UNMAS MINE ACTION PROGRAMMING HANDBOOK
JANUARY 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACRONYMS 1
FOREWARD 2
I. INTRODUCTION AND PRIORITIES 3
II. BACKGROUND 4
1. UNMAS: HISTORY, MANDATE, FRAMEWORK 4 1.1. Legislative mandate 4 1.2. Normative humanitarian mandate 4 1.3. Operational Framework 5 1.4. Funding environment 6 1.5. UNMAS HQ structure 7
2. LINES OF RESPONSIBILITY 9 2.1. Vertical relationships within the United Nations System 9 2.1.1. UNMAS and the Secretary General’s Office 9 2.1.2. UNMAS and the Office of the Under-Secretary General for Peacekeeping Operations 9 2.1.3. UNMAS and the Office of the Assistant Secretary-General for Rule of Law and Security Institutions 9 2.2 Horizontal relationships within DPKO/DFS 10 2.2.1. Office of Military Affairs (OMA) 11 2.2.2. Office of Operations (OO) 11 2.2.3. Integrated Operational Teams 11 2.2.4. Policy, Evaluation and Training Division (DPET 11 2.2.5. Field Budget and Finance Division (FBFD) 11 2.2.6. The Executive Office (EO) of DPKO 11 2.3. UN Inter-Departmental/Agency coordination and consultation mechanisms 12 2.3.1. The UN Mine Action Team (UNMAT) 12 2.3.1. Core members of UNMAT 12 2.3.1.1. UNOPS 12 2.3.1.2. UNHCR 12 2.3.1.3. UNDP 12 2.3.1.4 UNICEF 13 2.3.1.5 ODA 13 2.3.2. Guiding Frameworks 13 2.3.2.1. Inter-Agency Policy 13 2.3.2.2. Inter-Agency Strategy 13 2.3.3. Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action (IACG-MA) 13 2.3.4. Executive Committee on Peace and Security (ECPS) 14 2.3.5. Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs (ECHA) 14 2.3.6. Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) and the “Cluster Approach” 14 2.3.7. Inter-Agency Support Group for the CRPD (IASG) 15 2.4. Mine Action Partnerships 15 2.4.1. Mine Action Support Group (MASG) 15
i 2.4.2. Committee on Mine Action (CMA) 15 2.4.3. U GO Forum 16 2.4.4. The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) 16 2.4.5. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) 16 2.4.6. The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) 16
III. UNMAS WORK PROCESSES 17
1. POLICY COORDINATION 17 1.1. Advocacy 17 1.1.1. Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (APMBT) 17 1.1.2. Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) – Amended Protocol II and Protocol V 17 1.1.3. Convention on Cluster Munitions 18 1.1.4. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and its Toolkit 18 1.1.5. Non-State Actors 19 1.2. Gender mainstreaming in mine action and the gender learning cycle 19 1.3 Technology 20 1.4 International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) 20 1.5. Key policy and strategic concerns 20
2. PUBLIC INFORMATION 21 2.1. Background 21 2.2. Coordination 21 2.3. Media Relations 21 2.4. Website Development and Management 21 2.5. Publications 21 2.6. Writing 22 2.7. Special Events and Promotions 22
3. FUNDS MANAGEMENT- FINANCE MODULE 23 3.1. Resource Mobilization 23 3.1.1. Summary 23 3.1.2. Voluntary contributions: 2007-2011 and key partners 23 3.1.4. Donor Relations 26 3.2. Tracking incoming funds, their allocation and expenditure 27 3.2.1. Unearmarked contributions 27 3.2.2. “Earmarking of Unearmarked” funds 27 3.2.3. Bridging Funds: The CERF 27 3.2.4. Effectively tracking incoming and outgoing funds 27 3.3. Finance – Expenditure of Funds 28 3.3.1. The 2012 Cost Plan for HQ Coordination of UN Mine Action 28 3.3.2. Peacekeeping Operations financed by the Assessed Budget 28 3.3.3. Synopsis of the Voluntary Trust Fund (VTF) / Assessed Budget for Peacekeeping Support Account 28 3.3.4. Processing of VTF Financial Agreements 29 3.3.5. Grants/MOU Mechanisms 29 3.4. Reporting 29 3.5 VTF management and tracking- ProFi 30 3.6 Recommendations Tracking Tool 33
ii 4. PROGRAMME PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT 34 4.1. The Framework for Mine Action Planning and Rapid Response 34 4.1.1. Threat Monitoring – The Threat Monitoring Matrix (TMM) 34 4.1.2. Planning and Assessment Missions 34 4.1.3. Rapid Response Projects 34 4.1.4. Technical and Evaluation Missions 35 4.2 Landmine Safety Project 35 4.3 Field Activities 36 4.3.1 Afghanistan 36 4.3.2 Chad: Mine action in support of CND 39 4.3.3 DRC: Mine Action in support to the MONUSCO Mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo 40 4.4.4 Cote d’Ivoire: Mine Action Support to UNOCI 41 4.4.5 Cyprus: Mine Action Support to UNFICYP 42 4.4.6 Lebanon: Mine Action Support to UNIFIL 43 4.4.7 Libya – Joint Mine Action Coordination Team (JMACT): 44 4.4.8 Nepal: Support to Mine Action [Completed in June 2011] 44 4.4.9 Somalia 46 4.4.10 South Sudan 48 4.4.11 Sudan 49 4.4.12 UN Ordnance Disposal Office- UNAMID 51 4.4.13 Mine Action in Support to UNISFA 52 4.4.14 Western Sahara 53 4.5 Additional UNMAS support to mine action activities 54 4.6 Risk Management 54
5. FRONT OFFICE 55
IV. THE WAY FORWARD 56
1. Conventional Munitions Stockpile Management 56
2. Provision of Advice on Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Risk Mitigation 56
ANNEX 1 57
Security Council Resolutions Related to Mine Action 57
ANNEX 2 75
Terms of Reference for Evaluations 75 V. Annex
1. Security Council Resolutions
VI. Annex
1. Terms of Reference for Evaluations
iii ACRONYMS
AB Assessed Budget APMBT Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Treaty BAD Basic Agreement Documents CCM Convention on Cluster Munitions CCW Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects CERF Central Emergency Response Fund CHF Common Humanitarian Fund CMA Committee on Mine Action CRPD Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities DFS Department of Field Support DHA Department of Humanitarian Affairs DPA Department of Political Affairs DPET Policy, Evaluation and Training Division EO Executive Office ERW Explosive Remnants of War FBFD Field Budget and Finance Division GGE Group of Governmental Experts GICHD Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining IACG-MA Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action ICBL International Campaign to Ban Landmines IEDs Improvised Explosive Devices IMAS International Mine Action Standards IMSMA Information Management System for Mine Action IOT Integrated Operational Teams ITS Integrated Training Service MCPU DPKO Mine Clearance and Policy Unit MOU Memorandum of Understanding (see BAD) MRE Mine Risk Education ODA Office of Disarmament Affairs OMA Office of Military Affairs OO Office of Operations OROLSI Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions PBPS Peacekeeping Best Practices Section PKSA Peacekeeping Support Account RRP Rapid Response Plan RTD Recommendation Tracking Database TAM Technical Assessment Mission TCC Troup Contributing Countries TMM Threat Monitoring Matrix UNMAT United Nations Mine Action Team USG Under-Secretary-General VA Victim Assistance VTF Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action
1 FOREWARD
This Programming Handbook is a detailed description of the working of UNMAS at headquarters and in the field meant to facilitate the work of UNMAS staff and to allow external partners to understand the working of UNMAS in addressing the landmine and ERW problem globally. The processes outlined include standard UN work practices as well as UNMAS specific work as it pertains to its work. This version is a departure from the previous handbook first published in 2004 that aimed to address any and all UN related work. Other members of the UN Mine Action Team (UNMAT) may chose to replicate or develop similar guidance for their activities, regulations and rules and internal processes that can be joined with this version to provide a complete picture of UN related work in the field of mine action.
2 I. INTRODUCTION and PRIORITIES
The United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) was established in 1997 as the UN focal point for mine action through an amalgamation of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) Demining Unit and the Mine Clearance and Policy Unit (MCPU) of the Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA), which is now the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA).
The integration of these various units and UNMAS’ current position within the Office of Rule of Law and Security Institutions (OROLSI) in DPKO, highlights UNMAS’ unique role in peacekeeping and humanitarian affairs. UNMAS derives its diverse mandate from legislative instruments, such as Security Council Resolutions, which mainly focus on the peacekeeping aspect of its work; its work is also guided by its normative, humanitarian mandate endorsed by mine-affected states, humanitarian UN- and non-governmental actors, relevant mine action treaties and legal instruments as well as the international donor community.
UNMAS’ particular role, vision and core commitments, and those of its key partners, are reflected in the 2005 revised “Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Inter-Agency Policy” (Access Policy), and respective work processes at headquarters. The Policy is dated in many respects and is slated for revision in 2012.
3 II. BACKGROUND
1. UNMAS: HISTORY, MANDATE, FRAMEWORK
1.1. Legislative mandate The United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) was established in 1997 as the UN focal point for mine action through an amalgamation of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO) Demining Unit and the Mine Clearance and Policy Unit (MCPU) of the Department of Humanitarian Affairs (DHA). UNMAS was assigned the responsibility for management of the United Nations Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action (VTF), which had previously been managed by DHA in its role as UN focal point from 1994 -1997.
General Assembly Resolution 53/26 (1998) (http://www.mineaction.org/doc.asp?d=60) welcomed the establishment of UNMAS in its role as UN focal point and “its ongoing coordination with and coordination of all mine-related activities of United Nations agencies, funds and programmes”. In one of the first major tasks as focal point, UNMAS coordinated the development of the 1998 “Mine Action and Effective Coordination – The United Nations Inter- Agency Policy” which was intended to provide overarching policy guidance and to delineate responsibilities amongst the 14 UN departments, agencies, funds and programmes which are involved in the sector.1 It also identified five pillars within mine action: advocacy, mine risk education, stockpile destruction, victim assistance and mine clearance. This policy was subsequently updated in 2005. As noted, the Policy is slated for revision in 2012. UNMAS has also coordinated the development of two 5 year strategies covering the periods 2001-2005 and 2006-2010, and currently coordinating the development of new strategy for the period until 2015.
The General Assembly has consistently welcomed the designation of UNMAS as the UN focal point for mine action; the most recent relevant resolution being A/Res/66/69 (2011) on assistance in mine action. In addition to reaffirming the role of UNMAS as the focal point for the coordination of mine action within the UN system.
1.2. Normative humanitarian mandate The United Nations has been involved in humanitarian mine action since the establishment of the Mine Action Programme for Afghanistan in 1989. In the early 1990’s, mine action activities were an integral component of UN Peacekeeping Operations in Cambodia, Angola, Bosnia, and Mozambique. During this time, the scale of the global landmine threat was recognized by a number of like-minded countries and a broad coalition of civil society actors which formed the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL, www.icbl.org). This resulted in the adoption of the landmark Anti-personnel Mine Ban Treaty (APMBT) in 1997, ICBL’s nomination for the
1 These include: The Office of Disarmament Affairs (ODA), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Office of Project Services (UNOPS), the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the World Food Programme (WFP), the World Health Organization (WHO) as well as the Office of the Special Advisor on Gender Issues (OSAGI), which has since been integrated into UN women, which has indicated it does not wish to be a fixed member of the coordination group.
4 Nobel Peace Prize, and successfully transformed the landscape in which UNMAS operates. In 2009, the Treaty celebrates its 10th anniversary since coming into force.
In addition to dealing with the anti-personnel problem, UNMAS programmes also addresses the threat posed by anti-vehicle mines and unexploded and abandoned ordnance (UXO/AXO) which are collectively referred to as explosive remnants of war (ERW), and addressing the needs of survivors who will need assistance long after clearance has been completed. Since 2002, UNMAS has lobbied intensively for legally binding instruments that address these issues to be developed within the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW). Some success has been achieved, with Protocol V to the CCW on ERW, which entered into force in 2006. More recently, The Convention on Cluster Munitions was adopted in Dublin by 107 states on 30 May 2008 and signed in Oslo on 3 December the same year. 66 States are party to the Convention which became binding international law when it entered into force on 1 August 2010. To date, a total of 109 states have joined the Convention, as States Parties (61) or Signatories (48). The Convention, which prohibits all use, stockpiling, production and transfer of cluster munitions and further addresses topics like assistance to victims, clearance of contaminated areas and destruction of stockpiles, which entered into force on 1 August 2010. As the DPKO focal point for the Inter-Agency Support Group (IASG) on the Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD, http://www.mineaction.org/overview.asp?o=2510), UNMAS closely followed the entering into force of the Convention on 3 May 2008 and is starting to integrate it in its work at headquarters and in the field. These new instruments will reinforce the overarching legal framework under which UNMAS operates.
Purpose v. Method
Throughout the modern era of mine action the term “humanitarian demining” has been used synonymously with mine action to indicate purpose as well as method (clearance in conformity with international or national mine action standards). However, with a great number of programmes already eliminating high impacted areas and the number of annual casualties falling below 5,000, objectives are more often linked to development, reconstruction, recovery and peace and confidence building. In terms of method, Troop Contributing Countries [TCC] within peacekeeping operations have at times opted for “operational” (military) methods when undertaking what they classify as “operational” objectives. Regardless of purpose, the method for all planned UN supported demining activities must be in accordance with International Mine Action standards (IMAS) or national standards derived from IMAS.
1.3. Operational Framework In recent years, there has been a dramatic increase in the number of DPKO and Department of Political Affairs (DPA) led operations that have included mine action components as either explicit or implied tasks within the mandate. UNMAS currently provides direct support and assistance to eight Peacekeeping Missions, and technical advice to a further two. Missions with large-scale mine action programmes are UNAMA, UNMISS, MONUSCO, UNIFIL, UNSOA UNAMID, UNISFA and MINURSO. The two missions that are regularly provided technical
5 advice and support are UNFICYP and UNDOF. In 2011, a Mine Action component was established within the DPA-led mission in Libya (UNSMIL). Outside of peacekeeping, UNMAS currently operates in the occupied Palestinian territories, Chad, Colombia and Sudan. In 2011, UNMAS completed its capacity development programme in Nepal, formerly part of UNMIN. UNMAS also manages its Standing Mine Action Capacity (S-MAC).
The origin of mine action mandates in Security Council Resolutions
In order for UNMAS to establish a mine action component within a Peace Operation, be it a peacekeeping operation led by DPKO or a Special Political Mission led by DPA, UNMAS must establish justification for the size and scope of the programme based on the Security Council Resolutions relevant to the Mission. These mandates take three primary forms:
1. Fundamental- Mine action activities to ensure the safety and security of life and property of the Organization. 2. Explicit- specific operable paragraphs within Security Council resolutions that mandate mine action activities. A collection of previous mine action related language from Security Council resolutions is Provided in Annex V. 3. Implicit- Operable paragraphs within Security Council resolutions that mandate the Mission to undertake specific activities (e.g., facilitate the return of refugees or delivery of humanitarian aid, protection of civilians, etc.) for which mine action is an enabling activity.
Based on the above, UNMAS is able to determine the size and scope of the mine action component of the Mission, its Results Based Budget (RBB) objectives and indicators and its budgetary requirements.
In these programmes, UNMAS is dealing with the full range of mine action activities, including assistance to countries and regions with legacy problems from long-term conflict situations (e.g. Afghanistan, Western Sahara, South Sudan, Sudan), the implementation of victim assistance programmes (e.g. Afghanistan, South Sudan, Sudan), the destruction of ammunition stockpiles and caches (e.g. Afghanistan, Cote d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo), the clearance of routes and other essential infrastructure (e.g. Sudan, Darfur, Democratic Republic of Congo) large-scale ERW contamination (e.g. Chad, Libya, Western Sahara) and destruction of explosive remnants of war as an essential element of a peace settlement (Nepal). These examples highlight the multi-faceted nature of mine action beyond simply humanitarian objectives.
1.4. Funding environment The implementation of UNMAS’ operations is made possible through additional resources to the Assessed Budget (AB) and the Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action (VTF). The AB and VTF have risen dramatically in recent years. AB contributions have increased from US$6.54 million in 2002/2003, through to US$80 million in for the AB 2010-11 budgetary year (01 July 2010 – 30 June 2011). Voluntary contributions have risen from US$82.5 million in the 2002/2003 biennium, through an estimated peak of US$184 million in the 2008/2009 biennium and then declining to an estimated US$139 million for 2010/2011. In order to address this widening gap between required funding and extra-budgetary contributions, UNMAS developed the resource mobilization strategy 2011-2013. Some donors also provide funding through the
6 VTF for support of other UN Agency or NGO activities, which are provided through Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) or grant agreements.
Assessed v. Voluntary Contributions
Assessed budget funds are budgeted through a results-based framework. Planning begins in August for submission by October for the following budgetary year from 1 July through 30 June. This requires a good deal of projecting requirements that will not unfold for 9-11 months in the future. AB funds can only be used for activities in that particular mission and cannot be used for any other purpose in other programmes or at headquarters.
Voluntary contributions are budgeted through the Portfolio process, described later in this document, for field programmes and the UNMAS Cost Plan for HQ and Global projects. The portfolio process begins in August and the cost plan in September. The VTF budgetary year corresponds to the Calendar year from January through December.
1.5. UNMAS HQ structure UNMAS is managed by a Director (D-2). There are technically three sections within UNMAS:
1. Programme Planning and Management Section (headed by Chief, P-5); 2. Policy Coordination, Policy and Advocacy Support Section (headed by Chief, P-5); and 3. Finance and Budget Unit (headed by Chief, P-4).
There are 29 staff posts in total, of which 22 are professional and seven are general staff. Six positions are financed under the Support Account (5 professionals and 1 general staff), two are gratis military officers and the remainder are funded through voluntary contributions to the VTF.
