THE 2013 ARCHAEOLOGICAL FIELD SEASON AT BLACKFOOT CROSSING HISTORICAL PARK

Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park Archaeological Research Project Annual Summary Report # 6 By

Dale Walde and Lance Evans Department of Archaeology University of Calgary December, 2014 Executive Summary

This report summarizes the results of excavations conducted at the Cluny Fortified Village Site (EePf–1), Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park, Siksika Nation during the 2013 field season. The work was conducted as part of a public archaeology program partnership between Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park and the Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary. Students of the Department of Archaeology field school conducted all excavation work.

A total of thirty–six 1m2 excavation units were investigated and resulted in the recovery of 5, 413 small finds. Fifteen features were encountered and described. Of special interest is the ongoing investigation of a new hearth type first encountered during the 2011 and 2012 field seasons: prepared excavated bowl–shaped pit hearths. Also of particular interest is the expanded sample of paired support posts encountered during the 2011–2012 field seasons. Forbis (1970) encountered isolated examples of this phenomenon but our expanded excavations have revealed a larger pattern of these posts that suggests the presence of a large timber structure or structures. No similar patterning has been observed on the northern plains and it appears that a new, previously undescribed form of shelter was constructed at the site. A preliminary ground penetrating radar survey shows great promise in revealing similar patterning in unexcavated portions of the site.

Excavations during the 2013 field season were severely hampered by unusually frequent and heavy rainfall and were then halted early due to extensive flooding that not only covered the site with about three metres of water but also severely impacted the people of the Siksika Nation with loss of homes and property.

Page ii of 127

Acknowledgements

The excavations conducted at the Cluny site along with the following brief reconnaissance are part of a developing partnership between the Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary and Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park. This partnership marks an important step in the conduct of academic archaeological research in Alberta. Special thanks are due to Jack Royal of Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park and to Brian Kooyman of the Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary for their cooperation, assistance, and enthusiastic interest in helping bring the project to fruition.

The authors gratefully acknowledge the efforts of all the field school students in conducting excavations during often inclement weather conditions.

Page iii of 127

Table of Contents

Executive Summary ...... ii Acknowledgements ...... iii Table of Contents...... iv List of Tables ...... vii List of Figures ...... viii List of Plates ...... ix

Page iv of 127

List of Tables

Table 1. EePf–1 2013 small finds ...... Table 2. EePf–1 2013 aboriginal ceramics finds ...... Table 3. EePf–1 2013 projectile point finds ...... Table 4. EePf–1 2013 marginally utilized or retouched lithic finds ...... Table 5. EePf–1 2013 fire broken rock finds ...... Table 6. EePf–1 2013 lithic flake and shatter finds ...... Table 7. EePf–1 2013 lithic flake finds ...... Table 8. EePf–1 2013 lithic shatter finds ...... Table 9. EePf–1 2013 unmodified cobble finds ...... Table 10. EePf–1 2013 unmodified pebble finds ...... Table 11. EePf–1 2013 slab and slab fragment finds ...... Table 12. EePf–1 2013 bison bone finds ...... Table 13. EePf–1 2013 canid bone finds ...... Table 14. EePf–1 2013 all burned bone finds ...... Table 15. EePf–1 2013 all unburned bone finds ...... Table 16. EePf–1 2013 unmodified shell finds ...... Table 17. EePf–1 2013 shell bead and bead preform finds ...... Table 18. Vertical artifact distribution in 138E69S (2013) ...... Table 19. Vertical artifact distribution in 138E70S (2013) ...... Table 20. Vertical artifact distribution in 139E67S (2013) ...... Table 21. Vertical artifact distribution in 139E68S (2013) ...... Table 22. Vertical artifact distribution in 139E69S (2013) ...... Table 23. Vertical artifact distribution in 140E69S (2013) ...... Table 24. Vertical artifact distribution in 140E75S (2013)...... Table 25. Vertical artifact distribution in 141E69S (2013) ...... Table 26. Vertical artifact distribution in 141E70S (2013) ...... Table 27. Vertical artifact distribution in 141E75S (2013) ...... Table 28. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 141E76S (2013) ...... Table 29. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 141E76S (2013) ...... Table 30. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 142E70S (2013) ...... Table 31. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 142E76S (2013) ...... Table 32. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 142E76S (2013) ...... Table 33. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 143E68S (2013) ...... Table 34. Vertical artifact distribution in 143E70S (2013) ...... Table 35. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 143E71S (2013) ...... Table 36. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 143E71S (2013) ...... Table 37. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 143E75S (2013) ...... Table 38. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 143E75S (2013) ...... Table 39. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 143E76S (2013) ...... Table 40. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 143E76S (2013) ...... Table 41. Vertical artifact distribution in 144E68S (2013) ...... Table 42. Vertical artifact distribution in 144E69S (2013) ...... Table 43. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 144E76S (2013) ...... Table 44. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 144E76S (2013) ...... Table 45. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 144E77S (2013) ......

Page v of 127

Table 46. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 144E77S (2013)...... Table 47. Vertical artifact distribution in 145E66S (2013) ...... Table 48. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 145E67S (2013) ...... Table 49. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 145E67S (2013) ...... Table 50. Vertical artifact distribution in 145E68S (2013) ...... Table 51. Vertical artifact distribution in 145E73S (2013) ...... Table 52. Vertical artifact distribution in 145E77S (2013) ...... Table 53. Vertical artifact distribution in 146E68S (2013) ...... Table 54. Vertical artifact distribution in 146E74S (2013) ......

Page vi of 127

List of Figures

Figure 1. Site location ...... Figure 2. EePf–1 2013 aboriginal ceramics finds distribution ...... Figure 3. EePf–1 2013 projectile point distribution ...... Figure 4. EePf–1 2013 marginally utilized or retouched lithic distribution ...... Figure 5. EePf–1 2013 fire broken rock distribution ...... Figure 6. EePf–1 2013 lithic cores, flakes and shatter distribution ...... Figure 7. EePf–1 2013 unmodified cobble distribution ...... Figure 8. EePf–1 2013 unmodified pebble distribution ...... Figure 9. EePf–1 2013 slab and slab fragment distribution ...... Figure 10. EePf–1 2013 bison bone distribution ...... Figure 11. EePf–1 2013 canid bone distribution ...... Figure 12. EePf–1 2013 burned bone distribution ...... Figure 13. EePf–1 2013 unburned bone distribution ...... Figure 14. EePf–1 2013 unmodified pelecypod shell distribution ...... Figure 15. EePf–1 2013 shell bead and bead preform (p) distribution ......

Page vii of 127

List of Plates

Plate 1. Panorama of 2013 flooding at the Cluny Fortified Village site ...... Plate 2. 2013 flooding at the Cluny Fortified Village site detail ...... Plate 3. Flood line on tipi. Lance Evans on south side of tipi ...... Plate 4. North block excavations post–flood (looking grid west) ...... Plate 5. South block excavations post–flood (looking grid west) ...... Plate 6. 2013–Cluny–145E67–68S–Feature–2011–005 at 75cm, East Profile ...... Plate 7. 2013–Cluny–144–145E76–77S Feature–2011–010 ...... Plate 8. 2013–Cluny–141–142E75–76S Feature–2012–010 ...... Plate 9. 2013–Cluny–139E69–70S Features–2013–009 and 2012–012 ...... Plate 10. 2013–Cluny–141E76S–L5.3–Feature–2013–005...... Plate 11. 2013–Cluny–142E76S–Feature–2013–005 ...... Plate 12. 2013–Cluny–141E76S–Level–6–1–NE–quad–Ochre–and–FBR ...... Plate 13. Neck sherd: EePf–1–2013–145E67S–182 ...... Plate 14. Rim sherd (recovered during 2012): EePf–1–2013–139E75S–470 ...... Plate 15. Rim sherd (recovered during 2012): EePf–1–2013–140E75S–821 ...... Plate 16. Metal button: EePf–1–2013–143E76S–016 ...... Plate 17. Projectile point: EePf–1–2013–141E76S–140 ...... Plate 18. Projectile point: EePf–1–2013–142E76S–16 ...... Plate 19. Projectile point: EePf–1–2013–142E76S–150 ...... Plate 20. Projectile point: EePf–1–2013–142E76S–159 ...... Plate 21. Projectile point (EePf–1–2013–143E75S–19 in–situ Level 5.3 NE quad .. Plate 22. Projectile point: EePf–1–2013–143E75S–19 ...... Plate 23. Projectile point: EePf–1–2013–143E75S–124 ...... Plate 24. Projectile point: EePf–1–2013–145E67S–431 ...... Plate 25. Marginally retouched cobble spall: EePf–1–2013–140E69S–077 ...... Plate 26. Cobble chopper: EePf–1–2013–140E75S–86 ...... Plate 27. Cobble chopper: EePf–1–2013–143E70S–014 ...... Plate 28. Cobble chopper: EePf–1–2013–145E73S–013 ...... Plate 29. Hammerstone: EePf–1–2013–143E76S–230 ...... Plate 30. Anvil: EePf–1–2013–142E76S–219...... Plate 31. Marginally retouched shatter: EePf–1–2013–143E76S–212 ...... Plate 32. Wedge: EePf–1–2013–143E76S–243 ...... Plate 33. Marginally retouched shatter: EePf–1–2013–144E77S–39 ...... Plate 34. Marginally retouched flake: EePf–1–2013–144E77S–32 ...... Plate 35. Marginally retouched pebble: EePf–1–2013–145E67S–235 ...... Plate 36. Pebble chert core: EePf–1–2013–143E76S–335 (level 5.5) ...... Plate 37. Pebble chert core: EePf–1–2013–144E77S–22 (level 5.1) ...... Plate 38. Core: EePf–1–2013–139E67S–35–01 (level 5) on petrified wood ...... Plate 39. Core: EePf–1–2013–139E69S–040 (level 5.3) on chert ...... Plate 40. Core: EePf–1–2013–142E76S–17 (level 4.1) on quartzite ...... Plate 41. Core: EePf–1–2013–142E76S–220 (level 5.4) on quartzite ...... Plate 42. Core: EePf–1–2013–143E75S–20 (level 5.3) on quartzite ...... Plate 43. Core: EePf–1–2013–144E69S–13 (level 9) on quartzite ...... Plate 44. Core: EePf–1–2013–144E70S–009 (level 6) on quartzite ...... Plate 45. Spatulate bone tool tip: EePf–1–2013–145E67S–348 ......

Page viii of 127

Plate 46. Drilled(?) bone fragment: EePf–1–2013–141E70S–1143 ...... Plate 47. Bone bead (two sides): EePf–1–2013–141E75S–120 ...... Plate 48. Bone bead (planview and longitudinal view): EePf–1–2013–141E76S–290 Plate 49. Bone bead (two sides): EePf–1–2013–141E76S–579 ...... Plate 50. Canid skull with granite chopper (upper left) and cobble, Level 5.3 ...... Plate 51. Canid–skull: 143E70S, Level 6.1 ...... Plate 52. Broken shell bead: EePf–1–2013–143E71S–129 ...... Plate 53. Broken shell bead: EePf–1–2013–143E75S–076 ...... Plate 54. Shell bead preform: EePf–1–2013–140E75S–818 ...... Plate 55. Shell bead preform: EePf–1–2013–140E69S–076 ...... Plate 56. Shell bead preform: EePf–1–2013–142E76S–586 ...... Plate 57. 2013–Cluny–140E75S Level 5.1 ......

Page ix of 127

1 Introduction The Cluny Fortified Village (EePf–1, Figure 1) is one of the more famous and significant archaeological sites of the Canadian Plains. Located in the valley of the Bow River (Plates 1 and 2) in the Siksika First Nation, the site has been visited and speculated upon by Euro–Canadians since 1875 (Forbis 1977:6). Scientific excavation began in 1960 with work by Richard G. Forbis (1977) and the results of that work have formed the basis of further speculation as to the origins and relationships of the precontact occupants of the site ever since (e.g., Byrne 1973, Walde 2003, 2004). The construction and opening of the interpretive centre at Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park and the development of an interpretive program incorporating the Cluny site coincided reasonably well with new information being developed on the distribution of Cluny ceramics and, importantly, on the role of maize on the Late Precontact Canadian Plains (e.g., Walde 2006b). Timing, new contexts, and new questions provided strong reasons and opportunities to conduct further archaeological work at the site to the mutual benefit of the Siksika and academic archaeologists. Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park (BCHP) and the Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary (DAUC) accordingly entered into a cooperative archaeological research project intended to further scientific investigation of the Cluny Fortified Village site (EePf–1), investigate other archaeological resources at the Siksika Nation, and to incorporate the scientific work into an educational interpretive program. The first season of fieldwork in the project was conducted during 2007 under the direction of Dr. Brian Kooyman while the second season was directed by Dale Walde (Walde 2008). The second season program initially had four objectives: 1) to complete the excavation and flotation of matrix from the One Gun Phase component in the 2007 trenches; 2) to test deeper matrices in selected units in the 2007 trenches for deeper and older components in the site; 3) to initiate a testing program to determine the extent and nature of archaeological resources in and near the enclosed area of the site, and 4) to take advantage of new surveying and mapping technology to create a new, highly detailed map of the site and its immediate area. As the field season neared completion, conversations with BCHP personnel indicated the presence of other, nearby archaeological resources and a fifth objective—to conduct a short archaeological reconnaissance in the general area of the Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park Interpretive Centre—was added. Following analysis of the results of the 2008 field season at Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park and the establishment of key recommendations (Walde 2008:37–38), several objectives were established for the 2009 and 2010 field seasons. One objective involved conducting a detailed reconnaissance and survey of an interesting site containing a large number of pit features and located a few hundred metres north of EePf–1. Following the end of the 2008 University of Calgary field school, a brief post– session reconnaissance project was conducted under the guidance of Leonard Bearshirt, who felt that a number of locations near EePf–1 and the interpretive centre at BCHP might be of archaeological interest. A small crew of three interested field school students (Caroline Humphrey, Sarah Lebedov, and Jalyn Neysmith) accompanied Mr. Bearshirt and identified a number of areas that required further archaeological reconnaissance and survey. Of particular interest was a site containing a number of large and medium– sized pits some two hundred or so metres north of EePf–1. Dale Walde visited the site with the student crew during the fall of 2008 and agreed that the pit site was of great

