Milham Ford Upper School Marston Road, New Marston, Oxford

Home , Marston Road, New Marston

An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

for Oxfordshire County Council

by Lisa‐Maree Hardy

Thames Valley Archaeological Services Ltd

Site Code MSO01/111

February 2002

Milham Ford Upper School, Marston Road, New Marston An Archaeological Desk-Based Assessment

by Lisa-Maree Hardy

Report 01/111

Introduction

This desk-based study is an assessment of the archaeological potential of the site of Milham Ford Upper School,

Marston Road, New Marston, Oxfordshire (SP 5305 0730) (Fig. 1). The project was commissioned by Mr Philip

Scott of WS Atkins Consultants Limited, Chilbrook, Oasis Business Park, Eynsham, Oxford, OX29 4AH on behalf of Oxfordshire County Council. This report comprises the first stage of a process to determine the presence/absence, extent, character, quality and date of any archaeological remains which may be affected by redevelopment of the area.

Site description, location and geology

The proposal site is situated approximately 1 km to the north-east of Oxford City centre, on the eastern side of

Marston Road, New Marston. The site contains existing school buildings, including an air raid shelter, quadrangle, associated amenities and playing fields, including a tennis court. Access to the site is gained from

Marston Road, where the site lies at approximately 62m above Ordnance Datum, rising steeply to approximately

67m above OD. The site is located on Oxford Clay (BGS 1982).

Planning background and development proposals

Planning permission is to be sought for the redevelopment of the site, which will comprise the demolition of the existing buildings, and the construction of residences and associated amenities. It is proposed that the main building and the quadrangle will be retained.

Archaeology and Planning (PPG 16 1990) provides guidance relating to archaeology within the planning process. It points out that where a desk-based assessment has shown that there is a strong possibility of significant archaeological deposits in a development area it is reasonable to provide more detailed information from a field evaluation so that an appropriate strategy to mitigate the effects of development on archaeology can be devised:

Paragraph 21 states:

1 ‘Where early discussions with local planning authorities or the developer’s own research indicate that important archaeological remains may exist, it is reasonable for the planning authority to request the prospective developer to arrange for an archaeological field evaluation to be carried out...’

Should the presence of archaeological deposits be confirmed further guidance is provided. Archaeology and

Planning stresses preservation in situ of archaeological deposits as a first consideration as in paragraphs 8 and

18.

Paragraph 8 states:

‘...Where nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and their settings, are affected by proposed development there should be a presumption in favour of their physical preservation...’

Paragraph 18 states:

‘The desirability of preserving an ancient monument and its’ setting is a material consideration in determining planning applications whether that monument is scheduled or unscheduled...’

However, for archaeological deposits that are not of such significance it is appropriate for them to be

‘preserved by record’ (i.e., fully excavated and recorded by a competent archaeological contractor) prior to their destruction or damage.

Paragraph 25 states:

‘Where planning authorities decide that the physical preservation in situ of archaeological remains is not justified in the circumstances of the development and that development resulting in the destruction of the archaeological remains should proceed, it would be entirely reasonable for the planning authority to satisfy itself ... that the developer has made appropriate and satisfactory provision for the excavation and recording of remains.’

The Oxfordshire Structure Plan (OSP 1998) also outlines policy regarding the archaeological potential of development sites.

Policy EN10 states:

‘There will be a presumption in favour of physically preserving nationally important archaeological remains, whether scheduled or not, and their settings. Where development affecting other archaeological remains is allowed it should include appropriate measures to secure their preservation in situ, or where this is not feasible, recording of archaeological features before development.’

Further guidance is provided by the Oxford Local Plan (OLP 1998).

Policy EN40:

‘Where there are known archaeological remains or a desk assessment has shown that there are likely to be such remains, and they are considered to be important, the Council will normally require applicants to submit sufficient information, including where necessary the results of an evaluation by fieldwork, to define the character and extent of the remains and enable an assessment of the impact of the proposals upon the remains to be carried out before deciding upon an application.’