Current list of UNMAS personnel and post:
First Name Last Name Position/Assignments
1 Justin BRADY Acting Director (D2)
2 Paul HESLOP Chief, PPMS (P5)
3 Gustavo LAURIE Acting Geneva Senior Liaison Officer (P5)
4 Chief, PASS (P5)
5 Takuto KUBO Planning Officer (P4)
6 Public Information Officer (P4)
7 Candace PRATT Acting Chief, Finance and Budget (P4)
8 Finance and Budget Officer (P3)
8 Helene RUUD Acting Geneva Liaison Officer (P4)
10 Technology Coordinator (P4)
7 11 Maria VARDIS Acting Policy Coordination Officer (P4)
12 Jin IWATA Special Assistant (JPO)
13 Mary SACK Acting Resource Mobilization Officer (P3)
14 Alexander RIEBL Counter-IED/Ammunition Officer (Gratis)
15 Michael STEFANOVIC Counter-IED/Ammunition Officer (Gratis)
14 Vladimir JANKOLA Programme Officer (P3)
15 UNOPS Liaison Officer (P3)
17 Elena RICE Programme Officer (P3)
18 Adina DINCA Programme Officer (P3)
19 Aaron BUCKLEY External Relations Officer (P3)
20 Programme Officer (P3)
21 Branko KRSTULOVIC Information Management Officer- ProFi (P3)
23 Policy and Advocacy Support Officer (P3)
24 Marc VAILLANT Programme Officer (JPO)
25 Julie MYERS Programme Officer (P3)
25 Eugen SECAREANU Reporting Assistant (G4)
26 James SADHOO Finance Assistant (G4)
27 Kaori OZAWA Team Assistant (G4)
28 Melody CRUZ Team Assistant (G4)
29 Cynthia BOYSON Personal Assistant to the Director (G5)
30 Rory COVEY Team Assistant (G4)
31 Ali OUNI Team Assistant (G4)
32 Frank STATHES Finance and Budget Assistant (G4)
8 2. LINES OF RESPONSIBILITY
2.1. Vertical relationships within the United Nations System
2.1.1. UNMAS and the Secretary General’s Office Forming part of OROLSI in DPKO, UNMAS does not typically communicate directly with the Secretary-General’s office. As a result of its dual peacekeeping and humanitarian function as the focal point for mine within the UN system, however, UNMAS has enjoyed increased interactions with the Secretary-General’s office that are atypical for an entity inside OROLSI/DPKO.
2.1.2. UNMAS and the Office of the Under-Secretary General for Peacekeeping Operations Since the reform of DPKO and the establishment of OROLSI, UNMAS does not typically communicate directly to the Under-Secretary-General of Peacekeeping Operations (USG). There remain, however, direct linkages between UNMAS and the OUSG. Primary examples include the USG’s role as the Chair of the Principals’ IACG-MA meetings, which are convened twice a year, and the UNMAS Director’s membership in the Extended Senior Management Team (ESMT). High level public information initiatives are coordinated with the DPKO/DFS Public Affairs Unit.
2.1.3. UNMAS and the Office of the Assistant Secretary-General for Rule of Law and Security Institutions UNMAS became part of OROLSI as a result of the DPKO/DFS restructure. Under this structure, UNMAS contributes to OROLSI’s vision of “sustainable peace through justice and security” through the “provision and coordination of United Nations expertise and assistance in the areas of rule of law, mine action, disarmament, demobilization and reintegration and security sector reform, in support of national and international efforts to protect and strengthen peace”.
A strategic approach for OROLSI was approved in July 2008, which has set out four goals to guide OROLSI’s work to 2010 and beyond, at both the headquarters and field levels:
• Goal 1: Ensure the timely deployment of adequate human and materiel capacities to field operations and generate the required financial support. • Goal 2: Ensure a consistent approach to OROLSI activities in the field through the development of comprehensive guidelines, procedures and standards. • Goal 3: Establish and maintain effective partnerships within and outside the United Nations system to enhance support to the field. • Goal 4: Become a results-oriented, learning and evolving organization.
The mine action element of the OROLSI strategic approach is informed by the UNMAS annual work-plan. UNMAS also provides inputs into the OROLSI planning calendar and is integrated into the OROLSI information, planning and training structures.
9 2.2 Horizontal relationships within DPKO/DFS In matters related to Peacekeeping Operations led by DPKO, the Under Secretary-General of DFS reports to the Under Secretary-General of DPKO.
DPKO
DFS
10 2.2.1. Office of Military Affairs (OMA) At the desk level, programme officers liaise with their OMA counterparts to keep abreast of operational priorities. This is mainly done with the Military Planning Service (MPS) for mission start up and any subsequent adjustment of the military concept of operations and with the Force Generation Service (FGS). Coordination with FGS is mainly related to the issue of the provision of Troop Contributing Countries’ (TCC) demining units within mine action programmes, their associated performance, costs and management.
2.2.2. Office of Operations (OO) At the desk level, programme officers maintain direct links with their counterparts in OO, principally through integrated operational teams (IOTs), to ensure the continued visibility of mine action within OO planning and consultative processes, and that mine action priorities are aligned with UN political positions and approaches.
2.2.3. Integrated Operational Teams UNMAS participates in IOT meetings and working groups for specific mission or regions. This may occur in the context of mine action specifically, or as representative of OROLSI based on the direction of the ASG.
2.2.4. Policy, Evaluation and Training Division (DPET) The Policy, Evaluation and Training Division was established in July 2007 and is comprised of the Peacekeeping Best Practices Section (PBPS), the Integrated Training Service (ITS), the Evaluation and Partnerships teams. UNMAS and DPET have established a number of partnerships to inform the development of respective policies and doctrines.
2.2.5. Field Budget and Finance Division (FBFD) UNMAS works with FBFD in DFS on all related financial matters on peacekeeping budgets where a mine action component is present by providing advice and coordination to field missions in the formulation of results-based budgeting, budget proposals, performance reporting, and the interpretation of the UN Financial Regulations and Rules, policies and procedures.
UNMAS was designated a cost centre for Assessed Budget funds in mid-2009 and established certifying functions within the Division to assume the responsibilities formerly handled by FBFD. This will maximize efficiency and cost effectiveness in day-to-day operations.
2.2.6. The Executive Office (EO) of DPKO For VTF budgets, similar to Assessed Budget, UNMAS received the delegation of authority in respect to the approval and certification of budget items in relation to allocations issued and allotments made to implementing partners. The EO handles the support account, and also handles personnel contracts and other administrative issues.
11 2.3. UN Inter-Departmental/Agency coordination and consultation mechanisms
2.3.1. The UN Mine Action Team (UNMAT) The member of the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action (IACG-MA) developed an external brand for activities undertaken on behalf of the system in the form of the UN Mine Action Team. The UNMAT brand is aimed at delivering as one in global advocacy and policy initiatives. It has also been invoked in the field (Nepal, oPt) where more than one member of the system is supporting mine action activities.
2.3.1. Core members of UNMAT The UNMAT consists of Offices, Programmes and Agencies working on mine action as detailed in the IACG-MA membership. Besides UNMAS, the focal point, UNHCR, UNODA, UNOPS, UNDP and UNICEF are the most active members of UNMAT.
2.3.1.1. UNOPS UNOPS is UNMAS’ principal service provider. The UNOPS Mine Action Unit (MAU) in its North America Office, established in early 1998, is responsible for the execution, cooperation or partnership arrangements in nearly all of UNMAS programmes with only grants handled internally. The MAU provides specialized project management, technical and legal expertise, as well as support for fielding personnel and procurement of services and supplies. This combination of skills enables UNOPS to provide efficiently mine action project management services tailored to UNMAS’ needs.
An Umbrella Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between United Nations and UNOPS, with the objective of outlining the relationship between the Secretariat, including UNMAS, and UNOPS and subsequent roles and responsibilities. Under this MoU, annual financial agreements pertaining to UNMAS country programmes provide the budgetary and work plan framework for operations in the field.
2.3.1.2. UNHCR As the Global Coordinator of the Protection Cluster, UNHCR coordinates humanitarian action aimed at protection within the unique architecture of the Protection cluster, which includes five Areas of Responsibility. UNMAS serves as the coordinator for the Mine Action Area of Responsibility within the Global Protection Cluster. UNHCR field activities also have a particular concern regarding the safe and dignified return of refugees and IDP, mainly through ensuring the provision of mine risk education to at risk populations.
2.3.1.3. UNDP Through its country offices and its New York-based team within the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR), UNDP assists mine-affected countries establish or strengthen national and local mine action programmes. Because landmines and explosive remnants of war are an obstacle to sustainable development, UNDP is including mine action in the mainstream of its broader development programmes.
12 2.3.1.4 UNICEF UNICEF supports the development and implementation of mine risk education and survivor assistance projects and advocacy for an end to the use of landmines, cluster munitions and other indiscriminate weapons.
2.3.1.5 ODA UNODA advises and assists the UN Secretary-General in his work related to the Anti-Personnel Mine-Ban Treaty and the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons and has become active in developing guidelines for the management of ammunition in surplus with assistance from UNMAS. ODA promotes universal participation in international legal frameworks related to landmines and explosive remnants of war and assists countries in complying with their treaty obligations. ODA views mine action as a key disarmament activity.
2.3.2. Guiding Frameworks
2.3.2.1. Inter-Agency Policy In 2005, UNMAT rolled out the revised “Mine Action and Effective Coordination: The United Nations Inter-Agency Policy”. The Policy provides an overview of the legal framework for mine action, common positions, a framework for decision making and coordination, as well as definition of responsibilities and roles for all its members. The policy has been translated into the official languages and has been made available electronically on e-mine.
As noted, events over the past seven years require a revision of the Policy to reflect the new realities in the sector and coordination mechanisms, namely the full activation of the mine action Area of Responsibility within the global Protection Cluster.
2.3.2.2. Inter-Agency Strategy A new UN Inter-Agency Strategy is being developed through 2011-2012 with input from various partners and results form the General Assembly mandated evaluation of the role of the UN in mine action that was to be completed by the Joint Inspection Unit in 2011. A comprehensive review of the previous five year strategy from 2006-2010 was completed in 2011 and lessons learned will be incorporated into the new strategy that will cover the period through 2015.
2.3.3. Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action (IACG-MA)
Background The 14 UN entities that are engaged in mine action and make decisions about operational and policy issues of common concern working together towards a shared vision, the UNMAT, are coordinated through the IACG-MA.
UNMAS and DPKO convene and chair meetings of the IACG-MA monthly at the working level, under the chairmanship of the UNMAS Director and bi-annually at the Principals’ level under the chairmanship of the Under Secretary-General for DPKO. The monthly meetings provide a forum for discussion of current issues and information exchange on relevant updates, including on-going monitoring of threat levels, and also on preparation for upcoming meetings and activities. The Group also agrees on language for UNMAT speeches and interventions delivered
13 at meetings of States Parties to relevant conventions, and organising the annual International Meeting of National Mine Action Directors and UN Advisors and coordinated advocacy events in connection with the APMTB, 4 April anniversary, the APMBT Meeting of States Parties and Review Conferences and the International Day for Persons with Disabilities.
2.3.4. Executive Committee on Peace and Security (ECPS) The ECPS is a high-level coordinating body created by Secretary-General to facilitate communication between UN programmes and agencies in order to prevent, respond to, and end conflict. The Committee is composed of high-level representatives from within the UN secretariat and the UN system who work on peace and security.2 The ECPS is convened on a regular basis by the Under Secretary-General of Political Affairs. UNMAS’ participation in ECPS meetings is ad hoc and based on invitations when mine action is relevant.
2.3.5. Executive Committee on Humanitarian Affairs (ECHA) The ECHA is one of the four Committees created by the Secretary-General in the framework of the UN reform with the aim of enhancing coordination among UN agencies in various fields. Chaired by the Emergency Relief Coordinator, ECHA meets on a monthly basis in New York. ECHA’s membership, notably with the participation of UN Departments, adds a political and peacekeeping dimension to humanitarian consultations. UNMAS’ has a standing invitation to ECHA meetings.
2.3.6. Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC) and the “Cluster Approach” The IASC, along with the ECHA, assists the Emergency Relief Coordinator as strategic coordination and consultation mechanisms among key humanitarian actors. The IASC meets once a month in Geneva. The UNMAS Geneva Liaison Officer frequently attends the weekly IASC meetings and participates as a full member on some subsidiary bodies, including the Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP) Working Group and the Global Protection Cluster. UNMAS is a member of the GENCAP Steering Committee in NY and attends NY-based sub meetings when mine action is relevant.
Following the Humanitarian Response Review of the global humanitarian system, the “Cluster Approach” was proposed as a way of addressing gaps and strengthening the effectiveness of humanitarian response through building partnerships. It is meant to ensure predictability and accountability in international responses to humanitarian emergencies, by clarifying the division of labour among organisations, and better defining their roles and responsibilities within the different sectors of the response.
The Global Protection Cluster is divided into five Areas of Responsibilities (AoR) of which Mine Action is one. (The others are Child Protection, Gender-based Violence, Housing Land and Property and Rule of Law). UNMAS coordinates the mine action AoR, which brings together 30 NGOs, UN Agencies, the ICRC and academic institutions working in the area of humanitarian mine action. The Mine Action AoR supports field based Mine Action activities and Mine Action coordination mechanisms in three main areas: standards and policy setting; building response
2 Department of Political Affairs (DPA), Department of Peacekeeping Operations (DPKO), Department of Disarmament Affairs (DDA), UN Women (UN-Women), Department of Public Information (DPI), Office of the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR), Office of Legal Affairs (OLA), Office of the Special Representative of the SG on Children and Armed Conflict (OSRSG/CAC), UN Development Programme (UNDP), UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), UN Security Coordinator, World Bank.
14 capacity and operational support. This mechanism has largely overtaken the previous mechanism of the Inter-Agency Framework for Mine Action Planning and Rapid Response.
In the field, UNMAS programmes also integrate into the Cluster system where it is deployed (e.g. Libya and Afghanistan), usually under the auspices of OCHA. This is largely through the Protection Cluster but may include other areas of interest where there is a requirement for more integrated operations and planning in sectors such as Emergency Shelter, Emergency Education Early Recovery, Health, Food Security and Agriculture, and in Inter-Cluster Coordination mechanisms.
2.3.7. Inter-Agency Support Group for the CRPD (IASG)
Background Members of the Inter-Agency Support Group for the CRPD (IASG-CRPD) include OHCHR, UNDP, UNAIDS, ILO, WHO, DESA, UNICEF, UNHCR and UNMAS. UNMAS has been appointed to represent DPKO/DFS in the IASG-CRPD process. The IASG-CRPD is responsible for advancing UN system wide advocacy and implementation efforts related to the CRPD.
2.4. Mine Action Partnerships
2.4.1. Mine Action Support Group (MASG) The MASG was formed in 2000 by a group of New York based donors and was initially chaired by the Military Advisor to the Permanent Mission of Norway. It aimed to be a “window” through which the NY-based UN mine action partners could deal with national capitals. It originally met monthly in NY under an annual chairmanship, however it was agreed that reducing frequency of meetings, and varying the venue would encourage more senior level engagement from Capitals.
The MASG meets annually in a reinforced session, and in ad hoc sessions as deemed appropriate (e.g. May 2011 meeting on Libya) to promote the information and knowledge sharing between donors and UNMAT about their mine action activities and policy-making. The objective is to simplify the coordination between donor states and to achieve greater transparency about funding availability and needs as well as to share different experience in combating the threats of mines and ERW. The MASG is chaired on a rotating basis by various permanent representatives of donor countries with Australia holding the Chair through 2013. UNMAS provides technical and logistic support to the MASG and coordinates the work of a MASG consultant who works directly with the Chair.
2.4.2. Committee on Mine Action (CMA) The CMA (originally the Steering Committee for Mine Action) was formed in response to a need to enhance consultation between key mine action NGOs and the UN. It aimed to discuss global mine action developments and requirements in a transparent manner and was chaired by Director of UNMAS. The membership has been UNMAT members and a range of NGOs, the ICRC and GICHD. In 2009, other implementing partners, including commercial firms and academia, were invited to attend. In 2011, the Committee moved to a co-chair shared by an NGO and UNMAS.
15 2.4.3. U GO Forum To address specific UN and NGO initiatives, notably in support of relevant conventions and advocacy initiatives, the UN and NGOs formed a second body, known as the UNGO Forum, which meets at opportune times in the margins of international for a and seeks to ensure cohesive action by likeminded partners.
2.4.4. The Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD) GICHD, in partnership with others, provides operational assistance, creates and disseminates knowledge, improves quality management and standards, and supports instruments of international law by hosting the Ottawa Convention Implementation Support Unit (ISU), all aimed at increasing the performance and professionalism of mine action. GICHD has specific roles in supporting UNMAS in the management of the International Mine Action Standards (IMAS), promoting technology and the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA). GICHD and UNMAS have a MoU defining their collaboration. GICHD has observer status at every other meeting of the IACG-MA.
2.4.5. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) In dealing with the scourge of landmines and ERW, the ICRC has encouraged the international community to adopt a public health and legal approach comprising preventive, curative and rehabilitative measures. While these measures include as a key element humanitarian mine clearance, the ICRC’s efforts have focused on advocacy, mine-awareness and risk-reduction education, and assistance to landmine victims (first aid, surgery, rehabilitation and socio- economic reintegration). The ICRC encourages efforts to promote better field cooperation and coordination in order to avoid duplication and waste of human and material resources. ICRC is an observer member of the IACG-MA.
2.4.6. The International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) The ICBL is a global coalition of more than 1000 organizations, working locally, nationally and internationally to eradicate anti-personnel mines. The ICBL is a loose, flexible network, launched in October 1992 by Handicap International, Human Rights Watch, Medico International, Mines Advisory Group, Physicians for Human Rights and Vietnam Veterans for America Foundation. UNMAS closely cooperates with the ICBL with relation to advocacy on the issue of both mines and cluster munitions. The Cluster Munitions Coalition (CMC) related to the ICBL, consisting of over 200 organizations, was formed to focus on efforts to ban cluster munitions.