Page 10 of 127 interest. In particular, it was important to record the features there in detail and to establish the time of occupation of the area. The site was given the field identification number BCHP–09–01 and further work was conducted there during the 2009 field school season. At the beginning of that field school season, Eileen Kose, then a Ph.D. student from the University of Hamburg, volunteered to work with the field school director—Dale Walde—for the duration of the field season. She agreed to conduct a topographic survey and test excavation of BCHP–09–01 under Dr. Walde’s supervision using the Archaeology 506 students as crew members. The results of that work are described in the 2009–2010 summary report (Walde et al. 2011). During the 2008 field season at EePf–1, the program of test excavation and 2007 trench completion in the One Gun Phase component revealed several very interesting features. A low sandstone breastwork along the north side of Forbis’s Feature 6 is a feature type unique to the site and, indeed, to the precontact Canadian Plains. That feature was encountered on the last day of excavation and awaited completion of excavation and recording during the 2009 field season. Also in Feature 6, a gravel lining was found in the base of the pit; again, a unique feature requiring further study both within the pit and in other pits in the site. Excavations in the fortification trench revealed the presence of a relatively dense concentration of faunal material, suggesting a secondary function as a trash disposal location. The program of interval–based test excavations conducted during the 2008 field season (Walde 2008) resulted in the discovery of a dense concentration of finds in the north– central area of the site. It was recommended that this area be further explored through excavation (Walde 2008). Accordingly, a block excavation plan was established and opened by the Archaeology 306 students at the beginning of the 2009 field season. This block is identified as the South Block (Figures 2 and 3). Work carried on in the South Block through the 2010 field season and will continue to progress over the next few field seasons. Following the discovery during the 2009 field season of a cultural component (possibly historic or protohistoric in age) immediately above the One Gun phase component, the pace of excavation slowed considerably as one centimetre arbitrary levels were required to allow methodological separation of the two upper components, which are very closely situated vertically. Forbis (1977) notes the presence of an upper (historic?) component at the site but was unable to separate it from the One Gun phase component using the excavation techniques of the day. We have found, however, that maintaining a very close arbitrary excavation interval does allow us to distinguish the two in many areas. A majority of historic or Euro–Canadian/American trade goods are present in the upper component and this may lead to a revision of the estimated date of occupation of the lower One Gun component. The 2008 test program also revealed the possible presence of as many as three separate “palisade” walls (although the interpretation of the rows of vertical posts as a palisade or palisades may prove problematic—see below) and it was recommended (Walde 2008) that an area in close proximity to the fortification ditch be excavated to investigate the function of the walls. An excavation block (the North Block—Figures 2 and 3) was established near the north–eastern fortification ditch and excavations initiated at the beginning of the 2009 field season were continued through the 2010 iteration of the field school. Excavations here are also expected to proceed very slowly and continue for several seasons as the upper component noted above is present in the North Block, as

Page 11 of 127 well, and very meticulous excavation is required to keep the cultural materials from the two upper components separate. Deep testing in the 2007 trenches and in selected 2008 test units indicated the presence of at least three precontact components underlying the One Gun Phase occupation. These lower components have not yet revealed diagnostic artifacts and are sparsely and intermittently represented in the test units. Given the overall project emphasis on One Gun studies, these lower levels have not yet been explored in detail and are not targeted for future work at this time. Topographic survey and mapping of EePf–1 and its area was only partially completed during the 2008 field season due to the presence of dense tree and bush cover over large areas of the site. Topographic survey using a total station continued through the 2009– 2012 field seasons, resulting in very precise and intensive microtopographic data acquisition on the eastern and north–eastern areas of the site, as well as along the central western periphery. Provenience data were also recorded using a total station on a large number of artifacts as excavations proceeded. Those data were entered into a Geographic Information System (GIS) database by Lance Evans, who has produced a number of highly accurate thematic and topographic maps for this report. Development and refinement of the topographic and material culture provenience data will continue over several years as the project develops. Topographic data collection is a very slow process as extensive brush clearing by hand is required and it is expected that full development of a topographic site map will take a number of field seasons of work. During the 2011–2012 field seasons, work continued in the North and South excavation blocks. A total of 79 square metres were either continued from previous field seasons or newly opened (Figure 3). In the North Block, significant progress was made in exposing portions of the purported palisade wall and in revealing more large support post moulds. A number of rock features were also exposed. Two large prepared hearths were fully excavated in the South Block. Additionally, Colleen Hughes, working under a University of Calgary Program for Undergraduate Research Experience (PURE) grant during the 2011 field season, conducted a survey of rock outcrops on the Siksika Nation and discovered the first recorded outcrop of tool grade porcellanite verified in the Province of Alberta. This work not only created new knowledge regarding potential lithic raw material sources for the people of the Cluny Fortified Village but also provides guidance for a rethinking of lithic procurement practices generally throughout southern Alberta. A total of thirty–six 1m2 excavation units (see Tables 2–54, Figures 2–15) were investigated and resulted in the recovery of 5, 413 small finds. Fifteen features were encountered and described. Of special interest is the ongoing investigation of a new hearth type first encountered during the 2011 and 2012 field seasons: prepared excavated bowl–shaped pit hearths. Also of particular interest is the expanded sample of paired support posts encountered during the 2011–2012 field seasons. Forbis (1970) encountered isolated examples of this phenomenon but our expanded excavations have revealed a larger pattern of these posts that suggests the presence of a large timber structure or structures. No similar patterning has been observed on the northern plains and it appears that a new, previously undescribed form of shelter was constructed at the site. A preliminary ground penetrating radar survey was conducted to assess the

Page 12 of 127 potential of this technology to reveal similar patterning in unexcavated portions of the site.

Excavations during the 2013 field season were severely hampered by unusually frequent and heavy rainfall and were then halted early due to extensive flooding that not only covered the site with about three metres of water but also severely impacted the people of the Siksika Nation with loss of homes and property (Plates 1–3). We were forced to abandon the open units as the flood waters encroached but were surprised to find upon our inspection tour during the fall of 2013 that the excavations were virtually intact (Plates 4 and 5). Opportunities to operate a public interpretive program were severely limited as the weather and the flood restricted visitorship to the site. In summary, although the field crew persevered through some very difficult conditions, excavation and public programming were negatively impacted and the season resulted in recovery of artifacts well below average and a below normal level of contact with the public.

Page 13 of 127

2 A Brief Summary of Late Period Culture History in Southern Alberta Archaeologists have been able to document human occupation in what is now southern Alberta over roughly the last twelve thousand years. The long history of human endeavour there is both complicated and exciting; a monument to the ingenuity and determination of Canadian Plains First Nations peoples. It is, however, only the later period of that history that is directly relevant to the excavations at the Cluny site. The following summary is based on longer treatments by Walde et al. (1995), Walde and Meyer (2003) and Walde (2003, 2004) and the interested reader is referred to those works for a more detailed explication.

Forbis (1977:16–17), using the combined evidence of a seriation of projectile points along with the presence of copper or brass knife blades and horse bones as well as a single radiocarbon date, to estimate age, suggested that the occupation at Cluny occurred at about A.D. 1740 during an archaeological cultural stage now known variously as the Protocontact or Indirect Contact Period (roughly, A.D. 1700–1754 in Alberta). This cultural stage refers to a time on the Canadian Plains before EuroCanadians and Americans arrived in the area but a time when their manufactured goods and horses were present, brought in along well–established First Nations trade and exchange networks from settlements to the northeast and southeast. Byrne (1973), working primarily with pottery from the Cluny site as well as with ceramics from the Morkin site (Cluny Complex pottery) some one hundred kilometers to the southwest of the Cluny site, felt the material culture from these occupations was dramatically different from the majority of sites regularly found in southern Alberta and named a new archaeological phase—the One Gun Phase—to account for the dramatically different materials. Since the time of the work of Byrne (1973) and Forbis (1977), a number of additional, very late, components containing Cluny Complex ceramics have been recovered elsewhere in southern Alberta (Walde 2006a).

Most archaeologists who have worked with One Gun Phase materials (e.g., Byrne 1973, Forbis 1977, Walde 2003, 2004) suggest the One Gun Phase represents a short–lived and very late intrusion into southern Alberta of people ultimately related to horticultural village groups living in the Middle Missouri area of North Dakota, perhaps the Hidatsa who were somewhat more given to moving beyond the Middle Missouri area than their Page 14 of 127

Mandan neighbours. To better understand the implications of this suggestion, however, it is necessary to go back a bit further in time to an era predating the appearance of the people who occupied the Cluny site.

Archaeologists identify the cultural stage prior to the Protocontact Period by a variety of names but these may be summarized as referring to a Late Precontact Period or a Late Period (ca. 500 B.C.–A.D. 1700). This period refers to a time during which peoples of the Canadian Plains adopted the bow and arrow, began making pottery, and conducted very large and complex bison kills. These were “dog days” prior to the adoption of the horse as a traction animal. Dogs were used to carry and haul the necessities and luxuries of daily life and the people walked. Warfare was conducted by foot soldiers carrying very large, round shields and extensive trade and exchange networks linked the plains bison hunting peoples with horticultural maize–growing peoples to the southeast and with hunter–gatherer groups elsewhere on the Canadian Plains and beyond. There were at least two named cultural historical entities (the Besant Phase and the Avonlea Horizon) present on the Canadian Plains during the early part of the Late Period but our story will begin later at about A.D. 900 with the Old Women’s Phase, which lasted through to the Contact Period (beginning with the first recorded EuroCanadian arrival in southern Alberta in 1754).

The Old Women’s Phase is a very long–lasting (over 800 years) and very large archaeological culture that may have extended during its earliest times from southern Alberta east through the southern Saskatchewan Plains into the southwest corner of Manitoba and south into northern Montana (see also Peck 1996 and Peck and Ives 2001). The phase is characterized by a distinctive grouping of projectile point styles known as the Cayley Series as well as by a unique grouping of pottery types collectively known as Ethridge Ware. The term “phase” is often understood to refer not only to a distinct grouping of archaeological materials but also to a recognizable group of people, specifically a “tribe.” Tribe is an anthropologically ambiguous and problematic term and many archaeologists have a great deal of difficulty accepting a simple correspondence between archaeological remains and any self–identifying group of people. Nonetheless, most archaeologists working in southern Alberta, if pressed, would suggest that the Old

Page 15 of 127

Women’s Phase most probably represents the material culture remains of ancestors of present–day Blackfoot groups.

As a phase, Old Women’s does present some conceptual issues. It is extremely large for a tribal grouping, regardless of how that term might be conceived, and many spatial and temporal differences amongst assemblages tend to be glossed over with the application of a single homogeneous identification to a wide range of sites and artifacts. Future research may very well alter and reduce the spatial configuration and size of the phase and might also elevate it to the level of Culture (a grouping of similar phases) to accommodate the range of temporal and regional variation within that reduced area. Even anticipating technical changes to the Old Women’s cultural historical entity, however, it is clear that Old Women’s Phase groups certainly occupied southern Alberta by at least A.D. 900 and remained there until the arrival of EuroCanadians in the mid– 1700s A.D. The Old Women’s Phase may very accurately be understood to represent the indigenous occupants of southern Alberta over at least the last eight hundred years before the Contact Period. As noted above, many archaeologists equate the Old Women’s Phase with ancestors of present–day Blackfoot groups.

Whether or not early Old Women’s sites continue to be recognized on the Canadian Plains to the east of southern Alberta, it is clear that by A.D. 1200 or so a new and very different group of people arrived on the plains of southern Saskatchewan, replacing whoever was there before. A distinctive suite of pottery, arrowhead style, and lithic procurement patterns distinguishes the Mortlach Culture from its predecessors and from surrounding contemporaneous groups. The abruptness of the transition suggests an actual movement of people into the area that displaced the previous occupants. Mortlach material culture suggests a distant descendant relationship with Woodland horticultural peoples to the south and east of Saskatchewan and it has been strongly suggested that Mortlach represents the material remains of ancestors of present–day northern plains Nakoda (Assiniboine) groups, although other arguments have been made (see Walde 2003 for details of those discussions).

Some Cluny Complex pottery bears a certain resemblance to pottery types found in Mortlach Culture assemblages and a few investigators suggest a close relationship

Page 16 of 127 between the two groups. However, it seems clear to this investigator that the relationship is a relatively distant one (see Walde 2003, 2004 for a full discussion) and that the two entities are entirely distinct.

Like One Gun, Mortlach Culture components also appear later in the period in southeastern and south–central Alberta sites (Walde 2003, 2006a). Dated assemblages tend to occur roughly contemporaneously with the Cluny and Morkin radiocarbon dates in the Late Period sequence in southern Alberta (Walde 2006a:99) and may, like One Gun, represent an intrusion or series of intrusions of non–local people into the traditional territory of Old Women’s Phase groups. The brief appearance of the two “foreign” archaeological cultures in southern Alberta at the end of the Late Precontact Period and into the Protocontact Period is a matter of considerable interest.

David Thompson (1968), an early explorer of the Canadian West, met and spoke with a Pikanii chief (of Cree descent) named Saukamapeee in 1787. Saukamappee, by then an extremely old man, spoke of his early days serving as a warrior for his Pikanii allies and fighting the “Snakes” who had intruded into Blackfoot territory and had, for a time, driven them out of the southern portions of their traditional lands in southern Alberta. While there are several problems of consistency and dating in Thompson’s narrative of Saukamappee’s account, which he wrote from memory as an 80 year old man recalling his second journey into the interior at the age of seventeen (Thompson 1968), if Thompson’s estimate of Saukamappee’s age is roughly correct then the events he recalled would have occurred nearly contemporaneously with the intrusion of Mortlach and One Gun groups into what had formerly been the more or less exclusive domain of Old Women’s peoples. Identifying the ethnicity of the “Snakes” from Thompson’s account has been a challenge to archaeologists for decades and it may be that the present study will help define the problem more closely.

The near juxtaposition in time of the archaeological and earliest written records in southern Alberta gives investigators a strong motivation to explore the Late Precontact and Protocontact Periods in close detail. And the invitation to go back to the Cluny site with new ideas and new approaches to excavation, analysis, and interpretation will make an excellent opportunity to begin and guide that exploration.

