, cot- 10.1.2.9 – Conclusion tage industries, trade and tourism on the In conclusion, I strongly recommend this site to shores of Lake Turkana. Heavy tourism be nominated as a World Heritage Site because pressure has led to off road driving in Lake of its both cultural and natural heritage of outs- Nakuru National Park. tanding universal value. Number of inhabitants within site, buffer zone The population density within the Great 10.1.2.10 – Reference Rift Valley ecosystem ranges from 4 per- Kenya Wildlife Service – Nomination Dossier. CHAPTER 11

Opportunities for regional AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION 123

R EGIONAL COOPERATION

11.1 – OPPORTUNITIES FOR REGIONAL compete favourably with the other regions when COOPERATION IN AFRICA its citizens cannot interact with one another. It is high time this vicious situation is stopped and By Professor Eric Edroma, IUCN Regional buried once and for all. Councillor for Africa Not all is negative about Africa. Africa is rich in natural resources and it has nuclei of 11.1.1 – Introduction educated knowledgeable and experienced peo- Africa faces formidable challenges in many sec- ple scattered in its 56 states and abroad. Basic tors, including developing cooperation. Many institutions exist to facilitate and promote the factors are responsible – the key ones being: the desired regional cooperation. These opportuni- vast size of the continent, difficult and impene- ties should be used to initiate regional coopera- trable terrain, lack of easy communication by tion in matters concerning the World Heritage road, air water, and even by foot, least develop- Convention. ment of modern computerized telecommunica- tion technology, prevalence of civil and military 11.1.2 – Why is regional cooperation desirable? conflicts, economic hardships, health hazards, The benefits for regional cooperation are culture that is characterized by backwardness, many that include: absence of common language, tribal barriers, (a) Problems of natural resources manage- scarcity of educational and scientific institutions ment are basically similar across Africa. If that have limited opportunities for many Africans there are differences in different States, who could have attained the highest levels of aca- they must be in degree. By cooperating, we demic and professional excellence, lack of shall learn and share management experi- resources and facilities necessary for pursuing ences from one another and improve upon scientific and technical ambitions within Africa, management techniques much more readi- lack of opportunities for innovative inventions, ly than if each State was left to fight the brain drain to greener pastures, lack of organiza- burden alone. tion, being among numerous other limitations. (b) Cooperation helps to avoid repetition of Consequently Africa trails behind other regions research and management activities, thus in fostering cooperation, collaboration and coor- minimizing costs for conservation activities. dination of activities, between and among the (c) It promotes exchange of personnel and talented people resident in the different parts of dissemination of scientific and other the continent. Africa cannot hope to develop and information. 124 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

