ინოვაციური ეკონომიკა და მართვა

INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT

3

ტომი - Volume V. 2018 UDC (უაკ) 050: {33+338.24} ი - 603

Jurnali „inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva“ indeqsirdeba saerTaSoriso mo­ nacemTa bazebSi da sistemaSi: The Journal „INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT“ is indexed in the international scientometric databases, repositories and search engines:

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saredaqcio kolegia mTavari redaqtori badri geCbaia, ekonomikis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori. saqarTvelos biznesis mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili wevri. menejmentis regionuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti.

mTavari redaqtoris moadgile gela mamulaZe, ekonomikis doqtori, profesori. saqarTvelos biznesis mecnierebaTa akademiis namdvili wevri

pasuxismgebeli redaqtori paata aroSiZe, ekonomikis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori

saredaqcio kolegiis wevrebi: v­an goleTiani; e.a.d., profesori vax­tang daTaSvili; e.a.d., profesori an­zor devaZe; e.a.d., profesori ciuri duruli; e.a.d., e.m.d., profesori. saqarTvelos mecnie­ ­­r­e­ profesori lia eliava; e.a.d., asocirebuli baTa erovnuli akademiis akademi­ ­kosi av­Tan­ profesori gulnaz erqomaiSvili; e.a.d., dil silagaZe, e.a.d., aso­ci­rebuli pro­ profesori me­rab vaniSvili; e.a.d., profesori fesori nino abesaZe; e.a.d., profesori­ nana go­Ca TuTberiZe; e.a.d., profesori nazi­ axalaia; e.a.d., asocirebuli profesori ra kakulia; e.m.d., profesori paata koRua­ ekaterine ba­x­taZe; e.m.d., profesori ramaz Svili; p.a.d., profesori naTia miqelTaZe; abe­saZe; e.m.d., profesori anzor abralava; e.a.d. profesori aleqsandre siWinava; e.a.d. e.a.d., asocirebuli profesori giorgi asocirebuli profesori nino faresaSvili; abuseliZe; e.a.d., profesori ioseb ar­C­vaZe; e.a.d., profesori roman mamulaZe; e.a.d., t.a.d., profesori Tengiz af­xazava; e.m.d., profesori nino liparteliani; e.m.d., profesori Teimuraz ba­bunaSvili; e.a.d., profesori rezo manveliZe; e.m.d., profesori asocirebuli pr­o­fe­sori akaki bakuraZe; lamara qoqiauri; e.a.d. profesori giorgi e.m.d., pro­fesori evgeni baraTaSvili; e.m.d., RavTaZe; e.m.d., profesori vladimer Rlon­ pr­o­­fesori elguja meqvabiSvili; b.a.d., ti; e.m.d., profesori karlo Rur­­wkaia; e.m.d., asocirebuli pro­fesori besik bau­CaZe; b.a.d., profesori larisa yor­RanaSvili; b.a.d., asoci­rebuli profesori gi­vi baqraZe; e.a.d., asocirebuli pro­fesori goderZi SaniZe; profesori ros­tom beriZe; e.m.d., profesori e.m.d., pro­fesori Teimuraz Sengelia; e.a.d. givi bedi­anaSvili; t.a.d., profesori qeTe­ pro­fesori nana Sonia; e.m.d., profesori ni­

2 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 koloz CixlaZe; e.a.d. asocirebuli pro­ versitetis procesebisa da inJine­ riis­ kaTe­ fesori irma CxaiZe; e.a.d., profesori asie­ dris gamge (koSice, slovakeTi);­ cincaZe; e.a.d., profesori naTia wiklaSvili­ ; koval viqtor, e.m.d. profesori (odesa, ukra­­ e.m.d., profesori eTer xaraiSvili; t.a.d., ina); profesori parmen xvedeliZe­ ; e.a.d., profesori lukini sergei, e.m.d. belorusiis saxelmwi­ ­fo daviT jalaRonia; e.m.d., profesori mixeil universitetis profesori (minski,­ belo­ jibuti; e.a.d., profesori guram jolia; rusia); s.m.m.d., profesori rezo jabniZe; b. a. d. zlotnikova lidia, e.m.k. profesori. beloru­­ zurab muSkudiani; b. a. d. asistent-profesori siis vaWrobisa da ekonomikis universiteti giorgi gabedava (mTavari redaqtoris moad­ gile Jurnalis inglisurenovan nawilSi)­ (gomeli, belorusia); isaevi namig, biznesisa da marTvis doqto­­ saredaqcio kolegiis ri, azerbaijanis saerTaSoriso diasporis­ ucxoeli wevrebi: warmomadgeneli saqarTveloSi­ (baqo, aze­ rba­ijani); hesus fereiro aparacio, e.m.d. baskeTis midelski sergei, profesori. menejmentis universitetis ekonomikisa da biznesis regionuli akademiis prezidenti (yaza­xeTi, fakultetis profesori (espaneTi); pavlodari); Skarleti sergei, e.m. d. profesori. Cernigovis­ varxola mixal, doqtori, profesori mixail­ erovnuli teqnologiuri universitetis baludianskis samecniero sazo­gadoebis reqtori (Cernigovi, ukraina); kizim nikolai, e.m. d. profesori. ukrainis prezidenti. (slovakeTi, koSice);­ mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr­ rami gaurang, ekonomikis doqtori, viir nor­ korespondenti. (xarkovi, ukraina); mandis gujaratis universitetis pro­ rudenko olga, saxelmwifo marTvis doq­ fesori (gujarati, indoeTi); tori, profesori. Cernigovis erov­nuli romanenko evgeni, saxelmwifo marTvis me­ teqnologiuri universitetis sa­­xelmwifo cnierebaTa doqtori. personalis marTvis­ marTvis da menejmentis samecniero­ kvleviTi regionuli akademiis sajaro mmarTvelobis institutis direq­ ­tori (Cernigovi, ukraina); kaTedris gamge, docenti (ukraina, kievi); vdovenko natalia, e.m. d. profesori. ukrainis griSnova elena, e.m.d. taras SevCenkos saxe­­ biologiisa da garemosdacvis saxelmwifo­ universitetis globaluri ekonomikis lobis kievis saxelmwifo universitetis­ kaTedris gamge (kievi, ukraina); profesori; Simanovska-dianiC ludmila, e.m. d. pro­ kuzmenko galina, e.m.d. kirovogradis erov­ fesori. poltavas ekonomikisa da vaWrobis­ nuli teqnologiuri universite­ ­tis profe­ universitetis menejmentis kaTed­ ­ris gamge sori, (ukraina, kropivnicki);­ (poltava, ukraina); Caplai irina, saxelmwifo marTvis mecniere­­ levCenko aleqsandre, e.m.d. profesori. baTa kandidati, (ukraina, kievi); centr­aluri ukrainis erovnuli teqnolo­­ Salimova natalia, e.m.d. kirovogradis ero­ giuri universitetis reqtoris moad­ ­gile. v­nuli teqnologiuri universite­ tis­ pro­ xaustova viqtoria, ekonomikis mecniere­­ baTa kandidati, asocirebuli profesori­ fesori, (ukraina, kropivnicki).­ (xarkovi, ukraina); prokopenko olga, e.m.d. teqnikur-humani­ ­ta­ badida miroslav, mecnierebaTa dotori, ruli akademiis menejmentis departamentis­ profesori. q. koSices teqnologiuri uni­ profesori, poloneTi

© a(a)ip ekonomikuri kvlevebis erovnuli institutis da baTumis navigaciis saswavlo universitetis saerTaSoriso referirebadi da recenzirebadi samecnieropraqtikuli Jurnali „inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva”.

ISSN: 2449-2418 E-ISSN: 2449-2604 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 3 UDC (უაკ) 050: {33+338.24} ი - 603

EDITORIAL BOARD

Editor in Chief BADRI GECHBAIA, Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor.

Deputy Editor GELA MAMULADZE, Doctor of Economics, Professor.

Responsible Editor PAATA AROSHIDZE, Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor.

EDITORIAL BOARD: Sciences, Professor­ ; Giorgi Gavtadze, Doctor of Economics,­ Professor;­ Vladimer Glonti, Doctor of Economic Sciences­ , Professor; Karlo Gurtckaia, Doctor of Eco­nomic Sciences, Avtandil Silagadze, Doctor of Economic Scien­ces, Pro­ Professor;­ Larisa Korga­ nashvili,­ Doctor of Economic­ Sci­ fessor. Academician of the National Acade­ my­ of Sciences of ences, Professor; Goderdzi Shanidze, DBA, Associated Pro­ Georgia; Nino Abesadze, Doctor­ of Economics, Associated fessor; Teimuraz Shengelia, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor; Nana Akhalaia, Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor; Nana Shonia, Doctor of Economics, Professor; Ni­ Professor; Ekaterine Bakhtadze, Doctor of Economics, As­ koloz Chikhladze, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor; sociated Professor; Ramaz Abesadze, Doctor of Economic Irma Chkhaidze, Doctor of Economics,­ Professor; Asie Cin­ Sciences, Professor;­ Anzor Abralava, Doctor of Economic cadze, Doctor of Eco­nomics, Professor; Natia Tsiklashvili, Sciences, Professor; Giorgi Abuselidze, Doctor of Economics, Doctor of Economics,­ Professor; Eter Kharaishvili, Doctor of Associated Professor; Ioseb Archvadze, Doctor of Economics, Economic Sciences, Professor; Parmen Khvedelidze, Doc­ Professor; Tengiz Apkhazava, Doctor of Technical Sciences, tor of Technical Sciences, Professor;­ Davit Jalagonia, Doctor Professor; Teimuraz Babunashvili, Doctor of Economic Sci­ of Economics, Professor;­ Mikheil Jibuti, Doctor of Econom­ ences, Professor Evgeni Baratashvili, Doctor of Economic ic Sciences,­ Professor; Guram Jolia, Doctor of Economics,­ Sciences, Professor Elguja Meqvabishvili, Doctor of Eco­ Professor; Rezo Jabnidze, Doctor of Agricultural­ Sciences, nomic Sciences, Professor; Akaki Bakuradze, Doctor of Eco­ Professor; Zurab Mushkudiani, DBA; George Gabedava nomics, Professor; Besik Bauchadze, DBA, Associated Pro­ (Deputy Chief Editor in Engli­ sh­ Section of Journal). fessor; Givi Bakradze, DBA, Associated Professor; Rostom Beridze, Doctor of Economics, Professor; Givi Bedianashvili, FOREIGN MEMBERS Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor; Ketevan Goletiani, OF THE EDITORIAL BOARD Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor;­ Vakhtang Datashvi­

li, Doctor of Economics,­ Professor; Anzor Devadze, Doctor of Aparacio Jesus Fereiro, professor of the faculty of Econom­ Econo­ mics,­­ Professor; Tsiuri Duruli, Doctor of Economics,­ ics and Business on the university of Basque country Professor; Lia Eliava, Doctor of Economics,­ Professor; Gul­ (Spain); naz Erqomaishvili, Doctor of Economics, Associated Pro­ Kyzym Mykola, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor. fessor; Merab Vanishvili, Doctor of Economics, Professor;­ Corresponding Member of National Academy of Scienc­ Gocha Tutberidze, Doctor of Economics, Professor; Nazira es of Ukraine. Honored Economist of Ukraine Kakulia, Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor; Paata Shkarlet Serhii, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor. Koguashvili,­ Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor; Na­ Rector of Chernihiv National University of Technology tia Mikeltadze, Doctor, Professor; Alek­ sandre­ Sichinava, (Ukraine); Doctor of Economics, Professor;­ Nino Paresashvili, Doctor of Rudenko Olha, Doctor of Public Administration, Associate Economics, Ass­ ociated­ Professor; Roman Mamuladze, Do­ Professor, Director of SRI of Public Administration and ctor­ of Economics, Professor; Nino Liparteliani, Doctor­ of Management, Professor of the Department of Manage­ Economics, Professor; Rezo Manvelidze, Doctor­ of Economic ment of Chernihiv National University of Technology Sciences, Professor;­ Lamara Qoqiauri,­ Doctor of Economic (Ukraine);

4 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 Vdovenko Natalia, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor Midelski Sergey, Professor. President of Regional Academy (Ukraine); of Management (Kazakhstan); Shimanovska-Dianich Ludmila, Doctor of Economic Sci­ Varchola Michal, Doctor of Sciences, Professor, President ences, Professor (Ukraine); of the Academic Society of Michal Baludansky (Slovak Levchenko Aleksandr, Doctor of Economik Sciences, Vice Republic); Doctor for Scientific Activities of the Central Khaustova Victoria, Doctor of Sciences (Economics), Asso­ Rami Gaurang, PH.D Professor, Department of Economics ciate Professor, Senior Research Fellow, Department of Veer Narmad South Gujarat University (India); innovation development and competitiveness, Research Romanenko Yevchen, Doctor of Science in Public Adminis­ Centre of Industrial Problems of Development of NAS tration, Professor, Head of the Dept. of Public Adminis­ of Ukraine; tration of Interregional Academy of Personnel Manage­ Badida Miroslav, Doctor of Sciences, Professor, Pro-Dean ment (Ukraine). of Machine Building Faculty of Technical University of Kosice (Slovak Republic); Grishnova Olena, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Profes­ Koval Viktor, Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor, sor, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Head of Department of Applied Economics of Odessa (Ukraine). Institute of Trade and Economics of Kyiv National Uni­ Kuzmenko Halyna, Doctor of Economics, Associate Profes­ versity of Trade and Economics, (Ukraine); sor, Kyiv (Ukraine). Lukin Sergei, Doctor of Economic Sciences. Belarusian Chaplay Irina, PhD of Public Administration, Associate State University, Professor (Belarus, Minsk); Professor, Kyiv (Ukraine). Zlotnikova Lidia, PhD in Economics, Associate Professor. Belarusian Trade And Economics University Of Con­ Shalimova Nataliia, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Profes­ sumer Cooperatives (Belarus, Gomel); sor, (Kropivnicki, Ukraine). Isayev Namig, PhD in business administration. Represen­ Prokopenko Olha, Doctor of Economics, Professor.Profes­ tation of Azerbaijan International Diaspora Centre in sor of Management Department at University of Biels­ Georgia, (Azerbaijan); ko-Biala, Poland

A (N) and the National Institute of Economic Research of the Teaching University of Batumi Navi- gation and reviewing scientific journal “Innovative Economics and Management”.