Page 17 of 127

3 Methods 3.1 Microtopographic Survey During the 2013 field season, the microtopographic survey of EePf–1 initiated during the 2008 field season continued using two Leica TC1205 total stations. Data obtained were downloaded and processed using Golden Surfer® 9.0 and ESRI© ArcGIS Desktop 9.3 software to produce a variety of site maps. Three point provenience for many of the finds was also recorded using the total stations and incorporated into an ArcGIS database for future analysis.

3.2 Excavation and Recording Excavations were conducted using hand trowels and shovels. All materials encountered were recorded using three point provenience measurements from the total station or, on those occasions when the total station was unavailable, line level and measuring tape. During the 2013 field season, line level and tape measurements were taken below site datum with line level strings attached at a known elevation to a unit corner stake. All features recognized were assigned a sequential field number (EePf–1–2013–xxx). The results of work conducted during the 2009 field season at EePf–1 using 50 cm x 50 cm maximum horizontal provenience units and 5 cm maximum vertical provenience units suggest that industrially produced materials (i.e., “historic”) are distributed preferentially above the known One Gun phase component. This is difficult to demonstrate using 5 cm vertical provenience units as the vertical separation is often as little as 1 cm. During the 2010 and all subsequent field seasons, excavations were conducted using a combination of 5 and 1 cm arbitrary levels as required. All matrix was passed through 6.4 mm (¼ inch) hardware cloth screens to recover small finds not recorded in situ. Flooding forced abandonment of the open excavation units toward the end of the designated field season. However, we returned to the site during the fall of 2013 to complete site clean up activities. All incompletely excavated units at EePf–1 were covered with gardening cloth and backfilled in anticipation of re–opening and completion during subsequent field seasons. All completed units were backfilled with no bottom covering. As work progressed during the 2013 field season it it proved necessary to reopen several units that had fully exposed the One Gun artifact scatter but might not have revealed potential post moulds to inexperienced student excavators. Several post moulds were intercepted using this improved methodology and future excavations will be conducted to twenty centimetres below the One Gun component to ensure all features are encountered and recorded. All small finds were placed in provenience–labelled bags for future processing and cataloguing. Following the 2013 field seasons the finds were cleaned and catalogued by Dale Walde and Lance Evans. Dale Walde amalgamated the 2013 artifact catalogue with those from previous years to produce the current catalogue. Artifact counts and descriptions from that catalogue form the basis of the summary descriptions in the present report. Representative artifacts were photographed by Dale Walde and Lance Evans (Walde and Evans 2014).

Page 18 of 127

4 Features 4.1 Feature 2011–005 (145–147E67–68S: 31–45 cm bs) This feature (Plate 6) was original identified as part of the ‘palisade wall.’ Complex stratification and overlapping of features and soil colour changes make interpretation difficult, however, the feature now appears to have been a large trash–filled area that was formed around the paired post mould set composed by Features 2013–003 and 2013–004). Reddish soil staining in and around all three features suggests burning of the structure. Feature 2011–005 differs in several ways from the ‘palisade wall’ Feature 2011–001. These include the fact that the wood is much more intact in Feature 2011–001, taking the form of distinctly preserved small posts in contradistinction to the fragmented pieces of wood and bark present in 2011–005. The trench in 2011–001 is narrower and distinct as opposed to the wider, amorphous and trash–filled Feature 2011–005. Feature 2011–005 is also 3.5 m closer to the ditch complex than is Feature 2011–001.

4.2 Feature 2011–010 (144–145E76–77S) Feature 2011–010 is a hearth feature that was partially exposed during the 2011 field season in the southwest corner of 145E76S at 31 cm below surface (Plate 7). Excavation of the feature was completed during the 2013 field season.

4.3 Feature 2012–010 (Unit 142E75S: 31–32 cm bs) Feature 2012–010 is a hearth feature that was partially exposed during the 2012 field season in the southwest corner of 142E75S at 31 cm below surface (Plate 8). Excavation of the feature continued into the 2013 field season but work was not completed and will continue into the 2014 season.

4.4 Feature 2012–012 (Unit 139E70S: 44 cm bs) Feature 2012–012 is a well–preserved post mould recovered at the northern edge of 139E70S (Plate 9). Excavation of 139E70S revealed a second post mould in 139E69S (Feature 2013–009). These two features constitute another paired post feature.

4.5 2013–001—145E66S This feature is a charcoal stain that occupies much of the northwest quarter of 145E66S at 20 cm bs.

4.6 2013–002—142E76S This is a large reddish soil stain in the southwest quarter of 142E76S at 18 cm bs. The feature may be associated with the uppermost component.

4.7 2013–003—146E68S This feature is a post mould that is paired with the post mould feature 2013–004 in 146E67S (see below and the discussion and figures relating to Feature 2011–005) and is overlain and surrounded by Feature 2011–005.

4.8 2013–004—146E67S This is part of a paired post mould set with 2013–003 (see above for a full discussion).

Page 19 of 127

4.9 2013–005—142E76S Dense concentration of small bone fragments and other mixed materials beginning in level 4.5 (Plates 10 and 11)

4.10 2013–006—142E76S Dense concentration of red and yellow flecks with many lithic flakes and bone fragments in level 5.4

4.11 2013–007—138E69S This feature is an ash deposit in the southwest quadrant of 138E69S. It extends from level 6.5 down through 7.3 (4 cm in thickness).

4.12 2013–008—143E76S This feature is a debitage concentration in the southeast quadrant in levels 5.4 through 6.1 (3 cm in thickness).

4.13 2013–009—139E69S Excavation of 139E69S revealed a post mould (Feature 2013–009) beginning at 23 cm bs and extending to at least 45 cm bs (Plate 9). This post, in combination with Feature 2012–012, is part of a paired post feature.

4.14 2013–010—141E69S This is a relatively long piece of wood lying more or less horizontally across the unit. Excavation incomplete in 2013.

4.15 2013–011—141E69S The top of a post mould. Excavation incomplete in 2013.

5 Small Finds 5.1 Summary Overview A total of 5, 413 small finds were recovered during the 2013 field season (Table 1). Most of these materials consisted of unidentifiable bone fragments (n=1534), charcoal and wood fragments (n=800), unmodified cobbles and pebbles (n=565), dolomite/sandstone slabs and slab fragments (n=1436), and firebroken rock (FBR) (n=404). Three matrix samples were taken.

5.2 Ceramics 5.2.1 Aboriginal Pottery Precontact pottery found on the Canadian plains is usually very fragmentary and vessels or vessel lots—a vessel lot is a collection sherds that are thought, on the basis of formal similarities to derive from a single vessel (the terms “vessel” and “vessel lot” are analytically identical)— are regularly defined on the basis of single rim sherds. As a consequence vessel profiles are also defined on the basis of rim profiles rather than on those of complete vessels. Sherds may be assigned to single vessel lots if they are conjoinable or exhibit very strong formal similarities. Frequently, however, individual vessels are identified using only single rim sherds. That practice is followed below. Page 20 of 127

A total of 154 fragments of aboriginal pottery was recovered. All are body sherds (e.g., Plate 13) and no new vessel lots were identified amongst the 2013 finds (Table 2, Figure 2). The majority of the sherds were recovered from the general vicinity of the hearths in southern portion of the 2013 excavation area. Photographs of two rim sherds recovered during 2012 but catalogued during 2013 are presented here for recording purposes only (Plates 14 and 15).

5.3 Metal 5.3.1 Decorative 5.3.1.1 Buttons A metal button bead (EePf–1–2013–143E76S–016, Plate 16) was recovered from level 4. This piece was recovered in relatively close proximity to a very similar button bead (2011–144E73S–1) recovered during the 2011 field season, (Walde and Evans 2014:Plate 73). Examination of the vertical artifact frequency distribution from this unit (Table 39) suggests the bead is associated with the historic component at this site.

5.4 Lithics 5.4.1 Formed Artifacts 5.4.1.1 Projectile Points A total of seven projectile points or portions thereof were recovered during the 2013 field season (Table 3, Figure 2, Plates 17–24). Four points are identifiable as Plains Side Notch (2013–141E76S–000140, 2013–142E76S–000159, 2013–143E75S–000019, 2013–143E75S–000124), two are triangular points (2013–142E76S–000150 and 2013– 145E67S–000431), and one is too fragmented to assign to a type. One of the triangular points (2013–145E67S–000431) may also have functioned as a drill. Four points were formed on Swan River Chert and one on each of petrified wood, porcellanite, and brown chert. The projectile points are concentrated in the vicinity of the hearths excavated during the 2013 field season (Features 2011–010 and 2012–010).

5.4.2 Marginally Utilized or Retouched Lithics Many of the lithic tools recovered from the 2013 excavation units are of the expedient variety (n=13) (Table 4, Figure 4, Plates 25–35). That is, many of the tools are formed with minimal modification to cobbles, spalls, sandstone slabs, flakes, and shatter resulting in a functional but basically unformed but highly adaptable tool set (Dyck and Morlan 1995).

5.4.2.1 Cobble Tools 5.4.2.1.1 Marginally Retouched Cobble Spalls A single marginally retouched cobble spall formed on quartzite was recovered from level 7.1 of 140E69S (2013–140E69S–077, Table 4, Figure 4, Plate 25).

5.4.2.1.2 Cobble Choppers Three marginally retouched cobble choppers (2013–140E75S–86, 2013–143E70S–014, 2013–145E73S–13, Table 4, Figure 4, Plates 26–28) formed on granite were recovered from level 5.1 in 140E75S, from level 5.4 in 143E73S, and level 18 in 145E73S.

Page 21 of 127

5.4.2.1.3 Hammerstone A single hammerstone formed on quartzite (2013–143E76S–230; Table 4, Figure 4, Plate 29) was recovered from level 5.4 in 143E76S.

5.4.2.1.4 Anvil An anvil formed on a quartzite pebble (2013–142E76S–219, Table 4, Figure 4, Plate 30) was recovered from level 5.4 of 142E76S. Use of the pebble as an anvil resulted in splitting of the piece.

5.4.2.2 Marginally Retouched or Utilized Flakes and Shatter One piece of marginally retouched shatter formed on porcellanite was recovered from level 5.3 of 143E76S (2013–143E76S–212; Table 4, Figure 4, Plate 31). A marginally retouched piece of black pebble chert shatter (a “wedge”) was recovered from level 5.4 of 143E76S (2013–143E76S–243; Table 4, Figure 4, Plate 32). A third piece of marginally retouched (bifacial) chert shatter was recovered from level 5.2 of 144E77S (2013–144E77S–39, Table 4, Figure 4, Plate 33). A single marginally retouched flake (2013–144E77S–32; Table 4, Figure 4, Plate 34) was recovered from level 5.2 of 144E77S in Feature 2011–005).

5.4.2.3 Pebble A single marginally retouched pebble formed on quartz (2013–145E67S–235; Table 4, Figure 4, Plate 35) was recovered from level 7.5 of 145E67S in Feature 2011–005.

5.4.3 Debitage 5.4.3.1 Fire Broken Rock (FBR) “Fire broken rock” refers to lithic materials that have either been broken or cracked due to repeated exposure to fire. In most instances, it is presumed that FBR was used in the manufacture of bone grease, which requires bringing water to a boil by repeated immersion of heated rock. Fire broken rock is ubiquitous at the site (n=405) but strong concentrations are present in the distribution of recoveries from the 2013 field season (Table 5, Figure 5). The correlation between fire and bone processing seems strong. The wider scatter of FBR throughout the excavation area tends to consist primarily of very small fragments of rock and may represent the results of repeated by trampling by the occupants of the site.

5.4.3.2 Cores A total of two marginally retouched chert pebble cores were recovered during the 2013 excavations (2013–143E76S–335: level 5.5 and 2013–144E77S–22: level 5.1; Tables 40 and 46, Figure 6, Plates 36 and 37). One petrified wood core: 2013–139E67S–35, level 5 (Table 20, Figure 6, Plate 38). One chert core fragment: 2013–139E69S–040, level 5.3 (Table 22, Figure 6, Plate 39). Five quartzite Cores (Tables 31, 38, 42, Figure 6, Plates 40–44): 2013–142E76S–17 (level 4.1), 2013–142E76S–220 (level 5.4), 2013–143E75S–20 (level 5.3), 2013– 144E69S–13 (level 9—the component association of this last core is unclear. It could be

Page 22 of 127 part of an underlying component or possibly a support for a One Gun phase post), 2013–144E70S–009 (level 6).

5.4.3.3 Flakes and Shatter A total of 115 lithic flakes and 181 pieces of lithic shatter were recovered (Tables 6–8), Figure 6) during the 2013 excavations. Two major concentrations of this debitage were noted in and in the near vicinity of hearth features 2011–010 and 2012–010.Tool– making and rejuvenation activities are suggested for the near–hearth materials while the in–hearth concentrations could suggest disposal or tool making activities or both. Lithic raw material analysis and flake type analysis has not been conducted on these materials.

5.4.4 Unmodified Lithics Unmodified cobbles and pebbles were collected when they occurred in non–gravel bearing matrices, that is, where their occurrence could be considered to be the result of human activity. Unmodified lithics may have been brought to the site to serve as raw material for tool manufacture or as raw material for stone boiling. The most likely source of many of the unmodified pebbles and cobbles is the nearby Bow River, although idiosyncratic and fossiliferous pebbles are more likely to have been obtained from an outcropping of Cretaceous age bedrock. Large unmodified slabs used to form the breastwork in Pit 4 and occurring elsewhere in the site were also most probably obtained from a bedrock outcropping. A survey of the local valley area to locate potential sources is necessary to evaluate level of effort required to obtain these materials. A total of 2004 items of unmodified lithic material were collected. Idiosyncratic unmodified lithics are unmodified pebbles and other lithics that have very distinctive and unusual shapes. Such items have been recovered from the site during previous field seasons but none were encountered during the 2013 excavations.