2 Policy EN42:

‘The council will not normally grant planning permission for development that would have a serious adverse effect that cannot be mitigated on important archaeological remains or their setting.’

Policy EN43:

‘Where a proposed development would affect important archaeological deposits or remains and the Council is satisfied the development can proceed: a. The Council will normally seek the preservation of the deposits or remains and the modification of designs, including siting and foundations, to mitigate the adverse effects. b. Where the preservation of important deposits or remains is not possible or justified the Council will normally want to be satisfied, before granting planning permission for development affecting the deposits or remains, that appropriate and satisfactory provision for the excavation and recording of the deposits or remains and publication of the results has been made and may seek to enter into an agreement to this effect. c. Where less important deposits or remains are involved, or where otherwise appropriate, the Council may require that a watching brief only is provided for.’

As part of the Oxford Schools Review, Oxford City Council has produced Development Guidelines for the proposal site. These guidelines specify that an archaeological desk-based assessment be submitted to Council with any planning application for the redevelopment of the site. These requirements also specify that a full measured and photographic survey of the World War II air raid shelter be carried out. The latter forms a separate part of this project, supplementary to this report.

Methodology

The assessment of the site was carried out by the examination of pre-existing information from a number of sources recommended by the Institute of Field Archaeologists’ paper ‘Standards in British Archaeology’ covering desk-based studies. These sources include historic and modern maps, the Oxfordshire Sites and

Monuments Record, geological maps and any relevant publications or reports.

Archaeological background

General background for the City of Oxford

The earliest archaeological evidence from Oxford city and surrounding areas dates to the Palaeolithic and

Mesolithic periods and is represented by a small number of stone tools. Later prehistoric sites and finds are more numerous and include evidence from cropmarks (visible from the air), chance finds, burials and formal archaeological excavations. Neolithic finds have been concentrated in the area of modern Christ Church, suggesting a possible major settlement. Evidence for the Bronze Age comes from various locations within

3 Oxford, and includes round barrows, bronze tools and pottery. Iron Age cropmarks and enclosures have also been identified (Ashdown and Hassall 1975; Hassall 1986).

Roman settlement within Oxford is fairly well recognized, within a dense settlement in north Oxford

(Barton) located on the line of the Roman road from Alchester to Dorchester, close to the bridging point across

Bayswater Brook. On the southern and eastern margins of the city (e.g., at Blackbird Leys) a large number of pottery kilns are recorded, which together were a major supplier of pottery across the southern Midlands for much of the Roman period.

Evidence for early Saxon settlement within the city is lacking, but it is known that by the 8th century the town formed a part of a royal estate, which was centred on modern Headington. The evolution of a Saxon town can be traced through the development of the street systems and the remains of the town defences (Hassall 1986).

In medieval times the town developed into a major centre and suburbs expanded beyond the earlier town walls.

The Oxfordshire Site and Monuments Record

A search for previously recorded archaeological sites was made for an area of 1km surrounding the study area on the Oxfordshire Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) on 21st December 2001. In total, 36 sites were recorded within the search area, including entries for negative evidence and archaeological works in the vicinity. Each record has been allocated a number: the details are summarized in Appendix 1 and their locations illustrated in

Figure 1.

Prehistoric

A total of three unspecified prehistoric sites were recorded for the area. The first relates to a trackway, south of the proposal site, which ran from Oxford to Stokenchurch [Fig. 1; 1]. This is referred to in a Saxon charter of

AD 956 as an established straet. There is, however, no direct evidence that this feature was originally prehistoric.

The second relates to a find spot to the south-west of the proposal site [8]. Here, in Manor Road, an antler implement was found. No details are given as to the exact provenance of the find. Also to the south-west, a flint scraper was located in allotments [11].

Bronze Age

In 1865, a leaf shaped sword was recovered from the River Cherwell to the south-west of the proposal site [14].

To the west, in the banks of Peasmore Brook, a 140mm long side-looped, socketed spearhead was recovered

[21].