(d) Through cooperation managers from a regional cooperation than doing it nation- neighbouring and other States are com- ally. Similar curricula could also be devel- pelled to meet and discuss matters of com- oped under the cooperation of University mon conservation concerns. Such physical training programmes in several targeted interaction builds greater cooperation, har- Universities. mony and stability. Cooperation leads to (b) Language is a hindrance in Africa. elimination of possibilities of hostility. Through regional cooperation a common (e) Through inter-State or regional coopera- language could be developed to facilitate tion, management activities such as and speed up the process of regional inte- research, game populations census, control gration. English seems to offer the obvious of fire and pollutions, keeping migration candidate because it is the only language routes open for the Wild animals, control of the Internet in the whole world. of zoonotic diseases, development of Secondly English is more widely spoken regional tourist circuits, anti-poaching in Africa than any other language other patrols, controlling smuggling of live ani- than perhaps Swahili. Thirdly, most mals and their trophies, law enforcement, Africans from French speaking countries can be done more effectively through col- try or tend to speak English. With aware- laborative programmes without resorting ness of this fact, and introduction of to diplomatic channels. English in francophone States, the conti- (f) Regional cooperation is a tool for better nent could overcome the obstacle of lan- management of the remnants of Africa’s bio- guage sooner than later. diversity. It will encourage the States to c) We must create/establish networking, sys- identify species and ecosystems that are tem for exchange of personnel, sharing of threatened and endangered which require knowledge and experiences, and dissemi- immediate attention. An effective network of nating of information through publications Protected Areas that contain all representa- and other literature and through regional tive of biomes can be maintained. Such fora. cooperation will leave no stones unturned. d) Organs exist for launching the regional cooperation. At the regional level we have 11.1.3 – Opportunities for cooperation the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). A number of options for regional cooperation Then at each of the sub-regional levels, are available for immediate adoption, the most there is the Southern African Development convenient are: Cooperation (SADC), East African Com- (a) Training of wildlife biologists and man- munity (EAC) and Economic Cooperation agers. Regional or better still, sub-region- of West African States(ECOWAS). These al centers of excellency for training the regional groupings recognized globally, required man-power exist at the College of provide the starting points. For example African Wildlife Training at Mweka in the East African Community has the Tanzania for the Anglophone and at Garua Wildlife research and coordinating in Cameroon for the Francophone Africa, Committee that could be expanded to take the Southern African Wildlife College and care of management issues of the inscribed at other Centres of national structure. WH Sites. The assessment of financial and These few institutions for training wildlife training needs would be better treated by managers should be better funded and or through the regional groupings than equipped to provide quality training under nationally. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 125

e) I propose we should today, create an bone constituencies. Seven elected representa- African World Heritage Network. tives from the National WH Committees, from Through the proposed network, all infor- within each of the Eastern Africa, Southern mation on States Parties, WH sites, their Africa, Western Africa and Central Africa will distribution and status of conservation, form Executive sub-Regional Committees for management issues, personnel and capaci- that sub Region. Two elected representatives ty building in all activities in the WH Sites from each sub-region from each of the sub in the continent will become readily avail- regions will form the Regional Executive able to managers of the WH Sites through- Committee (REC) as the highest organ of the out the continent. Activities such as meet- structure. The Chair and Vice Chair as well as ings to identify and nominate properties members of REC are elected at Regional for tentative listings, group training pro- Assemblies of managers of WH Sites drawn grammes, echoing conservation concerns from every State Party and held every 5 years. for redress by the international community The network should have a small Secretariat of in times of crisis or emergency situations, 2 or 3 staff – 1 Coordinator, 1 Secretary and per- mobilizing funds for effective manage- haps 1 office assistant. The Secretariat must be ment of WH Sites, controlling illegal trade in Africa at a location determined by the General in Wildlife and its products, encouraging Assembly. Funding and other details can be States Parties to comply with provisions of worked out once the proposal is accepted in the Convention and to implement their principle. obligations, etc., can best and speedily be We should sell this idea to our countries, and achieved under a regional cooperation than especially to those francophone central and par- single handily under national efforts. tially West African States, and to potential The proposed African WH Network, if accepted, donors and partners not present in this work- will have the National Committees as its back- shop. CHAPTER 12

Concluding RECOMMENDATIONS 129

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

12.1 – RECOMMENDATIONS TO STATES PARTIES 12.1.4 – Considering the importance for managing the nominated or accepted World Natural 12.1.1 – Considering the urgent need for Heritage Sites in a long-term professional and enhancing the protection of African Heritage sustainable manner, the Expert Group recom- Sites and in particular World Natural Heritage mended that: areas, the Expert Group meeting in the • The State Parties be requested to submit Southern African Wildlife College, South with the nomination and integrated man- Africa, during 18-22 September, 2000 recom- agement and development plan of the site. mended that: • The African States which have not yet rat- 12.1.5 – Having underlined the importance of ified the World Heritage Convention do so such a management and development plan, the at the earliest convenience. Expert Group requested that special attention should be given to: 12.1.2 – Realising the importance of securing • Incorporating sustainable and diversified the long-term legal protection of the African financing mechanisms e.g. Trust Funds, Heritage Sites and in particular the World which ensure long-term and stable funding Natural Heritage Sites, it is recommended that: and prevent dependency on a single source • The States Parties are requested to ensure of income. that proper legal and policy structures are • Exploring the possibilities for partnership in place when sites are nominated to the with the private sector, local communities World Heritage Centre. and other concerned stakeholders. • Incorporating marketing plan for increas- 12.1.3 – Considering the importance of having ing the awareness and understanding of an institutional framework incorporating a importance of the site among the public, broad variety of stakeholders concerned with decision makers, potential founders, sur- the sites, the Expert Group recommended that: rounding communities and other stake- • A National Committee be created in each holders who form an integral part of the country with a broad representation of concerned parties. Ministries, Institutions, NGO’s, Univer- • Incorporating a strategy for capacity sities, Private Sector, local community building in the form of education and groups and others; and training of staff and partners in all levels • A National Focal point be identified. of the concerned organizations working 130 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