5.4.4.1 Pebbles and Cobbles Unmodified pebbles and cobbles are present throughout the excavation area including 19 unmodified cobbles (relatively evenly distributed amongst the excavation units excepting a small concentration of five cobbles in 143E71S, Table 9, Figure 7). Five hundred and forty–nine (549) unmodified pebbles (Table 10, Figure 8) were recovered from the 2013 excavation units. Of these, 291 were recovered from 141E76S in the near vicinity of hearth feature 2012–010. No apparent explanation for this concentration of these unmodified materials is readily discernible.

5.4.4.2 Slabs and Slab Fragments Slabs and slab fragments formed on limestone dolomite or sandstone were probably brought to the site from outcrops of these materials to the east. The closest sources noted to date are some thirty–two kilometres to the east of the site but it is suspected that there may be closer undiscovered outcrops. The slabs were used to form breastworks in at least some of the defensive pits around the periphery of the site and as bracing for the structural support posts found in the north block. The slabs are relatively fragile and many small fragments were recovered. One thousand four hundred and thirty–six unmodified slabs or fragments thereof were found (Table 11, Figure 9). Of these, 1133 small pieces were recovered from 141E71S in Page 23 of 127 and near post mould feature 2011–012—a structural post firmly anchored with slabs and cobbles—and associated charcoal. It may be that exposure to the fire that created the charcoal features led to the degradation and high degree of fragmentation of the relatively soft slab stone materials that supported the posts.

5.5 Bone 5.5.1 Tools 5.5.1.1 Polished Bone 5.5.1.1.1 Polished Tool Tip A very small fragment of the tip of spatulate polished bone tool (2013–145E67S– 348, Plate 45) was recovered from level 9.1 of feature 2011–005, a relatively deep trash–filled pit from the One Gun phase component.

5.5.1.1.2 Modified Bone of Unknown Function A very small bone fragment that may show the remains of a drill hole (2013– 141E70S–1143, Plate 46) was recovered from level 5.5.

5.5.2 Decorative 5.5.2.1 Beads Three mammal bone beads in the assemblage were recovered during the 2013 excavations; all are formed on large canid metapodials (2013–141E75S–120—level 5.3, 2013–141E76S–290, 2013–141E76S–579, Plates 47–49). The latter two specimens were recovered from levels 5.4 and 5.5 respectively in Feature 2013–005, a dense concentration of small bone fragments and other mixed materials beginning in level 4.5 of 141E76S.

5.5.3 Unmodified Bone (Subsistence and Architecture) 5.5.3.1 Identifiable 5.5.3.1.1 Bison/Large Bovid/Large Mammal For summary purposes Bison, large bovid, and large mammal remains are collapsed into the Bison category. These remains are present ubiquitously in the 2013 excavation units (n=54, Table 12, Figure 10) but tend to be concentrated in the vicinity of the dense lithic debitage and fragmented bone concentration features (23013–005 and 2013–006) around hearth feature 2012–010. Over half the non–bison bone was also found in the same areas, suggesting that this was a general trash disposal zone. The degree of fragmentation overall, however, may be the result of trampling as the bone fragments remained on–site and subject to the effects of daily activities there for extended periods of time. Bison bones were also used as structural support elements in architectural features. This function is discussed for individual cases in the Features section but, in general, larger Bison bones were used as wedges to support the large structural post pairs present in the north excavation block.

Page 24 of 127

5.5.3.1.2 Canid Canid bones are common in the 2013 assemblage—continuing the pattern established during previous field seasons. Again, the canid materials tend to cluster (n=16, Table 13, Figure 11) and consist in the main of caudal vertebrae. A nearly complete skull was also recovered (Plates 50 and 51) from 143E70S in association with an unmodified cobble and a granite chopper (Plate 27).

5.5.3.1.3 Small Mammal Small mammal bones (n=2) from burrowing rodent species were recovered. These elements probably represent animals that died in their burrows. Their presence is considered intrusive to the cultural deposits at the site.

5.5.3.2 Unidentifiable 5.5.3.2.1 Burned Bone Unidentifiable bone fragments showing signs of burning (calcined, burned, and scorched) are common in the assemblage (n=98) but are relatively scarce in comparison to the ubiquitous and numerous unburned unidentifiable specimens. They are most common in and around hearth features and in apparent hearth content dump areas (Table 14, Figure 12).

5.5.3.2.2 Unburned Bone Unidentifiable unburned bone fragments are omnipresent in the assemblage (n=1607, Table 15, Figure 13). They occur in all contexts, including within the matrices of hearth features. This latter distribution suggests the hearths were used as disposal locations following their employment as sources of heat and light. Despite their presence over all areas of the site, they do appear in concentrations in and around hearths as well as in the vicinity of apparent bone smashing stations and their distribution, despite some level of immediately post–depositional disturbance does seem to reflect the placement of work and disposal areas in the living system.

5.5.3.3 Pelecypod Shell Unmodified pelecypod shell fragments (n= 91) were recovered in relatively high numbers throughout the excavation areas during the 2013 field season but primarily in the vicinity of hearth feature 2012–010 (Table 16, Figure 14). It is suspected that all the pelecypod shell at the site is the result of bead production but only fragments with signs of intentional forming are counted as beads, bead preforms, and bead fragments. The remainder are classed as unmodified fragments.

5.5.3.3.1 Decorative 5.5.3.3.1.1 Beads Five bead fragments, and bead preforms were recovered (2013–143E71S–129–level 6.1, 2013–143E75S–076—level 5.4, 2013–140E75S–818—level 5.2, 2013–140E69S–076— level 7.1, 2013–142E76S–586 Feature 2013–005 level 5.1, Table 17, Figure 15, Plates 52– 56). The latter example was recovered from level 5.1 of feature 2013–005, the same trash pit from which two bone beads were recovered.

Page 25 of 127

6 References Cited

Page 26 of 127

Byrne, William J.

1973 The Archaeology and Prehistory of Southern Alberta as Reflected by Ceramics. National Museum of Man, Archaeological Survey of Canada, Paper No. 14. Ottawa.

Dyck, Ian G. and Richard E. Morlan

1995 The Sjovold Site: A River Crossing Campsite on the Northern Plains. Archaeological Survey of Canada Mercury Series Paper No. 151. Canadian Museum of Civilization. Hull.

ESRI 2012 ArcGIS Desktop: Release 10.1. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute.

Forbis, Richard G.

1977 Cluny: An Ancient Fortified Village in Alberta. Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary Occasional Papers 4. University of Calgary. Calgary.

Golden Software, Inc.

1999 Surfer 7. Golden Software, Inc. Golden, Colorado.

Peck, Trevor R.

1996 Late Side–Notched Projectile Points on the Northwestern Plains. Unpublished Master’s thesis. Department of Anthropology, University of Alberta, Edmonton.

Peck, Trevor R. and Jack W. Ives

2001 Late Side–Notched Projectile Points on the Northwestern Plains. Plains Anthropologist 46:163–193.

Russell, Dale R.

1991 Eighteenth–Century Western Cree and Their Neighbours. Archaeological Survey of Canada Mercury Series Paper No. 143. Canadian Museum of Civilization. Hull.

Thompson, David

1968 David Thompson’s Narrative of His Explorations in Western Canada 1784–1812. Edited by J. B. Tyrrell. Reprinted. Greenwood, New York. Originally published in 1916. Volume XII. The Champlain Society. Toronto.

Page 27 of 127

Walde, Dale

2003 The Mortlach Phase. Occasional Papers of the Archaeological Society of Alberta Number 2. Archaeological Society of Alberta. Calgary.

Walde, Dale

2004 Mortlach and One–Gun: Phase to Phase. In Archaeology on the Edge: New Perspectives from the Northern Plains. Edited by B. Kooyman and J.H. Kelley. Pp. 39– 51. University of Calgary Press. Calgary.

Walde, Dale

2006a A Descriptive Analysis of Little Bow Ceramic Assemblages. Report to FMA Heritage Resources Consultants Inc. Dale Walde. 106 pages.

Walde, Dale

2006b Sedentism and PreContact Tribal Organization on the Northern Plains: Colonial Imposition or Indigenous Development? World Archaeology 38(2): 291–310.

Walde, Dale and Lance Evans

2013 The 2011/2012 Archaeological Field Seasons at Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park. Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park Archaeological Research Project Annual Summary Report # 4 and 5. Report on file at Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park.

Walde, Dale, Lance Evans, Harrison Boss, James Eddy, Lynne Fulton, and Kirrie Ginter

2011 The 2009/2010 Archaeological Field Seasons at Blackfoot Crossing Historical

Park. Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park Archaeological Research Project Annual Summary Report # 2 and 3. Report on file at Blackfoot Crossing Historical Park.

Walde, Dale and David Meyer

2003 Precontact Pottery in Alberta: An Overview. In Archaeology in Alberta: A View from the New Millenium. Edited by Jack Brink and John F. Dormaar. Pp. 132–152. Archaeological Society of Alberta. Lethbridge.

Page 28 of 127

Walde, Dale, David Meyer, and Wendy Unfreed

1995 The Late Period on the Canadian and Adjacent Plains. Revisita de Arqueologia Americana 9:7–66.

Page 29 of 127

7 Tables

Grand Material Level Total Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Metal 1 5 36 41 2 3 13 16 3 41 2 113 156 4 8 254 17 1139 1 1419 5 139 987 80 1044 2250 6 3 198 97 299 597 7 3 134 116 70 323 8 1 60 227 18 306 9 23 111 6 140 10 1 4 5 16 17 17 17 2 27 29 18 1 111 2 114 Grand 154 1709 809 2740 1 5413 Total Table 1. EePf–1 2013 small finds. Easting Grand Northing 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 Total -66 2 2 -67 1 1 2 -68 2 2 -69 1 1 -75 79 2 81 -76 34 14 10 3 61 -77 2 3 5 Grand 1 79 34 14 2 13 8 3 154 Total Table 2. EePf–1 2013 aboriginal ceramics finds.

Page 30 of 127

Easting Grand Northing 138 139 140 141 142 143 145 Total -66 -67 1 1 -68 -69 -70 -71 -72 -73 -74 -75 2 2 -76 1 3 4 -77 Grand 1 3 2 1 7 Total Table 3. EePf–1 2013 projectile point finds. Easting Grand Northing 140 142 143 144 145 146 Total -67 1 1 -69 1 1 -70 1 1 -73 1 1 -75 1 1 -76 1 3 1 5 -77 3 3 Grand 2 1 4 3 2 1 13 Total Table 4. EePf–1 2013 Marginally utilized or retouched lithic finds.

Page 31 of 127

Easting Grand Northing 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 Total -67 1 1 2 -69 1 1 -70 2 2 4 -71 1 1 -74 1 1 -75 48 40 35 123 -76 108 67 4 9 59 247 -77 16 10 26 Grand 1 48 149 69 42 25 11 60 405 Total Table 5. EePf–1 2013 Fire broken rock finds. Easting Grand Northing 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 Total -67 1 1 -68 1 1 2 -69 6 1 1 2 10 -70 1 1 -75 34 17 16 67 -76 26 25 1 18 124 194 -77 19 2 21 Grand 7 2 35 43 25 17 40 3 124 296 Total Table 6. EePf–1 2013 lithic flake and shatter finds. Easting Grand Northing 140 141 142 143 144 146 Total -75 7 6 3 16 -76 1 3 13 67 84 -77 15 15 Grand 7 7 3 3 28 67 115 Total Table 7. EePf–1 2013 lithic flake finds.

Page 32 of 127

Easting Grand Northing 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 Total -67 1 1 -68 1 1 2 -69 6 1 1 2 10 -70 1 1 -75 27 11 13 51 -76 25 22 1 5 57 110 -77 4 2 6 Grand 7 2 28 36 22 14 12 3 57 181 Total Table 8. EePf–1 2013 lithic shatter finds. Easting Grand Northing 138 139 140 141 143 144 145 Total -67 1 1 -68 2 2 -69 2 3 5 -70 1 2 3 -71 5 5 -73 1 1 -75 1 1 -76 1 1 Grand 2 1 3 1 7 2 3 19 Total Table 9. EePf–1 2013 unmodified cobble finds. Easting Grand Northing 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 Total -67 18 32 50 -68 5 2 1 3 1 12 -69 28 9 7 2 4 50 -70 2 6 6 6 3 23 -71 20 20 -75 18 5 10 33 -76 291 30 11 5 24 361 -77 1 1 Grand 30 32 25 304 36 49 14 35 25 550 Total Table 10. EePf–1 2013 unmodified pebble finds.

Page 33 of 127

Easting Grand Northing 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 Total -67 121 121 -68 19 4 1 1 25 -69 1 10 63 9 83 -70 1133 31 4 1 1169 -71 24 24 -75 1 1 -76 5 6 2 2 15 -77 1 1 Grand 1 29 63 1147 37 35 5 122 1439 Total Table 11. EePf–1 2013 slab and slab fragment finds. Easting Grand Northing 138 139 140 141 142 143 145 146 Total -67 2 2 -68 5 5 -69 9 3 12 -70 1 1 -71 1 1 -75 8 8 16 -76 7 6 3 1 17 Grand 9 8 8 15 7 4 2 1 54 Total Table 12. EePf–1 2013 bison bone finds. Easting Grand Northing 138 139 140 141 142 143 Total -69 1 1 -70 2 2 -75 12 12 -76 1 1 Grand 1 0 0 12 1 2 16 Total Table 13. EePf–1 2013 canid bone finds.

Page 34 of 127

Easting Grand Northing 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 Total -66 5 5 -67 5 5 -69 6 6 -70 1 1 -75 1 3 4 8 -76 11 24 4 34 73 -77 2 2 Grand 6 5 1 15 24 4 6 5 34 100 Total Table 14. EePf–1 2013 all burned bone finds. Easting Grand Northing 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 Total -66 31 31 -67 38 191 229 -68 7 2 6 55 7 77 -69 34 34 8 4 80 -70 5 6 16 2 29 -71 104 104 -73 3 3 -74 1 1 -75 1 153 107 65 326 -76 353 257 4 9 97 720 -77 6 1 7 Grand 34 80 161 465 263 191 27 281 105 1607 Total Table 15. EePf–1 2013 all unburned bone finds. Easting Grand Northing 139 140 141 142 143 145 146 Total -67 1 1 -68 2 2 -70 1 1 -71 1 1 -75 5 5 1 11 -76 52 15 8 75 Grand 1 5 58 15 2 2 8 91 Total Table 16. EePf–1 2013 unmodified shell finds.