16 III. UNMAS WORK PROCESSES
1. POLICY COORDINATION
1.1. Advocacy Mine Action advocacy goals are woven into the UN inter-agency mine action strategy. Most UNMAS activities within the context of legal frameworks for mine action had an advocacy component. UNMAS strongly advocates for the universalisation of the existing legal frameworks for mine action and encourages member states to expand those regimes and develop new international standards to further protect civilians from the scourges caused by landmines and ERW. UNMAS also strongly advocate for the universalisation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, as a framework for delivering victim assistance to survivors.
To support field programme with their advocacy efforts, UNMAS has developed and shared advocacy and resource mobilisation-related profiles on major donors. UNMAS support to the field in this area is not limited to UNMAS field presence, but rather, in its role as coordinator, available to all members of the UN system. .
1.1.1. Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (APMBT)
Background UNMAS participated in all annual conferences and meetings of the Standing Committees of the APMBC since its entry into force in 1999. UNMAS coordinated UN participation at those meetings. For the last years, UNMAS has been coordinating UNMAT statements to speak as one in the context of the APMBC.
The APMBT is a key international framework for mine action. UNMAS has actively ensured a coordinated UN participation to the relevant meetings, as well as contributions by the UN to the international implementation process. UNMAS assists a number of States Parties in complying with their national obligations to the APMBT. UNMAS will continue coordinating UN participation and contributions to the APMBT process.
1.1.2. Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) – Amended Protocol II and Protocol V
Background UNMAS has been participating and making contributions to the CCW in the matters of landmines, ERW and cluster munitions since 2002. More recently, UNMAS coordinates the delivery of UNMAT statements.
Two protocols to the CCW Convention are particularly relevant to mine action: amended Protocol II on mines, booby traps and other devices – or APII – (entered into force in 1998) and Protocol V on ERW, which entered into force in 2006. Both protocols have established their own implementation mechanisms including regular meetings. In addition, a 4th Meeting of High
17 Contracting Parties in 2011 led to a mandate to discuss a potential protocol on mines other than anti-personnel mines (MOTAPM).
UNMAS participates actively in all CCW relevant meetings and coordinates the participation and the delivery of statements by the UN Mine Action. Also, UNMAS is an Observer to the Steering Committee of the CCW Sponsorship Programme, which provides funding for the participation of developing countries to the CCW meetings.
1.1.3. Convention on Cluster Munitions Background UNMAS participated in all main conferences in the Oslo Process and in many of the regional and thematic conferences. UNMAS ensured coordinated positions from the UN side, as well as the participation of UNMAT members.
The Oslo process on cluster munitions started in February 2007 and was opened for signature on 3 December 2008 with the signature by 94 countries of the Convention on Cluster Munitions (CCM). The Convention on Cluster Munitions was adopted in Dublin by 107 states on 30 May 2008 and signed in Oslo on 3 December the same year. Sixty-six States are party to the Convention which became binding international law when it entered into force on 1 August 2010. To date, a total of 109 states have joined the Convention, as States Parties or Signatories. UNMAS participated during the whole process, ensuring coordinated UN participation and the provision of expert advice to the process. Through the coordination of UNMAS, the IACG-MA successfully contributed to the process that led States to adopt the CCM.
1.1.4. The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and its Toolkit
Background UNMAS has followed the negotiation process that led to the adoption of the CRPD and its entry into force, including some interventions in the relevant Committee. The CRPD is relevant to the mine action pillar of victim assistance.
UNMAS represents DPKO/DFS in the UN Inter-Agency Support Group (IASG) on the CRPD and has participated in all meetings of the IASG, as well as in other relevant exercises, including through field-based contributions. UNMAS expertise in the development of a UN Mine Action Policy and Strategy has been useful in the development of relevant policy documents within the IASG. In addition, UNMAS aims to provide advice to DPKO/DFS on means and ways to support the integration of CRPD core objectives in the field. UNMAS continues to actively consult with DPKO/DFS field colleagues to inform a set of guidelines for United Nations country programming in coordination with IASG-CRPD members.
A CRPD advocacy toolkit was developed by UNMAS in coordination with OHCHR, UNHCR, UNICEF and other members of UNMAT. The toolkit, targeted for use by all United Nations staff members to disseminate information on the CRPD, promote its understanding and to assist States parties in implementing their obligations, has received very positive comments during different fora, including by partners in and outside the UN system.
18 1.1.5. Non-State Actors
Background Armed non-state actors (NSAs) have been using mines and other devices in several conflicts or have attempted to do so. UNMAS and UNMAT have been supporting efforts to elicit commitments by NSAs with regard to a ban on mines. Geneva Call, a Swiss-based NGO, encourages NSAs to sign a Deed of Commitment, banning mines and undertaking mine action efforts.
1.2. Gender mainstreaming in mine action and the gender learning cycle
Background Gender mainstreaming in mine action is referred in paragraph 28 of the inter-agency Policy. Mainstreaming gender is also enshrined in the 2006 DPKO policy directive and in the Security Council Resolution 1325 (2000). In March 2010, an updated version of the 2005 Gender in Mine Action Guidelines (the Guidelines) was adopted. Global workshops in Dubai (2006) and Nairobi (2007) and one stocktaking workshop in the UN Logistics Base in Brindisi (2008) were organised to promote the understanding and ownership of gender in mine action and to share good practices and lessons learned.
The 2008 workshop found that gender is no longer an alien concept to mine action but that the implementation of mainstreaming practices varies across programmes and continents. Gender considerations also need to be made in the context of transition to national authorities. Participants agreed on the need to share the wealth of experience that some programmes and individuals have acquired through cross-mission exchanges, small regional workshops, national training and the electronic sharing of knowledge. Participants also recommended accompanying the launch of any revised tools with expert advice tailored to the exigencies of each programme.
Mandated versus Enhanced Programme Performance
Gender has taken hold in mine action not because it was mandated, but because managers began to
see the benefit to programme performance by including it in their project design and assumptions.
If anything, the idea that it was mandated so it had to be done hampered the inclusion of gender as
it was seen as a “check in the box” meant to appease donors and fill reports. Since it started to
yield benefits in the form of better information, better quality of work and the proper focusing of
mine action interventions, there has been less resistance and more active engagement in gender
related initiatives in mine action, which have been promoted by the revised gender guidelines.
19 1.3 Technology There had been criticism that technology has not produced new ideas for mine action and that many ideas have been ill thought through or badly introduced into the field. In addition the users have not articulated their requirements clearly and developers have not always listened to the field. With a very small market, the financial initiative to invest in technology production is not great. However, in reality, there have been significant improvements in many areas. There is therefore a need to collect, analyse and share information, to advise and to direct research and development, to ensure the maximum flow of information and concentration of effort.
1.4 International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) International standards for mine action programmes were first proposed by working groups at an international technical conference in Denmark in July 1996. Criteria were prescribed for all aspects of mine clearance and standards were recommended, which led to the agreement on a new universal definition of ‘clearance’. In late 1996, the principles proposed in Denmark were developed by a UN-led working group and the International Standards for Humanitarian Mine Clearance Operations were developed. A first edition was issued in March 1997.
The scope of these original standards has since been expanded to include other components of mine action and to reflect changes to operational procedures, practices, and norms. The standards were re-developed and renamed as International Mine Action Standards (IMAS).
The United Nations has a general responsibility for enabling and encouraging the effective management of mine action programmes, including the development and maintenance of standards. UNMAS, therefore, is the office within the United Nations responsible for the development and maintenance of IMAS. IMAS are produced with the assistance of the GICHD.
The work of preparing, reviewing and revising IMAS is conducted by technical committees, with the support of international, governmental and non-governmental organisations. The latest version of each standard, together with information on the work of the technical committees, can be found at http://www.mineactionstandards.org/. Individual IMAS are reviewed at least every three years to reflect developing mine action norms and practices and to incorporate changes to international regulations and requirements.
1.5. Key policy and strategic concerns
In recent years, efforts will be aimed at building on the gender mainstreaming and CRPD work while also strategically expanding the policy setting role that UNMAS, including with regards to the CCM and new areas of work, such as small arms and stockpile ammunitions disposal.
20 2. PUBLIC INFORMATION
2.1. Background The UNMAS Information Unit provides public information services to UNMAS as well as UNMAT and supports the advocacy and outreach of others in New York, Geneva and the field.
2.2. Coordination The Information Unit led the development of an inter-agency mine action communications strategy, which the Inter-Agency Coordination Group on Mine Action endorsed in 2005. The strategy establishes common communications approaches and goals for the United Nations Mine Action Team.
UNMAS’ Information Unit created and chairs a Communications Working Group which is charged with implementing the strategy and meets about six times a year to share information, identify means for reaching target audiences and opportunities to highlight issues jointly, promote policies, research and publications, and raise awareness about the United Nations’ role in mine action. The five goals and 18 objectives of this strategy ensure that UN mine action communications are consistent, complete, and coordinated.
2.3. Media Relations The Information Unit’s media relations services include writing and issuing press releases to highlight newsworthy events or the release of important publications, organizing press briefings, setting up interviews, pitching story ideas, responding to press inquiries, helping journalists shape stories already under way and organizing press trips affected by landmines or explosive remnants of war. A press trip in 2007 drew attention to the problem of unexploded cluster munitions in Tajikistan and the United Nations’ efforts to assist national authorities to remove them and one in November 2008 raised awareness about the United Nations Development Programme’s efforts to address the landmine problem in northern Iraq. As with the work of the unit in general, some media relations support UNMAS (and OROLSI/DPKO), while others benefit the whole of UNMAT.
2.4. Website Development and Management The Information Unit developed and manages the UN inter-agency mine action website E-Mine at www.mineaction.org, which earned UNMAS a UN21 Award in 2003. The Unit also manages two additional websites (www.stoplandmines.org, and thislandwasmine.org), which reinforce two United Nations mine action video public service announcements. The Unit manages a fourth website (developed for the United Nations by the Government of Canada) used by donors to track their mine action investments (www.mineactioninvestments.org).
The Unit also developed a web-based system that aids the development, publication and on-line posting of the annual Portfolio of Mine Action Projects.
2.5. Publications The Unit develops brochures, fact sheets, flyers and other materials for UNMAS and UNMAT. The Unit is also in charge of production of UNMAS’ main publications, such as the annual report and the Portfolio of Mine Action Projects.
21 2.6. Writing The Unit drafts talking points, frequently asked questions, backgrounders, statements, speeches, forewords and other texts, as needed, by senior United Nations Officials, including, on occasion, the Secretary-General. The Unit also reviews or edits all information materials prepared for external audiences.
2.7. Special Events and Promotions The Unit coordinates and oversees special events, such as the annual commemoration of the International Day for Mine Awareness and Assistance in Mine Action. The Unit also leads UNMAT promotions, including public service ad campaigns and the development of publications to mark special days, such as the 10th anniversary of the anti-personnel mine-ban treaty.
22 3. FUNDS MANAGEMENT- FINANCE MODULE
Under the UNMAS Director, the funds management team oversees and manages incoming funds and the negotiation of respective contribution agreements, with the Finance Section responsible for accounting for expenditure of funds.
3.1. Resource Mobilization
3.1.1. Summary UNMAS operations are funded through various funding mechanisms, namely the Assessed Budget (AB), Voluntary Contributions, mainly through the Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action (VTF) and the Peacekeeping Support Account (PKSA). Other sources include the Common Humanitarian Fund (CHF) for Sudan, the Trust Fund for Human Security (UNTFHS), the Nepal Peace Trust Fund (NPTF) and the Pooled Fund for the DRC.
3.1.2. Voluntary contributions: 2007-2011 and key partners Established by the Secretary-General on 30 November 1994, the VTF provides special resources for mine action activities to UNMAS and its partners, particularly for situations where other funding is not immediately available. It is not solely to fund UNMAS operations, and some donors specifically contribute to programmes supported by other members of UNMAT or mine action partners. However, as partners encouraged donors to provide funds directly to their respective funding modalities, the VTF has become synonymous with UNMAS implementation for most donors, even of unearmarked contributions.
Since its inception, the VTF has received total contributions over US$600 million. Thirteen donors have provided the vast majority of the funds, namely Australia, Canada, the CHF (UNDP), Denmark, the European Commission, Finland, Italy, Japan (and the UNTFHS), the Netherlands, New Zealand, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
For 2011, contributions to the VTF totalled an estimated US$58 million as of October 2011 with a projected total of approximately US$74m by year’s end.
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3.1.4. Donor Relations UNMAS mobilises resources by strategically highlighting mine action funding needs to donor representatives in Permanent Missions in New York and at capitals. Donor profiles are maintained to align UNMAS funding requirements with donors’ priorities. A significant proportion of donor relations, and subsequently resources mobilised, is initiated in the field through direct relations between the mine action programmes and embassies and representative offices in the field. The interplay between HQ and field fundraising activities is reflected in the graphic below:
The negotiation process of contribution agreements is typically coordinated at UNMAS HQ.
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Managing the Negotiation Process
As indicated, initial efforts to mobilise resources often begin in the field. However, as with all contributions to UNMAS activities, they must be received in the VTF, not in the field. This means that UNMAS HQ is responsible for meeting all reporting requirements and other conditions. In order for UNMAS to fulfil those obligations, the field and respective UNMAS Programme Officers should ensure the Resource Management Team is aware of all such discussion and must transfer responsibility to finalize any negotiation of agreements to the Resource Management Team. Failure to do so may result in delays in receiving the contribution, rejection by the United Nations Controller’s Office due to lack of conformity to accepted language or other impediments to programme implementation.
3.2. Tracking incoming funds, their allocation and expenditure The vast majority of all voluntary funds that UNMAS receives are earmarked by donors to a relatively small number of specific country programmes like Afghanistan and Sudan.
3.2.1. Unearmarked contributions Under the principle of “Good Humanitarian Donorship”, UNMAS has been advocating that donors make “unearmarked” contributions that allow for greater flexibility in the management of the VTF as well as to earmark specific contributions for HQ coordination activities.
3.2.2. “Earmarking of Unearmarked” funds A specific work flow has been created to standardise the process of “earmarking” “unearmarked” funds within UNMAS, facilitate increased transparency and ensure that resource management and finance staff is kept abreast of internal earmarking decisions made by senior management. These processes are subject to further modification pending decisions on an enhanced governance mechanism for the VTF as directed by the Secretary-General’s Policy Committee.
3.2.3. Bridging Funds: The CERF When confirmed pledges have not yet been deposited and payments have to be made for emergency funding of programmes, the UNMAS applies to the OCHA managed Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF), which lends funds, and under particular criteria issues grants.
3.2.4. Effectively tracking incoming and outgoing funds Finance, resource management and PROFI colleagues have been working on the establishment of a funds tracking database, which will integrate significant information for resource mobilisation/management, finance and UNOPS, to improve the overall monitoring of incoming funds from the moment they are an unconfirmed pledge until they become expenditures and facilitate the timely issuance of financial reports.
27 3.3. Finance – Expenditure of Funds
3.3.1. The 2012 Cost Plan for HQ Coordination of UN Mine Action The 2009 Cost Plan in the budgeted sum of $5,636,649.05 for the period 1 January to 31 December 2012, which is primarily funded from specific donor contributions to the VTF. As with every annual cost plan, it has been approved by the United Nations Controller. Funds cover 22 posts under the VTF, mission travel, coordination functions, information and technology resources and advocacy.
3.3.2. Peacekeeping Operations financed by the Assessed Budget UNMAS, in consultation with the relevant Peacekeeping Mission, has overall ownership and responsibility for the design, planning and oversight of mine action component within peacekeeping operations. For the financial year 1 July 2011 to 30 June 2012, there are seven such ongoing programmes in MINURSO, MINURCAT, MONUSCO, UNIFIL, UNMISS, UNAMID and assessed contributions for logistical support to the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) through the UN Support Office for AMISOM (UNSOA). Regular budget funds will also be made available in 2012 through the Mission budget for UNMSMIL in Libya.
UNMAS works together with the Field Budget and Finance Division (FBFD) of DFS in advising field missions on the formulation of results-based budgeting, budget proposals, performance reporting and programme evaluations for the mine action component. In 2009, UNMAS was designated as a cost centre for assessed budget funds that will allow it to conduct these activities independently of FBFD.
The preferred method of staffing and managing a mine action programme within a peacekeeping operation is through an umbrella Memorandum of Understanding that was signed between the UN and UNOPS on 25 June 2008 and extended through April 2012.The umbrella MOU provides the operational framework which governs the working arrangements with UNOPS. Individual projects to be implemented by UNOPS and funded from UN sources are concluded using a simplified Financial Agreement.
3.3.3. Synopsis of the Voluntary Trust Fund (VTF) / Assessed Budget for Peacekeeping Support Account The UNMAS Finance Unit comprises a Chief of Unit at the P-4 level, a Budget and Finance Officer at the P-3 level and a Finance Assistant at the GS-4 level. A P-5 Chief and GS-6 Assistant have also been authorised and are under recruitment.
The responsibilities of the Chief of the Finance and Budget Unit originally dealt only with the financial management of the VTF have been broadened to include oversight of budget preparation, financial monitoring and reporting on the mine action component funded through peacekeeping.
The level of expenditure on mine action activities through both the Assessed Budget (AB) and the VTF has risen significantly over the past six years. AB resources have increased from US$6.81 million in the financial year 2002/2003, through to US$80 million in 2011/2012. Voluntary contributions have risen from US$82.5 million in the 2002/2003 biennium, through to an estimated US$137 million in the 2010/201 biennium.
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Under the Umbrella Memorandum of Understanding between the UN and UNOPS, UNOPS as the main service provider to UNMAS in relation to peacekeeping missions is required to submit quarterly/interim Financial Statements on Income and Expenditures together with projections of cash requirements for the next three months. Such reports and projections necessitate close monitoring and administration of expenditures by the respective Programme Officer and Finance and Budget Unit members to ensure that they remain within the authorized budgeted levels. Also, significant variances from plans are analyzed and adequately explained in the performance reports together with the attendant effect on cash flows, the budgeted resources, and the achievement of the objectives of the particular project.