4 Anglo-Saxon

An evaluation to the south-west of the proposal site revealed features containing Anglo-Saxon pottery [2]. Finds recovered from the bank of the river below Magdalen Bridge, south-west of the site, during the 19th century, included two iron stirrups, with brass overlays in Viking style, animal bones, shears and an iron pick [12].

During dredging of the Cherwell, also to the south-west, a 9th century iron shield boss and an iron spearhead were recovered [16]. An unprovenanced find of pottery has also been recorded [17].

Medieval

Records for the medieval period include finds, structures and cemeteries. To the south-west of the proposal site, a 15th- to-16th-century iron horseshoe was found [12]. During the digging of foundations to the south west of the proposal site 12th- to 15th-century pottery was recovered [17].

To the south-west is the site of Holy Well, a medieval well located in the grounds of what is now Holywell

Manor House [3]. During excavation within the Holywell manor area of common, medieval pottery and a layer of cultivation soil were revealed (Roberts 1996) [7].

During groundworks to the south-west, three 13th-century graves were uncovered, which were possibly part of a Jewish cemetery known in the area [5]. This cemetery forms a separate entry in the SMR [9]. Late in the

13th-century, following the expulsion of Jews from England, the cemetery became part of St John’s Hospital, which was the property of Magdalen College. The site of a wooden cross, which stood at the entrance of the hospital, is also recorded [6]. Remains of the hospital were uncovered during an evaluation. The evaluation revealed that the 15th-century Magdalen College had been founded on the remains of the hospital, which itself was founded in 1180. A later excavation on the site revealed an ashlar-lined culvert, an aqueduct and remains of buildings (OAU 1991) [10].

Post-medieval

Numerous records of this period relate to the 17th-century Civil War, particularly to defences constructed during the conflict. To the south of the proposal site are three siege works in the form of entrenchments, all of which were constructed in 1646. These works are Listed Grade I [29a,b,c]. To the south-west of the site a guard establishment was located, known as the Dover’s Speare Defences [23]. A further guard point was located along the boundaries of the Holywell Ford Garden [15]. An excavation to the south-west revealed a massive ditch with a double bastion that would have extended across St Clements Street (Durham 1983) [17]. Another site to the

5 south-west revealed a defensive ditch after the removal of a basement wall [19]. In the same area, during works on a residence, a blocked doorway was revealed, as were trench and rubble walls. A leather object, thought to be a soldier’s boot was also recovered [20].

Other post-medieval entries include Holywell Manor House, originally a 16th-century structure, the majority of the remainder dating to the 18th century. This Grade II listed structure is now part of Balliol College

[4]. To the south east of the proposal site is the original 18th-century Magdalen Bridge culvert, now blocked off

[13]. Other entered structures include Pullens Gate, a 17th-century farmhouse [33]; the Barn, originally part of the mid-17th century Brocklease Farm [34]; St Clements Church [26]; the site of the 18th century Culter

Boulters’ Almshouses, which were destroyed in 1885 [24]; the Grade II* Listed Stones Almhouses, founded in

1700 following the execution of Reverend Stone [22]; the Chapel of St Ignatius and St Joseph’s Roman Catholic

School, founded in 1793 [25]. To the south-east of the proposal site is the Grade II Listed Headington Hill

Bridge, constructed in 1877 to link two of the area’s estates [31].

During excavation within the Holywell manor area of common, trackways, cobbled yards and a farm site were recorded (Roberts 1996) [27]. The site of a brick kiln, brick field and tile works has also been entered in the

SMR [30]. To the south-east of the proposal site is a milestone noting the mileage to London [35], and further to the south-east, another noting the end of the ‘Oxford Mile Highway’ [36].

Undated

There was one entry that was undated [32]. This relates to a find spot where five clay rings were located. Noted as being post-Roman, their exact purpose is not known, but are possibly amphora supports, or net sinkers.

Negative

An evaluation at the former government buildings to the south of the proposal site involved the excavation of eight trenches, but failed to reveal any archaeological finds or features (Bingham 2001) [28].