ISSN: 2449-2418 E-ISSN: 2449-2604 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 5 sarCevi CONTENTS inovaciuri ekonomika - INNOVATIVE ECONOMY nino qoqiauri _ sawarmoebis inovaciuri ganviTarebis prognozirebisaTvis...... 9 NINO QOQIAURI _ FOR PROGNOSIS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES...... 9 igor galica, mixael Seferi, anzor devaZe, nikolai SevCenko _ saxelmwifo da inovaciuri ganviTareba...... 18 IHOR HALYTSIA, MICHAEL SCHAEFER, ANZOR DEVADZE, MYKOLA SHEVCHENKO _ STATE AND INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT...... 18

dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY oqsana mikoliuki, valentina bobrovniki _ ganaxlebadi energiis ganviTareba ukrainis energetikuli usafrTxoebis formirebis konteqstSi...... 25 OKSANA MYKOLIUK, VALENTYNA BOBROVNYK _ DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE CONTEXT OF ENERGY SAFETY FORMATION OF UKRAINE...... 25 anna slobodianik, giorgi abuseliZe _ internet-treidingis perspeqtivebi ukrainis finansur derivativebze...... 32 ANNA SLOBODYANIK, GEORGE ABUSELIDZE _ PROSPECTS FOR ONLINE TRADING OF FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES IN UKRAINE...... 32 tatiana lazareva, olga blagii _ kvebis mrewvelobis dargis momavali inJiner-teqnologebis janmrTelobis damzogavi safuZvlebis Seswavlis meTodika...... 37 TETIANA LAZARIEVA, OLGA BLAHYI _ THE METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING THE BASIS OF HEALTH-SAVING FOR THE FUTURE ENGINEERS-TECHNOLOGISTS OF THE FOOD INDUSTRY...... 37 konstatntin Jadko, tatiana dubCaki _ ukrainis laq-saRebavebis mrewvelobis dargis sawarmoebis saqmianobis efeqturobaze gare faqtorebis gavlenis dasabuTeba ...... 46 KONSTANTIN ZHADKO, TETIANA DUBCHAK _ SUBSTANTIATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FACTORS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ENTERPRISES OF THE INDUSTRY OF PAINT AND VARNISH INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE...... 46 oqsana oxrimenko, uliana biguni _ cirkularuli ekonomikis berketebis aqtivizacia energetikis sferoSi ...... 53 OKSANA OKHRIMENKO, ULIANA BIHUN _ ACTIVATION OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY LEVERS IN AN ENERGY INDUSTRY...... 53 irina novakovskaia, lilia skripniki _ saaviacio transportis mier miwis gamoyenebis sakiTxebi ukrainaSi: arsebuli mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis strategia ...... 62 IRYNA NOVAKOVSKA, LILIIA SKRYPNYK _ THE LAND USE OF AVIATION TRANSPORT IN UKRAINE: CONTEMPORARY STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY...... 62

socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY lamara qoqiauri _ axali sapensio reformis Suq-Crdilebi saqarTveloSi...... 72 LAMARA QOQIAURI _ ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NEW PENSION REFORM IN GEORGIA...... 72 elene griSnova, oleg risni _ umuSevrobis materialuri uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifo politika ukrainaSi da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi: SedarebiTi analizi da transformaciis mimarTulebebi ...... 90 OLENA GRISHNOVA, OLEH RISNYY _ STATE POLICY OF MATERIAL SUPPLY OF UNEMPLOYED IN UKRAINE AND EASTERN EUROPE: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND TRANSFORMATION DIRECTIONS.. 90 nadeJda reznik, anatoli ostapCuk _ axali samuSao adgilebis prognozireba ukrainis ekonomikis samrewvelo seqtorSi...... 97 NADIIA REZNIK, ANATOLIY OSTAPCHUK _ PREDICTION OF NEW WORK PLACES IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR OF UKRAINIAN ECONOMY ...... 97 lidia zlotnikova _ socializaciis socialur-ekonomikuri aspeqtebi inovaciuri ganviTarebis pirobebSi...... 109

6 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 LIDIYA ZLOTNIKOVA _ AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOCIALIZATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT ...... 109 galina bogatireva, valentina barabanova _ turistuli momsaxurebis bazris ganviTarebis socialuri ganzomilebebi ukrainaSi ...... 116 GALINA BOHATYRYOVA, VALENTINA BARABANOVA _ SOCIAL MEASURES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET OF TOURISM SERVICES IN UKRAINE...... 116 dea fircxalaiSvili, daviT duglaZe _ kerZo universitetebSi dasaqmebul studentTa drois menejmentis statistikuri analizi da ZiriTadi hipoTezebi sqesobriv WrilSi...... 124 DEA PIRTSKHALAISHVILI, DAVIT DUGLADZE _ STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ TIME MANAGEMENT AND PRIVATE HYPOTHESES IN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES...... 124 elena skoruki _ SromiTi migraciis zrda ukrainaSi da misi Sedegebi...... 130 ELENA SKORUK _ GROWTH OF LABOR MIGRATION IN UKRAINE AND ITS EFFECTS...... 130

menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING irina kolodiiCuki _ ukrainaSi narCenebis marTvis konceptualuri safuZvlebi...... 135 IRINA KOLODIICHUK _ CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN UKRAINE...... 135 alina voliki _ cnebebis „saxeba“ da „imiji“ Sesabamisoba - SedarebiTi aspeqtebi ...... 140 ALINA VOLYK _ CONCEPTS «WAY» AND «IMAGE»: CONVENIENT AND COMPARATIVE ASPECT...... 140 ekaterine baxtaZe _ urTierTobaTa marketingisadmi sasturmoebis damokidebuleba, baTumis maspinZlobis bazris magaliTze...... 146 EKATERINE BAKHTADZE _ ATTITUDE OF HOTELS TO RELATIONSHIP MARKETING IN THE CASE OF BATUMI HOSPITALITY MARKET...... 146 natalia xaraZe, daviT duglaZe, dea fircxalaiSvili _ saxelmwifo da kerZo universitetebis studentTa drois menejmentis SedarebiTi analizi...... 151 NATALIA KHARADZE, DAVIT DUGLADZE, DEA PIRTSKHALAISHVILI _ COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS TIME MANAGEMENT AT STATE AND PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES...... 151 liudmila kaliniCenko, valentina smaCilo, taras nalivaiko _ Sromis sferoSi Tanamedrove trendebis gavlena sawarmos sakadro potencialis formirebaze ...... 163 LIUDMILA KALINiCHENKO, VALENTYNA SMACHYLO, TARAS NALYVAIKO _ THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN TRENDS IN LABOR ON THE FORMATION OF WORKFORCE CAPACITY OF THE ENTERPRISES...... 163 liudmila petraSko, pavlo petraSko _ korporatiuli socialuri pasuxismgebloba: miTi Tu realoba ...... 171 LIUDMYLA PETRASHKO, PAVLO PETRASHKO _ CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: MYTH OR REALITY... 171

finansebi, sabanko da sabuRaltro saqme - FINANCE, BANKING AND ACCOUNTING marina muCiaSvili, maia giorgobiani,zamira Sonia _ fiskaluri mdgradobis Sefaseba da fiskaluri riskebis marTva saqarTveloSi ...... 178 MARINA MUCHIASHVILI, MAIA GIORGOBIANI, ZAMIRA SHONIA _ ASSESSMENT OF FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY AND MANAGEMENT OF FISCAL RISKS IN GEORGIA ...... 178

ekonomikuri Teoria - ECONOMIC THEORY nadeJda reznik, anna slobodianik, giorgi abuseliZe _ moqmedi savaWro strategiebi: maTi gamoyeneba da rekomendaciebi efeqtianobis donis gaumjobesebis mizniT ...... 182 NADIIA REZNIK, ANNA SLOBODYANIK, GEORGE ABUSELIDZE _ EFFECTIVE TRADING STRATEGIES: ITS IMPLEMENTATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING EFFECIENCY...... 182 natalia vdovenko, ekaterina nakoneCnaia _ ukrainis ekonomikaSi struqturuli transformaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebi...... 191 NATALIA VDOVENKO, EKATERINA NAKONECHNAIA _ MODERN TENDENCIES OF STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE...... 191

inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 7 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP goderZi SaniZe _ biznesis ganviTarebis potenciali imereTis regionSi...... 197 GODERDZI SHANIDZE _ BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL IN IMERETI REGION ...... 197 goderZi SaniZe _ imereTis regionSi wamoebuli produqcia konkurentunariania ukrainaSi...... 203 GODERDZI SHANIDZE _ PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN IMERETI REGION ARE COMPETITIVE IN UKRAINE....203 gulnaz erqomaiSvili _ damwyeb mewarmeTa xelSemwyobi ekonomikuri politika saqarTveloSi...209 GULNAZ ERKOMAISHVILI _ ECONOMIC POLICY FOR BEGINNER ENTREPRENEURS IN GEORGIA...... 209 elene priatelCuki _ socialuri mewarmeoba, rogorc evrosabWoSi socialuri ekonomikis realizaciis forma...... 214 OLENA PRYYATELCHUK _ SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A FORM OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOCIAL ECONOMY MODEL IN EUROPEAN UNION...... 214 natalia mudraki _ globalizaciis problemebi da msoflio ekonomikis gadaxra (struqturul funqcionaluri midgoma)...... 221 NATALIIA MUDRAK _ CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION AND OFFSHORIZATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY (STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL APPROACH)...... 221

agraruli mecnierebebi - AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES mirza suqniSvili _ mecxoveleobis ganviTarebis tendenciebi da perspeqtivebi aWaris regionSi ...... 229 MIRZA SUKNISHVILI _ TENDENCIES AND PROSPECTS FOR CATTLE-BREEDING DEVELOPMENT IN ADJARA REGION ...... 229 anna slobodianik _ mcenareuli kulturis warmoebis ekonomikuri efeqtianoba ukrainaSi...... 238 ANNA SLOBODYANIK _ EFFECTIVE TRADING STRATEGIES: ITS IMPLEMENTATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING EFFECIENCY ...... 238

transporti - TRANSPORT valentina kuxarCik, aleqsei kuxarCik _ multimodaluri da intermodaluri gadazidvebi satransporto sistemebSi ...... 244 VALENTYNA KUKHARCHYK, OLEKSII KUKHARCHYK _ MULTIMODAL AND INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION IN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS...... 244 nugzar zosiZe _ saqarTvelos sazRvao sanaosnos istoria da misi roli qveynis sazRvao industriis ganviTarebaSi...... 250 NUGZAR ZOSIDZE _ THE HISTORY SHIPPING COMPANYOF GEORGIA AND ITS ROLE IN THE MARINE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT...... 250

socialuri mecnierebebi - SOCIAL SCIENCES siuzana paseCniki, viaCeslav nagaCevski, roman nanivski _ adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis uzenaesobis uzrunvelyofa...... 253 SUZANNA PASICHNYK, VIACHESLAV NAGACHEVSKYI, ROMAN NANIVSKYI _ SUSTAINMENT OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS...... 253 svetlana furdui _ pasuxismgebliani midgomis formireba student axalgazrdobis mimarT, rogorc socialur - pedagogiuri problema ...... 258 SVETLANA FURDUY _ THE FORMATION OF RESPONSIBLE RELATIONS TO HEALTH OF STUDENT YOUTH AS A SOCIO-PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEM...... 258 natalia xoliavko _ umaRlesi ganaTlebis erovnuli sistemis modernizaciiT pozitiuri sinergiuli efeqtis miRwevis modeli...... 263 NATALIYA KHOLIAVKO _ MODEL OF ACHIEVEMENT OF POSITIVE SYNERGY EFFECTS OF MODERNIZATION OF NATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM ...... 263 baStovenko oqsana _ janmrTelobis SenarCuneba - fizikuri ganaTlebis maswavleblis priorittuli amocana ...... 270 ОKSANA BASHTOVENKO _ HEALTH PRESERVATION IS A PRIORITY COMPETENCE OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER...... 270

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sawarmoebis inovaciuri ganviTarebis prognozirebisaTvis

FOR PROGNOSIS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTERPRISES nino qoqiauri, NINO QOQIAURI, quTaisis universitetis doqtoranti Doctoral Student of Kutaisi University, saqarTvelo, quTaisi Kutaisi, Georgia

anotacia samecniero – teqnikuri da inovaciuri sferos Key words: Forecasting, Innovations, innovative econo­ ganviTarebaSi prognozirebis sakiTxis aqtua­ my, Forecasting principles, Forecast scheme, Stages of draw­ lurobidan gamomdinare statiaSi yuradReba ga­ ing up the forecast. maxvilebulia prognozirebis SemuSavebis ZiriT­ ad meTodologiaze, maT principebze; mocemulia 1. Sesavali. inovaciuri ganviTarebis prognozis gaTvlebis dRes sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, rom eko­ modelebis da instrumentebis SerCevisa da ganx­ no­mikuri suverenitetis SenarCunebis Sansi orcielebis dros gadasawyveti amocanebis Tav­ XXI saukuneSi aqvs mxolod im qveynebs, rom­ iseburebebi, agreTve amosavali informaciis lebic dReisaTvis forsirebuli tempebiT specifika da faqtorebis saxeebi. agroveben mowinave, mecnierebisda da teqnikis statiaSi Seswavlilia prognozirebis mak­ bolo miRwevebis gamoyenebaze dafuZnebul roekonomikuri ganviTarebis variantebi, pro­ inovaciur da samrewvelo kapitals. inovaci­ gnozirebis Sedgenis ZiriTadi etapebi da stru­ uri ganviTarebis mocemuli principebisadmi qturuli modelebi. midevnebas naTlad adasturebs dasavleTis SromaSi ganxiliulia da warmodgenilia qveynebis ganviTarebas. daskvnebi inovaciur saqmianobaSi saxelmwifo bolo wlebSi bevrs laparakobdnen da mxardaWeris ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis, inovaci­ werdnen inovaciuri ekonomikis ganviTareba­ uri saqmianobis dafinansebis meqanizmis sruly­ ze gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi. ofis Sesaxeb. SeuCererebeli ritorika imis Sesaxeb, rom postkomunisturi sivrcis qveynebi aucile­ sakvanZo sityvebi: prognozireba, inovacie­ blad unda gadavidnen ekonomikis ganviTare­ bi, inovaciuri ekonomika, prognozirebis princ­ bis inovaciur modelze, gadauWarbeblad ipebi, prognozirebis sqema, prognozis Sedgenis SeiZleba maTi suverenitetis aucilebel etapebi. winapirobad CaiTvalos. marTlac, direqtiu­ li gegmiani ekonomikis mTavari nakli iyo is, ABSTRACT rom sabazro – kapitalisturi reformebis The work highlights the main methodological principles ideologebi Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavdnen yve­ of constructing prognosis of structural prognosis of scientif­ la donis ekonomikuri sistemebis dabal ino­ ic- technological development, peculiarities of decisive tasks vaciur dones, rasac adgili hqonda ,,sakoman­ in the process of considering models of prognosis, choosing do - administraciuli diqtatis’’ pirobebSi. instrumentation and fulfillment. The work presents a scheme maTi mtkicebiT, ekonomikis saxelmwifo reg­ and main stages of elaboration of prognosis of development ulirebaze uaris Tqma (maT Soris inovaciur – of scientific-technological sphere in a modern way. The arti­ samrewvelo politikis ignorireba), misi lib­ cle characterizes in logical succession six stages of prognosis eralizacia da ,,sabazro relsebze’’ gadasvla of development of scientific –technological sphere existing unda aRvivebdes ekonomikuri subieqtebis in­ today in economic literature. It also states the main directions ovaciur aqtivobas. of the state support in the direction of creation and usage of Cveni qveynis Tanamedrove socialur – innovative prognosis and innovative infrastructure in general. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ZiriTadi amocanaa inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 9 inovaciuri ekonomika - INNOVATIVE ECONOMY misi inovaciur traeqtoriaze gasvla, postin­ ro-teqnikuri da inovaciuri potencialis dustriuli informaciuli epoqisaTvis damax­ aqtiuri gamoyeneba. cnobilia, rom teqnikuri asiaTebeli ekonomikuri zrdis principulad progresis faqtori gansazRvravs warmoebis axali faqtorebis maqsimalurad gamoyeneba. gadidebas arsebuli samuSao Zalisa da sim­ es amocana Zalze mniSvnelovania Tanamed­ Zlavreebis (fondebis) pirobebSi. rove saqarTvelosTvis, sadac ekonomikis samecniero-teqnikuri da inovaciuri gan­ ganviTarebis inovaciur gzaze gadasvlis au­ viTarebis (teqnikuri progresis) faqtoris cilebloba moiTxovs inovaciuri saqmianobis asaxvis erT-erTi SedarebiT gavrcelebuli in­ mZlavr aqtivizacias, pirvel rigSi sameur­ strumentia e.w. sawarmoo funqciebi. am proce­ neo subieqtebis, sawarmos doneze Sesabamisi sis modelirebisas sawarmoo funqciis apara­ samecniero – teqnikuri damuSavebebis, sain­ tis safuZvelze teqnikur progress uwodeben vesticio da sxva pirobebs. is erovnuli meure­ „neitralurs“, Tuki igi garkveuli periodis obis reorganizaciis SesaZleblobas iZleva. ganmavlobaSi ar cvlis damokidebulebas iseT mecnierebatevad warmoebis safuZvelze Ses­ maCveneblebTan dakavSirebiT, rogorebicaa: aZlebeli xdeba saqarTvelos didi da tradi­ l warmoebis moculoba, samuSao Zalisa da ciulad mzardi CamorCenis daZleva (meurneo­ kapitalis Rirebuleba — Tuki kapitaliT briobis sxvadsxva sferoSi msoflios maRal­ samuSao Zalis Secvla ar iwvevs warmoebis ganviTarebul qveynebTan SedarebiT). gadidebas. am SemTxvevaSi, „hiksis“ mixed­ aRniSnuli problemebis gadaWris aucile­ viT, teqnikuri progresi neitraluria. es bloba ganapirobebs samecniero – teqnikuri imas niSnavs, rom teqnikam miaRwia zRvrul da inovaciuri sferos ganviTarebis prog­ mwarmoeblurobas da am faqtorebis zrda nozis Sedgenis, misi SemuSavebis ZiriTadi ganapirobebs warmoebis moculobis meTodologiuri principebis gaTvaliswineba, eqstensiur gadidebas; didi mniSvneloba eniWeba prognozis Sedgenis l kapitalukugeba da procentis norma — faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebas. Tuki procentis normas da kapitalteva­ makroekonomikuri ganviTarebis variant­ dobas aqvs ucvleli xasiaTi, maSin te­ ebis prognozuli gaTvlebis, saerTod, samec­ qnikuri progresi, „harodis“ mixedviT niero – teqnikuri sferos ganviTarebis prog­ neitraluria. es imas niSnavs, rom kapi­ nozis Sedgenis etapebis da struqturuli talis mwarmoebluroba zRvruli gaxda, modelebis ageba, agreTve mecnieruli kvleve­ e.i. miaRwia procentis normis dones da bisa da damuSavebebis Sedegianobis progno­ am faqtorebis zrda gamoiwvevs Sromis zuli Sedegebis sqemis ageba Cemi samecniero maCveneblis eqstensiur zrdas; muSaobis erT – erTi ZiriTadi problemaa. zem­ l Sromis mwarmoebluroba da xelfasis oTaRniSnuli sakiTxebis Seswavlisas gavecani done — Tuki maT Soris damokidebule­ da Seviswavle ucxoeli da qarTveli mecnier ba darCeba ucvleli, maSin teqnikuri – mkvlevarebis – l. Ciqavas, a. abralavas, e. progresi, „solous“ mixedviT, neitral­ baraTaSvilis, g. jolias, i. Sumpeteris, v. an­ uria. es imas niSnavs, rom Sromis mwarmoe­ Sinis, e. briusis da sxva monografiebs. bluroba zRvruli gaxda; teqnikuri pro­ gresis zrda gamoiwvevs kapitalis mocu­ 2. ZiriTadi nawili. lobis eqstensiur zrdas. 2.1.samecniero-teqnikuri da inovaciuri warmoebaze teqnikuri progresis zemoqme­ sferos ganviTarebis prognozirebis princ- debis kvlevisas, avtonomiuri faqtoris rol­ ipebi. Si (warmoebis sxva faqtorebis cvlilebis gaT­ sainvesticio resursebis deficitis piro­ valiswinebis gareSe), Sromisa da kapitalis bebSi mniSvnelovani faqtori aris samamulo ucvleli donis SemTxvevaSi igi ganisazRvre­ mrewvelobis ganviTarebis saqmeSi samecnie­ ba, rogorc warmoebis zrda.