with the protection and development of 12.3 – RECOMMENDATION TO THE WORLD the Sites. H ERITAGE CENTRE (WHC)

12.1.6 – Understanding the financial situation for many countries on the continent, it is recom- 12.3.1 – Considering the importance of enhan- mended that: cing the protection of African Heritage Sites • The States Parties increase the funding to and in particular the World Natural Heritage their Natural Heritage Sites and in particu- Sites, the WHC is asked to: lar World Natural Heritage Sites in order to • Provide the States Parties with increased secure that we pass on to our children the financial assistance for preparing nomina- heritage that we inherited from our par- tion requests as well as to support, the ents. training and education of staff working • The State Parties to support the manage- with managing and developing the World ment of natural areas and in particular the Natural Heritage Sites. world natural heritage areas, with at least 1% of the annual budget of the State 12.3.2 – Realising that substantial amount of Party. information about nominated and accepted World Natural Heritage Sites that is available at 12.1.7 – Realizing the importance of informa- the WHC, the WHC is asked to: tion and knowledge exchange between the • Make all that collective information avail- African States Parties, it is recommended that : able to all the States Parties through the • The States Parties set up a system for such Internet. exchanges at national, regional and pan- African level in an African World Heritage 12.3.3 – Realising the importance for increased Network with a small secretariat to ensure exchange of information and knowledge bet- efficiency of operation. ween all the African stakeholders, the WHC is further requested to: 12.2 – RECOMMENDATION TO THE NOMINATED SITES • Provide for an Internet base aiming at exchanging such information and knowledge. Realising the importance of information • Facilitate the establishment of a working exchange and networking between World group aiming at finalizing the structures Natural Heritage Sites, it is recommended that: for this system. • The Site managers enhance the communi- • Effectively communicate the great natural cation with other Heritage Sites and economic values that the African World ensuring that all relevant information is Natural Heritage Sites represent to the submitted to the library at the WH Centre International Community as well as to the as well as accessible on the Internet. State Party being the custodian of these sites.

12.3.4 – Lastly, the Expert Group is recommen- ding the World Heritage Centre to: • Continue the support for national, regional and pan-African collaboration, education and training such as the workshop organised in South Africa during 18-22 September 2000. CHAPTER 13

Workshop EVALUATION REPORT 133

WORKSHOP EVALUATION

Every participant was requested to evaluate the 13.2.2 – Topics discussed workshop using a questionnaire. The following Good 15 was the response: Excellent 9 Fair 4 13.1 – THE TECHNICAL PROGRAMME Poor 1 13.1.1 – Papers presented 29 Good 18 13.2.3 – Recommendation Excellent 6 Good 16 Fair 3 Very good 6 Very Good 2 Excellent 5 29 Fair 2 13.1.2 – Discussion 29 Good 15 13.3 – TIME ALLOWED Excellent 12 13.3.1– Length of workshop Very good 1 Adequate 24 Fair 1 Little 4 29 Too much 1 13.1.3 – Recommendations 29 Good 16 Excellent 4 13.3.2 – Case Studies Very good 6 Adequate 23 Fair 3 Little 4 29 Too much 2 29 13.2 – WORKING GROUPS 13.3.3 – For paper presentation 1.3.2.1 – Enthusiasm of participants Adequate 23 Excellent 15 Too much 5 Good 11 Little 1 Fair 3 29 29 134 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