Documentary and photographic sources

The proposal site lies in the area that is bounded by the ancient parishes of Marston and Headington, although early maps of the area, including the Marston Tithe map (1843) would indicate that the site is within Headington parish. Both the parishes of Marston and Headington are within the ancient manor of Headington (VCH 1957).

6 The name Headington has Saxon origins, during which time it was known as Hedenandun, meaning ‘Hill of a man named Hedena’. The manor of Headington was part of a Saxon royal estate. By the time of Domesday

Book of 1086 it was known as Hedintone, from which the present spelling of Headington is derived (Mills

1998). Despite these early records, Headington has a much earlier origin. Archaeological evidence, as previously discussed, attests to prehistoric use of the area, and later, a large Roman settlement close to the site, including a

Roman road which traverses the area (VCH 1957).

Headington Hill, on whose western slope the proposal site lies, is well documented as being of strategic importance during the 17th-century Civil War. The Hill’s location meant that the eastern approaches to Oxford city could be well commanded. It is noted that at various times during the war, the area was occupied by the

Royalists or Parliamentarians. In 1645, the Parliamentarian General, Fairfax, ordered a garrison to be constructed on Headington Hill (VCH 1957).

During the early 19th century the population of the parishes of Marston and Headington increased, and in

1891, the working class suburb of New Marston, which extended into Headington parish was constructed (VCH

1957).

The Milham Ford Upper School began as a nursery school in Iffley Road around 1895, in the house of two sisters. By 1900 the school had moved to a small house in Cowley Place, where it took its name from a nearby ford across the River Cherwell below Magdalen Bridge. By 1906, the school occupied purpose-built premises in

Cowley Place, the buildings of which are now part of St Hilda’s College. Within a short period of time the school had outgrown its buildings, and temporary buildings and huts were erected. In 1923 the City of Oxford purchased the school and began plans to relocate it (Price 1965; Newbigging and Wood 1997).

In 1938 the school moved to the current 6.5ha site at Marston Road. At this time it also ceased to take boarding students. The school was officially opened on March 8th 1939 by HRH Princess Alice, Countess of

Athlone. In 1943 the school shared its premises with the evacuated students from the Burlington School in

London. In 1944 the school became a state grammar school, and in 1974 became a girls comprehensive (Price

1965; Newbigging and Wood 1997).

Archival Information

As part of the research and consultation programme for this report, the archives of Milham Ford School were consulted. The archives largely consist of personal reminisences of former students of the school and documentation relating to the social history of the institution. No records were found which gave any information

7 relevant to the archaeological heritage of the area. It was, however, noted that the sun-dial situated in the forecourt of the school, which is proposed to be relocated, in fact dates to the 1980s, not the early 20th century as formerly believed.

Cartographic evidence

A range of Ordnance Survey and other historical maps of the area were consulted at the Centre for Oxfordshire

Studies in order to ascertain what activity had been taking place throughout the site’s later history, and whether this may have affected any possible archaeological deposits within the proposal area (see Appendix 2).

The earliest map consulted for the area was Norden’s map of Oxfordshire (1695) (Fig. 2). While this map is at a small scale, many main landmarks have been noted. From the depictions of Wick, Marston and Headington it is possible to determine the vicinity of the proposal site, however, there are no details within the area.

Walpoole’s map of 1784 (not illustrated) is at a smaller scale than that of Norden. Oxford is clearly marked, as are peripheral roads, but there is no detail of the site. In 1797 Davis produced a map of Oxfordshire at a relatively large scale (Fig. 3). The village of Headington Hill is clearly marked and is represented by a series of buildings, as is Marston. Marston Road is clearly indicated and as such it is possible to determine the vicinity of the proposal site. The vicinity of the site itself is open fields.

While at a small scale, Carey’s map of 1818 (Fig. 4) clearly shows Headington and the village of Marston and St Clements. Once again, using these topographic markers, along with the River Cherwell and the main roads it is possible to determine that the vicinity of the proposal site is not, at this stage, developed. Hughes’ map the county in 1873 (not illustrated) is at a small scale and, like earlier maps, shows little detail of the area.