Page 35 of 127

Easting Grand Northing 140 141 142 143 Total -69 1 1 -71 1 1 -75 1 1 2 -76 1 1 Grand 2 1 2 5 Total Table 17. EePf–1 2013 shell bead and bead preform finds. Faunal Floral Lithic Laye Slab Grand Burne Calcin Unburne Charco Broken Cobbl Pebb Shatte r Fragme Total d ed d al Pebble e le r nt 3.5 1 1 1 3 4.1 1 4 1 6 4.2 4 1 1 6 4.3 2 2 4.4 3 3 4.5 2 2 5.1 1 1 5.2 1 1 1 3 5.3 4 2 6 5.5 1 1 6.1 5 1 1 7 6.2 6.3 1 2 3 6.4 3 2 5 6.5 4 1 5 7.1 8 1 3 12 7.2 1 5 1 1 1 1 10 7.3 1 1 7.4 1 1 7.5 8 1 1 9 1 1 Gra nd 5 1 34 2 1 2 27 6 1 79 Tota l Table 18. Vertical artifact distribution in 138E69S (2013).

Page 36 of 127

Lithic Grand Level Shatter Pebble Shatter Total 8 1 1 1 3 Grand 1 1 1 3 Total Table 19. Vertical artifact distribution in 138E70S (2013).

Page 37 of 127

Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Levels Burne Unburne Charco Broken Cobbl Pebbl Shatte Core FBR Total d d al Pebble e e r 3.1 1 1 3.2 2 3 5 3.3 6 3 2 11 3.4 1 1 3.5 4 1 5 4.1 4 1 5 4.2 4.3 4.4 4 1 5 4.5 5 4 3 2 1 1 11 6 7.1 2 2 4 7.2 1 1 2 7.3 1 6 1 8 7.4 1 1 7.5 3 1 1 5 8 1 1 9 3 2 5 Grand 5 38 5 5 1 1 1 13 1 70 Total Table 20. Vertical artifact distribution in 139E67S (2013).

Page 38 of 127

Lithic Grand Layer Faunal Slab Pebble Slab Total Fragment 3 2 2 4.1 1 1 1 3 4.2 1 1 2 4 4.3 1 7 8 4.4 4.5 5.1 1 1 2 5.2 2 1 2 5 5.3 1 2 3 5.4 2 2 4 Grand 7 5 2 17 31 Total Table 21. Vertical artifact distribution in 139E68S (2013). Lithic Slab Grand Level Broken Core Pebble Shatter Fragme Total Pebble nt 3.3 2 2 3.4 2 1 3 3.5 1 1 4.1 3 3 4.2 1 1 4.3 3 3 4.4 2 1 3 4.5 1 1 5.1 5.2 5.3 1 1 5.4 1 1 5.5 1 1 6 7 8 1 1 Grand 1 1 8 1 10 21 Total Table 22. Vertical artifact distribution in 139E69S (2013).

Page 39 of 127

Faunal Lithic Unburned Burned Unburned Grand Level Slab Slab Bead Unknow Cobble Total Fragmen Cobble Pebble Shatter Fragmen Preform n spall t t 1 3 3 33 39 2 3 2 1 3 4.1 1 1 2 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 6 6 5.1 5.2 17 2 19 5.3 1 1 5.4 5.5 6.1 1 1 6.2 6.3 6.4 2 2 6.5 1 1 2 7.1 1 1 1 1 2 1 7 7.2 1 1 Grand 1 7 17 3 1 7 1 46 83 Total Table 23. Vertical artifact distribution in 140E69S (2013).

Page 40 of 127

Faunal Lithic Cerami Scorched Unburned Grand c Unknow Bead Unknow Choppe Flak Shatte Pebbl Total FBR Level n Preform n r e r e 4.5 3 7 2 1 2 15 5.1 1 81 1 7 21 23 11 145 5.2 1 38 3 20 2 64 5.3 24 3 2 29 5.4 2 1 1 4 5.5 1 1 Gran d 3 1 1 152 1 7 27 48 18 258 Total Table 24. Vertical artifact distribution in 140E75S (2013).

Page 41 of 127

Floral Lithic Gran Level Unburned Slab d FBR Pebble Post Fragment Total 2 4 4 3 5 1 6 4.1 1 1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.1 5.2 5.3 1 1 2 5.4 5.5 6.1 6.2 6.3 1 1 Gran d 2 1 9 2 14 Total Table 25. Vertical artifact distribution in 141E69S (2013). Faunal Lithic Grand Level Slab Broken Burned Unburned Pebble Total Fragment Pebble 3 1 2 3 4.1 31 31 4.2 73 1 2 76 4.3 149 149 4.4 279 279 4.5 402 2 404 5.1 1 178 179 5.2 16 16 5.3 1 1 5.4 2 1 3 5.5 2 1 3 6.1 1 1 Gran d 1 5 1133 1 5 1145 Total Table 26. Vertical artifact distribution in 141E70S (2013).

Page 42 of 127

Faunal Floral Lithic Gran Burned Calcined Unburned Unburned Level d Unmodifie Unmodifie Unmodifie Charcoal Broken Bead Flake Shatter FBR Mineral Pebble Total d d d Pebble 4.3 1 1 2 4.4 4 4 4.5 9 1 1 11 5.1 21 1 4 3 1 30 5.2 1 12 1 3 6 3 26 5.3 1 29 3 2 4 10 49 5.4 2 15 1 2 6 1 27 5.5 7 1 4 12 6.1 2 6 8 6.2 5 1 2 8 6.3 1 2 3 Gran d 2 1 1 106 7 6 11 40 1 1 4 180 Total Table 27. Vertical artifact distribution in 141E75S (2013).

Page 43 of 127

Faunal Floral Unburned Grand Level Ceramic Scorche Unburne Burned Calcined Unmodifie Charcoal Total d Bead d d 1 1 1 2 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 1 1 3.5 1 1 4.1 2 1 3 4.2 3 3 4.3 2 1 3 4.4 1 1 2 4.5 6 6 5.1 4 4 5.2 8 8 5.3 1 1 89 3 94 5.4 1 4 2 158 1 2 168 5.5 45 1 1 47 6.1 1 10 11 6.2 1 14 4 19 6.3 2 2 6.4 1 1 2 6.5 3 1 4 Grand 1 6 4 1 351 2 13 1 379 Total Table 28. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 141E76S (2013).

Page 44 of 127

Lithic Slab Grand Level Projecti Broken Flake Shatter FBR Fragmen Cobble Pebble Total le Point Pebble t 2 1 1 3.1 3.2 3.3 1 1 3.4 1 1 3.5 1 1 2 4.1 1 1 4.2 1 2 2 5 4.3 2 1 3 4.4 4.5 5.1 2 2 5.2 2 2 5.3 1 2 18 1 13 2 37 5.4 1 8 37 107 7 160 5.5 3 13 30 46 6.1 1 17 75 1 94 6.2 6 9 39 54 6.3 1 3 4 6.4 5 4 9 6.5 1 3 6 10 Grand 1 1 25 108 5 1 274 17 432 Total Table 29. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 141E76S (2013).

Page 45 of 127

Faunal Floral Lithic Unburne Unburned Grand Level Charcoa d Slab Pebb FBR Total Unmodifie l Fragment le Wood d 2 1 1 2 3.1 3 1 4 3.2 3.3 1 1 3.4 1 4 1 6 3.5 1 2 13 2 18 4.1 9 9 4.2 2 1 1 4 4.3 4.4 1 1 4.5 5.1 2 4 1 1 8 Grand 6 5 3 2 31 6 53 Total Table 30. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 142E70S (2013).

Page 46 of 127

Faunal Floral Scorche Unburne Burned Calcined Scorched Unburned Grand Level d d Charcoa Total Unmodifie Unmodifie Unmodifie Unmodifie l Bead Wood Wood d d d d 3.3 1 1 3.4 2 2 3.5 1 1 4.1 4.2 1 1 4.3 14 14 4.4 5 29 34 4.5 9 1 92 5 107 5.1 31 1 1 2 35 5.2 20 1 21 5.3 16 1 17 5.4 1 23 24 5.5 3 2 15 20 6.1 3 3 6.2 6 1 7 6.3 1 5 6 Grand 18 2 4 256 1 9 2 1 293 Total Table 31. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 142E76S (2013).

Page 47 of 127

Lithic Broke Slab Grand Level Projectil n Anvil Core Flake Shatter FBR Fragmen Pebble Total e Point Pebbl t e 3.3 1 1 3.4 2 1 3 3.5 1 1 1 3 4.1 1 1 1 3 6 4.2 2 2 4.3 1 3 5 9 4.4 3 6 9 4.5 3 8 21 7 39 5.1 2 2 6 1 1 12 5.2 2 6 1 1 10 5.3 3 11 1 15 5.4 1 1 3 4 1 10 5.5 6 6 6.1 1 1 2 6.2 1 3 4 6.3 1 2 3 Grand 3 1 2 3 22 67 6 1 29 134 Total Table 32. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 142E76S (2013).

Page 48 of 127

Faunal Lithic Unburned Unburned Grand Level Unmodifie Slab Total Pebble d Fragment 2 4 4 3 4 1 1 5 1 1 6 7 2 2 Grand 2 4 2 8 Total Table 33. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 143E68S (2013). Faunal Floral Lithic Unburned Unburned Gran Level Charcoa Slab d Unmodifie Cobbl Pebb l Chopper FBR Fragme Total d e le nt 3.4 1 1 3.5 1 1 4.1 1 1 4.2 4.3 1 3 4 4.4 1 1 4.5 1 1 2 5.1 1 1 2 5.2 5.3 1 1 5.4 4 1 1 6 5.5 6.1 1 1 2 6.2 9 15 24 6.3 29 29 6.4 6.5 7.1 1 1 Grand 16 45 1 2 4 1 6 75 Total Table 34. Vertical artifact distribution in 143E70S (2013).

Page 49 of 127

Faunal Floral Unburne Unburned Scorched Grand Level d Charcoal Total Unmodifie Bead Wood Wood d 1 1 1 2 3 4.1 4.2 1 1 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.1 1 1 5.2 11 3 14 5.3 13 1 14 5.4 7 2 9 5.5 15 3 7 25 6.1 29 1 3 1 34 6.2 13 13 6.3 9 9 6.4 2 2 6.5 2 2 Grand 103 1 6 3 12 125 Total Table 35. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 143E71S (2013).

Page 50 of 127

Lithic Gran Unburned Level d Slab Broken FBR Cobble Pebble Total Fragment Pebble 3 17 4 21 4.1 5 1 1 7 4.2 1 1 1 3 4.3 1 1 2 4.4 1 1 4.5 5.1 5.2 1 1 5.3 4 2 6 5.4 1 1 5.5 1 3 4 6.1 1 2 3 6.2 1 1 Gran d 1 24 5 3 17 50 Total Table 36. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 143E71S (2013). Faunal Floral Unburne Gran Level Burned Scorched Calcined Unburned d d s Charco Unmodifie Unmodifie Unmodifie Unmodifi Bea al Total Wood d d d ed d 4.3 1 2 3 4.4 5.1 1 1 5.2 4 4 5.3 18 18 5.4 28 1 1 30 5.5 2 1 2 5 6.1 1 3 4 6.2 8 1 9 6.4 1 1 2 Gran d 1 2 1 64 1 1 6 76 Total Table 37. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 143E75S (2013).

Page 51 of 127

Lithic Level Slab Grand Projectil Flak Shatte Cobbl Pebbl s Core FBR Fragme Total e Point e r e e nt 2 1 1 3 4.1 4.2 4.3 1 1 4.4 4.5 5.1 2 2 5.2 3 1 2 6 5.3 1 1 1 3 10 1 17 5.4 1 1 15 1 4 22 5.5 1 5 1 7 6.1 1 1 2 1 5 6.2 2 2 4 6.3 1 1 Gran d 2 1 3 13 35 1 1 10 66 Total Table 38. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 143E75S (2013).

Page 52 of 127

Faunal Floral Metal Grand Level Burne Scorche Calcine Unburne Charco Total Butto d d d d al n 2 1 1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 1 1 4.1 1 2 3 4.2 1 1 4.3 1 1 4.4 2 2 4.5 3 3 5.1 21 21 5.2 9 2 50 61 5.3 6 4 6 1 17 5.4 2 6 4 6 18 5.5 1 1 6.1 3 3 6.2 2 2 6.3 1 1 6.4 6.5 1 1 Grand 1 18 12 4 101 1 137 Total Table 39. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 143E76S (2013).

Page 53 of 127

Floral Lithic Slab Grand Level Charco Wedg Hammersto Broken Core Flake Shatter FBR Fragmen Pebble Total al e ne Pebble t 3.4 1 1 2 3.5 1 5 1 4 11 4.1 2 1 2 4 9 4.2 1 2 7 10 4.3 2 2 4.4 1 1 4.5 1 1 5.1 1 7 1 9 5.2 10 3 19 4 36 5.3 1 13 2 12 5 33 5.4 1 1 37 39 6 3 87 5.5 1 4 10 3 2 20 6.1 3 1 3 1 8 6.2 1 1 6.3 6.4 6.5 7 1 1 Grand 1 1 1 1 67 59 63 2 2 34 231 Total Table 40. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 143E76S (2013).

Page 54 of 127

Faunal Lithic Gran Level Unmodifi Slab d Shatter Pebble ed Fragment Total 2 1 1 2 3 2 2 4 4 1 5 Gran d 6 1 1 1 9 Total Table 41. Vertical artifact distribution in 144E68S (2013). Faunal Lithic Ceramic Unburned Unburned Grand Level Unknow Unmodifie Cobble Total Core Shatter Pebble n d spall 2 1 1 3 1 1 4.1 4.2 4.3 1 1 2 4.4 4.5 5.1 1 1 1 3 5.2 5.3 5.4 2 2 4 5.5 6 1 1 7 8 9 1 1 Grand 1 4 1 2 1 4 13 Total Table 42. Vertical artifact distribution in 144E69S (2013).

