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The Hurricane Season of 1957 Paul L

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The Hurricane Season of 1957 Paul L DECEMBER1957 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW 401 THE HURRICANE SEASON OF 1957 PAUL L. MOORE AND STAFF Weather Bureau Office, Miami, Fla. 1. GENERAL SUMMARY winds of 45 knots. However, over coastal areas all strong winds were on t,he east side of the storm. Exposed places Eight tropical storms developed in the North Atlantic along the coast from Sarasota to north of Cedar Keys, and Gulf of Mexico in 1957 and three of these reached Fla., experienced winds of 40 m. p. h. or more and tides hurricane force. The normal for recent years is 10 storms 2 to 3 feet above normal with some damage. The storm with about 5 developing into hurricanes. The pattern of weakened as it moved inland but set off an active frontal movement (see fig. 1) was similar to that of 1956 with wave after moving off the Georgia coast on the 9th. Late st.ormsstriking the Gulf coast but sparingthe eastern on the 9th when the storm became extratropical off the seaboard as those inthe Atlant,icrecurved offshore. Atlantic coast, ship reports indicatedwinds up to65 knots. HurricaneAudrey, which strucknear the Louisiana- Exceptionally heavy rain attendedpassage of this storm, Texas border in June, was one of the most destructive particularly in Suwannee and all adjacent counties; 48- June hurricanes of record and the first to occur in that hour amounts of nearly 15 inches at official stations and month since 1945. The other two hurricanes, Carrie and some unofficial amounts as high as 19 inches. There was Frieda, remained at sea in the Atlantic. Carrie persisted considerable damage to field and truck crops, particularly as a hurricane formore than two weeks and was responsible to tobacco and watermelons. Between 100 and 200 for the sinking of a ship near the Azores with the loss of families were evacuatednear Perry, Fla. According to 80 lives. Frieda was of minorimportance and reached the Meteorologistin Charge at Jacksonville, at least hurricane force only a few hours before it began losing its nine tornadoes or damaging wind storms were reported tropical characteristics. in northeastern Florida on the afternoon and evening of Including hurricane Audrey,five tropical storms reached the 8th and another tornado over Jekyll Island in south- the United States, all on the Gulf coast between eastern eastern Georgia. Nodeaths were reported from these Texasand northwestern Florida. None affected other tornadoes and the damage andinjuries were small. coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico or the Caribbean and One small craft capsized in the Gulf of Mexico and five there were no landfalls along the entire eastern seaboard. of the seven persons aboard were apparently drowned. Propertydamage approximated $152,500,000 for the Damagein northwestern Florida from sea and rainfall UnitedStates; none occurred in otherareas. Audrey flooding from the mouth of the Suwannee Riverto PortSt. left 390 knowndead, including 263 identified and 127 Joe was estimated at $30,000 and damage from tidal action unidentified. There were 192 persons reported missing along the Florida west coast mas about $10,000. Tornado many of whom may be among the 127 unidentified dead. damage is estimated at $12,000. Therefore, total damage The loss of life in Audrey was the greatest of any tropical fromthis tropical storm was around $52,000 andthere storm in the United States since the New England hurri- were five deaths. cane of 1938 and emphasized the diaculty of insuring the HurricaneAudrey, June ,f25-%'8.--IIurricane Audrey, carrying out of adequate safety precautions and evacua- which struckthe Gulf coastnear the Texas-Louisiana tion, even with the most recent methods of tracking and border on June 27 with devastating effect, first became early warnings. well defined over t,he Bay of Campeche,in the south- 2. INDIVIDUAL STORMS western Gulf of Mexico, on June 24. A weak easterly wave which moved into the area. a day or two earlier, as Tropical Storm (unnamed), June 8-i4.-Pressures were evidenced by changes in the wind field across the western abnormally low over thesouthwestern Gulf of Mexico Caribbean and Yucatan and byincreased shower activity, and Yucatan area on June 7 but lack of upper-air wind was probably instrumental in initiating the disturbance. observations from Mexico made the amount of circulation Klein [7] has discussed theformation and behavior in uncertain. However, late on the 7th and early on the 8th relation to the mean circulation for the period. He found it became evident that a tropical depression existed. It that it was possible, using the5-day 700-mb. height moved rather rapidly northeastwardwith some deepening anomalypatterns, to track a negativeanomaly center but little organization and crossed the Florida coastline associatedwith Audrey back to its appearancein the in Apalachee Bay during the early evening. Two ships, western Caribbean during theperiod June 11- 15. Namias one about 150 to 200 miles southeast of the center and [ll] has