Headington is marked, but none of the major landmarks or features is distinguishable.

The First Edition Ordnance Survey of the area was produced in 1876 (Fig. 5). The site consists of portions of two large parcels of land. The area consists of open space, and is most likely to have been farmland. The site is bounded to the west by Marston Road. To the north of the site is the brickfield and an old clay pit. A brick kiln is also depicted in the area. The Second Edition Ordnance Survey of 1889 is identical to that of 1876 (not illustrated), as is that of 1900 (not illustrated).

By 1921 (Fig. 6) little within the site has changed. The southern portion of the site is now bounded by a field boundary and a driveway leading from Marston Road to the property to the east of the site.

The Ordnance Survey of 1939 shows major changes within the site (Fig. 7). Milham Ford Upper School has been constructed within the site, with tennis courts occupying the western portion of the site. Further tennis

8 courts can be seen in the north-eastern corner of the site. The school buildings consist of a large, slightly assymetrical structure built around a quadrangle. Significantly, this map indicates that the school is set on a newly levelled terrace. It has not been possible to determine if this involved the building up or cutting down of the existing sloping ground; a combination of the two seems likely. A smaller structure occupies the south eastern corner of the site.

The Ordnance Survey of 1956 (Fig. 8) shows little change within the site. However, the air raid shelter is depicted in the eastern portion of the site. The shelter is indicated through a zig-zag pattern of earthworks. By

1967, the school buildings have been extended into the area previously occupied by the north-eastern tennis courts. The western tennis courts have been moved further south, and both tennis court areas are now shown as terraced. Access to the courts is made via a path from the main school area across the playing fields. A swimming pool has been constructed in the south-eastern portion of the site. A structure labelled the ‘Milham

Centre’ has been constructed in close proximity to the entrance to the air raid shelter (Fig. 9). The Ordnance

Survey maps of the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s show no change within the site (not illustrated). There are no changes by the Ordnance Survey of 1992 or 2001 (not illustrated).

Listed buildings

The proposal site does not contain any listed buildings.

Registered Parks and Gardens

The proposal site is not located within a registered park or garden.

Discussion

In considering the archaeological potential of the site, various factors must be taken into account, including previously recorded archaeological sites, previous land-use and disturbance, and future land-use, including the proposed redevelopment of the site.

In examining the known archaeological resource of the area, it is clear that Oxford and its surrounds have had a long and varied history of land-use and settlement. The lack of entries in the SMR in the immediate vicinity of the proposal site is not necessarily an indication that there are no undiscovered archaeological sites in the area. Known sites in the area surrounding the site are largely confined to the area to the south-east of the site, in the vicinity of Magdalen College and the River Cherwell. This may simply be a reflection of research patterns.

9 Sites in the area include numerous post-medieval structures, Saxon and medieval finds. Archaeological evidence for the prehistoric period has also been noted for the area, perhaps the most significant of these being the known trackway to the south of the proposal site.

An extensive examination of cartographic sources indicates that until recently the proposal site was located in a rural setting. Prior to the construction of the Milham Ford School during the 1930s, the proposal site has been subject to little disturbance. The use of the site as a school indicates that disturbance to archaeologically relevant layers is likely to be confined to the footprints of the school buildings and associated structures such as the air raid shelter and the swimming pool. The terracing of the slope to take the school buildings and tennis courts, assuming a combination of raising and lowering, could have disturbed underlying archaeological deposits in places, while providing greater protection in others. However, the scale and extent of any such truncation cannot be easily be assessed without field observation.

This report has determined that the proposal site has the potential to contain subsurface archaeological deposits. It has therefore been determined that an archaeological evaluation is required to assess more fully the presence/absence and nature of archaeological remains, most easily achieved following demolition of the current structures. Evaluation trenches should be strategically placed in areas most likely deemed to be affected by proposed development which may affect archaeologically relevant levels. This work should be undertaken by a competent archaeological contractor, such as an organisation registered with the Institute of Field

Archaeologists, according to a written scheme of investigation drawn up with the approval of the archaeological adviser to the Local Planning Authority.