3.3.4. Processing of VTF Financial Agreements As with UNMAS’ designation as a cost centre for AB funds, UNMAS has delegation of authority to approve and certify budget items in relation to allocations issued and allotments made to implementing partners.
3.3.5. Grants/MOU Mechanisms The Finance and Budget Section also oversees the Grant mechanism between UNMAS and implementing partners through a Memorandum of Agreement. An MOU is used between UNMAS and UN agencies other than UNOPS, primarily UNDP and UNICEF. Guidelines and a work flow for the Grants/MOU Mechanism have been developed and are outlined in the accompanying workflows.
3.4. Reporting Most donors have agreed to accept the Annual UNMAS Report, which is published in June every year, to fulfil the financial and substantive reporting requirements on voluntary contributions..
In those few instances where the Annual UNMAS Report is not sufficient to meet reporting requirements due to language in specific contribution agreements, the Finance and Budget Section prepares individual financial reports where required, and the programme officers prepare individual substantive reports as required. The resource management officer and reporting assistant function as a “clearing house” by reminding programme- and finance colleagues of approaching deadlines and coordinating the submission of reports and potential queries.
29 3.5 VTF management and tracking- ProFi
Background Since late 2007, UNMAS started to conceptualize a software system which would provide a full project life cycle’s workflow including finance, data, documents and programme management. After the review of several systems, UNMAS selected ‘Programme and Financial Information Management System’ (ProFi), a system developed by UNODC. Core modules of the system have been implemented by UNODC over 2009. and 2010, and further implementation, customizations and enhancements have continued since.
ProFi Infrastructure ProFi is a Lotus Notes-based system built on top of PeopleSoft ERP. User data entries are performed either through Lotus Notes or PeopleSoft interfaces. The majority of the output reports are dynamically built either within Lotus Notes, or through Business Intelligence / Web Report subsystem. ProFi has provisions to interact with IMIS (for financial expenditure data feeds), with UNOPS’ ATLAS system (for UNOPS projects and expenditure data feeds) and with E-Mine database (for Projects Portfolio data feeds). Figure 1 shows high level structure of ProFi system.
Figure 1: ProFi Infrastructure
Current Functions of ProFi System
As of January 2012, several modules of ProFi system have been implemented, reflecting UNMAS’ processes and activities.
Figure 2 shows functions in different ProFi modules and responsible areas within the UNMAS.
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Figure 2: ProFi Modules and Functions
Portfolio Projects Module is the central point for management of Mine Action Projects. It contains Projects from the E-Mine portfolio with all relevant details, and it also allows for ad-hoc creation of new, specific projects, based on Donors’ requirements. The functionality of this module extends to establishment and management of project segments. Main user is Budget and Finance.
Funding Agreements Module has focus on Donor Profiles, Funding Agreements, Pledges, Contributions, and detailed Segments Programming. It provides for management of these
31 elements done by Resource Mobilisation, in coordination with Programme Officers and Budget and Finance. Incorporated within the module are reports on deadlines, contributions and expected contributions, adjusted to the needs of the Resource Mobilisation section.
Allocations/Allotments Workflow Module is primarily used by Programme Officers for reviewing and inspecting Programmed Funds on Segments and, throughout the life of projects, creating Allocations/Allotments and corresponding Requests for Payments. This module incorporates full review and approval workflow for Allocations/Allotments and for Requests for Payments, from Programme Officer, through Planning Officer, Resource Management, Budget and Finance, the Director, to final outputs for OPPBA and PPBD, and the Controller. Set of incorporated reports enables monitoring allocations/allotments against Contribution Receipt Vouchers (CRVs) as well as status for all allocations/allotments and requests. While the main users are Programme Officers, the workflow incorporates Resource Mobilisation and Budget and Finance in order to develop and maintain a system of check and balances.
Budget Module is currently providing functions to manage and track revised budgets. Main users are Programme Officers and Budget and Finance.
Web Reports Module is set on top of UNODC’s Business Intelligence system enabling dynamic access to various elements of the ProFi System. It is currently utilised mostly for integrated reporting on financial elements, such as Levels of Expenditure or Programmes, and for reporting on Programme and Project Elements. This module is aimed to users from all areas of the UNMAS.
Special Posts is a dedicated repository for documents relevant to the UNMAS’ operations in relation to the ProFi System, from monthly and quarterly reports, to any other official and operational documents.
Development Progress
Currently, three modules of the ProFi System are in testing and pre-production phases:
Financial Agreements Module, which has a purpose to record and track signed Financial Agreements (FAs), Grants and Basic Agreement Documents; develop new FAs by providing a review workflow, a checklist and templates for annexes required by FAs; monitor the project/FA status, expirations, instalments and reporting; and enable disbursements planning and tracking.
Unconfirmed Pledges Module, which has a purpose to record and track Unconfirmed Pledges, and corresponding disbursements planning and tracking.
Programme/Project Module, which has a purpose to manage Country Profiles; enable integrated Risks and Recommendation Management; generate statistical and measurable data from substantive reports; and capture project documents.
Following the implementation of the above modules, Management Reports should enable reporting on the Overview of Voluntary Trust Fund; Status of allocations provided to
32 Implementing Partners by UNMAS; Financial status of a Mine Action programme; and Disbursement Plan.
The development of Interface with ATLAS (UNOPS’ ERP) with the purpose of data feed of UNOPS expenditures into ProFi is ongoing and it’s implementation is expected in first/second quarter of 2012.The Interface with IMIS with the purpose of data feed of UNMAS related financial data into ProFi is considered to follow in the following quarter.
Work on Revised/Enhanced Budget Module is in analysis phase.
3.6 Recommendations Tracking Tool The Recommendations Tracking Tool (RTT) has been developed during 2008. The aim was to develop a system that would track recommendations that have been made with regard to the UNMAT HQ and field programmes. A great number of assessments have taken place over the years from OIOS audits to external evaluations, technical assessment missions and reviews. Previously, the recommendations made by these assessments would go in the report but largely be forgotten. The aim of the RTT is to capture these recommendations and monitor them through to implementation.
The RTT is now in its second version. It has been built with Microsoft Access but is based on a simple spreadsheet (see attached) with a number of fields detailing the recommendation, who made it, when, what date it is to be implemented by and who was responsible for the implementation. The database will then auto generate reminder emails to the responsible person or persons, reminding them of an approaching implementation deadline.
In addition to the assessments, programmes conduct an internal ‘Programme Forecast’ twice a year in which they identify threats and opportunities and propose mitigating strategies in the form of a recommendation. These also go into the RTT for monitoring.
33
4. PROGRAMME PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT
4.1. The Framework for Mine Action Planning and Rapid Response The Framework for Mine Action Planning and Rapid Response (“The Framework”) was developed as part of the 2001-2005 Inter-Agency Mine Action Strategy. It was intended as an overarching structure and approach, within which, UNMAS, along with members of the IACG- MA, monitors emerging or evolving mine and ERW threats globally, identifies and plans appropriate responses with members of the UN Mine Action Team, and facilitates the rapid deployment of assessment missions and operational response. Although not designed to address mine action requirements beyond the emergency phase, it further guides the emergency deployment of appropriate resources and creates an environment conducive to longer-term planning. While the Framework has been superseded in many ways by the establishment of the Mine Action AoR within the global Protection Cluster, its application may still be relevant in some instances where the Cluster approach has not been invoked. The key elements are outlined below:
4.1.1. Threat Monitoring – The Threat Monitoring Matrix (TMM) One of the roles of the IACG-MA is to monitor the global threat from mines and other Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) not covered by the mine action AoR. The tool it uses to do this is the Threat Monitoring Matrix (TMM). The TMM is managed by the UNMAS planning officer. The TMM is updated monthly, by monitoring agency field reports, the media and other information from donors and partners. The updated TMM is sent to the IACG-MA one week before each monthly meeting. This gives them the chance to review and request further updates or amendments prior it being discussed at the IACG-MA meeting. During the meeting, each potential threat is discussed and options for the Country Team agreed upon, whether that is the mounting of a Technical Assessment Mission (TAM) to a new country, a change of policy or direction for an existing programme, continued monitor or closure of the threat from the matrix.
4.1.2. Planning and Assessment Missions Without prejudice to agencies existing mandates and accountability, all requests for assistance in mine action should be directed to UNMAS for consideration by the IACG-MA. When justified by the circumstances, and as a first step of a United Nations response, UNMAS should, as soon as it is possible and in consultation with the UN Resident/Humanitarian Coordinator, organize a multidisciplinary and multisectoral assessment to define the scope and nature of the problem, to identify constraints and opportunities relating to the development of mine action initiatives, and to make recommendations for a comprehensive response including institutional arrangements for the coordination and implementation of mine action activities.
4.1.3. Rapid Response Projects Programme: Rapid Response Plan as a part of Standing Mine Action Capacity
Programme Summary The RRP is integral to the Framework as described above and consists from a management perspective of two separate projects. The Coordination project is focussed on the preparedness functions necessary to ensure that the operational response in the Framework and in support of the mine action AoR is kept current and representative of best practice. This is achieved through
34 a Standing Mine Action Capacity (S-MAC). In addition to being the first to deploy in a rapid response scenario, S-MAC members will deploy to reinforce existing programmes as required, conduct standardized evaluations on behalf of the Chief of Programme Planning and Management and take part in Boards of Inquiry (BOI) as required.
Inter-agency cooperation and coordination within the response framework and continuous refinement of response procedures and other contributions to overall preparedness is addressed through the annual RRP Exercise, held in conjunction with the stand-by logistic/ support partner the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (SCCA).
The Implementation project supports the deployment of operational capabilities under the auspices of the plan and AoR and allows for the contracting of appropriate implementing partners to provide the required capabilities. These organisations may deploy to support the implementation of the response plan in a new emergency area, or may be contracted to supplement an existing mine action programme (for instance where an emergency has generated a threat in excess of that programme’s existing capacity to reduce). The budget for this project is necessarily indicative, as the true cost will only be identified once the configuration of an emergency response is determined.
4.1.4. Technical and Evaluation Missions UNMAS personnel undertake two main types of field mission; technical missions and evaluation missions. Technical missions are usually undertaken by the Programme Officer and are considered vital for HQ to have a thorough understanding of the programme. The missions should take place twice a year and are usually one to two weeks in duration depending on the size of the programme. The visits are coordinated with UNOPS when appropriate.
UNMAS has an inherent responsibility to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its mine action programmes without compromising safety standards. Evaluation missions are intended to improve programming, strengthen the UN’s external credibility, ensure accountability, promote greater understanding of the work of mine action and provide lessons learned to enhance the development of the programme.
Evaluations are sometimes carried out as an inter-agency mission or more frequently with the aid of external consultants. With the establishment of the S-MAC, internal evaluation will become a standardized and regular part of UNMAS programme implementation. In some cases, donors or other stakeholders under take their own evaluation mission.
4.2 Landmine Safety Project
Programme: Landmine Safety Programme (Phase III)
Programme Summary The Landmine & ERW Safety Project aims to reduce the risk of mine and ERW accidents among staff working in high-risk areas, by ensuring that peacekeeping, humanitarian and development aid institutions receive training and materials on landmine and ERW safety. In phase I, training materials were developed, and a “train-the-trainer” approach was adopted to communicate safety
35 procedures, mine and ERW identification, avoidance techniques, and appropriate actions in case of accidental entry into a minefield. Participants from 15 countries participated in this phase. The train-the-trainer’ course has been retained, but has not been needed in several years. Phase II reached an additional 12 countries and funded the translation of the Landmine Safety Handbook into French, Russian and Arabic. The current Phase III of the project builds on the accomplishments already achieved by way of production and wide distribution of the newly translated handbooks. There is a notional Landmine and ERW Safety Steering Committee comprising representatives from UNMAS, UNICEF, UNOPS and DSS. UNMAS has undertaken to produce a complementary CD-ROM as a self-paced teaching tool. This tool, developed by way of a Grant to UCLA, has been widely distributed via UNMAS programmes and through DSS to good reviews. Plans are in place to translate the CD-ROM into five or so other languages and to make the product web-host able making it available to a wider audience. There is also the intention to expand the training to a third module to cover the threat posed by improvised explosive devices (IED).
4.3 Field Activities
4.3.1 Afghanistan Programme: The Mine Action Coordination Centre of Afghanistan (MACCA) manages the Mine Action Programme of Afghanistan (MAPA) under the auspices of the Relief, Recovery and Reconstruction Pillar (II) of the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA). It is not an element of the Mission budget or direct structure. UNMAS provides the MACCA staff and function to the Government of Afghanistan to assist in the coordination of mine action activities in the country.
Annual Budget and Shortfall: The overall Programme requirement is US$244 million for 2011 including bilateral and multilateral funds.
Sources of Income: Afghanistan Source of Expenditure: Afghanistan
60000000 30000000
40000000 20000000 VTF Assessed Assessed VTF 20000000 10000000
0 0 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Programme Summary:
Background
The mine and ERW contamination in Afghanistan is a result of widespread use of mines and explosive ordnance during more than two decades of conflict involving the Soviet military,
36 various national military and militia factions, and international military forces. The current known mine contamination extends to more than 6,819 known hazards covering an estimated total area of 679 sq km, with these hazards impacting over 2,141 communities and the tens of thousands of inhabitants therein. There were 425 victims of landmines and explosives remnants of war recorded in 2009, with over 85% of the victims being male, and over 57% being children.
The Mine Action Programme of Afghanistan (MAPA) was established in 1989 by the United Nations, under the auspices of the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance to Afghanistan (UNOCHA) and funded largely by the UN managed Afghan Emergency Trust Fund (AETF). Responsibility for support to the programme was transferred to UNMAS in June 2002 under the terms of an MOU between OCHA and DPKO.
MAPA encompasses all pillars of mine action including advocacy, demining (survey, marking and clearance), stockpile destruction, mine risk education, and victim assistance. Mine action services reach almost every corner of the country and the role is a one that engenders local respect and support in most areas. Over 20 mine action implementing organisations work in Afghanistan employing over 8,500 personnel in over 500 team units. MAPA is funded both bilaterally and through the VTF. The MAPA has a twenty year history of successfully delivering mine action in Afghanistan in the face of many challenges and the programme is robust, resilient and flexible. It has cleared 12,000 hazard areas in Afghanistan since its inception, and will over the next five years, resources being available, concentrate on removing the remaining hazard in the country.
The programme and Government objectives in this regard are spelled out clearly within Afghanistan Compact and the Afghan National Development Strategy: • By March 2011, a reduction in the known land area contaminated by mines and UXO by 70%; • By end of 2007 all known stockpiled anti-personnel mines to be located and destroyed (completed); and • By end-2010, all unsafe, unserviceable and surplus ammunition to be destroyed.
Additionally, the work of the Programme is guided by the obligations APM Ban Treaty: • The clearing all emplaced anti-personnel mines in Afghanistan by March 2013; • The destroying all known anti-personnel mine stockpiles by March 2007 : and • Providing mine risk education to Afghan people and assisting those who have been injured by mines and UXO.
Coordination and Transition
The programme is coordinated by the UNMAS supported Mine Action Coordination Centre of Afghanistan (MACCA) in Kabul. This Centre has existed in various forms since 1989 and has eight area sub offices throughout the country providing coordination of assets working in each region. It is responsible for the coordination of all mine action in the country, including bilateral and multilateral. The UN role was reaffirmed in 2002 when the newly formed Government of Afghanistan entrusted interim responsibility for programme management and oversight to the UN through 2013.
37 As of January 2008 the Government, through the modality of a newly formed Inter Ministerial Board for Mine Action (IMB), designated the Government Department of Mine Clearance (DMC) under the Afghan National Disaster Management Authority to work jointly with the MACCA. This involves the MDC integrated into the MACCA offices and functions. Significant progress was made to that goal in 2009.
Since 2002, the MACCA has largely transitioned responsibility for management of MRE and victim assistance to appropriate Government Ministries. Advisory offices have been established within the Ministry of Education for oversight of MRE, and within the Ministry of Labour, Social Affairs, Martyred and Disabled and Ministry of Public Health for oversight of disability issues. In the absence of other UN support and assistance, the MACCA provides the UN lead for wider disability issues in the country, and has successfully supported the development of critical legislative, policy and structural frameworks and institutions focused on the issue.
The MACCA itself has also focused on nationalisation of key posts, with this process firmly entrenched in the organisational culture. The first Afghan national Director was hired, against international competition, in 2007, with the Chief of Operations, Chief of Planning and all Area Managers being national staff. Currently only 12 international staff provide support to the entire programme, with this number to be reduced further as circumstances permit.
Operational Issues
The MAPA currently operates nationally, but has been subject to numerous security threats resulting in high numbers of casualties and disruption of operations since 2001. In 2009, implementing partners suffered 13 killed, 24 wounded and a further 30 abducted, which are increases over the previous year. On 17 Jan 2009, the MACCA was badly damaged in a Vehicle Borne IED (VBIED) explosion aimed at nearby US military forces, resulting in one wounded and the eventual relocation of the MACCA. These ongoing incidents along with the requirement for ongoing delivery in areas of threat, has led to the development of innovative options for conduct of mine action in some areas.
Primary among these is the Community Based Demining (CBD) approach in insecure areas of the country, largely focused on Kandahar, Helmand, Uruzgan and Kunar provinces. CBD projects are anchored into the local population and built on a premise that 90% of the personnel and resources needed are sourced locally. Small cadres of experienced mine action staff link directly with target communities to identify personnel to be hired and trained on site while supporting vehicles and supplies are procured locally. This approach has the multiplier effect of bringing supplemental income into hundreds of local households, while also creating opportunities for additional revenue streams into the community. The CBD process will continue to be relied upon as a means of delivery. The approach is generating significant attention within the UN and with partner organizations as a model for successful delivery of services into areas of higher risk.
The Afghan national NGOs operate in a regional approach throughout the country that allows them to centralize their operational, administrative and logistical approaches and structures. This reduced their organizational complexity, whilst at the same time increasing their ability to bring the most appropriate assets to bear on local problems rapidly. It also has the benefit of increasing potential for development of community relationships, while reducing exposure to potential
38 criminal or insurgent attack due to reduced road movements. This has also generated stronger management processes and ownership of the contamination problem local to the NGOs, with increased knowledge and focus as a result.