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„solous“ mixedviT, gansazRvruli teqni­ qnikuri da inovaciuri sferos maCvene­ kuri progresi nivTdeba kapitalSi, romlis blebis, rogorc samecniero, samecnie­ zrdas uwodeben axal teqnikaSi investirebas ro-teqnikuri da inovaciuri saqmianobis (e.i. es aris mecnierebatevadi investiciebi, prognozis urTierTSeTanxmebuli da er­ romlebic ganapirobeben kapitalis mwarmoe­ TimeoresTan dakavSirebuli maxasiaTe­ blurobis cvlilebas). blebis ganxilva; „solouseuli“ midgomis mniSvneloba imaSi l prognozirebis modelebis adaptaciuro­ mdgomareobs, rom teqnikuri progresi peri­ ba da sisrule (prognozirebis modelebis odSi ganisazRvreba gasul periodSi Seqmnili TviTmakoreqtirebeli sistemis Seqmna, teqnikis doniT. amasTan, kapitaluri dabande­ romelsac SeuZlia prognozis Sedegebis bebi gaiTvaliswineba ara wminda moculobiT, gaTvaliswinebiT operatiulad moaxdi­ aramed teqnikuri progresis tempSi asaxuli nos reagireba monacemTa dinamikis xasi­ maTi xarisxis maCveneblis gaTvaliswinebiT. aTis cvlilebaze); mxedvelobaSi misaRebia is garemoeba, rom l gadawyvetilebis mimReb pirTa aqtiuri perspeqtivaSi mxolod SromiTi resursebis roli im monacemTa SerCevaSi, romelTa rezervebi da xarisxi ar SeiZleba iyos ekonomi­ mixedviT keTdeba prognozi da progno­ kuri zrdis ZiriTadi Semaferxebeli faqtori. zirebis modelebis adaptaciuri sistemis aucileblad aris gasaTvaliswinebeli inves­ Camoyalibeba (ama Tu im amosavali monace­ ticiebisa da ZiriTadi kapitalis xarisxTan mebis SerCevaSi SesaZleblobebis gaTval­ dakavSirebuli teqnikuri progresis aspeqte­ iswineba da prioritetulobis varireba im bi. maT gansazRvravs intensiuri investiciebi pirebisa, romlebic iReben gadawyvetile­ da intensiuri sainvesticio procesi. bebs, prognozirebis SerCeuli modelebis ganxiluli sistemis CarCoebSi samecnie­ gaTvaliswinebisa da varirebis Sesa­ ro-teqnikuri da inovaciuri sferos ganvi­ Zleblobisas). samecniero-teqnikuri da Tarebis prognozis SemuSavebisas, Cveni az­ inovaciuri sferos prognozis SemuSave­ riT, mizanSewonilia Semdegi ZiriTadi meTod­ bis gamsxvilebuli sqema gamosaxulia 2.1. ologiuri principebis gaTvaliswineba; naxazze. l amosaval sainformacio maCveneblebad saanalizo sferos ganviTarebis prognozis unda gamoiyenon is maCveneblebi, rom­ gaTvlis modelebisa da instrumentariumis lebic yvelaze metad axdenen gavlenas SerCevisa da realizaciisas unda gaiTval­ saprognozo sidideze; iswinon gadasawyveti amocanebis Tavisebu­ l prognozebis SemuSavebisas miznebiT, amo­ rebebi, amosavali informaciis specifika da canebiTa da resursuli uzrunvelyofiT faqtorebis Semdegi jgufi: gansxvavebuli social-ekonomikuri, 1. sagareo-ekonomikuri movlenebis samecniero-teqnikuri da inovaciuri gan­ Sedegebi. aq saubaria qveyanaSi ekonomikur viTarebis alternatiuli gzebis ganxil­ da politikur situaciaze, sxvadasxva saxis va; sagareo-ekonomikuri da sxva faqtorebis gav­ l prognozirebis modelebis gamoyeneba­ lenis gaTvaliswinebis mizanSewonilobaze. di xasiaTi monacemTa SerCevis pirobaSi, ekonomikis ganviTarebis tempebis msoflio SerCevaSi SemTxveviTi da gamotovebuli mniSvnelobis ryevebi da politikuri koniuq­ monacemebis arsebobis gaTvaliswinebiT, turis cvlilebebi qmnian im fons, romelic romlebic zustad ar asaxaven realur unda gaiTvaliswinon samecniero-teqnikuri tendenciebs; sferos ganviTarebis prognozebis SemuSaveb­ l prognozirebis procesSi samecniero-te­ isas.

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nax.1. samecniero - teqnikuri da inovaciuri ganviTarebis prognozis SemuSavebis gamsxvilebuli sqema

2. situacia qveyanaSi. qveynis SigniT Semdegi faqtorebi: mecnierebisa da ganaTleb­ samecniero-teqnikuri sferos ganviTarebis is prioritetul mimarTulebebze resurse­ moklevadiani da saSualovadiani prognozire­ bis koncentraciis aucilebloba; samamulo bis dros mizanSewonilia gaiTvaliswinon ori ekonomikis Camoyalibebuli teqnologiuri ZiriTadi aspeqti: prognozi unda iTval­ struqtura da teqnologiuri faqtorebis iswinebdes rogorc TviT samecniero-teqni­ wamyvani roli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri kuri sferos, aseve mTlianad qveynis ekono­ ganviTarebis problemebis gadaWraSi; te­ mikis Sida moTxovnebsa da SesaZleblobebs; qnologiuri ganviTarebis samamulo resurse­ garda amisa, igi unda eyrdnobodes saanalizo bis mdgomareoba; SromiTi potencialis mdgo­ maCveneblebis Camoyalibebuli dinamikis mareoba da xarisxi, samecniero-kvleviTi da winaswar analizs. sacdel-sakonstruqtoro samuSaoebis mTeli samecniero-teqnikuri da inovaciuri sferos struqturuli reorganizaciis au­ sferos ganviTarebis prognozis Sedgenisas cilebloba. mxedvelobaSi unda miiRon da gaiTvaliswinon

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3. makroekonomikuri ganviTarebis vari- 2.2.samecniero-teqnikuri sferos antebi. prognozuli gaTvlebi aucilebelia ganviTarebis prognozis Sedgenis aigos samecniero-teqnikur sferosTan mi­ etapebi da struqturuli modelebi. marTebaSi rigi, gare parametrebis safuZvel­ qveynis samecniero-teqnikuri sferos gan­ ze. magaliTad, samecniero-teqnikuri sferos viTarebis prognozis Sedgena gansazRvrul dafinansebis prognozi emyareba iseTi makroe­ logikur Tanmimdevrobas moiTxovs; ekonomi­ konomikuri maCveneblebis prognozebs, ro­ kur literaturaSi samecniero-teqnologi­ uri sferos ganviTarebis prognozis Semdeg gorebicaa mTliani Sida produqtis odenoba, etapebs ganixilaven: samrewvelo warmoebis moculoba, inflaciis 1. kvlevebisa da damuSavebebis dafinanseb­ done da sxva. mecnierebis sferoSi dasaqmebis is sididis prognozi; prognozi, erTis mxriv, ar SeiZleba ar iTval­ 2. kvlevebsa da damuSavebebze gaweuli iswinebdes mocemul sferoSi finansur mdgo­ danaxarjebis sididis prognozi erT muSakze mareobas da meores mxriv, masSi unda gaiTval­ gaangariSebiT); iswinon qveyanaSi demografiuli situaciis 3. mecnieruli kvlevebisa da damuSavebebis perspeqtivebis maxasiaTebeli monacemebi. Sesrulebaze dasaqmebuli personalis ricx­ samecniero-teqnikuri da inovaciuri sfe­ vovnobis prognozi; ros ganviTarebis prognozi Camoyalibebuli 4. mecnieruli kvlevebisa da damuSavebebis tendenciebis eqstrapoliaciis tradiciuli Sesrulebaze dasaqmebuli personalis saSua­ meTodebis safuZvelze, calkeuli maCveneblis lo xelfasis prognozi; retrospeqtivis arasakmarisi siRrmis gamo, 5. mecnierebis materialur-teqnikuri ba­ SeiZleba SeimuSaon mxolod ekonomikuri sit­ zis maCveneblebis prognozi; uaciis ganviTarebis inerciuli scenarisaT­ 6. sapatento aqtivobis maCveneblebis prog­ vis, Tanac erTob pirobiTad. qveyanaSi ekono­ nozi. mokled ganvixiloT yvela CamoTvlili miuri situaciis arastabiluroba da ukanask­ etapis Sinaarsi. nel aTwleulSi mimdinare struqturuli pirvel etapze xorcieldeba kvlevebsa da cvlilebebi ar iZleva saSualebas, pirdapir damuSavebebze gaweuli saerTo Sida danaxar­ gamoiyenon 1991 wlamde periodSi saprognozo jebis moculobis prognozireba. kvlevebisa da damuSavebebis dafinansebis ZiriTadi wyar­ maCveneblebis dinamikis amsaxveli saxelmwifo oebis saxiT saprognozo modelebSi gamoyo­ statistikuri angariSgebis arsebuli forme­ filia: sabiujeto saxsrebi, samewarmeo seqto­ bi. ris saxsrebi; umaRlesi ganaTlebis seqtoris calkeuli maCveneblebis mixedviT, reprez­ saxsrebi; aramomgebiani kerZo seqtoris sax­ entaciuli monacemebis uqonlobis gamo, sax­ srebi; ucxouri wyaroebis saxsrebi; ucxouri elmwifo statistikur angariSgebaSi atareben wyaroebis saxsrebis prognozi. erTdroul gamokvlevebs. am procesis upi­ biujetis saxsrebidan dafinansebis maCven­ ratesobaa is, rom SedarebiT srulad xdeba kv­ eblis sididis prognozi gaiTvleba mTliani levis obieqtis asaxva kvlevis winaSe dasmuli Sida produqtisa da saxelmwifo biujet­ miznebis Sesabamisad. Tumca am gamokvlevebis is xarjviTi nawilis maCveneblis dinamikis Catareba, Cveulebriv, pirveladi monacemebis safuZvelze. samewarmeo seqtoridan Semosu­ damuSavebisas garkveul sirTulesTanaa daka­ li finansuri saxsrebis sididis prognozire­ vSirebuli, rac ganapirobebs Seferxebebs kv­ bisas, amosavali parametrebis saxiT gamoi­ levebis Sedegebis gamoqveynebisas. yeneba samrewvelo warmoebis saprognozo nebismier SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo statis­ sidide. aramomgebiani kerZo seqtoridan da tikuri angariSgebisa (Tundac arasrulis, ma­ umaRlesi ganaTlebis seqtoridan Semosuli gram Tavisdroulad da regularulad Semo­ saxsrebis sididis prognozireba mTliani Sida sulis) da Catarebul gamokvlevebis monace­ produqtis maCveneblisa da samrewvelo war­ mebs Soris saWiro da aucilebelia gonivruli moebis moculobis maCveneblis dinamikis Se­ fasebebi. ucxoeTis wyaroebidan dafinansebis kompromisi. prognozi gaiTvleba saeqsperto Sefasebebis inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 13 inovaciuri ekonomika - INNOVATIVE ECONOMY miRebis teqnologiebis, mimdinare periodSi mimdinare da kapitalur danaxarjebSi mowyo­ dabalansebuli ucxouri investiciebis dina­ bilobaze gaweuli xarjebis xvedriTi wili. mikis eqstrepolaciis gaTvaliswinebiT meeqvse etapze xorcieldeba mecnieru­ mecnierul kvlevebsa da damuSavebebze li kvlevebisa da damuSavebebis Sedegianobis danaxarjebis maCvenebeli ganzogadoebuli xa­ prognozis SemuSaveba, sapatento aqtivobis siaTis matarebelia. amitom, misi prognozuli iseTi maCveneblis safuZvelze, rogoricaa Sefasebebi gamoiyeneba Semavali informaci­ samamulo da ucxoeli pirebis ganacxadebi, is saxiT samecniero-teqnologiuri da ino­ aseve mecnierul kvlevebsa da damuSavebebze vaciuri sferos sxva danarCeni maCveneblebis gaweuli danaxarjebis prognozi da am sfero­ prognozirebisas. Si dasaqmebulTa ricxvovnobis prognozi. meore etapze xdeba im saxsrebis odenobis amrigad, inovaciuri saqmianobis marTvis prognozireba, romlebic miiReba dafinanse­ sistema iTvaliswinebs sagangebo gaangariSe­ bis sxvadasxva wyarodan erT muSakze gaangar­ bebis Catarebas, romlebic dakavSirebulia iSebiT. mecnierebis yvela seqtorSi mocemuli samecniero-teqnikur prognozebTan. samec­ maCveneblis dinamika sxvadasxvanairad yal­ niero-teqnikuri prognozi warmoadgens ama ibdeba. amitom, modelebi maTi prognozireb­ Tu im sferoSi mecnierebisa da teqnikis momav­ isaTvis, iseve, rogorc danaxarjebis saerTo ali ganviTarebis Sinaarsis, mimarTulebebisa sididis prognozirebisas, mecnierebis calke­ da moculobebis kompleqsur savaraudo Se­ uli seqtorisaTvis individualurad muSavde­ fasebas. ba. am modelebSi, Semavali informaciis saxiT, prognozi amcirebs variantuli damuSave­ pirvel etapze ZiriTad makroekonomikur bebis raodenobas gegmis formirebisas, am­ maCveneblebTan erTad, aiReba Sida danaxar­ aRlebs gegmis dasabuTebis xarisxs, ayalibebs jebis saerTo moculobis prognozi. mis saboloo miznebs, gansazRvravs gegmis mesame etapze gaiTvleba mecnieruli kv­ Sesrulebis pirobebs, gamokveTavs obieqtis levebisa da damuSavebebis sferoSi dasaqme­ ganviTarebis SesaZlebel gzebs, mosalodnel buli personalis ricxvovnobis prognozi am Sedegebs. amdenad, is, pirvel rigSi, emsaxure­ etapisaTvis Semavali informacia aris mec­ ba sagegmo gadawyvetilebebis dasabuTebas. nierul kvlevebsa da damuSavebebze gaweuli inovaciurs ganekuTvneba Semdegi saxis danaxarjebis saerTo moculobis adre ga­ saqmianobebi: keTebuli prognozi, mecnierebis yovel se­ l samecniero-kvleviTi, sacdel-sakonst­ qtorsa da mecnierebis sferoSi dasaqmebul r­uqtoro da teqnologiuri samuSaoebis TiToeul muSakze danaxarjebis sididis prog­ Sesruleba, romlebic orientirebulni nozi. damatebiTi amosavali informaciis sax­ arian ekonomikur brunvaSi realizebuli iT gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis ricxvovnobisa da axali an srulyofili produqciis, axali dasaqmebis prognozebi. an srulyofili teqnologiuri procesis personalis saerTo ricxvovnobis progno­ Seqmnaze; zi gaiTvleba, rogorc calkeul seqtorebSi l marketinguli kvlevebis Catareba da in­ dasaqmebulTa ricxvovnobis jami. ovaciuri produqciis gasaRebis bazris meoTxe etapze personalis ricxvovnobisa organizeba; da Sida danaxarjebis prognozebis safuZvel­ l teqnologiuri xelaxali aRWurvis ganx­ ze gaiTvleba mecnierebis calkeul seqtorSi orcieleba da warmoebis momzadeba; muSakTa saSualo xelfasis sididis prognozi. l axali procesebis, produqciisa da na­ mocemuli prognozi koreqtirdeba in­ keTobaTa gamocdis, sertifikaciisa da flaciis mosalodneli donis prognozuli Se­ standartizaciis ganxorcieleba; fasebis gaTvaliswinebiT. l axali an srulyofili produqciis war­ mexuTe etapze xdeba mecnieruli kvleve­ moebis pirvelsawyisi periodi, axali an bisa da damuSavebebis materialurteqnikuri srulyofili teqnologiebis gamoyeneba bazis maCveneblebis prognozebis SemuSaveba. inovaciuri proeqtis gamosyidvis norma­ es prognozebi gaiTvleba Sida xarjebis prog­ tiuli vadis miRwevamde; nozebis safuZvelze, kerZod, gaiTvaliswineba