Page 55 of 127

Faunal Floral Gran Level Unburne d Burned Calcined Charcoal d Total 5.1 3 3 5.2 2 2 5.3 5.4 1 3 6 2 12 Gran d 1 3 9 4 17 Total Table 43. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 144E76S (2013). Lithic Slab Grand Level Broken Flake Shatter FBR Fragmen Pebble Total Pebble t 5.1 2 1 3 5.2 1 2 3 5.3 2 2 2 6 5.4 10 5 1 1 17 5.5 1 1 3 5 Grand 13 5 9 2 1 4 34 Total Table 44. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 144E76S (2013).

Page 56 of 127

Faunal Floral Gran Level d Calcined Unburned Charcoal Total 4.5 5 5 5.1 1 1 5.2 5.3 2 1 3 Gran d 2 6 1 9 Total Table 45. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 144E77S (2013). Lithic Grand Level Slab Biface Core Flake Shatter FBR Fragme Pebble Total nt 4.5 2 2 5.1 1 6 4 1 12 5.2 1 8 2 6 17 5.3 2 2 4 1 9 Grand 1 1 16 4 16 1 1 40 Total Table 46. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 144E77S (2013). Faunal Floral Grand Level Unburne Unburne Burned Calcined Charcoal Scorched Total d d 4 1 4 11 1 1 18 5.1 13 19 2 34 5.2 4 4 5.3 5.4 7 7 Grand 1 4 31 24 2 1 63 Total Table 47. Vertical artifact distribution in 145E66S (2013).

Page 57 of 127

Faunal Floral Unburne Unburned Scorched Grand Level Ceramic d Charcoal Total Unmodifie Spatula Wood Wood d te 3 5 5 3.1 3.2 4 1 5 3.3 3.4 3.5 4.1 4.2 1 1 4.3 1 1 4.4 4.5 5.1 6 6 5.2 1 1 5.3 1 1 5.4 7 1 8 5.5 5 5 6.1 6 1 7 6.2 4 3 7 6.3 1 1 2 6.4 4 1 4 9 6.5 10 7 17 7.1 21 18 39 7.2 17 20 37 7.3 1 23 16 40 7.4 14 18 32 7.5 13 1 19 33 8.1 11 26 37 8.2 10 4 40 54 8.3 7 6 35 48 8.4 4 29 33 8.5 2 4 4 20 30 9.1 3 1 3 5 12 9.2 5 19 24 9.3 3 2 19 24 9.4 1 4 5 9.5 7 7 10.1 1 4 5 Grand 1 190 1 7 20 316 535 Total Page 58 of 127

Table 48. Vertical nonlithic artifact distribution in 145E67S (2013). Lithic Gran Secondary Level Projectile Slab d Decorticatio FBR Pebble Point Fragment Total n Flake 3 6 6 4.1 1 1 4.2 4.3 1 2 3 4.4 1 1 4.5 5.1 5 5 5.2 1 1 5.3 1 1 5.4 1 2 3 5.5 2 3 5 6.1 4 4 6.2 5 5 6.3 6 6 6.4 17 1 18 6.5 38 38 7.1 14 3 17 7.2 12 3 15 7.3 3 6 9 7.4 1 2 1 4 7.5 1 3 4 8.1 3 3 8.2 1 1 8.3 1 2 3 8.5 1 1 9.1 9.2 9.3 3 3 Gran d 1 1 1 121 33 157 Total Table 49. Vertical lithic artifact distribution in 145E67S (2013).

Page 59 of 127

Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Unburne Unburned Unburned Grand Level d Charco Total Unmodifie al Slab Wood Shatter Cobble Pebble d Fragment 4.2 1 1 4.3 4.4 2 2 4.5 2 2 5.1 1 1 2 5.2 2 2 5.3 1 1 5.4 1 1 5.5 1 2 3 6.1 1 1 2 6.2 2 2 4 6.3 1 3 4 6.4 5 9 14 6.5 4 5 1 10 7.1 1 1 7.2 1 1 7.3 3 6 9 7.4 7.5 5 13 18 8.1 2 2 8.2 1 4 1 1 7 8.3 13 11 24 8.4 3 21 24 8.5 1 4 22 2 29 9.1 30 30 9.2 1 1 20 22 Grand 1 55 12 140 1 1 2 3 215 Total Page 60 of 127

Table 50. Vertical artifact distribution in 145E68S (2013).

Page 61 of 127

Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Unburne Unburned Scorched Unburned Total Level d Charcoal Unmodifie Wood Wood Chopper Cobble d 16 8 9 17 17 2 12 1 14 29 18 1 54 57 1 1 114 Grand 3 74 1 80 1 1 160 Total Table 51. Vertical artifact distribution in 145E73S (2013). Ceramic Faunal Floral Lithic Unburned Unburned Grand Level Charco Unmodifie Shatte Total al FBR Mineral d r 5.1 4 4 5.2 3 1 1 2 6 2 15 Gran d 3 1 1 2 10 2 19 Total Table 52. Vertical artifact distribution in 145E77S (2013). Faunal Floral Lithic Grand Level Unmodifie Unburne Pebble Total d d 8.5 1 1 1 3 9.1 6 6 Grand 7 1 1 9 Total Table 53. Vertical artifact distribution in 146E68S (2013).

Page 62 of 127

Faunal Lithic Gran Level Unmodifie d FBR d Total 5.1 1 1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 6 7 1 1 Gran d 1 1 2 Total Table 54. Vertical artifact distribution in 146E74S (2013).

Page 63 of 127

8 Figures

Figure 1. Site location.

Page 64 of 127

Figure 2. EePf–1 2013 aboriginal ceramics finds distribution.

Page 65 of 127

Figure 3. EePf–1 2013 projectile point distribution.

Page 66 of 127

Figure 4. EePf–1 2013 marginally utilized or retouched lithic distribution.

Page 67 of 127

Figure 5. EePf–1 2013 fire broken rock distribution.

Page 68 of 127

Figure 6. EePf–1 2013 lithic cores, flakes and shatter distribution.

Page 69 of 127

Figure 7. EePf–1 2013 unmodified cobble distribution.

Page 70 of 127

Figure 8. EePf–1 2013 unmodified pebble distribution.

Page 71 of 127

Figure 9. EePf–1 2013 slab and slab fragment distribution.

Page 72 of 127

Figure 10. EePf–1 2013 bison bone distribution.

Page 73 of 127

Figure 11. EePf–1 2013 canid bone distribution.

Page 74 of 127

Figure 12. EePf–1 2013 burned bone distribution.

Page 75 of 127

Figure 13. EePf–1 2013 unburned bone distribution.

Page 76 of 127

Figure 14. EePf–1 2013 unmodified pelecypod shell distribution.

Page 77 of 127

Figure 15. EePf–1 2013 shell bead and bead preform (p) distribution.

Page 78 of 127

9 Plates

Page 79 of 127

Plate 1. Panorama of 2013 flooding at the Cluny Fortified Village site (red arrow points to site area. Looking west).

Page 80 of 127

Plate 2. 2013 flooding at the Cluny Fortified Village site detail.

Plate 3. Flood line on tipi. Lance Evans on south side of tipi.

Page 81 of 127

Plate 4. North block excavations post–flood (looking grid west).

Plate 5. South block excavations post–flood (looking grid west).

Page 82 of 127

Plate 6. 2013–Cluny–145E67–68S Feature–2011–005 at 75cm, East Profile.

Plate 7. 2013–Cluny–144–145E76–77S Feature–2011–010.

Page 83 of 127

Plate 8. 2013–Cluny–141–142E75–76S Feature–2012–010.

Plate 9. 2013–Cluny–139E69–70S Level 8 and 10 Features–2013–009 and 2012–012.

Page 84 of 127

Plate 10. 2013–Cluny–141E76S–L5.3 Feature–2013–005 located in south three– quarters of the unit.

Page 85 of 127

Plate 11. 2013–Cluny–142E76S Feature–2013–005 located in the SW quarter of the unit.

Plate 12. 2013–Cluny–141E76S Level 6.1 NE quad: Ochre and FBR.

Page 86 of 127

Plate 13. Neck sherd: EePf–1–2013–145E67S–182.

Plate 14. Rim sherd (recovered during 2012): EePf–1–2013–139E75S–470.

Page 87 of 127

Plate 15. Rim sherd (recovered during 2012): EePf–1–2013–140E75S–821.

Plate 16. Metal button: EePf–1–2013–143E76S–016.

Page 88 of 127

Plate 17. Projectile point: EePf–1–2013–141E76S–140.

Plate 18. Projectile point: EePf–1–2013–142E76S–16.

Page 89 of 127

Plate 19. Projectile point: EePf–1–2013–142E76S–150.

Plate 20. Projectile point: EePf–1–2013–142E76S–159.

Page 90 of 127

Plate 21. Projectile point (EePf–1–2013–143E75S–19–in–situ 143E75S Level 5.3 NE quad.

Page 91 of 127

Plate 22. Projectile point: EePf–1–2013–143E75S–19.

Plate 23. Projectile point: EePf–1–2013–143E75S–124.

Page 92 of 127

Plate 24. Projectile point: EePf–1–2013–145E67S–431.

Plate 25. Marginally retouched cobble spall: EePf–1–2013–140E69S–077.

Plate 26. Cobble chopper: EePf–1–2013–140E75S–86.

Page 93 of 127

Plate 27. Cobble chopper: EePf–1–2013–143E70S–014.

Plate 28. Cobble chopper: EePf–1–2013–145E73S–013.

Page 94 of 127

Plate 29. Hammerstone: EePf–1–2013–143E76S–230.

Plate 30. Anvil: EePf–1–2013–142E76S–219.

Page 95 of 127

Plate 31. Marginally retouched shatter: EePf–1–2013–143E76S–212.

Page 96 of 127

Plate 32. Wedge: EePf–1–2013–143E76S–243.

Plate 33. Marginally retouched shatter: EePf–1–2013–144E77S–39.

Plate 34. Marginally retouched flake: EePf–1–2013–144E77S–32.

Page 97 of 127

Plate 35. Marginally retouched pebble: EePf–1–2013–145E67S–235.

Plate 36. Pebble chert core: EePf–1–2013–143E76S–335 (level 5.5).

Page 98 of 127

Plate 37. Pebble chert core: EePf–1–2013–144E77S–22 (level 5.1).

Plate 38. Core: EePf–1–2013–139E67S–35–01 (level 5) on petrified wood.

Page 99 of 127

Plate 39. Core: EePf–1–2013–139E69S–040 (level 5.3) on chert.

Plate 40. Core: EePf–1–2013–142E76S–17 (level 4.1) on quartzite.

Page 100 of 127

Plate 41. Core: EePf–1–2013–142E76S–220 (level 5.4) on quartzite.

Plate 42. Core: EePf–1–2013–143E75S–20 (level 5.3) on quartzite.

Page 101 of 127

Plate 43. Core: EePf–1–2013–144E69S–13 (level 9) on quartzite.

Plate 44. Core: EePf–1–2013–144E70S–009 (level 6) on quartzite.

Page 102 of 127

Plate 45. Spatulate bone tool tip: EePf–1–2013–145E67S–348.

Plate 46. Drilled(?) bone fragment: EePf–1–2013–141E70S–1143.

Page 103 of 127

Plate 47. Bone bead (two sides): EePf–1–2013–141E75S–120.

Page 104 of 127

Plate 48. Bone bead (planview and longitudinal view): EePf–1–2013–141E76S– 290.

Plate 49. Bone bead (two sides): EePf–1–2013–141E76S–579.

Plate 50. Canid skull with granite chopper (upper left corner) and unmodified cobble, Level 5.3.

Page 105 of 127

Plate 51. Canid–skull: 143E70S, Level 6.1.

Plate 52. Broken shell bead: EePf–1–2013–143E71S–129.

Page 106 of 127

Plate 53. Broken shell bead: EePf–1–2013–143E75S–076.

Plate 54. Shell bead preform: EePf–1–2013–140E75S–818.

Page 107 of 127

Plate 55. Shell bead preform: EePf–1–2013–140E69S–076.

Plate 56. Shell bead preform: EePf–1–2013–142E76S–586, Feature 2013–005, level 5.1.

Page 108 of 127

Plate 57. 2013–Cluny–140E75S–L5–1.

Page 109 of 127

10 Appendix 1: Detailed Description of 2013 Finds by Excavation Unit

Page 110 of 127

138E69S Dates: 23 May–12 June, 2013 Depths: 0–45 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–35 cm bs in 1 cm levels; 35–45 cm bs in 5 cm levels Excavation Status: Complete Related Features: 2013–007 Total Small Finds: 79 Associated Finds Table: 18 Associated Plates: None This feature is an ash deposit in the southwest quadrant of 138E69S. It extends from level 6.5 down through 7.3 (4 cm in thickness).Four matrix samples were taken from the feature. 138E70S Dates: 30 May–14 June, 2012; 27–28 May, 2013 Depths: 0–35 cm bs Excavation Methods: 2012 0–20 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 20–25 cm in 1 cm levels; 25–35 cm in 5 cm levels; 2013 35–45 cm bs in 5 cm levels Excavation Status: Complete Related Features: 2012–011 Total Small Finds: 3 Associated Finds Table: 19 Associated Plates: None Feature 2012–011 is described in the Features section. During the 2011–2012 field seasons, most of the small finds recovered consist of pebbles from a layer of relatively fine gravel in Level 4 (15–20 cm bs). Lithic debitage from stone tool manufacture and repair was found in relatively large quantities during those seasons as was a large number of unburned unidentifiable bone fragments was also recovered. The 2013 field season excavations brought the unit down to sterile matrix. Three matrix samples were taken from the feature. 139E67S Dates: 04 June–13 June, 2013 Depths: 0–45 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–20 cm bs in 1 cm levels; 20–30 cm bs in 5 cm levels, 30–35 cm in 1 cm levels; 35–45 cm bs in 5 cm levels Excavation Status: Complete Related Features: None Total Small Finds: 70 Associated Finds Table: 20 Associated Plates: None Most of the finds consist of unidentifiable unburned bone fragments (n=38) and unmodified pebbles and cobbles (n=19). Page 111 of 127

139E68S Dates: 12 June, 2013–17 June, 2013 Depths: 0–24 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–15 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 0–24 cm bs in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: None Total Small Finds: 31 Associated Finds Table: 21 Associated Plates: None Excavation of this unit during 2013 was halted at a very early stage. The small finds data are presented for reference purposes only and do not represent final figures. 139E69S Dates: 27 May–11 June, 2013 Depths: 0–40 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–35 cm bs in 1 cm levels; 35–40 cm bs in 5 cm level Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: 2013–009 Total Small Finds: 21 Associated Finds Table: 22 Associated Plates: 9 Feature 2013–009 is a post mould paired with Feature 2012–012 (139E70S—see below). Excavation of this unit during 2013 was halted at an early stage. The small finds data are presented for reference purposes only and do not represent final figures. 139E70S Dates: 31 May–20 June, 2012; 27 May, 2013 Depths: cm bs Excavation Methods: 2012 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–25 cm bs in 1 cm levels; 25–45 cm bs in 5 cm levels 2013 45–50 cm bs in 5 cm levels. Excavation Status: Complete Related Features: 2012–012 Total Small Finds: 0 Associated Finds Table: None Associated Plates: 9 Feature 2012–012 is a well–preserved post mould recovered at the northern edge of 139E70S (Plate 9). Excavation during 2013 revealed a second post mould in 139E69S (Feature 2013–009). These two features constitute another paired post feature. A scattering of charcoal across the northern 20 cm of this unit may suggest burning of the structure suggested by the paired posts.

