Milham Ford Upper School Marston Road, New Marston, Oxford
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Milham Ford Upper School Marston Road, New Marston, Oxford An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment for Oxfordshire County Council by Lisa‐Maree Hardy Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd Site Code MSO01/111 February 2002 Milham Ford Upper School, Marston Road, New Marston An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment by Lisa-Maree Hardy Report 01/111 Introduction This desk-based study is an assessment of the archaeological potential of the site of Milham Ford Upper School, Marston Road, New Marston, Oxfordshire (SP 5305 0730) (Fig. 1). The project was commissioned by Mr Philip Scott of WS Atkins Consultants Limited, Chilbrook, Oasis Business Park, Eynsham, Oxford, OX29 4AH on behalf of Oxfordshire County Council. This report comprises the first stage of a process to determine the presence/absence, extent, character, quality and date of any archaeological remains which may be affected by redevelopment of the area. Site description, location and geology The proposal site is situated approximately 1 km to the north-east of Oxford City centre, on the eastern side of Marston Road, New Marston. The site contains existing school buildings, including an air raid shelter, quadrangle, associated amenities and playing fields, including a tennis court. Access to the site is gained from Marston Road, where the site lies at approximately 62m above Ordnance Datum, rising steeply to approximately 67m above OD. The site is located on Oxford Clay (BGS 1982). Planning background and development proposals Planning permission is to be sought for the redevelopment of the site, which will comprise the demolition of the existing buildings, and the construction of residences and associated amenities. It is proposed that the main building and the quadrangle will be retained. Archaeology and Planning (PPG 16 1990) provides guidance relating to archaeology within the planning process. It points out that where a desk-based assessment has shown that there is a strong possibility of significant archaeological deposits in a development area it is reasonable to provide more detailed information from a field evaluation so that an appropriate strategy to mitigate the effects of development on archaeology can be devised: Paragraph 21 states: 1 ‘Where early discussions with local planning authorities or the developer’s own research indicate that important archaeological remains may exist, it is reasonable for the planning authority to request the prospective developer to arrange for an archaeological field evaluation to be carried out...’ Should the presence of archaeological deposits be confirmed further guidance is provided. Archaeology and Planning stresses preservation in situ of archaeological deposits as a first consideration as in paragraphs 8 and 18. Paragraph 8 states: ‘...Where nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and their settings, are affected by proposed development there should be a presumption in favour of their physical preservation...’ Paragraph 18 states: ‘The desirability of preserving an ancient monument and its’ setting is a material consideration in determining planning applications whether that monument is scheduled or unscheduled...’ However, for archaeological deposits that are not of such significance it is appropriate for them to be ‘preserved by record’ (i.e., fully excavated and recorded by a competent archaeological contractor) prior to their destruction or damage. Paragraph 25 states: ‘Where planning authorities decide that the physical preservation in situ of archaeological remains is not justified in the circumstances of the development and that development resulting in the destruction of the archaeological remains should proceed, it would be entirely reasonable for the planning authority to satisfy itself ... that the developer has made appropriate and satisfactory provision for the excavation and recording of remains.’ The Oxfordshire Structure Plan (OSP 1998) also outlines policy regarding the archaeological potential of development sites. Policy EN10 states: ‘There will be a presumption in favour of physically preserving nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and their settings. Where development affecting other archaeological remains is allowed it should include appropriate measures to secure their preservation in situ, or where this is not feasible, recording of archaeological features before development.’ Further guidance is provided by the Oxford Local Plan (OLP 1998). Policy EN40: ‘Where there are known archaeological remains or a desk assessment has shown that there are likely to be such remains, and they are considered to be important, the Council will normally require applicants to submit sufficient information, including where necessary the results of an evaluation by fieldwork, to define the character and extent of the remains and enable an assessment of the impact of the proposals upon the remains to be carried out before deciding upon an application.’ 2 Policy EN42: ‘The council will not normally grant planning permission for development that would have a serious adverse effect that cannot be mitigated on important archaeological remains or their setting.’ Policy EN43: ‘Where a proposed development would affect important archaeological deposits or remains and the Council is satisfied the development can proceed: a. The Council will normally seek the preservation of the deposits or remains and the modification of designs, including siting and foundations, to mitigate the adverse effects. b. Where the preservation of important deposits or remains is not possible or justified the Council will normally want to be satisfied, before granting planning permission for development affecting the deposits or remains, that appropriate and satisfactory provision for the excavation and recording of the deposits or remains and publication of the results has been made and may seek to enter into an agreement to this effect. c. Where less important deposits or remains are involved, or where otherwise appropriate, the Council may require that a watching brief only is provided for.’ As part of the Oxford Schools Review, Oxford City Council has produced Development Guidelines for the proposal site. These guidelines specify that an archaeological desk-based assessment be submitted to Council with any planning application for the redevelopment of the site. These requirements also specify that a full measured and photographic survey of the World War II air raid shelter be carried out. The latter forms a separate part of this project, supplementary to this report. Methodology The assessment of the site was carried out by the examination of pre-existing information from a number of sources recommended by the Institute of Field Archaeologists’ paper ‘Standards in British Archaeology’ covering desk-based studies. These sources include historic and modern maps, the Oxfordshire Sites and Monuments Record, geological maps and any relevant publications or reports. Archaeological background General background for the City of Oxford The earliest archaeological evidence from Oxford city and surrounding areas dates to the Palaeolithic and Mesolithic periods and is represented by a small number of stone tools. Later prehistoric sites and finds are more numerous and include evidence from cropmarks (visible from the air), chance finds, burials and formal archaeological excavations. Neolithic finds have been concentrated in the area of modern Christ Church, suggesting a possible major settlement. Evidence for the Bronze Age comes from various locations within 3 Oxford, and includes round barrows, bronze tools and pottery. Iron Age cropmarks and enclosures have also been identified (Ashdown and Hassall 1975; Hassall 1986). Roman settlement within Oxford is fairly well recognized, within a dense settlement in north Oxford (Barton) located on the line of the Roman road from Alchester to Dorchester, close to the bridging point across Bayswater Brook. On the southern and eastern margins of the city (e.g., at Blackbird Leys) a large number of pottery kilns are recorded, which together were a major supplier of pottery across the southern Midlands for much of the Roman period. Evidence for early Saxon settlement within the city is lacking, but it is known that by the 8th century the town formed a part of a royal estate, which was centred on modern Headington. The evolution of a Saxon town can be traced through the development of the street systems and the remains of the town defences (Hassall 1986). In medieval times the town developed into a major centre and suburbs expanded beyond the earlier town walls. The Oxfordshire Site and Monuments Record A search for previously recorded archaeological sites was made for an area of 1km surrounding the study area on the Oxfordshire Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) on 21st December 2001. In total, 36 sites were recorded within the search area, including entries for negative evidence and archaeological works in the vicinity. Each record has been allocated a number: the details are summarized in Appendix 1 and their locations illustrated in Figure 1. Prehistoric A total of three unspecified prehistoric sites were recorded for the area. The first relates to a trackway, south of the proposal site, which ran from Oxford to Stokenchurch [Fig. 1; 1]. This is referred to in a Saxon charter of AD 956 as an established straet. There is, however, no direct evidence that this feature was originally prehistoric. The second relates to a find spot to the south-west