14 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 inovaciuri ekonomika - INNOVATIVE ECONOMY l inovaciuri infrastruqturis Seqmna da e) inovaciuri saqmianobis Sedegad Seqmni­ ganviTareba; li produqciis Sesyidvaze saxelmwifo l inovaciuri saqmianobisaTvis saWiro ka­ SekveTis ganTavseba; drebis momzadeba da gadamzadeba; v) calkeuli sainovacio proeqtebis da maTi l inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebsa ganmaxorcielebeli RonisZiebebis real­ da konfidencialur samecnieroteqnikur izaciaze subsidiebis gacema; da teqnologiur informaciaze ufle­ z) qveynis Tavdeboba ucxoeTis kreditoreb­ bebis dacva, gadacema da SeZena; sa da investorebTan inovaciuri saqmiano­ l inovaciuri saqmianobis dafinanseba ino­ bis subieqtebis da inovaciuri saqmiano­ vaciur programebsa da proeqtebSi inves­ bis infrastruqturis subieqtebis val­ ticiebis ganxorcielebis CaTvliT; debulebebis Sesrulebaze; l sxva saxis samuSaoebi, romlebic aucile­ T) qveynis mewarmeebis mier warmoebu­ belia inovaciuri saqmianobis ganxor­ li maRalteqnologiuri produqciis cielebisTvis da ar ewinaaRmdegebian qve­ konkurentunarianobis satarifo da ara­ ynis kanonmdeblobas. satarifo regulireba im analogebTan yvela ganviTarebuli qveynis mTavro­ mimarTebaSi, romlebic subsidirdebian ba inovaciuri politikis prioritetebis ucxouri mewarmeebis produqciiT da maT safuZvelze amuSavebs da amtkicebs inovaci­ saxelmwifoebi axorcieleben; ur programebs, aseve inovaciuri saqmiano­ i) SeRavaTebis gaweva inovaciuri saqmia­ bis mxardamWer da inovaciuri infrastruq­ nobis subieqtebisa da inovaciuri saqmi­ turis ganviTarebis programebs. garda amisa, anobis infrastruqturis subieqtebis am qveynebSi SemuSavebulia inovaciuri saqmi­ mimarT, gadasaxadebTan, mosakreblebTan, anobis Sesaxeb kanonebi, romlebSic Setanilia centraluri da adgilobrivi biujetebis inovaciuri saqmianobis saxelmwifo mxardaW­ Tu arasabiujeto fondebSi SenatanebTan eris RonisZiebebi (formebi). mimarTebaSi, qveynis kanonmdeblobis Ses­ saxelmwifo inovaciuri programebisa da abamisad; miznobrivi programebis SeqmnaCamoyalibeb­ k) saxelmwifosaTvis kuTvnili qonebis ga­ isas xdeba maTSi CarTuli inovaciuri proe­ moyenebaze, maT Soris inteleqtualu­ qtebisa da inovaciuri infrastruqturis gan­ ri sakuTrebis obieqtebis gamoyenebaze viTarebis proeqtebis sakonkurso SerCeva. uflebis gacema. inovaciuri saqmianobis saxelmwifo mx­ inovaciuri saqmianobis saxelmwifo mx­ ardaWera xorcieldeba Semdegi ZiriTadi mi­ ardaWera xorcieldeba mxolod am saqmianobis marTulebiT: ganxorcielebis periodSi. inovaciuri proeq­ a) inovaciur saqmianobasTan dakavSirebu­ tis saxelmwifo mxardaWera zogierT qveyanaSi li samecniero-kvleviTi, sacdel-sakon­ xorcieldeba gamosyidvis normatiuli vadis struqtoro da teqnologiuri samuSaoe­ periodSi, magram warmoebis dawyebis momen­ bis dafinanseba; tidan sxvadasxva periodebia dadgenili. b) inovaciuri programebisa da proeqtebis inovaciuri saqmianobis infrastruqturis inovaciuri saqmianobis uzrunvelmyofi subieqtebs, romlebic komerciul sawyisebze RonisZiebebis, aseve, inovaciuri saqmi­ arian Seqmnili, saxelmwifo mxardaWeris miRe­ anobis infrastruqturis, subieqtebis, ba SeuZliaT qveyanaSi moqmedi kanonmdeblo­ samuSaoebis dafinanseba; bis Sesabamisad. g) sazRvargareT gamogonebebisa da samre­ saxelmwifo organizaciebs ufleba aqvT wvelo nimuSebis dapatentebis dafinanse­ inovaciuri saqmianobis ganmaxorcielebel ba, romlebic Sedian saeqsporto produ­ mcire inovaciur sawarmoebs arendiT gadas­ qciis SemadgenlobaSi an eqsportirebi­ cen saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli far­ saTvis gamiznul samamulo produqciaSi; Tobi an qoneba, Sesabamisi SeRavaTebis gaT­ d) inovaciuri saqmianobis infrastruqtur­ valiswinebiT. is subieqtebis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebaSi inovaciuri saqmianobis dafinanseba xor- saxsrebis investireba; cieldeba: inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 15 inovaciuri ekonomika - INNOVATIVE ECONOMY l inovaciuri saqmianobis subieqtebis saxs­ inovaciebis prognozireba – es aris rTli rebis xarjze; procesi riskis didi wiliT. es aixsneba iseTi l inovaciuri saqmianobis subieqtebis mier faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebis aucileblobiT, garedan moziduli saxsrebis xarjze; rogoricaa konsultantebis qmedebebi, saku­ l centraluri biujetis, adgilobrivi biu­ Tari xarjebis gaTvlis sirTule, produqciis jetebis saxsrebis xarjze; damzadebaze da fasebis cvlilebiT produq­ l inovaciur procesSi monawile saxelm­ ciaze, rac ufro rTuli da ZviradRirebulia wifo arasabiujeto fondebis da sxva teqnika, miT ufro aqtualuria misi sasicocx­ saxelmwifo organizaciebis saxsrebis lo ciklis gagrZelebis SesaZleblobis gaT­ xarjze; valiswinebis problema; l ucxoeli investorebis, saerTaSoriso inovaciebis uzrunvelyofas yofen Semdeg sa­­finanso organizaciebisa da fondebis saxeobebad: informaciuli, teqnikuri, finan­ saxsrebis xarjze. suri da sakadro. informaciuli uzrunvely­ inovaciuri saqmianobis saxelmwifo daf- ofa – rTuli da winaaRmdegobrivi procesia, inanseba xorcieldeba: ramdenadac, erTi mxriv, saWiroa sruli in­ formacia mecierebisa da teqnikis mocemuli l qveynis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mimarTulebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb, xolo organoebis mier, mTavrobis mier dadge­ meores mxriv, saWiroa ar iqnas daSvebuli in­ nili normativebis farglebSi; formaciis gaJonva sakuTari damuSavebebis l aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis orga­ Sesaxeb. inovaciebis teqnikuri uzrunvelyo­ noebis subieqtebis mier maTi uflebamo­ fa gulisxmobs Sesabamis bazas, raTa Sesrul­ silebis farglebSi; des samuSaoebi konstruirebisaTvis, sacdeli l saxelmwifo organizaciebis mier, rom­ nimuSebis damzadebisaTvis da teqnologiebis lebic axorcieleben inovaciuri saqmia­ gamarTvisaTvis. inovaciebis finansuri uz­ nobis subieqtebisaTvis saxelmwifo mx­ runvelyofa – erT – erTi rTuli problemaa ardaWeras. Tanamedrove etapze qveynis (gansakuTrebiT saxelmwifo inovaciuri politikis real­ gardamavali ekonomikebis mqone qveynebis) izaciisas xorcieldeba RonisZiebebi mcire da ekonomikaSi, ramdenadac ar arsebobs inova­ saSualo inovaciuri mewarmeobis mxardasaW­ ciebis saxelmwifo mxardaWeris efeqtiani erad. es RonisZiebebi da maT gansaxorciel­ sistema. mkacrad gauaresda mdgomareoba mec­ eblad gaweuli saxsrebi gamoiyofa inovaci­ nierul kadrebTan mimarTebaSi; uri saqmianobis mxardamWeri programebisa da inovaciebis prognozirebis stadiaze mcire mewarmeobis mxardamWeri programebis saWiro da aucilebelia ekologiuri da so­ dasafinanseblad. inovaciuri proeqtebis sa­ cialuri faqtorebis gaTvaliswineba. am biujeto dakrediteba xorcieldeba dadgeni­ faqtorebis ignorirebiT SeiZleba mkveTrad li wesiT. Semcirdes inovaciebis efeqtianoba; mcire biznesi erTob efeqtiania inovaci­ 3.daskvna ur saqmianobaSi, ramdenadac warmoebis mcire prognozireba - muSaobis winasagegmo sta­ masStabebi teqnologiuri procesebis mo­ diaa. prognozirebis meTodebidan SedarebiT qniloba da muSakebis maRali kvalifikacia da gavrcelebulia saeqsperto Sefasebisa da SemoqmedebiTi garemo SesaZlebels xdis swra­ modelirebis meTodebi; fad dainergos inovaciebi warmoebaSi.

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gamoyenebuli literatura/REFERENCES [1] abralava a., gvajaia l., quTaTelaZe r., 2009. sainovacio menejmenti. Tb.: stu. [2] baraTaSvili e., daTaSvili v., nakaiZe g., quTaTelaZe r., 2008. inovaciuri menejmenti. Tb.: gamomce­ mloba ,,evropuli universiteti’’. [3] qoqiauri l., qoqiauri n., 2015. inovaciebi. Tb.: stu gamomcemloba. [4] Ciqava l., 2006. inovaciuri ekonomika. Tb.: sagamomcemlo ,,siaxle’’. [5] jolia g., sexniaSvili d., 2010. codnis ekonomika da marTva. Tb.: stu. [6] Давтян М., Щербакова Т., Карзанова И., 2014. Экономика инновационной деятелъности предприятия. М.: ГУДН. [7] Экономика инноваций: учебник. 2009. Под ред. В. Горфинкеля. М.: Вузовский учебник. [8] Peter F Drucker., 2015. Innovation and Enterpreneurship. Practice and Principles. With a foreword by Joseph Maciariello. Harperkolin. London and New York. [9] Khargadon E., 2007. Management of Innovations. Experience of Leading Companies. M.: Williams. [10] Лемерлъ П., 1994. Инновационная теория: истоки и перспективы развития. Пер. с франц. Киев: Арена – Пресс. c.119. [11] Lundvall B., 1992. National Sistems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. London: Printer Publishers. [12] Nelson R., 1993. National Innovation Sistems: A Comparative Analysis. Oxford Univ. Press. [13] Porter M., Bjnd G., 1999. Innovative Capacity and Prosperity the Next Competitivenes challenge in the Glabal Competition venes Report. N.Y. p.12. [14] Qoqiauri L., 2016. For Further Perfecting of Innovation Policy in Georgia. International Journal of latest research in Science and Technology. (IJLRST). Volume 5. Issue 3. Pp 11-21. [15] Qoqiauri L., 2017. From the History of Forming and Development the Concept of the National Innovative System.2017. World Wide Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development. 51. September. Volume 3. Issue 9. Pp. 234 – 239. https://www.wwjmrd.com/index.php (Im. F.) [16] Qoqiauri L., Qoqiauri N., 2017. Theoretical Aspects of Innovative Economics. SC-Media Media Group. Baku. Vol. 4. Pp. 3 – 18. (Im. F.)

inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 17 inovaciuri ekonomika - INNOVATIVE ECONOMY saxelmwifo da inovaciuri ganviTareba