Page 112 of 127

139E75S Dates: 04–20 June, 2012; 17–18 June, 2013 Depths: 0–27 cm bs Excavation Methods: 2012 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–25 cm bs in 1 cm levels 2013 25–27 cm bs in 1 cm levels. Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: None Total Small Finds: 1 Associated Finds Table: None Associated Plates: 14 Finds from the One Gun phase occupation dominate the recoveries from this unit. Seventy–five ceramic fragments, including a rim sherd (Walde et al 2013: Plate 61) were encountered as were relatively large quantities of lithic tool working debitage and firebroken rock. A cobble spall chopper (Walde et al 2013: Plate 98) and a large piece of sandstone grinding slab (Walde et al 2013: Plate 107) were also recovered from that component. A very few unburned unidentifiable bone fragments (n=4) were recovered from an unidentified overlying component. Excavation of this unit is incomplete and we expect further small finds recoveries from this unit. Only a single unburned unidentifiable bone fragment was recovered during the 2013 excavation. 140E69S Dates: 28 May–11 June, 2013 Depths: 0–41 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–15 cm bs in 5 cm levels, 15–41 cm bs in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Complete Related Features: None Total Small Finds: 83 Associated Finds Table: 23 Associated Plates: 25, 55 The largest small finds class is made up of burned and unburned dolomite/sandstone slab fragments (n=63) Unmodified cobbles and pebbles make up the next largest class (n=10). A single shell bead preform was recovered from level 7.1 as was a marginally retouched cobble spall.

Page 113 of 127

140E75S Dates: 14–20 June, 2012; 13–17 June, 2013 Depths: 0–30 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–30 cm bs in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: None Total Small Finds: 258 Associated Finds Table: 24 Associated Plates: 26, 54, 57 The recovery between 17 and 18 cm bs of two conjoining rim sherds (Walde et al. 2013: Plate 62) from a Cluny Complex vessel is of interest and may indicate the cultural historical status of the often–occurring peak in the rate of artifact recovery immediately above the previously recognized One Gun phase occupation. During the 2013 excavations of this unit a shell bead preform was recovered from level 5.2. Most of the finds consisted of unidentifiable unburned bone fragments (n=152) and fire broken rock (n=48). Seven lithic flakes and 27 pieces of lithic shatter were recovered from the One Gun phase component along with three pottery sherds, an unidentifiable scorched bone fragment, eighteen unmodified pebbles, and a single cobble chopper. 141E69S Dates: 11–17 June Depths: 0–28 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–15 cm bs in 5 cm levels, 15–28 cm bs in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: 2013–010, 2013–011 Total Small Finds: 14 Associated Finds Table: 25 Associated Plates: None Feature 2013–010 is a relatively long piece of wood lying more or less horizontally across the unit. Feature 2013–011 is the top of a post mould, incompletely excavated in 2013. Excavation was at a preliminary stage at the end of the 2013 field season. Only fourteen small finds have been recovered to date

Page 114 of 127 and their distribution at this early stage of investigation is for interim information only. 141E70S Dates: 11–17 June, 2013 Depths: 0–25 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–15 cm bs in 5 cm levels, 15–25 cm bs in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: probable post features in final 2013 level Total Small Finds: 1145 Associated Finds Table: 26 Associated Plates: None Excavation of this unit was incomplete at the end of the 2013 field season with a great deal of further excavation pending. There are indications that post features may be present in the final 2013 level. The presence of many small slab fragments (n=1133) may be the remains of supporting material for the posts. 141E75S Dates: 14–20 June, 2012; 04–17 June, 2013 Depths: 0–16 cm bs in 2012; 16–28 cm in 2013 Excavation Methods: 2012 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–16 cm bs in 1 cm levels; 16–28 cm bs in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: 2012–010 Total Small Finds: 180 Associated Finds Table: 27 Associated Plates: 8 Feature 2012–010 is described under the 142E75S heading. A total of 180 small finds were recovered from the incomplete excavation of 141E75S. Most are unburned unidentifiable bone fragments (n=106) and small pieces of fire broken rock (n=40). A single bone bead formed on a canid metapodial was recovered from level 5.3. Six lithic flakes and 11 pieces of lithic shatter have been recovered to date. Some evidence of burning is present in this unit with seven pieces of charcoal and three small pieces of burned and calcined bone being recovered. 141E76S Dates: 28 May–17 June, 2013 Depths: 0–30 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–30 cm bs in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: 2012–010; 2013–005 Total Small Finds: 811 Associated Finds Table: 28, 29 Associated Plates: 8, 10, 11, 12, 17, 48, 49 The features are described under the 142E75S heading. A total of 811 small finds were made during the as yet incomplete excavation of this unit. Two hundred and

Page 115 of 127 ninety–two of the finds are unmodified pebbles/cobbles while 108 are small pieces of fire broken rock. Small pieces of unburned unidentifiable bone make up the largest single find category by count (n=351). The base of a Plains Side Notch projectile point was recovered from level 5.3 (Plate 17) and two beads formed on mammal bone were recovered from levels 5.5 and 5.5 (Plates 48 and 49). A single lithic flake was recovered from level 5.4 while a total of 108 pieces of lithic shatter were recovered. Six matrix samples were taken from the hearth feature. 142E70S Dates: 11–17 June, 2013 Depths: 0–21 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–21 cm bs in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: None Total Small Finds: 53 Associated Finds Table: 30 Associated Plates: None A total of 53 small finds was made during the decidedly incomplete 2013 excavation of this unit. Small slab fragments (n=31) make up the majority of finds here to date. The level form for 5.2 started but no work done due to rain. 142E75S Dates: 23 May–20 June, 2012 Depths: 0–35 cm bs Excavation Methods: 2012 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–35 cm in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: 2012–010 Total Small Finds: 0 Associated Finds Table: None Associated Plates: 8 Uncovered during 2013 field season but no further excavation during that time. Feature 2012–010 is a hearth that has been partially exposed in the southwest corner of this unit. A matrix sample of the hearth contents was taken at 34–35 cm bs. The hearth extends into 141E75–76S and 142E76S (Plate 8). Two chokecherry seeds (Prunus virginiana) were excavated at 12–13 and 15–16 cm bs. If these were culturally deposited, it seems likely that they are associated with materials overlying the One Gun Phase component, which seems to appear at about 20 cm bs While there are peaks in the finds recovery rate per level, the distribution is rather more even than has been the case in many other units and the cultural stratigraphy is not as clear as might be hoped. Charcoal fragments are lightly but ubiquitously scattered through matrix column. Snail shells recovered from Level 4 may be of assistance in interpreting local environmental conditions immediately following the One Gun phase occupation.

Page 116 of 127

With regard to faunal remains, unburned unidentifiable bone fragments are the largest single category and unburned large mammal bones—probably bison— appeared immediately above Feature 2012–010. A roughly rectangular bead formed on pelecypod shell (Walde et al. 2013: Plate 158) was recovered from the One Gun phase occupation as was a round bead preform (Walde et al. 2013: Plate 161) on the same material. The rectangular form may represent a new bead type that may prove useful in future investigations. Large pieces of firebroken rock dominate the assemblage at the bottom of the hearth feature while debitage from stone tool manufacture and repair appear in some quantity surrounding but not within the feature. A Plains Side Notch projectile point (Walde et al. 2013: Plate 78) was recovered from the northeast quadrant of the unit in the One Gun phase occupation. 142E76S Dates: 20 June, 2012; 28 May–18 June, 2013 Depths: 2012 0–12 cm bs; 2013 12–27 cm bs. Excavation Methods: 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–27 cm bs in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: 2012–010; 2013–002, 2013–005, 2013–006 Total Small Finds: 436 Associated Finds Table: 31, 32 Associated Plates: 9, 10, 11, 19, 20, 30, 40, 41,56 Feature 2012–012 described under 142E75S heading. Feature 2013–002 is a large reddish soil stain in the southwest quarter of 142E76S at 18 cm bs. The feature may be associated with the uppermost component. Feature 2013–005 is a dense concentration of small bone fragments and other mixed materials beginning in level 4.5 and extending down through level 5.3. Feature 2013–006 is a dense concentration of red and yellow flecks with many lithic flakes and bone fragments in the northwest quadrant at level 5.4 that may very well be associated with the hearth feature 2012–012. Level 6.3 was started but not completed due to flooding. Nine matrix samples were taken in this unit during 2013. A total of 427 small finds was made during the incomplete excavation of this unit during 2013. The majority of these consisted of small unburned unidentifiable bone fragments. A shell bead (Plate 56) was recovered from level 5.1 along with a triangular projectile point (Plate 19) formed on petrified wood and Plains Side Notch base formed on Swan River Chert (Plate 20). A third projectile point is represented by a body fragment formed on Swan River Chert (Plate 18) was recovered from level 4.1 as was a stone anvil fragment (Plate 30). Two cores were recovered: one from level 4.1 (Plate 40) and one from level 5.4 (Plate 41). Lithic debitage recovered includes three flakes from level 4.5 and a total of 22 pieces of shatter. Sixty–seven small pieces of fire broken rock were found along with six small slab fragments. Thirty unmodified pebbles were recovered. Some burning in the unit is indicated by the presence of 24 pieces of burned bone and nine pieces of charcoal and scorched wood. Two hundred and fifty–six fragments of unburned unidentifiable bone were present as was a single piece of unburned wood.

Page 117 of 127

143E68S Dates: 05–18 Jun e, 2013 Depths: 0–40 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–40 cm bs in 5 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: None Total Small Finds: 8 Associated Finds Table: 33 Associated Plates: None Excavation of this unit is incomplete but only eight small finds were made in the 40 cm of matrix excavated. Four small slab fragments were encountered along with two unmodified pebbles and two small pieces of unburned unidentifiable mammal bone. 143E69S Dates: 17 June, 2013 Depths: 0–16 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–15 cm bs in 5 cm levels, 15–16 cm bs in 1 cm level Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: N/A Total Small Finds: N/A Associated Finds Table: N/A Associated Plates: N/A No small finds or features have been to date at this very early stage of excavation. 143E70S Dates: 31 May–18 June, 2013 Depths: 0–35 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels, 10–35 cm bs in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: None Total Small Finds: 75 Associated Finds Table: 34 Associated Plates: 27, 50, 51 A large canid skull was recovered in association with an unusual granite chopper (Plate 27) and large cobble (Plates 50 and 51). Forty–five pieces of charcoal were found along with sixteen pieces of unidentifiable unburned mammal bone. Six unmodified pebbles were found as were four small small fragments and two pieces of fire broken rock. Only the northern half of level 7.5 was completed on 18 June due to rainfall.

Page 118 of 127

143E71S Dates: 27 May–11 June, 2013 Depths: 0–40 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–15cm bs in 5 cm levels, 15–35 cm bs in 1 cm levels, 35–40 cm bs in a 5 cm level Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: None Total Small Finds: 175 Associated Finds Table: 35, 36 Associated Plates: 52 Excavation of this unit was incomplete at the end of the 2013 field season. One hundred and seventy–five small finds have been recovered to date. The majority of these are small pieces of unburned unidentifiable mammal bone. Six pieces of charcoal were recovered along with three pieces of scorched wood and twelve pieces of unburned wood. Twenty–four small slab fragments were noted along with five unmodified cobbles and twenty unmodified pebbles. A single shell bead was recovered from level 6.1 (Plate 52). 143E75S Dates: 05 June–17 June, 2013 Depths: 0–32 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–32 cm bs in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: None Total Small Finds: 142 Associated Finds Table: 37, 38 Associated Plates: 21, 22, 42, 53 One hundred and forty–two small finds were made in this incompletely excavated unit. Of these, sixty–four are unburned unidentifiable mammal bone fragments, thirty–five are small pieces of fire broken, rock eleven are unmodified cobbles and pebbles, and one is a small slab fragment. Burned materials include a single piece of charcoal and four pieces of burned bone. Three lithic flakes and thirteen pieces of lithic shatter were recovered. A shell bead was recovered from level 5.4 (Plate 53) and a broken but complete Plains Side Notch projectile point formed on Swan River Chert was found in level 5.3 (Plates 21 and 22). A Plains Side Notch projectile point base formed on a brown chert was noted in level 6.1 (Plate 23) and a single core was recovered from level 5.3 (Plate 42). Only the west half of level 7.2 was excavated before work was halted due to rain on 17 June.