13.3.4 – For working Group sessions ting of microbe and sharing benefits of Little 17 the WH Sites. Adequate 11 13.7.6 – Networking through regular newslet- Too Little 1 ters, e-mail, mail, faxing, etc in all areas. To 29 improve communication. 13.7.7 – Improving communication between the 13.4 – HOW MUCH HAD YOU KNOWN ABOUT THE WH Centre and the site managers. WORLD HERITAGE CONVENTION? Organising regular professional meetings to Average 16 discuss issues of mutual interest. Little 7 13.7.8 – Encouraging countries to ratify the Too much 5 convention. Nothing 1 13.7.9 – Exchanging information and sharing 29 ideas on the Convention. 13.7.10 – Encouraging publication of technical 13.5 – HOW OFTEN SHOULD THIS TYPE OF REGIONAL reports at national and regional, levels. MEETING TAKE PLACE? 13.7.11 – Influencing policy and decision Every 2 years 15 makers on matters fostering of the Every 3 years 7 Convention. Annually 5 13.7.12 – Fostering bilateral and multilateral Every 4 years 1 technical cooperation. Every 5 years 1 13.7.13 – Encouraging joint nominations of 29 transboundary sites and joint management of the shared resources. 13.6 – IS REGIONAL COOPERATION IN THE WORLD 13.7.14 – Joint training of both WH Site mana- HERITAGE CONVENTION NECESSARY? gers and stakeholders. Yes 29 13.7.15 – Designing management mechanisms No 0 through memoranda of understanding. 29 13.7.16 – Proving Technical assistance for improvement of WH Site management. 13.7 – HOW SHOULD THE REGIONAL COOPERATION 13.7.17 – Stepping up Research on resources of BE AFFECTED? the WH Sites. The following responses were recorded, 13.7.18 – Establishing WH regional body through: (Union). 13.7.19 – Providing motivation to the Site 13.7.1 – Organising specialised seminars and managers. workshops on topics such as: cross boundary, 13.7.20 – Raising public awareness of the marine, concession, and reintroduction of spe- Convention. cies. 13.7.21 – Creating and maintaining a stronger 13.7.2 – Using increasing Internet on WH cooperation on matters of the Convention Sites. within the region. 13.7.3 – Selecting the best and knowledgeable 13.7.22 – Fostering African renaissance. presenters to prepare well-researched 13.7.23 – Sharing information and capacity papers for future meetings. building for management. 13.7.4 – Selecting topics for course participants. 13.7.24 – Establishing joint and regional fun- 13.7.5 – Discussing in workshops bio prospec- ding mechanisms. Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 135