STATE AND INNOVATION DEVELOPMENT

igor galica, IHOR HALYTSIA, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, Dr of Economics, Full Professor, Professor oficialurad akreditebuli saerTaSoriso at the Economics and Enterprise eqsperti inovaciuri ekonomikis sferoSi, Management Department, University ekonomikisa da marTvis universitetis „КРОК“ -is of Economics and Law «KROK», sawarmos ekonomikisa da menejmentis kaTedris pro­ Kiev, Ukraine fesori, kievi, ukraina mixael Seferi, MICHAEL SCHAEFER, ekonomikis doqtori, profesori. Doctor, Professor, President L` Association 1901 asociacia „1901 SEPIKE“-s prezidenti, SEPIKE. Poitiers, France pointesi, safrangeTi ANZOR DEVADZE, anzor devaZe, Ph.D in Economics, Professor, Head of Tourism ekonomikis mecnierebaTa kandidati, Department at Shota Rustaveli Batumi State baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis University, Batumi, Georgia turizmis fakultetis profesori, MYKOLA SHEVCHENKO, baTumi, saqarTvelo Ph.D in Physical and Mathematical Sciences,

nikolai SevCenko, Analyst in the field of innovative fizika-maTematikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, development, inovaciuri ganviTarebis sferos analitikosi, Kiev, Ukraine kievi, ukraina

anotacia this problem at the macro level, a System for monitoring, naCvenebia, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi md­ forecasting, planning and ensuring the implementation of gradi ekonomikuri upiratesobebis uzrunvel­ innovation activities is proposed. The components (subsys­ sayofad aucilebelia maqsimalurad iqnas gamoy­ tems) and the mechanism of functioning of this system are enebuli rac SeiZleba meti individis kreatiuli considered. potenciali rogorc makro, aseve mikrodoneze. mocemuli amocanis makrodoneze gadasawyvetad Keywords: innovative development, state regulation of SemoTavazebulia monitoringis, prognozirebis, innovative development, systems of monitoring, forecasting, dagegmarebisa da inovaciuri saqmianobis real­ planning and ensuring the implementation of innovative ac­ izaciis uzrunvelyofis sistemebi. ganxilulia tivities. mocemuli sistemis Semadgenlebi (qvesistemebi) da misi funqcionirebis meqanizmi. kvlevis aqtualoba Tanamedrove pirobebSi inovaciuri marT­ sakvanZo sityvebi: inovaciuri ganviTareba, vis sakiTxebi sameurneo saqmianobis yvela inovaciuri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo regulire­ doneze iZenen prioritetul Teoriul da ba, monitoringis, prognozirebis, dagegmarebisa praqtikul mniSvnelobas. aRniSnuli bune­ da inovaciuri saqmianobis realizaciis uzrun­ brivicaa, vinaidan, eqstensiuri ekonomikuri velyofis sistemebi. faqtorebis amowurvis pirobebSi, inovacia warmoCndeba rogorc konkurentunariano­ ABSTRACT bis uzrunvelyofisa da ekonomikuri zrdis It is shown that in modern conditions, in order to ensure mZlavri berketi, da aqedan gamomdinare neb­ sustainable economic advantages, it is necessary to use in ismieri qveynisa da misi mosaxleobis keTil­ maximum the creative potential of as many individuals as dReobis safuZvela. Tanamedrove pirobebSi possible, both at the macro and at the micro level. To solve ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi sabazro

18 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 inovaciuri ekonomika - INNOVATIVE ECONOMY ekonomikis mqone qveynebSi gansakuTrebul faqtorebis warmoqmniTa da CarTviT; msof­ mniSvnelobas iZenen inovaciuri ganviTarebis lios urTierTgavlenisa da urTierTdamok­ saxelmwifo regulirebis sakiTxebi, rasac eZ­ idebulebis mniSvnelovani gaZlierebiT. Rvneba mocemuli statia. mudmiv „ekonomikuri stresebs“ mivyavarT kvlevis obieqts warmoadgens saxelmwifo postindustriul etapze umTavresi kanon­ regulirebis inovaciuri procesis Teori­ zomierebebis warmoqmnasa da funqcionirebe­ uli da meTodologiuri sakiTxebi. mocemu­ bamde: codnis TaobaTa da aseve teqnikisa da li statiis kvlevis sagani-saxelmwifo reg­ teqnologiebis Taobebis daCqarebul cvlam­ ulirebis, prognozirebisa da inovaciuri de, maTi „cxovrebis ciklebis“ Semcirebamde; procesebis ganviTarebis sistemebia sabazro warmoebebisa da Sromis warmoebis warmadobis da gardamaval ekonomikaSi. amaRlebamde; janmrTelobis rolis, rogorc masalebi da meTodebi. kvlevis procesSi konkurentuli resursis amaRlebamde. gamoyenebul iqna sistemuri analizisa da sin­ gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens is gare­ Tezis meTodebi. moeba, rom „ekonomikuri stresis“ pirobebSi kvlevis Sedegebi. inovaciebi, rogorc gansakuTrebiT Cqardeba codnis, teqnikisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis faqtori, gansa­ teqnologiebis TaobaTa cvla. erTdroulad kuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZenen Tanamedrove xdeba teqnikisa da teqnologiebis „cxovreb­ pirobebSi. aRniSnuli situacia dakavSirebu­ iseuli ciklebis“ progresirebadi Semcireba. lia imasTan, rom civilizacia gadadis ganvi­ amas mivyavarT inovaciebis raodenobis im­ Tarebis principulad sxva etapze, yvela winam­ pulsur zrdasa da maTi xarisxianobis amaRle­ debare etapebisagan Zireulad gansxvavebul­ bamde. ze. es etapi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc Tumca inovaciuri procesis produqtiu­ „ekonomikuri stresi“, romelic arsebiTad loba mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba or­ gansxvavdeba wina periodebis ganviTarebisa­ ganizaciis meqanizmebis efeqturobiTa da gan. upirvelesad mocemul etapze gadamwyvet qmediTunarianobiT. kerZod am meqanizmebzea mniSvnelobas iZens informaciul-inovaci­ damokidebuli, Tu ramdenad swrafad moxdeba uri resursebi, dakavSirebuli informaciis fundamenturi kvlevebis Sedegebis gamoyene­ Seqmnis, akumulirebis, gadamuSavebisa da maT ba SemuSavebaSi da ramdenad swrafad moxdeba konkretul inovaciebSi transformaciisTvis, am axali inovaciebis danergva meurneobebis momzadebuls uSualo praqtikuli gamoyeneb­ yvela sferoSi. isaTvis. meore, Tu ganviTarebis winamdebare ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi sabazro etapebze mTlian sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi ekonomikis mqone qveynebis mniSvnelovan naw­ da, kerZod, ekonomikaSi (Tavisebur „ekono­ ilSi SemuSavebulia sakmaod mniSvnelovani mikur stresebSi“) xarisxiani naxtomebi ar kanonmdebloba inovaciur da samecniero-te­ atarebdnen mudmiv xasiaTs da warmoiqmne­ qnikuri moRvaweobis mimarTulebiT. aseve ar­ bodnen periodulad metnaklebad xanrZliv sebobs seriozuli samecniero kvlevebi ino­ droSi, postindustriul etapze isini iZenen vaciuri procesis sferoSi. permanentul xasiaTs ekonomikis yvela sivrc­ Tumca globalizaciis, saerTaSoriso ko­ eSi. xarisxiani naxtomi - es ama Tu im saqmiano­ nk­­urenciis gaZlierebis pirobebSi ar Sei­ bis saxeobis ganviTarebis iseTi donea, rom­ Zleba miRweulze gaCereba da aucilebelia lis drosac erTi da igive amocana SeiZleba Sors wasvla. cxovreba iTxovs ganviTarebuli Sesruldes mniSvnelovnad mokle vadebSi da da ganviTarebadi sabazro ekonomikis mqone mniSvnelovnad efeqturi meTodebiT, vidre umetes qveynebSi mudmivmoqmedi, erovnuli in­ ganviTarebis wina periodebSi. ovaciuri moRvaweobis prognozirebis, dageg­ amasTan xarisxiani naxtomebi iZenen sis­ marebis da realizaciis ganxorcielebis mon­ tematur xasiaTs sami umTavresi faqtoris itoringis sistemis Seqmnas (SemdgomSi prms). erTdrouli moqmedebiT: mTeli sazogadoe­ prms funqcionirebis meTodologiuri brivi cxovrebis tempis daCqarebiT, kerZod, safuZvlebi. upirvelesad, aucilebelia aRin­ ekonomikur cxovrebaSi; warmoebis sameurneo iSnos, rom prms-s unda hqondes mudmivmoqmedi brunvaSi mniSvnelovani raodenobis axali xasiaTi da Tanxmdebodes sabazro ekonomikis inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 19 inovaciuri ekonomika - INNOVATIVE ECONOMY regulirebis erovnul sistemasTan, aseve qtirdeba saxelmwifo eqspertrbis daskvneb­ unda iyos misi ganuyofeli qvesistema. saku­ isa da winadadebebis safuZvelze. saxelmwi­ Tari funqciis ufro efeqturi Sesrulebi­ fo eqspertebis erTobliobaama Tu im qveynis saTvis mizanSewonilia, rom prms Sedgebodes erovnuli samecniero-teqnikuri elitis Semdegi qvesistemebisagan. saukeTeso nawilia, ZiriTadi konkurentulu­ 1. sainformacio-analitikuri qvesistema, nariani resursia. saxelmwifo eqspertebis romelic axorcielebs msofliosa da Sesaba­ institutis gamoyeneba saSualebas iZleva ga­ mis qveyanaSi sainovacio moRvaweobis paspor­ moyenebul iqnas qveyanaSi arsebuli saukeTe­ tizaciasa da ganviTarebis analizs mocemuli so inteleqtualuri resursebi prognozebisa qveynis yvela dainteresebuli saagentoebis da gegmebis damuSavebaSi. yvela xelmisawvdomi sainformacio wyaroebi­ saxelmwifo eqspertebis institutis for­ sa da masalebis safuZvelze; mirebas, struqturirebasa da gamoyenebisaT­ 2. saxelmwifo da arasaxelmwifo samecnie­ vis samuSaos awarmoebs sajaro da arasajaro ro-teqnikuri eqspertebis qvesistema (insti­ samecniero-teqnikuri eqspertebis erovnuli tuti), romelic mimarTulia saxelmwifo da makoordinirebeli qvesistemis organo. arasaxelmwifo samecniero-teqnikuri insti­ aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi sajaro eqsp­ tutebis formirebisa da struqturirebisaT­ ertebi gamoiyeneben arasajaro eqspertebis vis, maTi inteleqtualuri moRvaweobis Sede­ masalebsa da daskvnebs, romlebic SeiZleba gebis gamoyenebisaTvis inovaciuri politikis iyvnen iuridiuli da fizikuri pirebi da flo­ momzadebasa da realizaciaSi. ben Sesabamis ganaTlebasa da operaciul dros saxelmwifo samecniero-teqnikuri eqsper­ da mzad arian gadascen is sajaro eqspertebs. ti (Semdg. -saxelmwifo eqsperti) -garkveuli arasajaro eqspertebi muSaoben sazogadoe­ saxelmwifos moqalaqea, mecnier-muSaki, an briv sawyisebze. maRalkvalificiuri specialistia, romelsac 3. inovaciuri ganviTarebis strategiu­ aqvs gamoCenili miRwevebi samecniero-teqni­ li prognozirebis qvesistema. strategiuli kur, an profesionalur moRvaweobis ama Tu prognozirebis qvesistemis moRvaweobis miz­ im sferoSi, gaiara sakonkurso SerCeva qveynis ania programul da xelmisawvdom sainforma­ mier dadgenili garkveuli kriteriumebis Se­ cio resursis mTlian kompleqsze dafuZnebu­ sabamisad, dado saxelmwifo eqspertisa da li SemuSaveba, romelic modis sainforma­ eqspertizis momzadebis pasuxismgeblobis cio-analitikuri qvesistemidan da sajaro da fici. arasajaro samecniero-teqnikuri eqspertebi­ saxelmwifo eqspertebi mxolod pira­ sgan, msoflios inovaciuri procesebis ganvi­ dad amzadeben saeqsperto daskvnebs da arian Tarebis prognozidan. am prognozis masaleb­ personalurad pasuxismgeblebi maTze. sax­ is safuZvelze da arsebuli da perspeqtiuli elmwifo eqspertebs, romlebsac garkveuli resursebis gaTvaliswinebiT muSavdeba konk­ periodi hqondaT aRniSnuli statusi, kanon­ retuli qveynis inovaciuri ganviTarebis mdeblobiT savaldebuloa gauTvaliswindeT prognozi da strategia. rigi materialuri da moraluri lgotebisa, inovaciuri ganviTarebis prognozirebis rac CamoerTmeva mas saeqsperto daskvnebis strategiuli sistema unda funqcionirebdes momzadebis darRvevis, an uxarisxo daskvneb­ qveynis realuri moTxovnis gaTvaliswinebiT, is momzadebis mizeziT saxelmwifo eqsper­ arsebuli mecnierul-teqnikuri potencial­ tis statusis gauqmebis SemTxvevaSi. saxelm­ is SesaZleblobebis SefasebiT da samecniero wifo eqspertebi formirdebian specialur skolebiT, miRebuli mecnieruli kvlevebis saeqsperto jgufebSi maTi moRvaweobis mimar­ SedegebiT da daregistrirebuli obieqtebis Tulebis Sesabamisad. inteleqtualuri sakuTrebiT, aseve Sesabami­ msoflios inovaciuri procesebis ganvi­ si qveynis materialur-teqnikuri da finan­ Tarebis strategiuli prognozebi, qveynis suri SesaZleblobebis gaTvaliswinebiT. ganviTarebis inovaciuri strategia, gan­ prognozirebis sistema unda iTvaliswineb­ viTarebis saSualovadiani strategiuli des konkretuli prioritetuli mimarTule­ prognozebi da gegmebi formirdeba da kore­ bebis ganviTarebis scenaris sxvadasxva var­

20 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 inovaciuri ekonomika - INNOVATIVE ECONOMY iantebs, saxelmwifo xelSewyobis savaraudo aiTvises axali saxeobis produqciis war­ variantebs, aseve mosalodneli Sedegebis Se­ moeba; fasebasa da gavlenas qveynis ekonomikasa da - SemoqmedTa raodenoba; cxovrebis xarisxze. - qveyanasa da mis farglebs gareT intele­ prognozirebis masalebis analizis eqsp­ qtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebze usa­ ertTa Sefasebis safuZvelze muSavdeba konk­ frTxoebis dokumentebze Senatani ga­ retuli qveynis inovaciuri ganviTarebis 15 nacxadebis raodenoba; wliani strategia. - inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis obieqtebze 4. saSualovadiani strategiuli prognozi­ gacemuli usafrTxoebis dokumentebis rebis qvesistema, iTvaliswinebs msoflios raodenoba; inovaciuri ganviTarebis strategiuli prog­ - qveyanis meurneobaSi gamoyenebuli in­ nozebis safuZvelze konkretuli qveynis teleqtualuri obieqtebis raodenoba; strategiuli inovaciuri ganviTareba 5 wliT, - warmoebuli inovaciuri produqciis ra­ gansazRvravs: odenoba; - saxelmwifos inovaciuri ganviTarebis - saSinao da sagareo bazrebze gasaRebuli saerTo miznebi da analogiuri miznebi inovaciuri produqciis raodenoba da maTi regionebisTvis; sxva. - misaRwevi miznebis gzebi da resursebi; prms-s funqcionirebis meqanizmi. prms-s - pirobebis mkacri CamonaTvali, romel­ funqcionirebis meqanizmi formirdeba mTeli Ta warmoSobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia rigi operaciebisgan, anu SedarebiT dasrule­ icvlebodes strategia; buli moqmedebebisagan, romlebic arian am me­ - strategiaSi cvlilebebis mkafio ma erT­ qanizmis elementebi da garkveulwilad dakav­ pirovnuli meqanizmi. Sirebuli arian sxva operaciebTan. 5. saSualovadiani ganviTarebis qvesistema. operacia 1. samecniero da inovaciuri moR­ saSualovadiani 5 wliani strategiis safuZ­ vaweobis saxelmwifo aRmasrulebeli xelisu­ velze muSavdeba saxelmwifo inovaciuri gan­ flebis centraluri organo (Semg.-centra­ viTarebis gegmebi, romelic iTvaliswinebs luri organo) aformirebs da axorciel­ kanonproeqtSi da normatiul aqtebSi cvli­ ebs makoordinerebeli organoebiT xelmZ­ lebebis SemuSavebasa da Setanas. Rvanelobas Semdeg qvesistemebze: amasTan aucilebelia normatiulad dad­ - sainformacio-analitikuri; gindes, rom saSualovadiani strategia da geg­ - sajaro da arasajaro mecnierul-teqni­ mebi unda koreqtirdebodes mxolod dadgeni­ kuri eqspertebis institutebi; li cvlilebebis Setanis meqanizmis Sesabamis­ ad. - inovaviuri ganviTarebis strategiuli 6. saSualovadiani gegmebis realizaci­ prognozireba; is da Sesrulebis kontrolis qvesistema. - inovaciuri ganviTarebis saSualovadiani miTiTebuli qvesistema axorcielebs saSual­ strategiuli prognozireba; vadiani gegmebis Sesrulebis koordinaciasa - inovaciuri ganviTarebis saSualovadi­ da kontrols. ani gegmebis realizaciis da kontrolis 7. usafrTxoebis qvesistema. informacia, sruleba; romelsac imuSavebs prms, da TviT prms-s - usafrTxoeba. funqcionireba aris ama Tu im qveynis mTavari operacia 2. informaciul-analitikuri konkurentunariani resursi da unda Seadgen­ qvesistemis erovnuli makoordinerebeli des umkacres saxelmwifo saidumlos. organo(Semdg. iaqeo), sxvadasxva wyaroebidan aucilebelia xazi gaesvas, rom mTavar mowodebuli informaciis safuZvelze, awar­ maCveneblebs, romelTa daxmarebiTac xor­ moebs pasportizacias: cieldeba inovaciuri moRvaweobis srulfas­ - qveynaSi dasrulebuli mecnieruli kv­ ovani monitoringi, ganekuTvneba: levebs; - sawarmoebis raodenoba, romlebmac dan­ - qveyanaSi warmoebul mecnierul SemuSave­ erges inovaciebi, axali teqnologiebi, bebs; inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 21 inovaciuri ekonomika - INNOVATIVE ECONOMY