Page 119 of 127

143E76S Dates: 04 June–12 June, 2013 Depths: 0–45 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–30 cm bs in 1 cm levels, 30–45 cm bs in 5 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: 2013–008 Total Small Finds: 367 Associated Finds Table: 39, 40 Associated Plates: 16, 29, 31, 32, 36 Three matrix samples were taken in this unit. A domed metal button (Plate 16) was recovered from level 4.1. Lithic artifacts include a piece of retouched porcellanite shatter from level 5.3 (Plate 31), a wedge from level 5.4 (Plate 32), a core from level 5.5 (Plate 36) and a hammerstone from level 5.4 (Plate 29) Sixty–seven lithic flakes have been recovered from this unit to date along with fifty–nine pieces of shatter. Sixty–three small pieces of fire broken rock were recovered as were two slab fragments and 36 unmodified pebbles. Faunal remains include 101 small pieces of unburned unidentifiable mammal bone and 34 pieces of burned bone. A single piece of charcoal was recovered from level 5.3. Feature 2013–008 is a lithic debitage concentration in the southeast quadrant in levels 5.4 through 6.1 (3 cm in thickness). 144E67S Dates: 12–17 June, 2013 Depths: 0–15 cm bs (level 3 incomplete) Excavation Methods: 0–15 cm bs in 5 cm levels (level 3 incomplete) Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: None Total Small Finds: 0 Associated Finds Table: None Associated Plates: None No artifacts have been recovered from this unit to date.

Page 120 of 127

144E68S Dates: 05–06 June, 2013 Depths: 0–20 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–20 cm bs in 5 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: 2011–005? Total Small Finds: 9 Associated Finds Table: 41 Associated Plates: None A semicircular red soil stain was encountered in the NE quad of this unit in level 4. The matrix in the interior of arc was less compact than the surrounding matrix—further excavation is required to determine its nature. A total of nine small finds was encounterd during these incomplete excavations. Six pieces of unburned unidentifiable mammal bone were encountered along with 1 piece of lithic shatter, a small slab fragment, and an unmodified pebble. 144E69S Dates: 01–13 June, 2013 Depths: 0–45 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–15 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 15–25 cm bs in 1 cm levels; 25–45 cm bs in 5 cm levels. Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: None Total Small Finds: 13 Associated Finds Table: 42 Associated Plates: 43 Thirteen small finds were recovered during the incomplete 2013 excavations. Four small pieces of unburned unidentifiable mammal bone, an aboriginal ceramic sherd, a single piece of shatter, a cobble spall, and four unmodified pebbles were encountered amongst levels 2 through 6. A core formed on quartzite was recovered from level 9, which probably represents an earlier component. 144E70S Dates: 04–13 June, 2013 Depths: 0–45 cm bs Excavation Methods: 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–25 cm bs in 1 cm levels; 25–45 cm bs in 5 cm levels. Excavation Status: Complete Related Features: None Total Small Finds: 10 Associated Finds Table: None Associated Plates: 44 Only ten small finds were encountered during the complete excavation of this unit. A quartzite core was recovered from level 6. Other materials include two small pieces of unburned unidentifiable mammal bone from level 3.3, a piece of charcoal from level 6, a small slab fragment from level 3.5, two cobbles from each Page 121 of 127 of level 3.1 and level 7, and three unmodified pebbles from levels, 3.4, 4.1, and 4.2. 144E76S Dates: 05–20 June, 2012; 21–31 May, 2013 Depths: 0–30 cm bs Excavation Methods: 2012 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–20 cm in 1 cm levels 2013 20–30 cm bs in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Complete Related Features: 2011–010 Total Small Finds: 51 Associated Finds Table: 43, 44 Associated Plates: 7 Feature 2011–010 was first encountered during the 2011 field season in the southwest corner of 145E76S. This feature extends into 144E76s and 144– 145E77S. The feature is described in the Features section. This unit was opened during the 2012 field season to expose the entire hearth whose excavation was completed during the 2013 field season. A matrix sample was taken from level 5.1. A total of 51 small finds were recovered from level 5 of this unit. Level 6 was culturally sterile. The largest single category of find type by count is lithic flakes (n=13) and shatter (n=5). Also recovered were nine small pieces of fire broken rock, two slab fragments, 4 pieces of unidentifiable burned mammal bone, nine small pieces of unburned unidentifiable mammal bone, and four fragments of charcoal. Five unmodified pebbles were found. 144E77S Dates: 31 May–20 June, 2012; 21–31 May, 2013 Depths: 0–20 cm bs Excavation Methods: 2012 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–20 cm in 1 cm levels 2013 20–25 cm bs in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Complete Related Features: 2011–010 Total Small Finds: 49 Associated Finds Table: 45, 46 Associated Plates: 7, 33, 34, 37 Feature 2011–010 was first encountered during the 2011 field season in the southwest corner of 145E76S. This feature extends into 144E76s and 144– 145E77S. The feature is described in the Features section. This unit was opened during the 2012 field season to expose the entire hearth whose excavation was completed during the 2013 field season. Forty–nine small finds were encountered during the 2013 field season. Sixteen lithic flakes and four pieces of shatter were recovered along with sixteen pieces of fire broken rock, one small slab fragment, two calcined mammal bone fragments,

Page 122 of 127 one piece of unburned unidentifiable mammal bone, a piece of charcoal, and one broken pebble that may be a core fragment. A marginally retouched core on dark brown pebble chert was found in level 5.1 (Plate 37) and a marginally retouched flake on porcellanite (Plate 34) along with a biface formed on chert shatter (Plate 33) were noted in level 5.2. 145E66S Dates: 07–11 June, 2012; 11 May–05 June, 2013 Depths: 0–20 cm bs Excavation Methods: 2012 0–20 cm bs in 5 cm levels 2013 20–25 cm bs in 5 cm level, 25–35 cm bs in 1 cm levels, 35–45 cm bs in 5 cm levels. Excavation Status: Complete Related Features: 2013–001 Total Small Finds: 63 Associated Finds Table: 47 Associated Plates: None Feature 2013–001 is a charcoal stain that occupies much of the northwest quarter of 145E66S at 20 cm bs. A rounded shell bead (Plate 154—Walde et al. 2013) was recovered from level 4 during the 2012 excavations. A matrix sample was taken from level 5.1 during the 2013 field season. No lithic materials were recovered but 31 unburned unidentifiable mammal bone fragments were found along with five pieces of burned bone. Twenty–four pieces of charcoal were found as were two pieces of scorched wood and one piece of unburned wood. 145E67S Dates: 13 June, 2011; 11 June, 2012; 25 May–17 June, 2013 Depths: 0–70 cm bs Excavation Methods: 2011 partial excavation of Level 1 in 5 cm levels 2012 0–10 cm be in 5 cm levels 2013 10–15 cm bs in 1 cm level; 15–50 cm bs in 1 cm levels; 50–70 cm bs in 10 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: 2011–005 Total Small Finds: 692 Associated Finds Table: 48, 49 Associated Plates: 6, 13, 24, 35, 45 Feature 2011–005 is a trash–filled area that extends into the southeast corner of this unit from 146E67–68S. See the feature description for full details. Six hundred and ninety–two small finds were recovered during the 2013 excavation of this unit. Of these, 316 are unburned fragments of wood, twenty are scorched pieces of wood, and seven are charcoal fragments. One hundred and ninety pieces of unburned unidentifiable mammal bone were found as were 121 small slab fragments and 33 unmodified pebbles. A single small piece of fire broken rock was noted.

Page 123 of 127

A neck sherd from an aboriginal vessel was recovered from level 7.3 (Plate 13). The exterior surface finish is heavily obliterated but some traces of original check stamping are visible. A horizontal incised line may be the result of decoration. A narrow triangular projectile point formed on black chert may have served also as a drill was found in level 5.3 (Plate 24). A marginally retouched pebble on quartz was recovered from level 8.1 (Plate 35) The tip of a spatualte bone tool was found in level 9.1 (Plate 45). 145E68S Dates: 27 May–10 June 2014 Depths: 0–70 cm bs Excavation Methods: 2013 0–15 cm bs in one 15 cm level, 15–45 cm bs in 1 cm levels, 45–50 cm bs in one 5 cm level, 50–70 cm in 10 cm levels. Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: 2011–005 Total Small Finds: 215 Associated Finds Table: 50 Associated Plates: 6 Feature 2011–005 is a trash–filled area that extends into the norththeast corner of this unit from 146E67–68S. See the feature description for full details. As was the case for 145E67S, the majority of finds consist of small pieces of unburned wood (n=140) followed by 55 unidentifiable fragments of unburned mammal bone. Twelve pieces of charcoal were encountered as was a single sherd of aboriginal pottery. One piece of lithic shatter was encountered as were five unmodified cobbles/pebbles. 145E73S Dates: 30 May–22 June, 2011; 31 May–20 June, 2012 Depths: 0–75 cm bs Excavation Methods: 2011 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–24 cm in 1 cm levels 2012 24–25 cm in a 1 cm level; 25–75 cm in 5 cm levels 2013 75–90 cm bs in 5 cm levels Excavation Status: Complete Related Features: 2011–009, 2012–007, 2012–008 Total Small Finds: 160 Associated Finds Table: 51 Associated Plates: 28 A bone scraping tool (Plate 145—Walde and Evans 2014) and two small fragments of grinding slab were recovered from the One Gun phase component in this unit. Eighty pieces of unburned wood were recovered from this unit during the 2013 field season along with 74 pieces of charcoal and one piece of scorched wood. Three unburned unidentifiable mammal bone fragments were found as was an

Page 124 of 127 unmodified cobble. A chopper formed on a quartzite cobble spall was encountered in level 18. Feature 2011–009, a large charcoal stain also encountered in units 145E72S and 146E72–73S, was first noted at 15 cm bs and continued to about 24 cm bs. That feature was located along the northern edge of this unit and two matrix samples were taken from the feature. Features 2012–007 and 2012–008 constituted a post mould pair immediately south of the burn feature. A limestone slab and large bone fragments were used as support and wedging material for Feature 2012–007. A quartzite core was recovered from level 4.5 (Plate 133—Walde et al. 2013) and a second quartzite core was discovered in level 13—Plate 28). Excavations during 2013 explored the full vertical extent (90 cm bs) of Features 2012–007 and 2012–008. The non–wood materials recovered from lower levels in the unit are associated with the post mould features, primarily serving as support and wedge materials. The wood materials, including charcoal, in the lower levels are again associated with the post mould features in the unit. It appears that the structure represented by paired post moulds in the area was burned. The timing of the burn and its causes remain a matter for conjecture. 145E77S Dates: 01–20 June, 2012 Depths: 0–20 cm bs Excavation Methods: 2012 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–20 cm in 1 cm levels 2013 20–25 cm bs in 1 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: 2011–010 Total Small Finds: 19 Associated Finds Table: 52 Associated Plates: 7 Feature 2011–010 was first encountered during the 2011 field season in the southwest corner of 145E76S. This feature extends into 144E76s and 144– 145E77S. The feature is described in the Features section. This unit was opened during the 2012 field season to expose the entire hearth whose excavation was completed during the 2013 field season. A triangular biface fragment of Swan River Chert (Plate 83—Walde et al. 2013) was recovered from level 4 as were a marginally retouched quartzite cobble spall (Plate 95—Walde et al. 2013) and a marginally utilized quartzite cobble spall (Plate 101—Walde et al. 2013). Excavation of this unit remained incomplete at the end of the 2013 field season. Only 16 small finds were recovered from level 5; the majority of which are small pieces of fire broken rock (n=10), One piece of charcoal and one unburned unidentifiable mammal bone fragment were recovered along with two pieces of lithic shatter and two pieces of ochre. Three sherds of aboriginal pottery were found.

Page 125 of 127

146E67S Dates: 31 May–20 June, 2011; 17 May–07 June, 2011 Depths: 0–51 cm bs Excavation Methods: 2011 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–36 cm bs in 1 cm levels 2012 36–51cm in 1 cm levels 2013 50–70 cm bs in 5 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: 2011–005 2013–004 Total Small Finds: 0 Associated Finds Table: None Associated Plates: 7 Feature 2011–005 (present through 146–147E67–68S: 31–45 cm bs) is a feature of ambiguous nature. It was initially thought to be the remains of the “palisade wall” in the eastern portions of the North Block but bowl–shaped wall profiles on the eastern and western sides of this unit and 146E68S as well as the very different composition of associated finds argues against this interpretation. Wood fragments and unidentifiable unburned bone fragments are common in this feature. Lithic finds are uncommon but include two marginally utilized quartzite cobble spalls (Plates 102 and 103—Walde et al. 2013). Materials recovered from lower levels are associated with the feature and are related to the One Gun phase component. The feature now appears to have been a large trash–filled area that was formed around the paired post mould set composed by Features 2013–003 and 2013–004). Reddish soil staining in and around all three features suggests burning of the structure. No small finds were made during the 2013 field season. Feature 2013–004 is a post mould, which is part of a paired post feature (with 2013–003). 146E68S Dates: 31 May–21 June, 2011; 23–31 May 2012, 27 May–04 June, 2013 Depths: 0–70 cm bs Excavation Methods: 2011 0–10 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 10–34 cm in 1 cm levels 2012 34–39 cm bs in 1 cm levels 2013 39–45 cm bs in 1 cm levels, 45–70 cm bs in 5 cm levels Excavation Status: Complete Related Features: 2011–005, 2013–003 Total Small Finds: 9 Associated Finds Table: 53 Associated Plates: 7 See discussion for 146E67S for details regarding Feature 2011–005 and 2013– 003.

Page 126 of 127

Only nine small finds were made during the final excavation of this unit. These consisted of seven unburned unidentifiable mammal bone fragments, a single piece of unburned wood, and an unmodified pebble. 146E74S Dates: 25 May–16 June, 2010; 16–30 May, 2011, 21–31 May, 2013 Depths: 0–40 cm bs Excavation Methods: 2010 0–15 cm bs in 5 cm levels; 15–17 cm in 1 cm levels 2011 17–20 cm bs in 1 cm levels 2013 20–25 cm bs in 1 cm levels; 25–40 cm bs in 5 cm levels Excavation Status: Incomplete Related Features: None Total Small Finds: 2 Associated Finds Table: 54 Associated Plates: None A single piece of unburned unidentifiable mammal bone was recovered from level 5.1 and a small fragment of fire broken rock was encountered in level 7 during the brief, incomplete excavations conducted at the unit during the 2013 field season.

Page 127 of 127