13.7.25 – Establishing national committees as 13.8.2 – WH Centre to create understanding and a starting point. awareness campaigning on values and bene- 13.7.26 – Exchanging visits of political and fits of WHC to politicians and leaders. appointed site officials. 13.8.3 – UNESCO should send missions know- 13.7.27 – Analysing the economic benefits of ledgeable and skilled persons to the non- the Sites. Party states to encourage them and assist 13.7.28 – Promoting smooth flow of tourists with the process. through the continent. 13.8.4 – Promote conservation education in 13.7.29 – Ushering Political stability within countries. the region. 13.8.5 – UNESCO should through any channel 13.7.30 – Breaking the language barrier by at its disposal interest the countries to rati- encouraging use of one language. fy the convention. This could be through lob- 13.7.31 – Identifying existing strengths, bying and using the UNESCO Repres- weaknesses and opportunities. entatives. National Commissions to UNES- 13.7.32 – Keeping on trying the process of CO, Ambassadors accredited to UNESCO, regionalisation. Resource Management Agencies in the 13.7.33 – Establishing electronic discussion countries, and others. groups. 13.8.6 – Communicate issues of concern to the 13.7.34 – Providing operational funds (by Convention through specific high- ranking UNESCO) for the networking and regional officials as contact points in the countries. meetings. 13.8.7 – UNESCO should remind and pressu- 13.7.35 – Using the media to promote regional rise the highest offices of the non-State cooperation. Parties of the need to ratify and UNESCO 13.7.36 – Canvassing politicians for assistan- should detail to them the benefits for rati- ce. fying. 13.7.37 – Requesting the WHC and other 13.8.8 – UNESCO should sensitise appropriate bodies such as the International Rangers. national authorities at Diplomatic Federation and other NGOs to facilitate the levels. networking. 13.8.9 – The WH Convention should be syner- 13.7.38 – Forming National, sub regional and gised with the other Conventions for regional WH Committees. example Convention for Biodiversity 13.7.39 – Convening another regional mee- (CBD), Ramsar Convention, Convention on ting where every country in Africa is repre- migratory species, CITES, etc. sented, during which the proposed African 13.8.10 – UNESCO should visit Sites with regional WH Network is launched and potential for nomination and provide elections take place. 13.7.40 – The WH Centre should keep site 13.8.11 – Regional meetings should involve managers posted with literature and I. non-Party States for encouragement. 13.8.12 – Representatives from non-party States 13.8 – WHAT SHOULD BE DONE TO ENSURE THAT ALL should be facilitated to visit/tour AFRICAN STATES RATIFY THE CONVENTION fully functioning WH Sites for encouragement. 13.8.13 – Bombard non-Party States with infor- 13.8.1 – States Parties should through their Site mation on the Convention. managers entice the non-Party States to rati- 13.8.14 – UNESCO should invite key ministe- fy the convention. rial executives to forums as concluded, and 136 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

organise tours for them to well-managed were too busy leaving no opportunities for WH Sites. night sessions. It was recommended that one 13.8.15 – Target specific government agencies day more should be added to the agenda, and for contacts for example, planning, natural that the case studies should be reduced resource management departments, etc. except for those topics that support and ela- 13.8.16 – Clarify the practical of the Con- borate a specific concept. vention to the non-Parties States. 13.10.2 – For improving the future workshops 13.8.17 – UNESCO should facilitate and encou- of this kind, the overall response for action rage the non- Parties to ratify the was that: Convention and should make the countries to • Visual aid should be provided and used; see the tangible benefits of ratifying and get- • The structure and objectives should be ting Sites listed. focussed; 13.8.18 – UNESCO should create marketing • More group discussions included; and outreach strategies. • Presenters should be advised in good time 13.8.19 – UNESCO should use OAU and other for preparation; organs and forums for reaching the targets. • The organisers should ensure that the 13.8.20 – Demonstrate that the WH Convention venue has all the tools such as projectors, is a tool for best management and use of the photocopiers, fax and e-mail facilities; Heritage Sites. • More time is allocated especially to devel- 13.8.20 – Convince leaders that the Convention op recommendations; and the WH Sites convey status, prestige, • More constructive goals conceived; values and sustainable protection. • Clear instructions are given. 13.8.22 – Professionals in the country knowledgeable about the Convention should influen- 13.11 – EXPERIENCE IN WH CONVENTION ce the non-Party States. (ONLY THOSE 29 WHO RESPONDED) 13.8.23 – Conduct workshops in Africa showing the economic success and benefits of Site Managers 16 Heritage Sites. Invite senior politicians who MAB Coordinator 1 are able to take decisions to the workshops. President of International Ranger Federation(IRF) 1 13.9 – VALUE/IMPACT OF THE WORKSHOP Other officials of IRF 1 Advisor on Wildlife Training Institute 1 Very High 11 Wildlife Planner 1 Useful 10 Others involved with natural resource High 8 management 8 29 Total 29