- qveyanaSi SemuSavebuli inteleqtualuri maRalkvalificirebul specialists eniWeba sakuTrebis obieqtebs; saxelmwifo eqspertis statusi. - mecnier muSakebs; operacia 9. saxelmwifo eqspertis statu­ - mecnier-muSakebs, romlebic dakavebuli sis misaniWebel pretendentTa siis formire­ arian kvlevebiT mecnieruli ganviTare­ ba; bis sferoSi da inovaciuri moRvaweobiT; operacia 10. saxelmwifo eqspertis sta­ - samecniero organizaciebs; tusis misaReb pretendentTa piradi saqmeebis - samecniero organizaciebs, romlebic winaswar ganmxilavi saeqsperto komisiis Se­ dakavebuli arian kvlevebiT mecnieru­ madgenlobis formireba da damtkiceba; li ganvi-Tarebis sferoSi da inovaciuri operacia 11. saxelmwifo eqspertis sta­ moRvaweobiT. tusis misaReb pretendentTa piradi saqmeebis pasporti yvela zemoTCamoTvlili mimar­ ganmxilavi specialuri saeqsperto komisiebis TulebiT unda iyos detalurad SemuSavebuli formireba da damtkiceba; da Seicavdes informacias, aucilebels Sesa­ operacia 12. specialuri saeqsperto bamisi gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad. komisiebis mier saxelmwifo eqspertis statu­ operacia 3. informaciis Segroveba da sis misaniWebel pretedentTa piradi saqmeebis damuSaveba mTel msoflioSi da calkeul ganxilva da aRniSnul statusze kandidatebis qveynebSi inovaciuri procesebis ganviTareb­ SerCeva dadgenili kriteriumebis Sesabamis­ is Sesaxeb; ad. Sesabamisi siis wardgena eeq-ze gansaxilve­ operacia 4. monacemTa bazebis formireba lad. operacia 13. wardgenili siis eeq-is mier konkretul qveyanaSi mecnierul-teqnikuri ganxilva da warmodgenil kandidatTa damt­ da ekonomikis inovaciuri ganviTarebis mdgo­ kiceba ardamtkiceba); mareobis Sesaxeb, kerZod monacemTa bazebis: operacia 14. damtkicebuli kandidatebis - dasrulebuli mecnieruli SemuSavebebis; mier ficis miReba da gafrTxileba eqsperti­ - Sesrulebadi mecnieruli SemuSavebebis; zis Catarebis pasuxismgeblobaze, ris Semdeg­ - Seqmnili inteleqtualuri sakuTrebis ac maT mieniWebaTsaxelmwifo eqspertis sta­ obieqtebis; tusi; - mecnier-muSakebis; operacia 15. saxelmwifo eqspertebis - mecnier-muSakebis, romlebic CarTuli struqturireba Sesabamisi mecnierul-teqni­ arian mecnieruli ganviTarebis kvlevebSi kuri da inovaciuri moRvaweobis mimarTule­ da inovaciuri moRvaweobis sferoSi; bebiT; - maRalkvalificiuri specialistebis; operacia 16. disciplinaruli komisiis Se­ - samecniero organizaciebis; qmna saxelmwifo eqspertebis piradi saqmeebis - samecniero organizaciebis, romlebic gansaxilvelad; CarTuli arian mecnieruli ganviTare­ operacia 17. disciplinaruli komisiis bis kvlevebSi da inovaciuri moRvaweobis mier saxelmwifo eqspertebis piradi saqmeeb­ sferoSi; is ganxilva, romelTac daarRvies fici da operacia 5. zemoTCamoTvlil monacemTa eeq-ze Sesabamisi winadadebebis miwodeba ama bazebis mudmivi koreqtireba mowodebuli in­ Tu im pirze saxelmwifo eqspertis statusis formaciis Sesabamisad. CamorTmevis (ar CamorTmevis Sesaxeb); operacia 6. prms yvela qvesistemebSi in­ operacia 18. disciplinaruli komisiis formaciis miwodeba maTi moTxovnisamebr; mier miwodebuli winadadebebis ganxilva eeq- operacia 7. erovnuli makoordinerebeli is mier; organos sajaro da arasajaro mecnierul-te­ operacia 19. eeq-is mier informaciis mi­ qnikuri eqspertebis qvesistemis (Semdg.-eeq) wodeba prms sxva qvesistemebSi. mecnierul-muSakTa monacemTa bazidan miRe­ operacia 20. erovnuli makoordinerebeli buli informaciis analizi; qvesistemis organo: operacia 8. kriteriumebis gansazRvra, - iRebs yvela aucilebel informacias romelTa Sesabamisad mecnier-muSaks, an смпр-is sxva qvesistemebidan;

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- aformirebs samuSaoTa programebs. saboloo dokumenti-saxelmwifos inovaciuri operacia 21. erovnuli makoordinerebeli ganviTarebis 5 wliani strategiaa. qvesistemis organo aformirebs: inovaciuri ganviTarebis saSualovadiani - saxelmwifo eqspertTa samuSao jgufebs, dagegmarebis qvesistemisTvis saboloo do­ samuSao programebis amocanebis Sesas­ kumenti-inovaciuri ganviTarebis saxelmwifo ruleblad; gegmebia. - eqspertTa organos, samuSao jgufebis amasTan wina qvesistemis saboloo dokumen­ misr warmodgenili masalebis Sesafaseb­ ti emsaxureba momdevno qvesistemis moRvaweo­ lad; bis safuZvels. saxelmwifos inovaciuri ganvi­ - saapelacio organos, saeqsperto organos Tarebis 5 wliani strategia aris saxelmwifos mier Catarebuli eqspertizis Sedegebis inovaciuri ganviTarebis gegmebis SemuSavebis gansaxilvelad. safuZveli. operacia 22. samuSao jgufebi asruleben operacia 27. erovnuli makoordinirebe­ maT winaSe samuSao programis farglebSi day­ li organo aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi akore­ enebul amocanebs da warmoudgenen maT mier qtirebs saboloo dokuments, romelic iTv­ momzadebul masalebs saeqsperto organos leba qvesistemis moRvaweobis Sedegad, Tu: gansaxilvelad; - sxva qvesistemebidan movida Sesabamisi axali operacia 23. saeqsperto organo awarmoebs informacia; samuSao jgufebis mier momzadebuli masaleb­ - koreqtirebas iwyebs esa Tu is saxelmwifo is eqspertizas, da dadebiTi Sedegis SemTx­ eqsperti. vevaSi gadascems zemoTxsenebul masalebs er­ sasualovadiani gegmebis realizaciisa da ovnuli makoordinirebeli organos qvesiste­ kontrolis qvesistemis funqcionirebis meqa­ mas informaciisaTvis; nizmi. operacia 24. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saeqsper­ operacia 28. erovnuli makoordinirebeli to organos daskvnebi uaryofiTia, samuSao organo axorcielebs sasualovadiani gegmebis jgufs SeuZlia mis mier momzadebuli masalebi Sesrulebis koordinacias kontrols maT Ses­ gadasces saapelacio organos, romelic kidev rulebaze; qvesistemis funqcionirebis usa­ erTxel Caatarebs Sesabamis eqspertizas; frTxoebis meqanizmi. operacia 25. saapelacio organo atarebs operacia 29. mocemuli qvesistemis er­ damatebiT eqspertizas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ovnuli makoordinerebeli organo uzrun­ daskvnebi dadebiTia, masalebi cnobisaTvis velyofs rogoc СМПР-is informaciis, aseve miewodeba erovnul makoordinerebeli orga­ mTlianad misi moRvaweobis saidumloebis re­ nos qvesistemas. uaryofiTi daskvnis SemTx­ Jims. vevaSi ismeba sakiTxi samuSao jgufis wevreb­ ze sajaro eqspertebis statusis CamorTmevis daskvnebi. Sesaxeb; unda aRiniSnos, rom prms-is Seqmna, ro­ operacia 26. erovnuli makoordinere­ goc wesi ar moiTxovs damatebiT sabiujeto beli organo samuSao jgufebis safuZvelze, da ara sabiujeto saxsrebs. umetes qveynebSi romelTac warmatebiT gaiares eqspertiza, is SeiZleba mTlianad Seiqmnas im saxsrebis aformirebs saboloo dokuments, romelic farglebSi, romelic Tanamedrove pirobebSi qvesistemis moRvaweobis efeqtia. gamoiyofa mecnierebisa da inovaciuri moR­ inovaciuri ganviTarebis strategiuli vaweobisTvis. prms umetes SemTxvevaSi praq­ prognozirebis qvesistemisTvis saboloo tikulad ar moiTxovs axali institutebisa da dokumentebad iTvleba msoflios inovaciuri organizaciebis Seqmnas. is mxolod cvlis kav­ procesebis ganviTarebis prognozi da konk­ Sirebs ukve arsebul, inovaciuri moRvaweobis retuli qveynis inovaciuri ganviTarebis 15 gamtarebel institutebs Soris, aerTianebs wliani prognozi da strategia. maT erT mudmiv moqmed sistemaSi, da amis xar­ inovaciuri ganviTarebis saSualovadiani jze sinergiuli efeqtis miRwevis saSualebas strategiuli prognozirebis qvesistemisTvis iZleva.

inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 23 inovaciuri ekonomika - INNOVATIVE ECONOMY

REFERENCES [1] Halytsia I. Industrialization and commercialization of applied science [Industrializatsiya i kommertsializatsiya prikladnoy nauki] // Society and Economy. - 2001. - №10. - p. 185-198. [in Russian]; [2] Halytsia I.A. “Economic Stresses”: nature and consequences [“Ekonomicheskiye stressy”: priroda i posledstviya] // Bulletin of the Belarusian State Economic University. - 2009. - №3 - p. 17-22. [in Russian]; [3] Geyets V. The nature of the transition processes to the knowledge economy [Kharakter perekhodnykh protsessov k ekono­ mike znaniy] // Economy of Ukraine. - 2004. - № 4. - p. 4-14; №5. - p. 4-13. [in Russian]; [4] Chukhno A. Actual problems of the strategy of economic and social development at the present stage [Aktual’nyye problemy strategii ekonomicheskogo i sotsial’nogo razvitiya na sovremennom etape] // Economy of Ukraine. - 2004. - № 4. - p. 15-23; №5. - p. 14-23. [in Russian]; [5] Inozemtsev V.L. For ten years. To the concept of posteconomic society [Za desyat’ let. K kontseptsii postekonomicheskogo obshchestva]. - M .: Academia, 1998. – 528 p. [in Russian]; [6] Problems of management of innovative business of ecological direction [Problemy upravlinnya innovatsiynym pidpryyem­ nytstvom ekolohichnoho spryamuvannya] / Ed. O.V. Prokopenko. - Sumy: University Book, 2007. – 512 p. [in Ukrainian]; [7] Pavlenko I.A. Innovative entrepreneurship in the transformational economy of Ukraine [Innovatsiyne pidpryyemnytstvo u transformatsiyniy ekonomitsi Ukrayiny]. - K.: KNEU, 2007. – 248 p. [in Ukrainian]; [8] Potential of national industry: goals and mechanisms for effective development [Potentsial natsionalnoyi promyslovosti: tsili ta mekhanizmy efektyvnoho rozvytku] / Ed. Yu.V. Kindzersky. - K .: State institution “Institute of Economics and Forecasting of NAS of Ukraine”, 2009 – 928 p. [in Ukrainian]; [9] Dudar T.G., Melnichenko V.V. Innovation Management [Innovatsiynyy menedzhment]: Teaching manual. – K .: TSUL, 2009. – 256 p. [in Ukrainian]; [10] Asaul A.N. Problems of innovative development of the domestic economy [Problemy innovatsionnogo razvitiya otechest­ vennoy ekonomiki] // Economic revival of Russia. - 2009. - №4. - p. 3-6. [in Russian]; [11] Demchenko A.O. Formation of a portfolio of innovative projects of an enterprise under financial constraints [Formirovaniye portfelya innovatsionnykh proyektov predpriyatiya v usloviyakh finansovykh ogranicheniy] // Economic Revival of Russia. - 2010. - №1. - p. 37-44. [in Russian].

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ganaxlebadi energiis ganviTareba ukrainis energetikuli usafrTxoebis formirebis konteqstSi

DEVELOPMENT OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN THE CONTEXT OF ENERGY SAFETY FORMATION OF UKRAINE oqsana mikoliuki, OKSANA MYKOLIUK, e.m.k.,docenti, buRaltruli aRricxvis, auditis PhD (Economics Sciences), Associate Professor, da sagadasaxado dabegrviskaTedris doqtoranti, Doctoral Student at the Department of xmelnickis erovnuli universiteti, Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Khmelnitsky xmelnicki, ukraina National University Khmelnitsky, Ukraine valentina bobrovniki, VALENTYNA BOBROVNYK, e.m.k., buRaltruli aRricxvis, auditis da PhD (Economics Sciences), Associate Professor sagadasaxado dabegrvis kaTedris docenti, at the Department of Accounting, Auditing and xmelnickis erovnuli universiteti, Taxation, Khmelnitsky National University, xmelnicki, ukraina Khmelnitsky, Ukraine