Operational outputs for the Programme in 2009 included the destruction of 48,769 AP mines, almost 644 AT mines, and 1,092,527 ERW. These results, along with those of 2008, were a significant increase over those from 2007 and prior due largely to the increased knowledge of the mine threat based on a polygon survey conducted nationally, and the orientation of clearance assets onto more tightly defined minefield sites. These tasks resulted in the clearance of over 47.5 sq km of minefields and almost 131 sq km of former battle area in 2009, using a range of mechanical, manual and dog assisted approaches.
More than one million persons received MRE, of which 32% were female and 75% were children. The integration of MRE into the national curriculum continued with over 16,000 Ministry of Education teachers now trained to conduct MRE and messages integrated into school textbooks for grades 6-9.
4.3.2 Chad: Mine action in support of CND
Programme Summary The United Nations Security Council, by it Resolution 1778 (2007), approved the establishment of the United Nations Mission in the Central African Republic and Chad (hereinafter referred to as “MINURCAT”) intended to help create the security conditions conducive to a voluntary, secure and sustainable return of refugees and displaced persons.
Although it is confirmed that the landmine threat is fairly low in eastern Chad, a threat from ERW as well as potential newly-laid landmines being directed at specific targets exists. The presence/perception of landmines and ERW affects route access of UN staff and equipment and implementation of humanitarian projects. The principal challenge relates to ERW contamination, which could cause casualties, not only for the UN staff but also for the local population, especially among children, refugees and internally displaced persons who are not familiar with the current situation of ERW contamination. In this respect, 39 casualties were reported in 2009 in eastern Chad alone.
In line with S/2007/488, UNMAS started deploying a Mine Action Team (MAT) as part of MINURCAT and contracted a commercial company –MineTech- to deal with the increase number of ERW and possible landmine contamination in the border areas of eastern Chad. The main office is located in Abeche and coordinates with the Centre National de Déminage- CND, the Chadian national mine action authority, regional office. Advanced operational bases are located in Iriba, Farchana and Goz Beida, with one Emergency Response Team located in Abeche.
In May 2011, upon the closure of MINURCAT, at the request of the government, UNMAS deployed a technical advisor in order to work with the CND and provide technical expertise to capacity development efforts that have been conducted by several UN agencies and NGOs.
39 4.3.3 DRC: Mine Action in support to the MONUSCO Mission to the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sources of Income: DRC Sources of Expenditure: DRC
6000000 6000000
4000000 4000000
Assessed Assessed VTF VTF
2000000 2000000
0 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Programme Summary The UN Mine Action Coordination Center in the DRC (UNMACC-DRC) was created in February 2002, with offices in Kinshasa and Kisangani. Today, UNMACC operates out of Kinshasa and has 2 other offices located in the Eastern part of the country (which is the most affected part) in Kisingani and Goma. These offices are established with regard to the Mission main axes of efforts in terms of deployment.
The actual scope and impact of the landmine and ERW problem is not fully assessed, however, the use of landmines has been a feature of conflict in the DRC since the end of 1996. According to its mandate (SCR 1291, 2000) MONUC is required “to deploy mine action experts to assess the scope of the mine and unexploded ordnance problems, coordinate the initiation of mine action activities, develop a mine action plan, and carry out emergency mine action activities as required in support of its mandate.” In addition, SCR 1756 (2007) MONUC is required to enhance the demining capacities of the Government of the DRC.
By the beginning of December 2007, 1,704 hazardous areas had been registered by UNMACC, compared to 828 registered as of 16 June 2005. Of the new total, 953 were suspected to be mined and 851 to contain UXO; most of those dangerous areas were located in Katanga, Equateur, South Kivu, and Orientale. It should be noted, however, that this does not mean that Katanga is the most affected, but rather that more survey activities have been undertaken there than in other provinces. To date 2,010 victims have been recorded (892 killed and 1,118 injured).
In addition to the support to the Mission, and in support of national authorities, the UNMACC maintains the de facto responsibility for planning, management and oversight of all mine-action activities in the country on behalf of the government of the DR Congo. UNICEF plays a key role in the initiation of the Mine Risk Education pillar. Various stakeholders are working together on mine action issues (education, clearance, VA) under the coordination of the UNMACC.
Progress is being observed in the integration of demining in humanitarian and transitional programmes and the linkage is reaching a considerable level. UNMACC has to continue providing support in various forms to the demining partners notably by supporting organizations in resources allocation, by prioritizing beneficiaries and by ensuring that the International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) are adhered to.
40 . Since 2002 MACC and their partners have essentially been working in along the eastern borders of the country from Ituri District in the North to Southern Katanga; they have identified 2,000 dangerous areas, cleared 4,200,000 square meters of land, destroyed 3,200 mines and 62,000 UXO, and reached 1,300,000 with MRE.
4.4.4 Cote d’Ivoire: Mine Action Support to UNOCI
Programme Summary
The violence that erupted as a result of the post-electoral crisis in Côte d’Ivoire has had serious consequences on human security in the country and the overall peace process that was initially mandated under Security Council Resolution 1528 (2004). In Security Council Resolution 2000 (2011), reference is made, inter alia, to the importance for the United Nations Mission in Côte d’Ivoire to “continue to assist the national authorities […] in collecting, registering, securing and disposing of weapons and in clearing explosive remnants of war, as appropriate.”
At the request of the Department of Peacekeeping Operations, the United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS) first deployed Mine Action staff to Côte d’Ivoire on 22 April 2011 in order to conduct an emergency assessment of the situation with regards to explosive remnants of war (as per Code Cable 0792). On completion of the assessment, the UNMAS adviser reported that there was a problem of unexploded ordnance (UXO) and weapons insecurity, in Abidjan, and that further investigation was required in relation to possible landmine and ERW contamination in the rest of the country. Further, the adviser called for increased resources in relation to: (i) coordination, (ii) Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) and Risk Education, (iii) Weapons and Ammunition Disposal (in support of DDR), (iv) Ammunition Management (in support of SSR) and, (v) national capacity development; reference is made to Code Cable CCN 249-09.
UNMAS immediately established coordination mechanisms with the national focal point – the Gendarmerie nationale, the Forces républicaines de Côte d’Ivoire (FRCI) – the United Nations Mission in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI), the French Forces (Opération Licorne) and managed the deployment of further operational capacity from the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB) and HALO Trust (UK). Risk Education efforts were coordinated in partnership with UNICEF, ICRC and UNOCI.
UNMAS is seeking to reduce the humanitarian, socio-economic and physical threat posed by weapons and ammunition in Côte d’Ivoire, in support of wider protection and stabilization efforts.
Mine action operations will be executed in 3 phases. Phase 1 is completed; Phase 2 is being prepared in consultation with UNOCI and National Authorities; and Phase 3 will be completed when the relevant national institutions have sufficient capacity to assume responsibility for the management of weapons and ammunition-related issues. The timeframes for these phases are therefore to be regarded as indicative only.
41 PHASE 1 Establishment and initial assessment – 2 months. Phase 1 has been completed in close collaboration with UNOCI and its stakeholders. Objectives and necessary resources in order to operate within the mission context have been indentified. UNMAS is presently working under the auspices of the DDR-SSR division.
PHASE 2 Implementation – 24 months. UNMAS, together with its implementing partners and National Authorities, has identified a clear requirement for the following activities to be carried out during an estimated 24 months period, namely: (i) the completion of remaining BAC tasks in Abidjan, (ii) the continued disposal/clearance of single UXO’s on a call out basis, (iii) the development of national standards for ammunition storage, (iv) the further assessments of ammunition storage facilities throughout the country, (v) the provision of training in armoury and ammunition management to National Authorities, (vi) the disposal of unsafe/non serviceable ammunition, (vii) the disposal of all known stockpiles of anti- personnel mines and cluster munitions, (viii) the refurbishment/rehabilitation of up to 32 ammunition storage facilities/armouries in Côte d’Ivoire, and (ix) the provision of a small arms and light weapons disposal capacity in support of DDR.
PHASE 3 Completion and handover to national capacity – 2 months. Subject to milestones being achieved, including in terms of national capacity building and training, UNMAS will handover coordination and remaining implementation responsibilities to national partners.
Achievements:
As of October 2011, and further to the deployment of UNMAS to Côte d’Ivoire in mid-April 2011, the immediate threat posed by unexploded ordnance (UXO) in Abidjan has been significantly reduced with some 170 spot task interventions having been carried out by Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) teams and some 4114 UXO’s having been cleared through Battle Area Clearance (BAC) in Abidjan. In addition, 16 in-depth assessments of ammunition storage facilities have been carried out throughout the country, some 13 tons of unsafely stored ammunition has been properly segregated and secured in a temporary storage area in Abidjan, two armouries have been refurbished, some 85 FRCI engineers and 15 Gendarmes have received on-the-job training in BAC, and a temporary Central Demolition Site (CDS) has been indentified in cooperation with National Authorities. Reports about the alleged presence of landmines have furthermore been investigated and dismissed as cases of misidentification. There is no evidence to date that landmines have been used in Côte d’Ivoire.
4.4.5 Cyprus: Mine Action Support to UNFICYP
Programme Summary In June 2002, UNFICYP invited the UNMAS to conduct a technical mission to Cyprus to assist UNFICYP in formulating a course of action related to demining in Cyprus, and UNMAS recommended UNFICYP engage a technical advisor to set-up a Mine Action Centre (MAC) to address the land mine problem in the UN administrated buffer zone (BZ).
Since 2004, UNDP (RBEC), in conjunction with its executing agency UNOPS, has been responsible for the implementation of the Programme funded by the EU. UNMAS has been providing technical and policy advice to the MAC mainly in relation to DPKO/UNFICYP mandate.
42
There were a total of 122 minefields identified, of which 71 were located in the BZ. Currently the project is at a final phase which started January 2007 in order to clear the minefields identified by the Turkish Forces, and to date the project has released over 6 million square metres of land, and removed 8,200 landmines. Top priority has been placed on clearing minefields related to the opening of future crossing points, followed by land for agricultural purposes. The Turkish Forces records indicate that the remaining 26 minefields contain approximately 20,000 landmines. Very few civilian casualties, although there were few demining accidents due to technical complexity of minefields, and few accidents on illegal immigrants who tried to cross the buffer zone. The project cleared all the minefield in the BZ, except the 4 that are not released by the authorities for further clearance.
In August 2011, the project funding ended and the activities are suspended, until 4 remaining minefields are released to UNFICYP for clearance. UNMAS continues to provide technical support by sending one of its programme managers to Cyprus regularly.
4.4.6 Lebanon: Mine Action Support to UNIFIL
Programme The Mine Action Coordination Centre, South Lebanon in support of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL)
Programme Summary Prior to the 2006 conflict, the MACC-SL focused its attention on the clearance of an estimated 2.1 million square meters of land known to still be contaminated by landmines, booby-traps, and unexploded ordnance. This contamination threatens the safety of UN Peacekeeping Troops operating in the UNIFIL AoR, and nearly 250,000 people in 151 communities.
During the period 2002-2006, nearly 59,000 landmines and more than 4,600 items of unexploded ordnance were cleared in South Lebanon, enabling the resumption of farming in dozens of communities and the return of thousands of internally displaced persons.
During the 2006 conflict, Israeli Defence Forces (IDF) used artillery weapons, direct fire weapons, air-delivered munitions and naval artillery. Hezbollah used rockets and direct fire weapons. It is estimated that 2,000 – 3,000 items of ordnance were dropped per day during the first weeks of the conflict, rising to 5,000 – 6,000 per day for the last two weeks of the conflict.
As of 18 December 2008, 153,755 cluster munitions have been located and destroyed. A re- assessment of the suspected hazardous areas, in mid 2008, has increased the total from 41.7 million square metres to 48.1 million square metres. Approximately 40 million square metres was cleared by the end of 08.
43 4.4.7 Libya – Joint Mine Action Coordination Team (JMACT):
Programme Summary
The conflict in Libya has produced ERW contamination throughout the country, compounding the already existing landmine and ERW problem and posing a serious threat to life and limb of the local population. While the security situation prevents access into some areas to define the extent of the ERW problem, reports have confirmed the use of anti-vehicle mines, anti-personnel mines, cluster munitions and other ordnance which the civilian population is coming into contact with in increasing numbers and with increasing frequency. These indiscriminate and highly dangerous munitions are hazards to the civilian population, as well as humanitarian aid workers, and require urgent mine action interventions.
In response to the crisis in Libya, UNMAS deployed its Standing Mine Action Capacity to Cairo and Benghazi to commence planning and coordination of the emergency response to the ERW threat. With the cluster system now fully activated in Libya, UNMAS is leading the Mine Action Area of Responsibility within the Protection Cluster. UNMAS is working in partnership with UNICEF and ICRC as well as International Mine Action NGOs in Libya in order to determine the type, extend and locations of the landmine and ERW threat developing as a result of the current conflict in Libya.
To present a coordinated mine action response to the ERW threat in Libya, the United Nations and International NGOs have partnered to form the Joint Mine Action Coordination Team (JMACT). The JMACT works with mine action actors on the ground, providing coordination, prioritizing clearance tasks, mobilizing resources and liaising with the appropriate authorities and the international community active in Libya.
Effective coordination of mine action efforts in Libya is critical to ensure that threats are prioritized and dealt with rapidly, to ensure the safety of the civilian population, to provide freedom of movement for returning IDPs and refugees and to allow the safe passage for humanitarian aid workers.
Security Council Resolution 2009 (2011) established United Nations Support Mission in Libya (UNSMIL) that is tasked with assisting the Libyan authorities in restoring public security and the rule of law, promoting inclusive political dialogue and national reconciliation, and in helping the National Transitional Council (NTC) embark on the drafting of a new constitution and on laying the foundation for elections. The mission is overseen by the Department of Political Affairs, which provides guidance and operational assistance. As a part of UNSMIL, two Mine Action technical advisors will provide technical and managerial advice to relevant national and local authorities on all aspects of Mine Action and ammunition and weapons management activities and coordination.
4.4.8 Nepal: Support to Mine Action [Completed in June 2011]
Programme Summary From 1996 to 2006, Nepal was gripped by a Maoist insurgency that coincided with and influenced political change in the country. The insurgency was initially dealt with by the Nepal Police, but the Nepal Army was actively involved from 2000 onward. The conflict has been typified by
44 violent clashes with Maoists who on relied on homemade bombs because they lacked funds and access to commercially manufactured weapons. Improvised weapons were also used by the Nepal Army and Police. Since 2005, efforts had been made to reach a peaceful settlement to the conflict. On the basis of Security Council Resolution 1740 (2007), the United Nations launched the UN Mission in Nepal (UNMIN) in early 2007 to assist the Seven Party Alliance Government and the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoists) to implement the November 21, 2006 Comprehensive Peace Accord and Agreement on Monitoring of the Management of Arms and Armies (CPA).
The Constituent Assembly elections were finally held, after two postponements in 2007, in April 2008 and a coalition government was formed for the first time in the history of Nepal. The first Prime Minister, President and Vice President were elected and sworn in to office, though many posts within the new government are being filled with less expediency. There are still major challenges facing the implementation of the CPA and the formation of a new federal Constitution and the UNMIN mandate, set to expire on July 23, 2008, was extended to January 23, 2009 and beyond.
During the recent conflict, the Nepal Army laid 53 minefields and an additional 275 locations containing command-detonated IED within their defensive perimeters. After the conflict, the Nepal Army had neither the technical capacity, equipment nor management capacity to deal with the existing minefield threat, thereby preventing it from being able to safely meet its obligation under the CPA and Monitoring of the Management of Arms and Armies (AMMAA) to clear all minefields. To address this problem, the UNMIN Mine Action Unit proposed the development of a national mine clearance capacity within the Nepal Army Directorate of Engineers funded by the UN Peace Trust Fund. Starting in September 2007, UNMIN MAU and its contractor, ArmorGroup, provided initial training and capacity building to establish a demining management capacity – the Nepal Army Mine Action Coordination Centre (NAMACC).
Since the inception of the Project, NAMACC deminers trained through this Project have cleared 17 of the 53 minefields to international humanitarian standards and made considerable gains in their capacity to independently manage mine clearance operations in Nepal. In early 2009, at the request of the Nepal Army, the UNMAT and NAMACC jointly developed a 5-phase Capacity Development Plan (CDP) to assess and plan the needed capacity development activities and the evolution of the roles of the UNMAT and NAMACC personnel into 2011.
In January 2009, the UNMIN Mine Action Unit became part of the UN Country Team, the UNMAS directed programme together with the mine action section of UNICEF formed the UN Mine Action Team (UNMAT) in Nepal. While the UNICEF and UNMAS component maintain separate funding sources, together they chair the Mine Action Joint Working Group (MAJWG) in Nepal and work to assist the mine action community in Nepal in developing an appropriate response to the country’s mine action needs in the areas of demining, MRE, VA and some advocacy. This arrangement mirrors the UNMAT concept at the HQ level and is designed to utilize the synergies that exists between the various UN agencies involved in Mine Action.
This Programme also provides support to the Government of Nepal to develop and implement a comprehensive and sustainable Mine Action Strategy inclusive of all pillars of mine action including victim assistance, mine risk education and advocacy through the development of a mine action office within the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction (MoPR).
45 The programme is designed to continue UNMAT support to the Government of Nepal until December 2011. This support will be scaled down throughout the timeframe of the programme and will ultimately lead to the completion of direct UN support to clearance activities in Nepal. The project will ensure the standalone national capacity to effectively deal with the remaining legacy of landmines, IEDs and other Explosive Remnants of War (ERW) in Nepal.
UNMAT supports the Government of Nepal through specific activities with the Nepal Army, the Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction and the members of the MAJWG.