Until there is further information of the archaeological potential available from field observation, the effects of construction and the avoidance or minimizing of the impact of this development on archaeological deposits cannot be addressed in detail. Once the extent of archaeological potential has been determined, an appropriate scheme can be prepared in consultation with the archaeological adviser to the Local Planning Authority.

References Ashdown, J, and Hassall, T, 1975, ‘Oxford’ in Historic Towns in Oxfordshire, ed. by Rodwell, Oxford Bingham, A, 2001, ‘Site of Former Government Buildings, Marston Road, Oxford’, Report OXMAR01, Oxford Archaeological Unit, Oxford BGS, 1982, British Geological Survey, 1:50,000, Sheet 236, Solid and Drift Edition, Keyworth Durham, B, 1983, Report on excavation in St Clements Street, Oxford, Oxford Archaeol Unit Newsl Vol. X, December 1983 Hassall, T, 1986, ‘Archaeology of Oxford City’, in G Briggs, J Cook, and T Rowley, (eds), The Archaeology of the Oxford Region, 115–34, Oxford Univ Dept of External Studies, Oxford Mills, A D, 1998, Dictionary of English Place-Names, Oxford University Press, Oxford Newbigging, C, and Wood, A, 1997, Changing Faces of Marston Book II, Oxford

10 OAU, 1991, ‘Magdalene College, Oxford: Proposed new long wall quadrangle. Evaluation of archaeology’, Oxford Archaeological Unit, Oxford OLP, 1998, Oxford City Local Plan, Oxford OSP, 1998, Oxfordshire Structure Plan to 2011 (adopted August 1998), Oxford Price, M, 1965, ‘Milham Ford: A City School’, Oxford Magazine, 347-348 PPG16, 1990, Archaeology and Planning, Dept of the Environment Planning Policy Guidance 16, HMSO Roberts, M, 1996, ‘Proposed Centre for Islamic Studies: Evaluation Report’, Report for Oxford Archaeological Unit, Oxford VCH, 1957, Victoria County History of Oxfordshire vol. 3, Oxford

11 APPENDIX 1: Sites and Monuments Records within a 1 km search radius of the development site

No. SMR NGR (SP) Period Type Comments 1 8865 - Prehistoric Structure Trackway from Oxford to Stokenchurch 2 15855 520 070 Anglo-Saxon to medieval Finds Evaluation identified pits and features to post-medieval (OAU 1991) 3 3595 5201 0667 Medieval Structure Holy Well (site of) 4 3607 5202 0668 Post-medieval Structure 16th century Holywell Manor House, Grade II 5 6256 5204 0617 Medieval Cemetery 13th century, St Johns Hospital. 6 3586 5206 0616 Medieval Structure Cross in front of 13th century St Johns Hospital 7 16234 5207 0656 Medieval to post-medieval Finds Excavation (Roberts 1996) located pits and features 8 3608 5207 0673 Prehistoric Find Antler implement 9 3603 5209 0610 Medieval Cemetery 12th century Jewish cemetery, later incorporated into St Johns Hospital cemetery 10 3599 5210 0625 Medieval to post-medieval Structure Magdalen College founded 1458 on St Johns Hospital Site 11 9168 5210 0650 Prehistoric Find Flint end scraper 12 3820 5212 0602 Saxon Finds Iron stirrups, bones and spurs in 11th - 12th century Viking style 3822 5212 0602 Medieval Finds 15th - 16th century horse shoe 13 6186 5216 0608 Post-medieval Structure Magdalen Bridge culvert, 18th century 14 3609 5217 0608 Bronze Age Finds Sword 15 6302 522 065 Civil War (post-medieval) Structure Guard point (site of) 16 3821 5220 0604 Anglo-Saxon Finds Shield and spearhead, possibly 9th century 17 6671 523 060 Civil War (post-medieval) Structure Ditch with double bastion 6122 523 0602 Anglo-Saxon Finds 12th century pottery 3561 5230 0602 Medieval Finds Pottery of 12th to 15th century 18 6374 5237 0600 Post-medieval Structure Grade II 17th century house 19 6614 5239 0601 Civil War (post-medieval) Structure Ditch exposed in basement 20 6704 5243 0601 Post-medieval Finds Leather object, walls, trench and doorway 21 9166 5247 0751 Bronze Age Find Socketed spearhead 22 3583 5250 0600 Post-medieval Structure Grade II* almshouses 23 3823 5251 0644 Civil War (post-medieval) Structures Dovers Speare defences 24 943 5256 0604 Post-medieval Structures (Site of) Almshouses 25 1398 5258 0600 Post-medieval Structures St Ignatius Chapel and School, Grades II and III 26 6088 5270 0633 Post-medieval Structure St Clements Church 27 16289 5275 0650 Post-medieval Structure Farm site with trackways and cobbled yards 28 - 5295 0575 Negative - Evaluation (OAU 2001) 29 6008 a)530 053 Civil War (post-medieval) Structures (Site of) Siege works, Listed Grade I b)528 054 c)526 053 30 6348 5300 0745 Post-medieval Structure Brick kiln, clay pit, site of brick works 31 6637 5326 0647 Post-medieval Structure Headington Hill Bridge, 19th century Grade II 32 3629 5338 0649 Undated Finds Post-Roman clay rings 33 6339 5339 0680 Post-medieval Structure 17th century farmhouse within Saxon field 34 6338 5341 0681 Post-medieval Structure 17th century barn 35 10008 5346 0657 Post-medieval Structure Milestone 36 10106 5387 0629 Post-medieval Structure Milestone