ABSTRACT danergvas Soris, romelic uzrunvelyofs iseTi Analysis of the state and prospects of the development teqnologiebis gamoyenebas, romelic zrdis of renewable energy in Ukraine based on the formation of energiis warmoebas ganaxlebadi wyaroebidan. its energy security. The link between politicization and the gamokvleulia problema bunebrivi energetiku­ implementation of policies aimed at using technologies to in­ li resursebis energiis alternatiuli wyaroe­ crease the production of energy from renewable sources has biT Canacvlebis Sesaxeb. gansazRvrulia ukrai­ been identified. The problem of replacing natural energy re­ nis energetikuli usafrTxoebis formirebis sources with alternative energy sources is investigated. The ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. gamokvleulia kate­ main ways of forming the energy security of Ukraine are set goriebi „energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebi“, „al­ out. The categories “renewable energy sources”, “alternative ternatiuli wyaroebi“, da dadgenili niqna sxva­ sources” are investigated and differences in their values are oba maT mniSvnelobebs Soris. ganxorcielebuli determined. Monitoring of the proportion of the usage of re­ iqna monitoringi ganaxlebadi energiis wilis ga­ newable energy in Ukraine in recent years has been carried moyenebis Sesaxeb ukrainaSi bolo wlebis manZil­ out, which indicates its gradual growth. The impact of the use ze, rac cxadyofs misi gamoyenebis zrdas. dasab­ of renewable energy in reducing the energy intensity of the uTebulia ganaxlebadi energetikis gamoyenebis gross domestic product of the country has been proved. The gavlena qveynis mTliani Sida produqtis ener­ key guidelines of the energy efficiency policy in Ukraine are gotevadobis Semcirebaze. moyvanilia ukrainis given and the place of renewable energy sources in its imple­ energoefeqturobis sakvanZo orientirebida mentation is substantiated. dasabuTebulia energiis ganaxlebadi wyaroebis adgili maT realizaciaSi. Key words: renewable energy, innovative energy sourc­ es, energy efficient technologies, national economy, energy sakvanZo sityvebi: ganaxlebadi energenika, security, strategic directions. energiis inovaciuri wyaroebi, energoefeqturi teqnologiebi, erovnuli ekonomika, energetiku­ anotacia li usafrTxoeba, strategiuli mimarTuleba. ganxorcielebulia ukrainaSi ganaxlebadi en­ ergiis mdgomareobis analizi da gansazRvrulia INTRODUCTION misi ganviTarebis perspeqtivebi energetikuli An important criterion for sustainable development usafrTxoebis formirebis safuZvelze. gamov­ is a stable, cost-effective and environmentally acceptable lenilia urTierTdamokidebuleba energetiku­ procuring of the energy resources of the economy, which li usafrTxoebis formirebasa da im politikis is the key to its energy security. With the beginning of the inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 25 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY military aggression in the east of Ukraine, a clear direc­ ergy resources (coal, oil, gas) causes significant damage tion was taken to obtain energy independence. Among the to the ecosystem of the entire planet and causes climate main challenges our state faces with is the fight against change, which in turn affects the health and living condi­ inefficient energy consumption in order to improve energy tions of the population and, consequently, the world and efficiency and energy saving. The present of Ukraine is national economies [ 2-6; 15-17]. That’s why , in recent reflected in the need to import energy resources and the decades, the world community has been actively devel­ lack of sufficient possibilities for alternative generation of oping technologies and methods of using unexhaustible certain energy sources. Therefore, the formation of energy and clean energy sources, such as wind, solar radiation, security becomes a priority vector in the economic and renewable bioenergy resources and others. Localization of state policy of the state, and the processes occurring on these problems is not exclusive, therefore Ukraine should the world energy market once again confirm the relevance actively participate in initiatives of low-carbon economic of this problem both for the entire world community and development, taking full care of today’s and next gener­ for Ukraine in particular. The level of energy supply is ations. The aim of scientists in this context is the imple­ one of the main factors of the country’s socio-economic mentation of a comprehensive analysis of the correlations development. The bulk of the Ukrainian industry is char­ between the conditions of the usage of natural resources acterized by a significant energy intensity of the manufac­ and the risks which they bear to the environment. tured products and a high dependence on imported energy, In 2015, 195 countries of the world, including Ukraine, therefore the introduction of a policy aimed at energy-effi­ decided to adopt the Paris Climate Agreement, which is cient technologies and increasing energy production from aimed at strengthening the global response to threats of renewable sources creates the future of the country’s ener­ climate change in the context of their sustainable devel­ gy security. The search for alternatives to the replacement opment. The main goal of the Paris Climate Agreement of traditional energy sources is intended to compensate for is to keep the increase in average temperature on the the shortcomings of the existing energy system, since the planet below 2 ° C compared to the pre-industrial level. reserves of renewable energy sources are practically un­ According to the results of the 20th United Nations (UN) exhaustible, and also contribute to economic growth by Climate Conference, renewable energy was recognized as reducing energy costs in all areas of business. Besides , the main tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions into Ukraine receives support from a number of international the atmosphere in order to minimize the effects of climate organizations. One of the examples is the EBRD initiative change on the planet. There is a steady trend towards the -IQ Energy, which is an additional source of funding for development of renewable energy sources (RES) and the the implementation of energy efficiency measures in the gradual replacement of traditional generation with them housing sector of Ukraine, taking into account European [1, 3, 6]. standards [1]. The study of the category “alternative sources” should Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. To begin with a description of the types of energy sources in the questions of the development of renewable energy in general. In the scientific literature, the categories “renewa­ Ukraine a significant number of scientific works, includ­ ble and alternative energy sources” are basically identical. ing G. Kaletnik, G. Geletukha, S. Curls, G. Pivnyak and But, as the analysis shows, there are certain differences many others is devoted. Problems of development and im­ between these categories [7]. The term “renewable” is de­ plementation of energy efficiency measures are reflected rived from the verb “renew “, which means to bring to its in the works of such scientists as V. Barannik, O. Tsap­ previous state. Thus, renewable energy sources are those ko-Poddubnaya, N. Kazakova and others. However, the energy sources that are not exhausted during their usage , scale of the problem of developing renewable energy in for example, solar, wind, water, geothermal and biomass Ukraine and thus ensuring its energy security necessity of [8; 13]. In recent years, Ukraine has witnessed a gradual further researches, in particular in the area of achieving a increase in the share of the usage of renewable energy, high level of energy efficiency. but the difficult economic situation in the country does not The aim of the research. The aim of the research is contribute to the achievement of the goals adopted in the to analyze the current state of renewable energy, to justify National Action Plan for Renewable Energy. The term “al­ the prospects for its development and to determine ways ternative” means that it is possible to choose one of two of forming the energy security of Ukraine. or more opportunities. Alternative sources of energy in the The statement of basic materials. As the results of encyclopedic literature are defined as a method, device or many scientific studies show, the usage of traditional en­ structure that allows to obtain electrical energy (or other

26 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY desired type of energy) from the energy of renewable or ble for the implementation of renewable energy projects, practically unexhaustible natural resources and phenom­ in particular the generation of solar energy. Ukraine has ena and replaces the traditional energy source operating very good indicators in terms of solar radiation (insola­ on oil, gas or coal [ 9, p. 114]. In the economic literature, tion), a great number of sunny days is character for the alternative energy sources are defined as other sources or domestic climate. By the degree of insolation of Ukraine, other methods of manufacturing than burning fossil fuels it significantly exceeds, for example, Germany. or nuclear fuel fission [9, p. 198-199]. In this definition, However, as it is seen in fig. 1. Ukraine lags behind the essence of alternative energy sources as a substitute for by the rate of the use of renewable energy sources(RES) traditional sources is quite clearly determined. in the economically developed countries of the world (in­ It is known that Ukraine is an energy-intensive state - cluding the Visegrad countries), including the global av­ the amount of energy resources needed to produce a unit erage. The share of renewable energy(RES) in gross final of gross domestic product (GDP) is, on average, twice as high as the average for European countries. Researches energy consumption (GFEC) in the world was 20% in show that the geographical position of Ukraine is favora­ 2014, while in Ukraine this figure was only 4.2%.

Fig. 1. Renewable energy sources in gross final energy consumption in 2016.

The problem of replacing natural energy resources total annual technically achievable energy potential of re­ with renewable energy sources is directly linked with newable energy sources of Ukraine in terms of reference the decrease in the energy intensity of Ukraine’s gross fuel is about 98 million tons r.f., which is more than 50% domestic product and is due to the need to ensure ener­ of the total energy consumption in Ukraine at the present gy security and independence of the state. Ukraine has time and 30% of energy consumption in 2030 [5]. The significant potential in the development of alternative share of energy extracted from alternative sources today energy and prospects for its use. According tothe esti­ is about 3%. According to the Ukrainian energy strategy, mates of the international agency IRENA, Ukraine has until 2030, the share of alternative energy in the country’s the most extensive technical potential of using renew­ overall energy balance will be increased to 20% [6; 11]. able energy among the countries of South-Eastern Eu­ The main and most effective directions of renewable rope - 408.2 GW (excluding large hydroelectric power energy in Ukraine are wind energy, solar energy, bioener­ plants). The greatest potential is the use of wind and so­ gy, hydropower, geothermal energy. lar power plants: 321 GW and 71 GW, respectively [4]. Respectively, in 2016, the total installed capacity According to experts of the Institute of Renewable Ener­ of wind energy in Ukraine was 525.6 MW, from which gy of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, the 437.8 MW are located on mainland Ukraine. Ukraine has inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 27 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY a significant wind energy resource, sufficient to ensure the As a result of the research, it was revealed that at development of large wind power objects. Therefore, the present 11 geothermal power stations have been built in southern coast of Ukraine and the Carpathians are among Ukraine, and the total potential of geothermal power sta­ the best in the country according to the existing wind po­ tions is 8,400,000 t o.e. / year Among all alternative sourc­ tential, that is, the development of wind energy should be es of electricity, geothermal ones are the least powerful. concentrated, first of all, in the regions mentioned above. On the other side , geothermal power stations fully satisfy At the present time, the Zaporozhye region is leading in the needs of small settlements and have great development terms of the current wind power capacities, with an wind prospects. power capacity of 200 MW. At the end of 2016, there were Taking into account the mentioned above , renewable 12 wind power stations (WPSs) operating in Ukraine, the energy is less than 1% of the total electricity production in largest of which is the Botievskaya wind power station present time. The role of renewable energy sources tends with a capacity of 200 MW, located in the Zaporizhye re­ to increase, as it was declared by the government, as an gion [1, 4]. established 10% indicator for renewable energy sources It should be noted that the electric energy produced at until 2020. And in accordance with the recently adopt­ wind power stations is the cheapest among other types of ed Energy Strategy of Ukraine for the period until 2035 electricity produced from renewable energy sources. “Safety, energy efficiency, competitiveness”, renewable According to the development of solar energy, the an­ energy should reach a level of 25% in the overall structure nual technically achievable energy potential of solar en­ of electric energy production. ergy in Ukraine which is equivalent to 6 million tons r.f., Analysis of a number of researches shows that the in­ its use would allow to replace about 5 billion cubic meters stalled capacities of renewable energy sources in Ukraine of natural gas. The average annual amount of total solar tend to grow annually (the fall in 2014 was due to the loss radiation falling on 1 sq. M. surface in Ukraine is in the of energy facilities in the Crimea and in the ATO zone). range of 1070 kW • h / m2 in its northern part up to 1400 The average annual growth rate of installed capacity of kW • h / m2 and higher in the south of Ukraine. Ukraine renewable energy sources is 31%. As at 1 January, 2017, has a green tariff that ensures a return on investment in the the installed capacity of renewable energy facilities in construction of solar power stations at about 6 years. At Ukraine, which operate at a “green” tariff, amounted to the same time, currently investments are in the range from 1,117.7 MW (Fig. 2). 1,000 to 2,000 euros per kilowatt of installed capacity. The In addition, in 2016, 120.6 MW of capacity was put average life of the solar power station is 25-30 years, re­ into operation, among them more solar facilities - 99.1 spectively, the investments return and make a real profit. MW and wind energy - 11.6 MW. Small hydropower fa­ Today, in Ukraine, the capacity of large hydropower cilities and those that produce energy from biomass and stations is about 9% of all generating capacity of the Unit­ biogas were built approximately 3 MW each. According ed Energy System of Ukraine (UES), but there is a poten­ to the National Commission implementing state regula­ tial for further upgrading to 15-20%. A separate direction tion in the spheres of energy and utilities (EUNRCU), by of hydropower development in Ukraine is the develop­ the end of 2016, the renewable energy industry in Ukraine ment of small hydropower in existing reservoirs, main already has 170 companies and 291 energy facilities. Dur­ canals, as well as the reconstruction of small hydropower ing 2016, the largest increase was demonstrated by solar facilities that perform the function of protecting adjacent energy - 36 new entities and 47 new power generation fa­ territories from flooding. The capacity of small hydropow­ cilities. In the first half of 2018, Ukraine installed 269 MW er plants in Ukraine today is 118 MW [3, 10]. of “green” capacity which is more than twice compared The aggravation of the process of environmental pol­ with the same period last year (127 MW) and exceeds the lution by organic waste and waste products of human set­ figures for the entire year 2017 (257 MW) [1]. tlements is a significant motivation to intensify scientific Despite certain changes in the development of renewa­ and technical developments to improve the process of bio­ ble energy sources, the Ukrainian paces of development of gas production. It should be noted that the manufacturing alternative technologies differs significantly from Europe­ of electricity from biomass is only a part of a develop­ an ones. In the EU during the past decade, there has been ing industry in Ukraine. Biomass-based heat generation an annual increase in the volume of renewable energy pro­ should become more extensive and as expected a more duction by approximately 5.5%. At the same time, from capitalized market segment. 2005 to 2015, its volumes increased by 71%, and the part

28 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

Data for 2014-2016 are presented excluding the Autonomous Republic of the Crimea and the ATO zone

Fig. 2. Installed capacity of renewable energy facilities operating on the “green” tariff in Ukraine, MW [14]

of renewable energy in the total volume of primary energy manity finally started to think about the problem of energy production from all sources in year 2015 was 26.7%. saving and increasing the efficiency of energy usage with World hydropower industry today provides about 20% a steady increase in energy consumption. This was preced­ of total energy production. Only thermal power plants pro­ ed by climate change and the problem of global warming duce more electricity, but today they are too harmful. The caused by greenhouse gas emissions. According to ex­ capacity of hydroelectric power plants (HPP) in the world perts, the global energy demand by 2030 will increase to is 1267 GW, including hydro-accumulating power stations almost 60% and can reach 30,000 billion kWh. (HAPS) - 142.1 GW. The largest producers of hydropower To enhance the national security of Ukraine and its in the world are the USA, Canada, Brazil, China and Rus­ independence, an increase in electricity exports and the sia. First place in the world belongs to China -27%, Brazil integration of Ukraine’s UES to the European energy sys­ -8.6%, USA -7.7%, Canada -7.5%, Russia - 4.7% [14]. If tem in the Ukraine’s energy development Strategy until we analyze the percentage of hydropower in meeting the 2035 approved a whole range of hydropower development energy needs of a state, then in China its share is 17%, directions, including the restoration of existing hydroelec­ in Brazil, Canada, Venezuela, Austria — more than 50%, tric power stations on small rivers and gutters. and Norway and Paraguay - almost 100% of their electric­ The acquisition by Ukraine the status of a full member ity needs come from water resources. At the same time, of the International Renewable Energy Agency IRENA Ukraine, which has huge water reserves, uses them only was an important event in year 2018. Joining IRENA for by 50%. The installed capacity of HPP and HAPS in the Ukraine means entering the international arena of play­ United Energy System of Ukraine (UESU) is 7350 MW. ers in the renewable energy market. Such a step will con­ In the power balance of the power system of Ukraine, the tribute to improving the state’s investment image, wider share of hydropower plants does not exceed 9.1%. More­ possibilities for attracting the world’s best practices and over, in Ukraine there is a shortfall of shunting and regu­ technologies, and most importantly, green investments. latory capacities. The membership of Ukraine in IRENA will allow [1]: Thus, the analysis of trends in the development of -apply to the Abu Dhabi Development Fund to receive world energy shows that its main factors are energy secu­ concessional loans for green projects (at 1-2% for up to rity, credibility of energy supply, energy efficiency and en­ 20 years, including a 5-year grace period, subject to co-fi­ vironmental friendliness. Indeed, in the XXI century, hu­ nancing of 50% of the project cost); inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 29 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