13.10 – OVERALL RESPONSE

13.10.1 – The Course was well conceived. The agenda was considered too ambitious for the time allotted. The one-day reserved for field trip was good, and that such arrangement should be kept for future meetings. The days CHAPTER 14

Annexes 139

CLOSING ADDRESS

By Dr Elizabeth Wangari, Senior Programme Specialist, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Paris

On behalf of the World Heritage Centre, United Africa, and in view of the rising aspirations of States of America and the Southern African millions of people all over the world for a better Wildlife College, I would like to express deep standard of living, free from poverty, hunger gratitude to the Republic of South Africa and and disease, the resources of the earth, includ- the Department of Environment and Tourism by ing those found in our aquatic environment, will accepting the organisation of this meeting in continue to receive unabated pressure from this country and to the Southern African human exploitation to meet the increasing Wildlife College for offering to host this work- human demands. shop. We are particularly grateful to its It is therefore my hope that the deliberations Directors Dr. Eugene Moll and the College Staff that have taken place in the course of this work- for devoting all their time to ensure that this shop will contribute significantly to the formu- workshop has come to a successful conclusion. lation of scientifically oriented, proper and We are grateful to Prof. Eric L. Edroma for sound techniques and methods for the protec- assisting the WH Centre in conducting this tion, development and management of natural meeting. We thank them all. World Heritage Sites, working under above It is my hope that the workshop has achieved constraints. You have all voiced full realization its basic objective of “sharing experiences and that no one nation in isolation can succeed in building basis for future cooperation”. It is my the fight against the deteriorisation of our believe that we have acquired valuable knowl- resources. The problems facing our heritage edge from each other on how World Heritage resources as well as their management are trans- Convention as a tool can be used to conserve the national in as far as terrestrial and aquatic flora African biodiversity. It is my hope that the partic- and fauna diversity know no national bound- ipants are now better equipped for planning and aries. It is therefore our hope that, in our nominating sites for Tentative listing and for endeavours to fight this threat to our natural eventual nomination for World Heritage Listing. environment, there will be concerted regional We have identified the constraints in manag- and international co-operation, consultation and ing Africa’s World Heritage Sites, particularly the exchange of information with regard to this very lack of trained personnel, facilities for research important component of our environment. and equipment, communication and financial This workshop we hope has laid the founda- resources to our efforts. tion for regional co-operation and exchange of In view of the increasing world population, ideas in Africa. We at the World Heritage Centre and particularly in the developing countries of within the scope of our competence as mandat- 140 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

ed by the States Parties to the World Heritage Research Station and to Ms. Debby Thomson Convention, will continue to co-operate and who has assured that our documents are in order harmonise our activities with countries so that and indeed legible to all of us. we can find ways and means to ensure the con- Let us all consider this as the beginning of a tinued survival and productivity of Africa’s rich conservation journey and working together we natural heritage. shall be there. With that word I declare the We convey our most sincere thanks to Ms. meeting closed. Michael Peterson for the wonderful assistance I wish you all a good and safe journey back and reception here at Hans Hoheisen Wildlife to your respective countries and duty stations. 141

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

1. AGYEI James 6. DEMBE Ezekiel Site Manager Planning Manager Shai Hills Reserve, Tema Tanzania National Park Wildlife Division P.O.Box 3134 P.O. Box M239 ACCRA, Ghana ARUSHA, Tanzania

2. AFOLOYAN Timothy (Prof) 7. EBOREIME O. Joseph (Dr.) Deputy Vice Chancellor & Cordinator UNESCO Coordinator for Nagerian Committee MAB3 National Commission for Museums & Monuments Federal University of Technology PMB 1115 Futa PMP 704 13 BENIN CITY, Nigeria AKURE ONDO STATE, Nigeria 8. EDROMA Eric L. (Prof) 3. BLACKMOORE Andrew IUCN Regional Councillor for Africa Asst. Director (Planning) P.O.Box 10420 Kwazulu Natal Conserv. Service KAMPALA, Uganda P. O. Box 13053 CASCADES, 3202, South Africa 9. ENGAHL Sten Associate Expert, UNESCO 4. KIKUMBI Donald C. 515 Fredrich Engels Regional Director MAPUTO, Mozambique National Heritage Conservation Commission P.O.Box 60124 10. FINLEY Michael LIVINGSTONE, Zambia Superintendent Yellowstone National Park 5. CHITE Ingride P.O.Box 148 Wildlife Officer YELLOWSTONE Government Encleve Gaborone WYOM ING 82190, USA Ministry of Environment & Tourism Private Bag 13306 WINDHOEK, Namibia 142 Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers

11. FOREST John 12. HILLARY Annie (Ms.) Park Manager & Consultant International Program Specialist International Rangers Federation NOAA / NOS IPO P.O.Box 131 1305 East / West Highway UMKOMAAS 4170, SILVERSPRINGS MD South Africa. 20912, USA

13. KABOZA Y. (Ms.) 14. KASAMA Lamini Mohammed UNESCO WH Centre Policy & Programme Coordinator 7 Place de Fontenoy Dept. Parks & Wildlife Management 75752, PARIS, 07SP, France P.O.Box 1882 BANJUL, The Gambia.

15. KELLEY Declan 16. LITONDO Frank IRF Consultancy Adviser Principal International Rangers Federation KWS Training Institute Fold Head Edale P.O.Box 842 HOPE VALLEY NIVASHA, Kenya Derbyshire, UK

17. LUFUNGULO Erastus T. 18. LUNGILE Magagul Deputy Chief Park Waden Environmental Inspector Kilimanjaro National Park Swaziland Environmental Authority P.O.Box 3134 P.O.Box 262 ARUSHA, Tanzania MBABANE, Swaziland

19. MAKGOLO Makgolo 20. MBURUGU Joseph M. Deputy Director Government Liaison Officer Department of Environmental Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) Affairs & Tourism P.O.Box 40241 P.Bag X 447 NAIROBI, Kenya PRETORIA 6001, South Africa

21. MILLER Gordon 22. MORRIS David Past President/Exec. Director Park Superintendent International Ranger Federation Olympic National Park Fold Head Edale 600E Park Ave. HOPE VALLAY Port Angeles WA Derbyshire, UK 98362, USA Proceedings of the African workshop for the world heritage natural site managers 143

23. NDIYOI Muyumbwa 24. NDLOVE Ericson Site Manager Site Manager National Heritage Commission Mana Pools National Park P.O.Box 60124 P.O.Box 2061 LIVINGSTONE, Zambia KAROI, Zimbabwe

25. NGWANE Dlamine 26. NTSHEBE Dimakatso Warden Asst. Wildlife Officer Swaziland National Trust Dept. Wildlife & National Park Commission P.O.Box 11 P.O.Box 1797 MAUN, Botswana MBABANE, Swaziland

27. ORYEMA Chris P. 28. PEAL Alexander L. Senior Warden-In-charge President Bwindi Impenetrable National Park Society Conservation of Liberia P.O.Box 3530 P. O Box 2628 KAMPALA, Uganda MONDROVIA, Liberia

29. RUSWA Stanley 30. SERUGO Joseph Parks Provincial Officer Senior Warden-In-charge Hwange National Park Rwenzori Mountain National Park Private Bag P.O.Box 188 DT. 5776 KASESE, Uganda. DATE, Zimbabwe

31. SIBANDA Florence 32. WANGARI Elizabeth (Dr.) Chief Warden Senior Programme Specialist Ministry of Environment & UNESCO – WH Centre Tourism 7, Place de Fontenoy P.Bag 13303 75352, PARIS 07 SP, France WINDHOEG, Namibia

33. WOODLEY Bongo 33. KAPERE Mary (Mrs.) Senior Warden Director Mt. Kenya National Park Ministry of Envir. & Tourism P.O.Box 69 P.Bag 13306 NAROMORU, Kenya WINDHOEK, Namibia