12 APPENDIX 2: Historic and modern maps consulted

1695 Norden’s Map of Oxfordshire (Fig. 2) 1784 Walpoole’s New Map of Oxfordshire 1797 Davis’ Map of the County of Oxford (Fig. 3) 1818 Carey’s Map of Oxfordshire and Its Hundreds (Fig. 4) 1873 Hughes’ Map of Oxfordshire 1876 First Edition Ordnance Survey Sheet XXXIII.15 (Fig. 5) 1876 First Edition Ordnance Survey Sheet XXXIII.16 (Fig. 5) 1889 Second Edition Ordnance Survey Sheet XXXIII.15 1889 Second Edition Ordnance Survey Sheet XXXIII.16 1900 Ordnance Survey Sheet XXXIII.15 1900 Ordnance Survey Sheet XXXIII.16 1921 Ordnance Survey Sheet XXXIII.15 (Fig. 6) 1921 Ordnance Survey Sheet XXXIII.16 (Fig. 6) 1939 Ordnance Survey Sheet XXXIII.15 (Fig. 7) 1939 Ordnance Survey Sheet XXXIII.16 (Fig. 7) 1956 Ordnance Survey Sheet SP 5307 (Fig. 8) 1957 Ordnance Survey Sheet SP 5207 (Fig. 8) 1967 Ordnance Survey Sheet SP5307 SW (Fig. 9) 1970 Ordnance Survey Sheet SP 5207 SE 1977 Ordnance Survey Sheet SP 5307 SW 1983 Ordnance Survey Sheet SP 5207 SE 1992 Ordnance Survey Sheet SP 5207 SE 1992 Ordnance Survey Sheet SP 5307 SW

13 21 30 SITE

SITE

07000

2 34 28 33 3,4 8

35 7 27 11 32 15 31 23

10 26 36 1 5 6 13 14 9 12 16 19 20 24 06000 17 18 22 25

29b 29a 29c

05000

53000 MSO01/111

Milham Ford Upper School, Marston Road, New Marston, Oxford, 2002

Figure 1. Location of site within New Headington and Oxfordshire.

Reproduced from Ordnance Survey Pathfinder 1116 SP 40/50 1:25000 Reproduced at 1:12500 Ordnance Survey Licence AL52324A0001 Approximate location of site