demonstrated the relation of hurricane genesis to later another 100 to 150 miles west of the center, reported areas of negativeanomaly on such mean charts. Two 454099--68"2 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/27/21 03:24 AM UTC 402 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW DECEMBER1957 Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/27/21 03:24 AM UTC DECEMBEB1957 MONTHLYREVIEW WEATHER 403 other factors recognized as important in hurricane forma- mb. and at Port Axthur, Tex., about an equal distance tion-warm sea-surface temperaturesand the proper west of the center, the lowest pressure was 966 mb. The divergent patternat high levels--.were present. While lowest pressure observed was 958 mb. by the Fish and Klein used the techniques of the Extended Forecast Sec- Wildlife Service at Hackberry, La. tion of theWeather Bureau, applying 5-day or longer The Hydrometeorological Section of the Weather BU- means to his analysis, the import.ance of some of the con- reau [9] has described the radialprofile of sea level pressure tributingfactors is also apparent when viewed froma of a model hurricane as: short-rangeaspect. For instance, the 200-mb. 5-day mean flow was shown to conform to the pattern suggested P”P0 -e-Rjr by Riehl [I31 as conducive to deepening. The 200-mb. Pn“P0 charts for the 25th to 27th show a marked intensification where p is the pressure at radius T, po the central pressure, of the ridge over the middle andeast Gulf, and, infer- p, the pressure to which the profile is asymptotic at some entially, of the high-level outflow from the st.orm area distance from the center and R the radius at which the during this period. wind speed is greatest. Because of sparse data and the for tllr of The mean sea-surface temperatures Gulf lack of symmetry of the hurricane there is some leeway Mexico for J-unewere gencrally 2’ to 3’ above normal. F. in values which can be assigned to the parameters in this In addition, warming was evident preceding the develop- case, particularly p, and R. However, a minimum pres- ment of Audrey with the highest tempcraturcs (85’ F.) sure of 938 mb.as computed from the formula, seems in the area where the hurricane formed. consistent with reports of wind, storm surge, and damage.’ Audrey deepened duringthe night of June 24 while Calculationsusing empirical formulae pertaining to remainingnearly stationary. Aircraft reconnaissance on maximum wind and stormsurge and based on an estimated the morning of the 25th reported maximum winds of 85 central pressure of about 940 mb.agree well with the knots and minimum pressure 989 mb. Although moder- data collected for the hurricane. A peak wind speed of ateto severeturbulence was encountered, radar pres- 105 m. p. h. in a gust was read by eye from a wind dial entation was characterizedas “poor,” a feature which at Sulphur, La., before the anemometer blew away. An usually indicates that a tropical storm is not as active oil rig reported winds up to 180 m. p. h. and a pressure of or as“wet” as thosewith more definite rain bands. 925 mb. (It is not known whether this was a sustained Rapid deepening would therefore not normallybe ex- wind or a gust, or whether it was measured or estimated.) pected. Lateon the afternoon of the25th a second Four sea tendersof the ContinentalOil Company lost their flight reported that the maximum observed wind was 75 anchors and were adriftin the hurricane just ashort knots and the minimumpressure 979 mb. On June 26 distance southeast of the center. The anemometers with boththe size andintensity of thehurricane increased which thesetenders were equipped(not calibrated fol- slightly.Reconnaissance showed maximum winds of90 lowing thehurricane), all indicated winds in excess of knotsand aminimum pressure of 973 mb.A radar 100 m. p. h.The three nearest the centerindicated tracking flight during the night of the 26th reported the winds of 140 to 150 m. p. h. (These were peakgusts precipitation field as considerablymore intensethan rather than sustained speeds and were read by eye from observed 24 hours previously. However, no central pres- the anemometer dial indicators. The anemometers were suremeasurement was obtained.The only additional 65 ft. abovewater.) Fletcher [3] has presented an em- observation of central pressure prior to the landfall of the piricalformula for calculating maximum winds ina storm was that by the Tanker Tillamook near latitude topical storm. The formula, which is of the same form 28.7’ N., longitude 94.0’ W. from 0910 to 1025 GMT, June as those developed by Takahasi [15] and Myers [9], uses 27. The minimumpressure observed was969 mb. (The the difference between central andenvironmental pressure barometer was subsequentlycalibrated and the figure asa parameter. Fletcher’s formula, which according to of 969 mb. is the corrected value.) Indications are that Myers [lo] gives gust and not sustainedspeed, has proven the ship was in the western portion of the eye and that very reliable in operational use when the central pressure the pressure observed was not the absolute minimum in was known.
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