4.4.9 Somalia
Programme ESMA (UNSOA) and UNSOMA (Humanitarian Programme in Somalia (SCMAC, PMAC and SMAC)
Programme Summary The situation in Somalia is a protracted humanitarian emergency. Prior to the fall of the Siad Barre regime in 1991, Somalia had experienced conflict with its neighbour Ethiopia including open hostilities in the late 1970s that included the use of landmines and accumulation of ERW. Since 1991, Somalia has experienced various levels of conflict and centralized rule depending on the region of the country. The self-declared independent Somaliland in the northwest of the country has experienced relative peace. Puntland in the northeast has managed its own affairs and awaits integration into a larger Somalia when conditions prove acceptable. Somaliland and Puntland have engaged in conflict over the disputed regions of Sool and Sanaag and the exact border between the two regions remains undefined. Both of these regions have implemented mine action activities over a number of years with support from the United Nations and numerous NGOs. Landmine Impact Surveys (LIS) have been undertaken in both Somaliland and Puntland, providing an understanding of the scope of the mine and ERW problem and the resources required to eliminate the threat. The situation is much different in South Central Somalia, where insecurity and conflict have prevented an ongoing response to the mine and UXO problem. 3,500 Ethiopian soldiers and TFG police positioned in Baidoa in an effort to curtail the Al Shabaab/ICU insurgency were withdrawn in January 2009, allowing ICU/Al Shabaab to gain control over most of the main strategic areas in Bay and Bakol Regions. Al Shabaab is heavily present all over South-Central Somalia. Discussions ongoing between leaders of the insurgency and the newly elected TFG President Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed could lead to a window of opportunity for humanitarian and development interventions if a ceasefire is agreed upon. There are concerns that if a period of calm and stability is established in Somalia following an increase of international support for the government, particularly in and around Mogadishu, there will be a surge population movement as IDPs return home. This eventuality could greatly increase the need for clearance, survey and MRE activities at short notice to meet the needs of returnees, and to begin reconstruction efforts. The aim in Somaliland and Puntland is to transition to national ownership within 1 to 2 years; This is an ambitious but achievable goal.
An inter-agency assessment undertaken for south central Somalia by UNHCR, UNICEF, UNMAS, UNDP/BCPR, UNOPS and UNDP Mine Action in June 2007 recommended to the UN to “ensure that an integrated emergency and capacity development program is instituted of sufficient scale to address the mine action issues.” As a result, a Mine Action programme was launched in south
46 central Somalia in the fall of 2007 with the mobilization of resources and the establishment of a Mine Action base in Baidoa, south central Somalia.
Mine Action in south central Somalia has been led by UNMAS since early 2009, following the deterioration of the security situation in south central Somalia during 2008, and a subsequent reprioritization for engagement in south central Somalia by UNDP, which resulted in the decision by UNMAS to take over responsibility for Mine Action in south central Somalia.
The different UN political, developmental and humanitarian mandates in Somalia have impacted the security situation for agencies operating in South Central Somalia. This began with the expulsion of UN Political Office for Somalia (UNPOS), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the UN Department for Safety and Security (UNDSS) from Anti-Government Elements (AGE) controlled areas in mid-2009. More recently, humanitarian programme activities by World Food Programme (WFP) have become the target of AGE. The UN Somalia Mine Action (UNSOMA) programme also experienced illegal occupation and looting of the Baidoa compound and looting of the Garbahaarey and Jowhar-based offices beginning on December 17th 2009. The continued UNSOMA position of neutrality and impartiality has been assessed to be a contributing factor in these incidents, which escalated when UNSOMA refused to pay registration fees of up to USD $30,000 or be extorted for amounts as low as USD $100. Reliable information gathered in Somalia indicates that rogue individuals have instigated the actions of the AGE toward UNSOMA. These individuals are also involved in extorting funds, looting, and selling equipment from organisations. This shift in behaviour in 2009 is a further indication that AGE elements are facing declining support both locally and globally, with the subsequent reduction of funds leading to increased looting and other illegal activities.
During the incident in Baidoa on December 17th 2009, UNSOMA was also accused of being aligned with UNDP, spying on Al Shabaab, and bribing the Elders. As a result of the inability of UNMAS to ensure the safety and security of its operations at this point, all Mine Action activities were suspended, and staff members were reassigned to more secure operations areas.
Since the incident, the Wali (Governor) from the Local Authority in Baidoa has invited UNSOMA to return to Baidoa. He has stated that the incident is the result of mistakes made by individuals, namely the Humanitarian Coordinator and the Deputy Governor, who have since been reassigned to Mogadishu. The Elders in Baidoa have accused the Local Authorities of insulting them by making accusations that the Elders had received bribes from Mine Action. The Elders also indicated that the current Local Authorities were not to be trusted, highlighting the fact that the Local Authorities had looted the UNSOMA compound despite guarantees for protection from the Local Authorities and the elders. The elders have also blamed the Local Authorities for the loss of employment and income generation that UNSOMA had brought to the region since 2007. The Local Authorities are anxious to keep the Elders on their side, and numerous meetings have been taking place to solve this sensitive issue. Despite this development, UNSOMA has made it clear to the Elders and Local Authorities that activities will remain suspended pending the return of all looted equipment, and compounds.
The incidents involving Al Shabaab have raised concerns for the safety and security of UNSOMA staff and the feasibility of conducting humanitarian operations safely, resulting in a Security Risk Assessment being conducted and a review of the Work Plan. UNSOMA activities will remain suspended in areas controlled by Al Shabaab until there is a significant change in the security
47 situation, and the UN considers the areas accessible for widescale humanitarian operations. There are currently three main areas in South Central Somalia that UNSOMA can effectively conduct humanitarian operations. These areas are not under the control of Al Shabaab.
In south central Somalia, UNMAS continues to build AMISOM’s capacity in explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) and counter improvised explosive device (C-IED) measures. 469 explosive items have been destroyed by AMISOM in Mogadishu since UNMAS began EOD training for the Ugandan contingent in October 2009. To address the management of the large volume of explosive remnants of war and stockpiles in the AMISOM area of responsibility, survey/rapid response EOD teams and explosive awareness teams are also deployed in Mogadishu. In compliment, UNMAS has two Police EOD teams in south central Somalia who have been collecting contamination information, and undertaking dangerous area analyses to assist with the prioritization of clearance tasking. The volume and accuracy of mine and ERW casualty statistics in south central Somalia continues to grow, with 5 victims reported to UNMAS thus far for February 2010. UNMAS also agreed in February to take over the management of mine action activities in the Somali regions of “Puntland” and “Somaliland” from UNDP. This includes support to the mine action coordination centers in Hargeisa and Garowe, as well as Police EOD teams in both regions.
4.4.10 South Sudan
UN Mine Action Coordination Centre- UNMISS
1. Achievements
National Authorities and Transition Creating a national and sustainable mine action capacity remains one of the top priorities in the mine action sector in South Sudan. Towards this goal, the mine action programme is currently implementing the South Sudan Mine Action Programme Transition Plan, whereby the United Nations moves from an implementing role to an advisory and technical support role to the SSMAA. A Transition Team, comprised of one Technical Advisor from UNMAS and two from the Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA), is managing the process in close coordination with the SSMAA. The areas of training and capacity development are Mine Action Management, MRE, VA and advocacy.
Land release The landmine impact survey for Sudan and South Sudan was completed in 2010 and all 10 states in South Sudan were surveyed. With the introduction of the land release policy in 2009, Sudan has become increasingly effective. The land release policy was introduced in 2009 and it increased the efficiency of survey and clearance operations. In South Sudan, 15 percent of the known hazardous areas still remain to be addressed. Moreover, Rebel Militia Groups have been reported to re-mine in the areas along the border with Sudan.
Stockpile Destruction South Sudan has become a signatory to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (APMBT) on 11 November 2011. With the destruction of 6,078 stock-piled AP mines on 31 March 2008 in Juba, South Sudan has already met this requirement of the APMBT.
48
Mine Risk Education Mine risk education (MRE) is a fundamental component of the mine action programme in South Sudan. As such, MRE continued to be provided to thousands of beneficiaries throughout South Sudan, particularly at-risk populations such as internally displaced people (IDPs) and refugees. Voluntary contributions to UNMAS helped ensure expert technical assistance was provided to assist with sector coordination, as well as capacity development. Working with the Ministry of Education, UNMAS assistance has helped to incorporate MRE into the school curriculum, a measure which will greatly increase the numbers of children who receive these messages.
Landmine Safety Project The Landmine Safety Project (LSP) contributes to the prevention of mine and ERW incidents among government, humanitarian, development and aid staff working in high-risk areas through the landmine and ERW safety briefings and trainer workshops. The briefings are done by a LSP focal point.
Victim Assistance Programming in South Sudan is implemented by international and local NGOs. Landmine survivors and other persons with disabilities benefited from the projects consisting of activities ranging from income generating activities to the provision of mobility aids to victims. Furthermore, a Landmine/UXO Victims/Survivors Association (LVSA) was established to provide a more coordinated VA response.
Main objectives of the Programmes – going forwards after July 2011:
Succeeding from the UNMIS mandate, the mine action response under UNMISS will continue to focus on four key humanitarian priorities (indentified in the Security Council Resolution 1996): 1) opening up primary routes for humanitarian assistance activities, UNMISS operations and the safe and sustainable return of IDPs and refugees; 2) emergency surveys, marking and targeted clearance; 3) targeted Mine Risk Education (MRE), particularly for IDPs and refugees; and 4) strengthening the capacity of the South Sudan Demining authority.
4.4.11 Sudan
UNMAS- Sudan (UNMAS-S)
1. Achievements
National Authorities and Transition In 2006, the National Mine Action Authority (NMAA) was established (as required by the CPA). The NMAA established the National Mine Action Centre as its implementing arm headquartered in Khartoum, with sub-offices in Kassala, Kadugli and Damazine. The NMAC is the National authority for both UNMAS-S and ODO- sub-offices in El Fasher, Nyala and Al Geneina are scheduled to open soon. The National Mine Action Policy Framework and Strategic Framework were developed and passed by the National Cabinet on 6 August 2006 and implementation commenced. Five transition workshops were held and led to the development of a transition plan to establish clear
49 milestones for the handover to the national authorities of all responsibilities for the coordination of mine action activities in Sudan (leading up to the end of the UNMIS mandate in June 2011).
In Sudan, the deadline was met, with only few technical advisors needed to complete the transfer of information and capacity development.
Also part of transition and in accordance with decisions made at the Joint Defense Board meeting of 22 January 2007, the first demining teams of the Joint Integrated Demining Units (JIDUs – with deminers from both the North and South of the country) were also deployed in February 2007. Following the separation of the two countries, the JIDUs also separated and the Sudanese part became the National Demining Units (NDUs), under the umbrella of NMAC. The NDUs continue to operate and develop independently since 2010. They are accredited at international demining standards.
Land release The landmine impact survey for Sudan and South Sudan was completed in 2010 (only 16 out of 25 states were surveyed). In Sudan, the most impacted by landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) were South Kordofan, Eastern States and Blue Nile State. Mine action in Sudan has become increasingly effective, using ‘lessons learned’ from past demining seasons to identify the most appropriate assets and methods specific to the mine/ERW situation in a particular region. The land release policy was introduced in 2009 and it increased the efficiency of survey and clearance operations. These are now called land release operations, to further emphasize the importance of this policy. Approximately 83 percent of the known hazardous areas had been cleared. This result has been invalidated by the fighting that broke out in South Kordofan and Blue Nile States in June and, respectively September 2011. The current level of contamination in Sudan is no longer known.
Stockpile Destruction Assistance has been provided to the Sudanese Armed Forces in the destruction of ammunition stockpile. In accordance with Article 4 of the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on their Destruction (APMBT), the Sudan destroyed 4,488 Anti Personnel mines of various types on 30 April 2007 in Khartoum-North. The Sudan met its commitment to destroy the remaining stock-piled mines before the deadline of 30 April 2008 by the destruction of the second and final batch of 6,078 stockpiled AP mines on 31 March 2008 in Juba.
Mine Risk Education To date, millions of people received MRE in affected areas throughout Sudan. These activities were coordinated by the UNMAS-S MRE section in coordination with UNICEF and in close cooperation with the UNMIS Returns, Reintegration and Recovery Section, UNHCR, OCHA, the International Organization for Migration (IOM), Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR) and other agencies involved in return programmes. The MRE section has been supporting all returnees to the South after June 2011. They are now reorienting to support the local population in the areas of recent conflict, in South Kordofan and Blue Nile State.
50 Landmine Safety Project The Landmine Safety Project (LSP) contributes to the prevention of mine and ERW incidents among government, humanitarian, development and aid staff working in high-risk areas through the landmine and ERW safety briefings and trainer workshops. The briefings are done by a LSP focal point.
Victim Assistance On April, 1st 2008, Sudan was signed and ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). A National VA Strategic Framework and a National VA Work Plan exists since 2008. In 2009, the national disability law was passed and approved by the parliament. The Ministry of Social Affairs (MOSA) has an administration that is responsible for disability related issues. The implementation of the VA work plan is monitored by the Victim Assistance Working Group, an association of over 20 of the most active victim assistance local NGOs. MOSA is co- chairing the victim Assistance Working Group.
Because of new conflicts, the Sudan has seen an increase in victims recently. The programme is currently looking for resources to implement new victim assistance projects, which range from advocacy workshops, to income generating projects and psychosocial support projects.
Main objectives of the Programmes – going forward after July 2011:
Starting with March 2010, the Government of Sudan has begun requesting through a series of letters, the continued support of UNMAS. As a result, UNMAS-S will continue supporting the National Authorities in the areas of Operations, Information Management and Resource Mobilisation until the NMAC will be able to function as the coordination body without any support.
4.4.12 UN Ordnance Disposal Office- UNAMID
1. Achievements National Authorities and Transition The National Mine Action Centre which is the designated national authority for mine action in Sudan has no direct link to the ODO within its UNAMID mandate. The ODO operation team shares information on a monthly basis with NMAC and discusses the plans and concept of operations if it is felt that there is a mutually supporting benefit arising from work in a particular area.
Land release As the mine action component of UNAMID, the Office of Ordnance Disposal coordinates the region’s Mine Action activities to address contamination mainly by ERW and UXO due to recent conflicts. The office is mandated by Security Council Resolution 1769 to coordinate all mine and ERW clearance activities for the Mission, with three key priorities: survey/clearance of mine and ERW-contaminated areas; route survey and targeted MRE.
Stockpile Destruction Does not apply as there are no known stockpiles in the Darfur area.
51 Risk Education Risk education is linked very closely to ERW risk, involving UXO. Although it is known non- state actors have access to anti-personnel and anti-tank mines in Darfur since the accident involving Save the Children in 2004, there has been no recorded use of mines.
Victim Assistance Victim assistance is focussed solely on accessing better data regarding deaths and injuries due to UXO accidents; but this is done through integration with national disability surveillance mechanisms and local NGO.
Main objectives of the Programmes – going forwards after July 2011:
UNAMID ODO will continue to support the Mission to protect its personnel, facilities, installations and equipment, and to ensure the security and freedom of movement of its own personnel and humanitarian workers through survey and clearance activities, demolition of unexploded ordnance, and provision of UXO risk education activities to populations at risk delivered by its staff in the three sector offices (El Fasher, Nyala, and El Geneina). UNAMID ODO will also continue to provide regular updates to the mission and to concerned parties including UN Agencies, International NGOs, and government and local authorities.
4.4.13 Mine Action in Support to UNISFA
Achievements National Authorities and Transition The National Mine Action Centre which is the designated national authority for mine action in Sudan has no direct link to the UNMAS-A within its UNISFA mandate.
Land release The mine action component of UNISFA is supporting all mission deployments through mainly road survey and emergency survey and clearance operations. Historically, the threat in Abyei is on and near routes as well as due to explosive remnants from repeated conflicts in the area.
Stockpile Destruction Does not apply as there are no known stockpiles in the Abyei area
Mine Risk Education The mine risk education has mainly been provided to the populations in the area either from the Sudan or from South Sudan. Grant towards local NGOs are envisaged in the future.
Main objectives of the Programmes – going forwards after July 2011:
Based on the UNISFA mandate given by Security Council resolutions 1990,2024 and 2032 , the mine action response under UNISFA will continue to focus on four key priorities: 1) opening up primary routes for mission and humanitarian assistance activities, and for the safe and sustainable return of IDPs; 2) emergency surveys, marking and targeted clearance; 3) support to
52 the Border Monitoring Mechanism and targeted Mine Risk Education (MRE), particularly for the mission staff and humanitarian workers, but also for the returnees in the area
4.4.14 Western Sahara
Programme Mine Action Support to the United Nations/ Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)
Programme Summary Over twenty years of conflict have left Western Sahara affected by both landmines and ERW, and it is estimated that 10,000 Saharawi nomads live in mine-affected areas on both sides of the earthen berm that was built by Morocco between 1982 and 1987 to secure the western part of Western Sahara. While no full landmine impact survey has yet been conducted in the region, the Polisario has provided information to the UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) with respect to their landmine use and the Government of Morocco has acknowledged use of landmines in the region, particularly along the berm. Information to-date indicates that the areas around the berm are the most seriously affected; however in some cases mines have also been laid in rings around settlements and are reported in and around water holes and well-used roads and paths. Landmines remain a serious risk to nomads in the region who rely on these paths and water sources, as well as hindering the repatriation of the estimated 165,000 Saharawi refugees who are currently living in camps in Algeria.
The UN Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO) was established in 1991 through Security Council resolution 690. In early 1999, the Government of Morocco and the armed non-state actor the Frente Polisario agreed to cooperate with MINURSO on mine action. MINURSO has since been working closely with the Royal Moroccan Army (RMA) and the Polisario on landmine and ERW destruction on their respective sides of the berm. Following an UNMAS mission conducted in 2005 that identified a need for verification/survey, EOD, and clearance activities, MINURSO established a small mine action capacity within the military component of its headquarters in 2006. This cell was later expanded in 2007 through the addition of a Senior Technical Advisor and two other MINURSO staff working in the areas of operations and information management.
