Running head: Human rights May 4, 2017 Human rights: Why countries differ Heiner Rindermann Department of Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany Noah Carl Nuffield College, Oxford University, United Kingdom Preprint, draft. Revised published: Rindermann, H. & Carl, N. (2018). Human rights: Why countries differ. Comparative Sociology, 17, 29-69. DOI: 10.1163/15691330-12341451 http://booksandjournals.brillonline.com/content/journals/10.1163/15691330- 12341451 Addresses Prof. Dr. Heiner Rindermann [corresponding author] Department of Psychology, Chemnitz University of Technology Wilhelm-Raabe-Str. 43, D-09107 Chemnitz, Germany E-mail:
[email protected] Tel. +49 371 531 38715, Fax +49 371 531 838715 Noah Carl Nuffield College, Oxford University New Road, Oxford OX11NF, United Kingdom E-mail:
[email protected] Human rights Abstract Countries differ considerably in their respect for and political recognition of human rights. Using the cross-country CIRI data (Cingranelli & Richards; N = 74 to 191 countries), we tested two main theories: First, the cognitive-moral enlightenment theory going back to Piaget and Socrates postulates that individuals and nations with higher levels of cognitive ability think and behave in a way more conducive to human rights. Second, the culture-religion theory going back to Weber, Sombart and Voltaire postulates that different religious beliefs shape attitudes, and propel societies toward institutions that are more or less supportive of human rights. Two measures of cognitive ability were utilized: the average level of cognitive ability within society, and the level within the society’s intellectual class. Two measures of religious belief were also utilized: percentage of Christians, and percentage of Muslims.