With funding from UNMAS and logistical support from MINURSO, the NGO Landmine Action UK (LMA) began working in the Polisario-controlled area in 2006, helping to create a comprehensive picture of the landmine and ERW problem and conducting landmine and ERW clearance to help ensure the safety of MINURSO’s observer patrols, protect the local Saharawi nomad population, and prepare for any future repatriation of Saharawi refugees. In January 2007, the RMA launched a comprehensive demining effort in Western Sahara – due in part to a rising awareness of mine/UXO accidents. MINURSO has been working with the RMA since 2007 to identify possible avenues of support for their humanitarian clearance effort.
In 2007, UNMAS deployed a Senior Mine Action Technical Advisor to enhance the MINURSO MAC in providing advice and support to MINURSO Senior Leadership on issues relating to mine/ERW
53 4.5 Additional UNMAS support to mine action activities
Mine action activities are supported by UNMAS through technical support and the provision of funds, through the VTF, to either national authorities, implementing organisations or UN agencies. These funds may be earmarked by donors or be sourced from unearmarked funds.
4.6 Risk Management
Programme Forecast- A Risk Management Approach
UNMAS adopted a risk management approach to the management of field programmes in 2006. The aim was to improve the strategic response to threats and ensure better exploitation of opportunities. UNMAS developed a template to address the areas for consideration and the analysis of risk. The process is a joint exercise between the field and Headquarters. The current approach requires UNMAS Programme Officers to initiate the analysis. This has a two-fold benefit of ensuring more timely completion of the risk matrix and encouraging more in-depth analysis and closer monitoring of risk by Programme Officers.
The matrix is completed twice annually- once in the third quarter and again in the first quarter. The timing of the third quarter Forecast is complimentary to Assessed and voluntary funding planning processes as well as any required VTF realignment. The first quarter Forecast is meant as an updating, monitoring tool that compliments any realignment of Assessed budget funding that concludes at the end of the second quarter.
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec AB VTF AB VTF realign realign planning Planning st rd 1 qrt 3 qrt Forecast Forecast
The Forecast process is as follows:
1. UNMAS Programme Officer, in consultation with the Planning Officer, prepares the
preliminary matrix of threats and opportunities as understood by the Headquarters.
2. The field then confirms or modifies the Headquarters list and rating of risk.
3. The Portfolio Manager and Team Leader of UNOPS NAO Mine Action Unit provide
comment and additional risks as required.
4. The final draft is signed off by all three entities and submitted to the Director.
5. Approved recommendations for mitigation or exploitation are implemented and
included in the Recommendations Tracking Tool for monitoring and closure.
54 5. FRONT OFFICE
Background The front office provides assistance and support to the Director, as well as to the Service in the day-to-day operations; i.e., personnel issues, office administration, correspondence, etc. In accordance with the Organizational Chart, the front office consists of: Administrative Management Officer (Special Assistant), Staff Assistant (Personal Assistant), two Secretaries (Team Assistants) and Registry Clerk (Team Assistant).
The Personal and Team Assistants provide personal assistance to the director; i.e., maintain calendar, all aspects of travel arrangements, preparing / reviewing correspondence for accuracy and procedure; maintain attendance, other clerical duties. Other personnel/administrative issues handled are: recruitment of staff (both VA and TVA positions) and consultants; extension of appointments, maintain/follow up E-Pas records, all travel and related documents, procurement of stock/equipment, administration and support for recurring annual conferences/workshops (i.e., National Directors Conference) evaluations and all other personnel issues that may arise.
Various ad hoc projects: i.e., this past year, the Capital Master plan was added to the front office responsibilities. It is a temporary assignment which will end with the move back from 380 Madison Ave. to the UN facilities in 2012.
55
IV. THE WAY FORWARD
1. Conventional Munitions Stockpile Management There have been nearly 160 separate uncontrolled explosions in ammunition storage facilities across the world since 1995. Under A/Res/61/72 of 3 January 2007, a Group of Governmental Experts (GGE) has been established to examine the issue of surplus ammunition holdings. The GGE report included instruction for ODA to develop guidelines, an effort UNMAS supported with technical expertise, which was recognised by the General Assembly in its resolution A/RES/66/42 on the problems arising from the accumulation of conventional ammunition stockpiles in surplus. The avoidance of accidental explosions in ammunition storage facilities is a preventative measure for mine action, as mine action resources and personnel are typically called to clear explosive remnants in the wake of such an accident.
UNMAS’ work in MONUSCO, UNOCI and Libya has included significant activities in the area of ammunition management and physical security and stockpile management (PSSM) and with the endorsement of the General Assembly, UNMAS will explore within the Coordinated Action on Small Arms (CASA) coordinated by UNODA, other countries where it may have a comparative advantage to provide assistance in this important area.
2. Provision of Advice on Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Risk Mitigation The risk to UN Peacekeepers and civilian staff from IED attacks has increased dramatically over the past years, as seen in the tragic events of the Canal Hotel in Baghdad in 2003 and Algiers in 2006. In 2010, the Secretary-general’s Policy Committee directed the Department of Safety and Security to facilitate a system wide policy on IED. That policy, to which UNMAS and other IACG-MA members contributed is expected to be finalised in early 2012, focuses on civilian staff safety and security. It also calls upon a peacekeeping operation to be one of several possible resources for counter-IED capacity. UNMAS has two gratis military counter-IED officers who provide policy and programme advice and will assist the Department in creating doctrine that will guide peacekeeping operations in this important area.
56
ANNEX 1
Security Council Resolutions Related to Mine Action
I – COUNTRY-SPECIFIC RESOLUTIONS
AFGHANISTAN
Security Council resolution 1419 (2002) on the Situation of Afghanistan
The Security Council,
11. Calls for significantly greater and more rapid international assistance to the vast number of Afghan refugees and internally displaced persons to facilitate their orderly return and effective reintegration into society in order to contribute to the stability of the entire country;
Security Council resolution 1401 (2002) on the Situation of Afghanistan
The Security Council,
Stressing the vital importance of combating the cultivation and trafficking of illicit drugs and of eliminating the threat of landmines, as well as of curbing the illicit flow of small arms,
Security Council resolution 1378 (2001) on the Situation of Afghanistan
The Security Council,
4. Calls on Member States to provide: – support for such an administration and government, including through the implementation of quick-impact projects, – urgent humanitarian assistance to alleviate the suffering of Afghan people both inside Afghanistan and Afghan refugees, including in demining, and – long-term assistance for the social and economic reconstruction and rehabilitation of Afghanistan and welcomes initiatives towards this end;
ANGOLA
Security Council resolution 1213 (1998) on the Extension of the Mandate of the UN Observer Mission in Angola
The Security Council,
Reiterates its concern at the continued deterioration of the humanitarian situation, especially the significant increase in the number of internally displaced persons and the
57 increase in minelaying activity, and calls on the Government of Angola and in particular UNITA to guarantee unconditionally the safety and freedom of movement of all international humanitarian personnel, to cooperate fully with international humanitarian organizations in the delivery of emergency relief assistance to affected populations, to cease minelaying activity, and to respect international humanitarian, refugee and human rights law;Security Council resolution 1190 (1998) on the Extension of the Mandate of the UN Observer Mission in Angola
The Security Council,
7. Calls on the GURN and UNITA to cease hostile propaganda, refrain from laying new mines, stop forced conscriptions and renew efforts towards national reconciliation, including by implementing confidence-building measures, such as the reactivation of the joint mechanisms in the provinces and the disengagement of military forces on the ground;
Security Council resolution 1075 (1996) on the Situation in Angola
The Security Council,
12. Expresses deep disappointment with UNITA for delaying the full implementation of the Lusaka Protocol, underlines the importance it attaches to UNITA fulfilling its commitments, reaffirmed at its Third Extraordinary Congress held at Bailundo from 20 to 27 August 1996, to complete its transformation from an armed opposition to a political party, and, to this end, calls upon UNITA immediately to fulfill the following tasks enumerated in the "Mediation Document" formulated by the Secretary-General's Special Representative in consultation with the representatives of the observer States and called for by the Lusaka Protocol:
(i) To cease interference with United Nations aircraft flights and with mine-clearing activities;
20. Expresses regret for the casualties caused to UNAVEM troops by landmines, expresses serious concern about interference by UNITA with mine-clearing activities, calls upon both parties to intensify their demining efforts, and stresses the need for continued commitment to peace by destruction of stockpiles of landmines;
Security Council resolution 1157 (1998) on the Extension of the Mandate of the UN Observer Mission in Angola
The Security Council,
58 12. Urges the GURN and in particular UNITA to cooperate fully with the National Institute for the Removal of Unexploded Ordnance and provide information on minefields, and urges also the international community to continue to provide assistance to the demining programme;
Security Council resolution 1149 (1998) on the Situation in Angola
The Security Council
10. Urges the international community to provide assistance to facilitate the demobilization and social reintegration of ex-combatants, demining, the resettlement of displaced persons and the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the Angolan economy in order to consolidate the gains in the peace process;
Security Council resolution 1135 (1998) on the Situation in Angola
The Security Council,
11. Urges the international community to provide assistance to facilitate the demobilization and social reintegration of ex-combatants, demining, the resettlement of displaced persons and the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the Angolan economy in order to consolidate the gains in the peace process;
Security Council resolution 1087 (1996) on the Situation in Angola
The Security Council,
17. Calls upon both parties to intensify their demining efforts, and reiterates the need for continued commitment to peace by destruction of stockpiles of landmines monitored and verified by UNAVEM III, and expresses support for various United Nations demining activities in Angola, including plans aimed at enhancing national demining capacity;
Security Council resolution 1064 (1996) on the Situation in Angola
The Security Council,
Noting with approval the progress made towards free circulation of people and goods, and emphasizing the importance of continuation of demining efforts to make that free circulation possible and to restore public confidence,
15.Notes the progress made in the area of demining, encourages both parties to intensify their demining efforts and stresses the need for continued commitment to peace by destroying stockpiles of landmines;
59 Security Council resolution 1055 (1996) on the Situation in Angola
The Security Council,
Expressing concern at the extensive presence of landmines throughout Angola and emphasizing the need for the political will to speed up demining efforts to enable the free circulation of people and goods and to restore public confidence,
Security Council resolution 1045 (1996) on the Situation in Angola
The Security Council,
3.Expresses deep concern at the numerous delays in the implementation of the Lusaka Protocol, reminds the Government of Angola and UNITA of their obligations to consolidate the peace process and, in this regard, urges them to maintain an effective cease-fire, conclude their military talks on integration of the armed forces, undertake active engagement in the demining process, and commence the integration of UNITA personnel into administrative and governmental institutions in furtherance of the objective of national reconciliation;
Security Council resolution 1008 (1995) on the Situation in Angola
The Security Council,
9.Urges the two parties to put an immediate and definitive end to the renewed laying of mines and to reported unauthorized movement of troops;
20.Endorses the Secretary-General's appeal and encourages donors to respond with generous and timely financial contributions to the humanitarian effort and provision of mine clearance, bridging and road repair equipment and materials and other supplies necessary for setting up the quartering areas;
Security Council resolution 976 (1995) on the Situation in Angola
The Security Council,
5.Stresses the importance it attaches to the expeditious establishment of a well- coordinated and comprehensive mine clearance programme in Angola as set out in the Secretary-General's report dated 1 February 1995, and requests him to inform the Council of progress in its implementation;
Security Council resolution 966 (1994) on the Situation in Angola
The Security Council,
13.Requests the Secretary-General to inform the Security Council of the next steps to be taken by the United Nations to implement a well-coordinated and comprehensive mine clearance programme in Angola;
60
CAMBODIA
Security Council resolution 880 (1993), on the Situation in Cambodia
The Security Council,
Noting the need to ensure the safe and orderly completion of the withdrawal of the military component of UNTAC from Cambodia, and the continuity of the vital mine clearance and training functions of the Cambodia Mine Action Centre(CMAC),
10. Decides to extend the period of withdrawal of the mine clearance and training unit of UNTAC until 30 November 1993;
CROATIA
Security Council resolution 1335 (2001) on Authorization of UN Military Observers to Continue Monitoring the Demilitarization of the Prevlaka Peninsula
The Security Council,
Reiterates its call upon the parties to put a comprehensive demining programme in place in the identified minefields in the UNMOP area of responsibility;
Security Council resolution 1307 (2000) on the Situation in the Prevlaka Peninsula
The Security Council,
Reiterates its call upon the parties to put a comprehensive demining programme in place in the identified minefields in the UNMOP area of responsibility;
Security Council resolution 1285 (2000) on the Situation in the Prevlaka Peninsula
The Security Council,
Reiterating its call upon the parties urgently to put in place a comprehensive demining programme,
Security Council resolution 1252 (1999) on the Situation in the Prevlaka Peninsula
The Security Council,
Reiterating its call upon the parties urgently to put in place a comprehensive demining programme,
Security Council resolution 1222 (1999) on the Situation in the Prevlaka Peninsula
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The Security Council,
Reiterating its call upon the parties urgently to put in place a comprehensive demining programme,
Security Council resolution 1185 (1998) on the Situation in the Prevlaka Peninsula
The Security Council,
Concerned, however, at the continued long-standing violations of the demilitarization regime in the United Nations designated zones in the region and the failure of the parties to improve their compliance with the demilitarization regime as recommended by the United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka, including important demining activities within the demilitarized area, and by continued restrictions on the freedom of movement of its personnel within their area of responsibility,
3. Reiterates its call upon the parties to cease all violations of the demilitarization regime in the United Nations designated zones, to cooperate fully with the United Nations military observers and to ensure their safety and full and unrestricted freedom of movement, and calls upon them to complete promptly the demining of the area;
Security Council resolution 1037 (1996) on establishment of the UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium
The Security Council,
12. Decides that UNTAES shall also monitor the parties' compliance with their commitment, as specified in the Basic Agreement, to respect the highest standards of human rights and fundamental freedoms, promote an atmosphere of confidence among all local residents irrespective of their ethnic origin, monitor and facilitate the demining of territory within the Region, and maintain an active public affairs element;
Security Council resolution 947 (1994) on the Situation in Croatia
The Security Council,
1.Welcomes the report of the Secretary-General of 17 September 1994 (S/1994/1067), and approves the proposals therein concerning UNPROFOR's activities in relation to mine-clearance, public information and civilian police;
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CYPRUS
Security Council resolution 1251 (1999) on the Situation in Cyprus
The Security Council,
5. Calls upon both sides to take measures that will build trust and cooperation and reduce tensions between the two sides, including demining along the buffer zone;
Security Council resolution 1218 (1998) on the Situation in Cyprus
The Security Council,
5. Requests further the Secretary-General, in particular, to work intensively with the two sides on the following, taking into account resolution 1178 (1998) of 29 June 1998:
(a) An undertaking to refrain from the threat or use of force or violence as a means to resolve the Cyprus problem;
(b) A staged process aimed at limiting and then substantially reducing the level of all troops and armaments on Cyprus;
(c) Implementation of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) package of measures aimed at reducing tensions along the ceasefire lines, and a commitment to enter into discussions with UNFICYP with a view to early agreement on further specific and related tension-reducing steps, including demining along the buffer zone;
Security Council resolution 1062 (1996) on the Situation in Cyprus
The Security Council,
6.Calls upon the military authorities on both sides:
(c)To clear all minefields and booby-trapped areas inside the buffer zone without further delay, as requested by UNFICYP;
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO
Security Council resolution 1399 (2002), on the Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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General relevance
Security Council resolution 1291 (2000), on the Situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
The Security Council decides that MONUC, in cooperation with the JMC, shall have the following mandate,
i) to deploy mine action experts to assess the scope of the mine and unexploded ordnance problems, coordinate the initiation of mine action activities, develop a mine action plan, and carry out emergency mine action activities as required in support of its mandate;
Security Council resolution 1279 (1999), on the Establishment of MONUC
The Security Council,
4. Decides that the personnel authorized under its resolutions 1258 (1999) and 1273 (1999), including a multidisciplinary staff of personnel in the fields of human rights, humanitarian affairs, public information, medical support, child protection, political affairs and administrative support, which will assist the Special Representative, shall constitute the United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC) until 1 March 2000
ETHIOPIA/ERITREA
Security Council resolution 1398 (2002) on the Extension of the Mandate of the UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
The Security Council, having considered the report of the Secretary-General of 8 March 2002(S/2002/245),
11. Urges Ethiopia to provide the United Nations Mine Action Coordination Centre with clarifications to the information already put forward, as promised in this regard;
Security Council resolution 1369 (2001) on the Extension of the Mandate of the UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
The Security Council, having considered the report of the Secretary-General of 5 September 2001(S/2001/843),
Ethiopia must provide UNMEE with full information and maps concerning all minefields so as to facilitate the work of the Mine Action Coordination Centre with a view, inter alia, to allow internally displaced persons to return safely to homes within the TSZ;
Security Council resolution 1344 (2001) on the Extension of the Mandate of the UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
64 The Security Council,
2. Calls on the parties to continue working towards the full and prompt implementation of their Agreements, including an expeditious completion of the remaining steps, in particular the rearrangement of forces necessary for the establishment of the Temporary Security Zone, and to fulfill the following obligations:
a. to ensure freedom of movement and access for UNMEE; b. to establish a direct air corridor between Addis Ababa and Asmara in the interests of the safety of United Nations personnel; c. to conclude Status of Forces Agreements with the Secretary-General; d. to facilitate mine action in coordination with the United Nations Mine Action Service, in particular through exchanging and providing existing maps and any other relevant information to the United Nations;
Security Council resolution 1320 (2000) on Deployment of Troops and Military Observers in the UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
The Security Council,
Recalling its resolution 1312 (2000) of 31 July 2000, which established the United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE),
2. Authorizes the deployment within UNMEE of up to 4,200 troops, including up to 220 military observers, until 15 March 2001, with a mandate to:
h) Coordinate and provide technical assistance for humanitarian mine action activities in the TSZ and areas adjacent to it;
Security Council resolution 1312 (2000) on Establishment of the UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea
The Security Council,
4. Requests the parties to facilitate the deployment of mine action experts and assets under the United Nations Mine Action Service to further assess the mine and unexploded ordnance problem and to provide technical assistance to the parties to carry out emergency mine action required;
5. Decides that the measures imposed by paragraph 6 of its resolution 1298 (2000) shall not apply to the sale or supply of equipment and related matériel for the use of the United Nations Mine Action Service, or to the provision of related technical assistance and training by that Service;
GEORGIA
Security Council resolution 1187 (1998) on the Extension of the Mandate of the UN Observer Mission in Georgia( UNOMIG)
65
The Security Council.
11. Condemns the acts of violence against the personnel of UNOMIG, the renewed laying of mines in the Gali region and also the attacks by armed groups, operating in the Gali region from the Georgian side of the Inguri River, against the CIS peacekeeping force and demands that the parties, in particular the Georgian authorities, take determined measures to put a stop to such acts which subvert the peace process;
Security Council resolution 1187 (1998) on the Situation in Georgia
The Security Council.
12. Encourages further contributions to address the urgent needs of those suffering most from the consequences of the conflict in Abkhazia, Georgia, in particular internally displaced persons, including contributions to the voluntary fund in support of the implementation of the Moscow Agreement and/or for humanitarian aspects including demining, as specified by donors, requests the Secretary-General to consider the means of providing technical and financial assistance aimed at the reconstruction of the economy of Abkhazia, Georgia, following the successful outcome of the political negotiations, and welcomes the planning of a needs assessment mission;
Security Council resolution 1124 (1997) on the Extension of the Mandate of the UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)
The Security Council,
11. Condemns the acts of violence against the personnel of UNOMIG, the renewed laying of mines in the Gali region and also the attacks by armed groups, operating in the Gali region from the Georgian side of the Inguri River, against the CIS peacekeeping force and demands that the parties, in particular the Georgian authorities, take determined measures to put a stop to such acts which subvert the peace process;
Security Council resolution 1096 (1997) on the Extension of the Mandate of the UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)
The Security Council,
14. Condemns the continued laying of mines, including new types of mines, in the Gali region, which has already caused several deaths and injuries among the civilian population and the peacekeepers and observers of the international community, and calls
66 upon the parties to take all measures in their power to prevent mine-laying and intensified activities by armed groups and to cooperate fully with UNOMIG and the CIS peacekeeping force in order to honour their commitments to ensure the safety and the freedom of movement of all personnel of the United Nations, the CIS peacekeeping force and international humanitarian organizations;
15. Urges the Secretary-General to continue to take the necessary steps in response to the threat posed by the laying of mines in order to improve security conditions so as to minimize the danger to UNOMIG personnel and to create conditions for the effective performance of its mandate;
Security Council resolution 1124 (1997) on the Extension of the Mandate of the UN Observer Mission in Georgia (UNOMIG)
The Security Council.
14. Condemns the continued laying of mines, including new types of mines, in the Gali region, which has already caused several deaths and injuries among the civilian population and the peacekeepers and observers of the international community, and calls upon the parties to take all measures in their power to prevent mine-laying and intensified activities by armed groups and to cooperate fully with UNOMIG and the CIS peacekeeping force in order to honour their commitments to ensure the safety and the freedom of movement of all personnel of the United Nations, the CIS peacekeeping force and international humanitarian organizations;
15. Urges the Secretary-General to take the necessary steps in response to the threat posed by the laying of mines in order to improve security conditions so as to minimize the danger to UNOMIG personnel and to create conditions for the effective performance of its mandate;
Security Council resolution 1065 (1996) on the Situation in Georgia
The Security Council,
10.Condemns the laying of mines in the Gali region, which has already caused several deaths and injuries among the civilian population and the peace-keepers and observers of the international community, and calls upon the parties to take all measures in their power to prevent mine laying and to cooperate fully with UNOMIG and the CIS peace- keeping force in order to honour their commitments to ensure the safety and the freedom of movement of all personnel of the United Nations, the CIS peace-keeping force and international humanitarian organizations;
11.Encourages the Secretary-General to take the necessary steps in response to the threat posed by the laying of mines in order to improve security conditions so as to minimize the danger to UNOMIG personnel and to create conditions for the effective performance of its mandate;
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GUINEA BISSAU
Security Council resolution 1233 (1999) on the Situation in Guinea Bissau
The Security Council,
10. Emphasizes the need for urgent demining of affected areas to pave the way for the return of refugees and displaced persons and for the resumption of agricultural activities, encourages ECOMOG to continue its demining activities and calls upon States to provide the necessary assistance for demining;
IRAQ
Security Council resolution 1284 (1999) on the Establishment of a Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC)
The Security Council, calls upon the government of Iraq:
(v) to extend full cooperation to the United Nations Office for Project Services mine- clearance programme in the three northern Governorates of Iraq and to consider the initiation of the demining efforts in other Governorates;
KOSOVO (FRY)
Security Council resolution 1244 (1999) on the Situation Relating to Kosovo
Annex II
6. After withdrawal, an agreed number of Yugoslav and Serbian personnel will be permitted to return to perform the following functions: -Liaison with the international civil mission and the international security presence; -Marking/clearing minefields; -Maintaining a presence at Serb patrimonial sites; -Maintaining a presence at key border crossings.
LEBANON
Security Council resolution 1391 (2002) on the Extension of the Mandate of the Interim Force in Lebanon
The Security Council,
Welcomes the continued contribution of UNIFIL to operational demining, encourages further assistance in mine action by the United Nations to the Government of Lebanon in support of both the continued development of its national mine action capacity and emergency demining activities in the south, commends donor countries for supporting
68 these efforts through financial and in-kind contributions and welcomes in this regard the establishment of the International Support Group, takes note of the communication to the Government of Lebanon and UNIFIL of maps and information on the location of mines and stresses the necessity to provide the Government of Lebanon and UNIFIL with any additional maps and records on the location of mines;
Security Council resolution 1365 (2001) on the Extension of the Mandate of the Interim Force in Lebanon
The Security Council,
11.Welcomes the continued contribution of UNIFIL to operational demining, encourages further assistance in mine action by the United Nations to the Government of Lebanon in support of both the continued development of its national mine action capacity and emergency demining activities in the south, commends donor countries for supporting these efforts through financial and in-kind contributions, and stresses the necessity to provide the Government of Lebanon and UNIFIL with any additional maps and records on the location of mines.
Security Council resolution 1337 (2001) on the Situation in the Middle East
The Security Council,
10. Welcomes the contribution of UNIFIL to operational demining, encourages further assistance in mine action by the United Nations to the Government of Lebanon in support of both the continued development of its national mine action capacity and emergency demining activities in the south, and calls on donor countries to support these efforts through financial and in-kind contributions;
LIBERIA
S/RES/866 (1993) Security Council resolution 866 (1993) on the Situation in Liberia
The Security Council,
3. Decides that UNOMIL shall comprise military observers as well as medical, engineering, communications, transportation and electoral components, in the numbers indicated in the Secretary-General’s report, together with minimal staff necessary to support it, and shall have the following mandate:
(g) To train ECOMOG engineers in mine clearance and, in cooperation with ECOMOG, coordinate the identification of mines and assist in the clearance of mines and unexploded bombs;
MOZAMBIQUE
Security Council resolution 957 (1994) on the Situation in Mozambique
69 The Security Council,
4.Decides to extend the existing mandate of ONUMOZ until the new Government of Mozambique takes office, as recommended by the Secretary-General in his letter of 9 November 1994, but not later than 15 December 1994, and authorizes ONUMOZ, in particular a limited number of civilian logisticians, mine clearance and training personnel, military specialists, staff officers and a small detachment of infantry, to complete its residual operations prior to its withdrawal on or before 31 January 1995;
Security Council resolution 916 (1994) on the Situation in Mozambique
The Security Council,
14.Emphasizes the importance of progress being made in the area of mine clearance and related training in Mozambique, welcomes the Secretary-General’s intention to accelerate the implementation of the United Nations programme in this area and expresses appreciation to those countries which have provided assistance in this regard;
Security Council resolution 863 (1993) on the Situation in Mozambique
The Security Council,
7. Welcomes the progress made by the Commission for the new Mozambican Defense Force (CCFDM), in particular in relation to the training of instructors at Nyanga, and also the progress on mine-clearing.
RWANDA
Security Council resolution 965 (1994) on the Situation in Rwanda
The Security Council,
Noting also that the widespread dispersal of landmines is causing hardship to the civilian population and is hampering the return of refugees and displaced persons and other humanitarian relief efforts,
7.Requests the Secretary-General to make recommendations on possible steps that could be taken by the United Nations to promote the establishment of an effective mine clearance programme in Rwanda;
Security Council resolution 972 (1993) on the Situation in Rwanda
The Security Council,
3. Decides that, drawing from the Secretary-General’s recommendations, UNAMIR shall have the following mandate:
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(d) To assist with mine clearance, primarily through training programmes;
SIERRA LEONE
Security Council resolution 1400 (2002) on the Situation in Sierra Leone
General Relevance
Security Council resolution 1289 (2000) on the United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone
The Security Council,
13. Welcomes the intention of the Secretary-General, as indicated in his report of 11 January 2000, to establish within UNAMSIL a landmine action office responsible for awareness training of UNAMSIL personnel and for the coordination of mine action activities of non-governmental organizations and humanitarian agencies operating in Sierra Leone;
WESTERN SAHARA
Security Council resolution 1232 (1999) on the Situation in Western Sahara
The Security Council,
3. Welcomes the signature, by the Government of Morocco and the MINURSO Force Commander, of the agreement on mines and unexploded ordnance mentioned in paragraph 13 of the report of the Secretary-General, and urges the POLISARIO Front to engage in a similar effort;
Security Council resolution 1185 (1998) on the Situation of Western Sahara
The Security Council,
5. Notes the continuing deployment of the engineering units required for demining activities and of the administrative staff required to support the deployment of military personnel as proposed in annex II of the report of the Secretary-General of 13 November 1997 (S/1997/882), as further described in the recommendations of the report of the Secretary-General of 13 April 1998 (S/1998/316);
7. Calls for a prompt conclusion of status-of-forces agreements with the Secretary- General which would greatly facilitate the full and timely deployment of MINURSO- formed military units, in particular the deployment of the military engineering support and demining units, and in this context notes progress that has been made, and recalls that pending the conclusion of such agreements, the model status-of-forces agreement dated 9
71 October 1990 (A/45/594), as provided for in General Assembly resolution 52/12 B, should apply provisionally;
Security Council resolution 1163 (1998) on the Situation in Western Sahara
The Security Council,
3. Notes the continuing deployment of the engineering units required for demining activities and of the administrative staff required to support the deployment of military personnel as proposed in annex II of the report of the Secretary-General of 13 November 1997 (S/1997/882), as further described in the recommendations of the report of the Secretary-General of 13 April 1998;
Security Council resolution 1148 (1998) on the Situation in Western Sahara
The Security Council,
1. Approves the deployment of the engineering unit required for demining activities and of the additional administrative staff required to support the deployment of military personnel as proposed in annex II of the report of the Secretary-General of 13 November 1997;
II - OTHER RESOLUTIONS
GENDER
Security Council resolution 1325 (2000) on Women, Peace and Security
The Security Council,
Emphasizing the need for all parties to ensure that mine clearance and Mine Risk Education programmes take into account the special needs of women and girls,
PROTECTION OF CIVILIANS
Security Council resolution 1296 (2000) on Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict
The Security Council,
Takes note of the entry into force of the Convention on the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and their Destruction of 1997 and the amended Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II) annexed to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May be Deemed to Be Excessively
72 Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects of 1980, recalls the relevant provisions contained therein, notes the beneficial impact that their implementation will have on the safety of civilians and encourages those in a position to do so to support humanitarian mine action, including by providing financial assistance to this end;
Security Council resolution 1265 (1999) On the Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict
The Security Council,
18. Takes note of the entry into force of the Convention on the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel Mines and their Destruction of 1997 and the amended Protocol on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Mines, Booby Traps and Other Devices (Protocol II) annexed to the Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects of 1980, recalls the relevant provisions contained therein, and notes the beneficial effect that their implementation will have on the safety of civilians;
PROTECTION OF CHILDREN
Security Council resolution 1379 (2001) on the Protection of Children in Situation of Armed Conflict
The Security Council Calls upon all parties to armed conflict to:
(a) “Respect fully the relevant provisions of applicable international law relating to the rights and protection of children in armed conflict, in particular the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the obligations applicable to them under the Additional Protocols thereto of 1977, the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child of 1989, the Optional Protocol thereto of 25 May 2000, and the amended Protocol II to the Convention on Prohibition or Restriction on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects, the International Labour Organization Convention No. 182 on the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour and the Ottawa Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, and notes the inclusion as a war crime in the Rome Statute of the conscription or enlistment of children under the age of fifteen years into the national armed forces or using them to participate actively in hostilities;”
Security Council resolution 1314 (2000) on the Protection of Children in Situation of Armed Conflict
The Security Council,
Underlining the need for all parties concerned to comply with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations and with the rules and principles of international law, in particular international humanitarian, human rights and refugee law, and to implement fully the relevant decisions of the Security Council, and recalling the relevant provisions
73 on the protection of children contained in International Labour Organization Convention No. 182 on the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court and the Ottawa Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti- Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction;
Security Council resolution 1261 1999) on the Protection of Children in Situation of Armed Conflict
The Security Council,
17. Reaffirms its readiness when dealing with situations of armed conflict:
(a) to continue to support the provision of humanitarian assistance to civilian populations in distress, taking into account the particular needs of children including, inter alia, the provision and rehabilitation of medical and educational services to respond to the needs of children, the rehabilitation of children who have been maimed or psychologically traumatized, and child- focused mine clearance and mine-awareness programmes;
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ANNEX 2
Terms of Reference for Evaluations
Considerations a. The principal considerations are:
• The scope and purpose of the evaluation
• The audience the results are intended for and the specific aspects of the project or programme, on which the audience will expect a report.
• Evaluation team composition.
• Duration of the evaluation mission including travel and time on task.
• Delivery of a preliminary and final report
• Any requirement for the team to draft a follow on Project Document
• Publication policy for the final report b. The evaluation report will usually be made available to national authorities therefore the TOR must be readily translatable into the national language. It should therefore be concise, logical and avoid the use of UN jargon and repetition. The reporting format must be similarly logical.
Sections c. The TOR should consist of the following sections. A suggested maximum word content is shown against each section.
(1) Background (Maximum 200 words) Limited to a brief description of the country – geographical and political
(2). The Mines and UXO Problem (Maximum 175 words) A brief description of the mines and UXO problem
(3). Mine Action In (Country) (Maximum 300 words)
Include details of relevant laws that may have been enacted, the national authority responsible for mine action and the national MAC.
75 Mention past and current mine action including any operations undertaken by UN Peace Keeping or other foreign and national military forces, bi-laterally or Government funded activities, which have been commercially, and NGO implemented.
Include an outline of the current UNMAS / UNDP strategy and overall objective – both of which are described in the Project Document.
(4) Current Situation (Maximum 150 words)
If there is a project funding crisis or other substantial difficulty, it is important to set out the details clearly but briefly.
(5). Scope (Maximum 100 words)
Is the evaluation to be limited to the UNMAS project / UNDP Support project and its relationship with the national mine action centre, or wider; including other or all facets of the national mine action programme? If the latter, the evaluation will need prior approval of not only the national authority but also all the other participants. These might include: international and national NGOs, other UN agencies, the World Bank, national military forces, visiting military forces and bilateral donors. d. Objectives (The most important section of the TOR) (Maximum 200 words)
• The objectives must be stated clearly and concisely and might include:
• Evaluation of the role, effectiveness, functionality and structure of the national authority responsible for mine action in terms of ability and capacity to formulate policy and of the MAC (and Regional Offices) in terms of ability and capacity to coordinate / regulate mine action activities.
• An assessment of the current national mine action plan including the degree to which objectives have been met and its overall impact.
• Evaluation of the implementation arrangements under which the national mine action plan has operated and to determine the efficiency and effectiveness of this approach.
• An assessment of the relevance of the Immediate Objectives, Outputs and Activities listed in the Project Document and the degree to which they have been met and resultant impact.
• Review and propose enhancements in the manner in which the UNMAS / UNDP mine action project is being implemented and supported from both a field and headquarters level.
and possibly:
To prepare a new draft UNMAS / UNDP project document.
76 e. Issues To Be Addressed: (Maximum 400 words)
List them. They might include all or any of the following:
• The status of mine action in the country including the degree to which socio-economic impacts on communities have been assessed and are used in task prioritisation.
• National mine action plan results & achievements. • UNMAS / UNDP Project results and achievements. • Efficiency of UNMAS / UNDP project management arrangements. • Effectiveness of the approach. • Transfer to national capacity. • Impact and sustainability. • Resource mobilisation and donor support. • The role of the Government in mine action activities. • Coordination arrangements: f. Methodology of the Evaluation Mission (Maximum 200 words) Include: • Details of reference material to which the Evaluation team must have access (provided by the Country Office). • Identification of main stakeholders with whom the Evaluation team should meet. • Any restrictions on field visits. • Responsibility for and details of the logistic support of the Evaluation team. g Evaluation Team (Maximum 75 words)
Detail the number of members of the evaluation team including any Government or donor representatives. Include a statement as to the experience required of all members and specify which is to be appointed leader of the team.
It is usual to appoint two specialists – (one with experience of the management of mine action programmes and local capacity building and the other with extensive experience of development project administration – preferably with UNDP) plus at least one senior level national counterpart who should not be a member of the MAC or the National Authority responsible for mine action. h. Time Frame And Conclusions Of The Mission (Maximum 75 words)
Specify the duration and start date of the Evaluation Mission. It will rarely be possible to mobilise experienced expatriate personnel in less than a month.
State what debriefings are to be held at the conclusion of the Evaluation Mission and the distribution of the final report including whether or not it. is it to be published on the eMine website. i Documents List the documents to be made available to the evaluation team.
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