- closely and productively cooperate with developed CONCLUSIONS. countries; Overcoming the economic crisis caused by the energy - to have access to advanced research, practices and dependence of Ukraine, as well as a number of factors of technologies for the use of renewable energy sourc­ social, economic and political origin, requires the devel­ es; opment and adoption of qualitatively new solutions on the - to increase investment in domestic renewable energy implementation of energy efficiency policies. One of the industry ; main directions of increasing the efficiency of the national - to improve the legislative base and develop effective economy of Ukraine is to provide the energy security of mechanisms to stimulate the development of “clean” the state through the development and implementation of energetics. renewable energy sources. The main factors determining It should be noted that Ukraine’s membership in IRE­ the need for the development of renewable energetics in NA for the development of renewable energy can be one Ukraine are: the lack of own energy resources in Ukraine of the key factors for investors when deciding on the im­ of sufficient volumes, energy dependence on energy im­ plementation of projects in this area. However, despite ports, the growing shortage of traditional energy resourc­ the need to reach in Ukraine until 2020 a 11% share of es, the constant growth of their value on the world market, energy produced from renewable sources, the process of and problems with external supply; environmental prob­ developing renewable energy is characterized by rather lems, in particular the need to fulfill international obliga­ slow dynamics. The reasons for this trend are the lack of tions to limit harmful emissions; the negative state and system of economic promotion for the transition to the us­ trends in the fuel and energy complex, namely, the lack of efficiency in the usage of traditional fuel and energy re­ age of renewable energy, the declarative nature of legal sources; the thrust of Ukraine’s state policy on integration acts without specific implementation mechanisms, as well into the European Union, which requires achieving a high as low executive discipline. Taking into account global level of usage of renewable energy sources. trends, the European Commission in its energy strategy Dependence on the import of expensive energy re­ until 2020 defines a number of priorities in ensuring ener­ sources creates significant socio-economic problems. A gy security, such as : improving the technology for the ex­ very high degree of deterioration of the domestic infra­ ploration, production and consumption of excavated fuel; structure, in particular, energy, and, accordingly, low effi­ introducing energy saving and energy efficiency technol­ ciency in the use of energy resources is one of the factors ogies; energy policy definition; development of technolo­ why Ukraine was among the countries with high energy gies for the usage of alternative sources and the protection intensity indicators of the economy. Thus, the level of en­ of consumer rights [6]. Therefore, there is no other way to ergy intensity of Ukraine’s GDP is 2.8 times higher than improve the energy efficiency of the national economy, to the corresponding indicators of OECD and Visegrad coun­ achieve energy independence, than developing renewable tries as of year 2016. energy, which will ensure an adequate level of the coun­ Ukraine has begun a global energy shift for future try’s energy security. economic growth. Renewable energetics brings additional Thereby , the development of renewable energy sourc­ investments in the Ukrainian economy and opens up new es is intended to solve important socio-economic prob­ horizons for development. In accordance with the Nation­ lems of Ukraine, in this way helping to reduce the power al Action Plan on Renewable Energy, byyear 2020 we consumption of the gross domestic product (GDP), ensure must provide 11% of the state’s energy needs with energy energy security and improve the efficiency of the national from renewable sources already in 2020. Besides, in 2035, economy as a whole. This will enhance the competitive­ the share of renewable energy in the total primary supply ness of domestic products and, respectively , will create should be 25%. So, the search for ways to accelerate the additional demand for products. In this case, the economic transition to sustainable energy is one of the main tasks effect of the use of energy from renewable sources will be not only to achieve energy independence, but also to en­ achieved. sure a decent future for future generations.

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REFERENCES [1] Transition of Ukraine to Renewable Energy by 2050 (2017). In front of the Fund them. Kyiv: View of «ART KNOGA» Ltd. [2] Kaletnik G.M., Klimchuk O.V. (2013).Ecological energy - the basis of the development of the state’s economy. Balanced nature management, 2-3,14 - 17. [3] Analysis of energy strategies of EU countries and the world and the role of renewable energy sources in them (2015). Analytical note of the Bioenergy Association of Ukraine, 13. Retrieved from: http://www.uabio.org/img/files/docs/uabio- positionpaper-13-ua.pdf [4] Kudrya S.O. (2015). Status and Prospects for the Development of Renewable Energy in Ukraine / SO Kudrya // Bulletin of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 12, 19-26. [5] Peasant G. (2013). Alternative energy in Ukraine: monograph. Dnipropetrovsk. [6] Aranik V. (2015). Energy intensity of the state’s GDP: historical parallels and lessons for Ukraine. Strategic Priorities, 1 (34),113-119. [7] Beloglavl O.I. (2011). International legal protection of investments in the field of energy / O.I. Beloglavl. - K.: Tucson. [8] Podgornyi I. (2003). Alternative sources of energy. Small and alternative energy, No. 3 (31). Retrieved from http://www. eprussia.ru/epr/31/2042.htm. [9] Encyclopedic Dictionary. (1993). In 86 t. Rep. the rally ed. «Encyclopedic Dictionary of F. A. Brockhaus and I. A. Efron. - SPb .: POLRADIS. [10] Tsapko-Poddubna O.I. (2015). Mechanisms for achieving the energy efficiency of the economies of Central and Eastern Europe in conditions of European integration: diss. Cand. Ecology of Sciences: 08.00.02 / Tsapko-Poddubna Olga Ivanivna. [11] The Energy Strategy of Ukraine until 2035: «Security, Energy Efficiency, Competitiveness. Approved by the CMU from August 18, 2017, No. 605-p «[Enerhetychna stratehiia Ukrainy do 2035 roku:» Bezpeka, energoefektyvnist, konkurentospromozhnist «. Skhvalen rozporiadzhenniam KMU vid 18 serpnia 2017, No. 605-r] (n.d.). Retrieved from http://mpe.kmu.gov. ua / minugol / doccatalog / document? id = 245213112 [12] Kazakova N.A. (2015). Using German Energy Policy Experience in Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Ukraine’s Economy / N.A. Kazakova, O.V. Azarenkova // Actual problems of international relations, № 2, 101-107. [13] Shkuridin E. E. (2014).The notion of alternative energy sources / Ye.E. Shkuridin // Young scientist, № 4 (07), 42-44. [14] Development of Renewable Energy Sources in Ukraine [Electronic Resource]. - Mode of access: http://energymagazine.com. ua/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Rozvitok-VDE-v-Ukrai-ni.pdf. [15] Voynarenko M., Dykha M., Mykoliuk O., Yemchuk L. and Danilkova A. (2018). Assessment of an enterprise’s energy security based on multi-criteria tasks modeling. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 16(4), 102-116. doi:10.21511/ ppm.16(4).2018.10 [16] Mykoliuk, O. (2018). Priority trends in ensuring the energy security of Ukraine in the terms of eurointegration. Innovative technologies and scientific solutions for industries, 1(3), 116-123. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/2522- 9818.2018.3.116 [17] Voinarenko, M., & Mykoliuk, O. (2017). Strategic energy security outlook formation of Ukraine under European integra­ tion process. Scientific bulletin of Polissia, 3(11), 29-37.

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internet-treidingis perspeqtivebi ukrainis finansur derivativebze

PROSPECTS FOR ONLINE TRADING OF FINANCIAL DERIVATIVES IN UKRAINE anna slobodianik, ANNA SLOBODYANIK, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, PhD. In Economics, Senior lector sabirJo saqmis da vaWrobis kaTedris ufrosi mas­ National University of Life and wavlebeli, garemosa da sicocxlis Semswavlel Environmental Sciences mecnierebaTa erovnuli universiteti, ukraina Ukraine giorgi abuseliZe, GEORGE ABUSELIDZE, ekonomikis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori Doctor of Economics, Assoc. Professor, safinanso, sabanko da sadazRvevo saqmis Head, Department of Finance, Banking and departamentis xelmZRvaneli, Insurance baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti, Batumi ShotaRustaveli State University, baTumi, saqarTvelo Georgia

anotacia analyzed. Conclusions on the prospects of online trading by statiaSi aRwerilia internet-treidingis financial derivatives in Ukraine are presented, as well asa upiratesoba ukrainis finansur derivativebSi. number of recommendations to improve the use of online gaanalizebulia ukrainis birJaze eleqtronuli trading in the future. vaWrobis mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis ten­ denciebi. eleqtronuli platformis saSua­ Keywords: internet trading, PFTS index, financial lebiT aqciebis, obligaciebis, ofcionebis, derivatives, stocks, bond, securities. fiuCersebisa da valutis SeZenis Taviseburebebi. es platformebi rogorc wesi xelmisawvdomia АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ ПРОБЛЕМЫ brokerebisaTvis, visac surs rom scados В настоящее время практически все брокеры fulis gamomuSaveba bazarze. gaanalizebulia используют Интернет для предоставления торгов­ bolo wlebSi ukrainis safondo bazarze ss. цам удобных торговых платформ (с возможностью „ukrainis birJa“ internet vaWrobis ZiriTadi открытия демо-счетов), аналитической поддержки и maCveneblebi. gakeTebulia daskvnebi internet- инструментов технического анализа. Используя Ин­ treidingis perspeqtivebze ukrainis finansur тернет, трейдер может легко получить всю необхо­ derivativebze, aseve mocemulia ramdenime димую информацию для осуществления операций в rekomendacia momavalSi internet-treidingis любое время и из любой части мира. С появлением gamoyenebis gaumjobesebisaTvis. онлайн-торговых платформ для мобильных устройств, доступность смартфона и подключения к сотовой сети sakvanZo sityvebi: internet-treidingi, хватило для торговли с любого места, где будет до­ PFTS indeqsi, finansuri derivativebi, aqciebi, ступно мобильное соединение. obligaciebi, fasiani qaRaldebi Анализ последних исследований и публикаций. Исследование проблем и тенденций развития электро­ ABSTRACT нной торговли в Украине были проведены многими The article describes the advantages of online trading in национальными и международными организациями financial derivatives in Ukraine. The state and tendency of иностранные авторы, среди них М. Авад (2002), А.М. e-commerce development on the Ukrainian exchanges are Береза и И.А. Казак (2004), модели и информационные analyzed. Shares, bonds, options, futures and currencies can технологии в Киевском национальном торгово-эконо­ be traded online on electronic platforms. These platforms мическом университете, Украина. А.М. Грехов (2008), are usually provided to online brokers and are available to Д. Козиюр (1997), Н. В. Макарова (2002), С. Пирогова anyone who wants to try and make money on the market. и др. (2003), В.Л. Плескач анд Т. Затоначка (2007), А. The main indicators of online trading on the stock market of Лето и Г. Дункан (1999), В.В. Царев и А.А. Кантарович OJSC Ukrainian Stock Exchange in recent years have been (2002) и др

32 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

Постановка задачи является рассмотрение состоя­ издержек, эта выгода также делает торговлю несом­ ния и основных конкурентных преимуществ механиз­ ненным, что делает эту услугу гораздо выгоднее. мов торговли через интернет и определения перспек­ Инвестор имеет больший контроль. Интер­ тив их дальнейшего развития на финансовом рынке нет-трейдеры могут торговать в любое время, когда Украины. они хотят. Интернет-торговля позволяет совершать Результаты исследования. Интернет-торговля - это мгновенные транзакции. Кроме того, инвесторы име­ договор купли и продажи финансовых продуктов че­ ют возможность просмотреть все свои варианты, а не рез интернет-торговую платформу. Акции, облигации, в зависимости от брокера, чтобы рассказать им луч­ опционы, фьючерсы и валюты можно продавать в шие ставки за свои деньги. Они могут контролировать режиме онлайн. Эти платформы, как правило, предо­ свои инвестиции, принимать решения и самостоятель­ ставляются интернет-брокерам и доступны всем, кто но покупать / продавать товары без какого-либо внеш­ хочет попробовать и зарабатывать деньги на рынке. него вмешательства тем самым предоставляя им боль­ Вы можете учиться своим инвестиционным вариан­ ший контроль над своими инвестициями там, размещать заказы на покупку и продажу, и, во­ Быстрые транзакции. Интернет-банкинг являет­ зможно, сделать (или потерять) значительную сумму ся быстрым и эффективным. Средства можно пере­ денег, не разговаривать с брокером или оставляя ком­ водить между аккаунтами практически мгновенно, форт в вашем доме. особенно если две учетные записи находятся в одной Интернет-торговля имеет много преимуществ: банковском учреждении. Все, что нужно, чтобы иметь 1) Удобно возможность покупать или продавать акции, - это 2) Дешево лишь один клик мыши. Благодаря этому можно сде­ 3) Можно контролировать свои инвестиции в любое лать быстрее обмен, который также может обеспечить время. быстрый заработок. 4) Это почти исключает посредника. Лучшее понимание своих денег. Как обычная тор­ 5) Инвестор имеет больший контроль говля акциями, вы сможете рассчитывать на рыночное 6) Быстрые транзакции поведение и использовать ее для прогнозирования ро­ 7) Лучшее понимание своих денег ста цен или падение цен. Вы будете обрабатывать свои Когда речь идет об онлайн-торговлю, вам нуж­ собственные финансы и отвечать за них. Со временем но лишь открыть торговый счет через Интернет, и в вы становитесь более опытными в понимании рынка онлайн-режиме проводить покупку или продажу опре­ и хороших инвестиционных возможностей от плохих деленного товара или услуги. Вы не связанные между Таким образом, в то же время, когда вы быстро пла­ собой время и место, если у вас есть подключение к тите, вы также сможете стать финансово умнее как в Интернету. Итак, онлайн-торговля удобная и доступ­ вашей профессиональной, так и в личной жизни. ная из любой точки с ограниченными трудностями. Проанализируем использование интернет-тор­ Это также экономит время. говли в Украине. Число онлайн-услуг по состоянию В онлайн-биржевом трейдинге плата брокера, ко­ на декабрь 2017 Представляло 6900000. То есть 39% торую вы должны платить, ниже, чем комиссия, ко­ от общей численности населения Украины, с проник­ торая взимается по традиционному методу. Если вы новением электронной торговли 38%, среди них 8,5% торгуете достаточно большим объемом акций, то вы Украинские регулярно покупают товары через Ин­ можете пройти переговоры об оплате ваших посред­ тернет (Справочник по статистике Евростата , 2017; ников. InMind, 2017). Таким образом, по данным Украинской Возможность контролировать свои инвестиции в интернет-ассоциации (InAU), объем электронной тор­ любое время. Интернет-торговля позволяет покупать говли в Украине в 2017 году составила 1590000000. или продавать акции в соответствии с вашего удо­ Долл. США (InAU, 2017). Как видно из Таблицы 1, бства. Он предлагает расширенные интерфейсы и во­ объемы торговли Интернет росли ежегодно на 36% в зможность инвесторов видеть, как их деньги выполня­ среднем Проникновение Интернет-торговли ежегодно ют в течение дня. Вы можете использовать свой теле­ растет в среднем на 2%, объем электронной рознич­ фон или компьютер для оценки прибыли или потери. ной торговли увеличился. Исключает посредника. Интернет-торговля поз­ Сейчас в Украине развивается интернет-тогров­ воляет торговать практически без прямого общения ля. А именно на основе интернет-трейдинга создано с посредником. Кроме уменьшения общих торговых очень много программных средств, допомагагають inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 33 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

управлять своим капиталом. Это можно делать как мике торгов стандартные офисные приложения, через посредников так и самостоятельно с помощью например, в Excel торговых площадок. 3. Наочность Опишем требования к программному обеспече­ - система должна отражать текущее состояние нию для интернет-трейдинга: рынка, позволять отслеживать изменение ко­ 1. Оперативность: тировок за любой период. На экране монитора необходимо наблюдать информацию, которая - Высокая оперативность выставления заявок была доступна только профессиональным учас­ - Возможность полного контроля над текущим тникам. состоянием своего счета по деньгам и по ценным - возможность аналитического видения рын­ бумагам ка в программах технического анализа. Лю­ - Высокий уровень информированности о бое изменения должно отводиться соотве­ текущей ситуации на рынке тствующими цветами 2. Функцыональность 4. Безопасность - возможность формирования заявки на покупку - безопасность информации необходимо обес­ / продажи ценных бумаг и их в соответствие печить программным обеспечением с встроенным лимитам. Личное формирования заявки контроль системой криптографической защиты. выполнения каждую линию своего соглашения. Название «интернет-трейдинг» начала использо­ - возможность одновременно по нескольким ваться на украинском фондовом рынке недавно, счетам одной терминале, а также работать на хо­тя стала уже достаточно популярной среди отечественных инвесторов. В Украине официальной одном счете различными терминалах датой запуска интернет-трейдинга есть 26 марта - возможность передавать и анализировать 2009 года. Интернет-трейдинг в Украине появился данные в современных программах технического благодаря фондовой площадке - ОАО «Украинская ана­лиза, например, Metastock, а так же эк­сп­ биржа», которая запустила его в расцвет финансового ортировать и сохранять информацию о дина­ кризиса. [4].

Таблица 1. ОСНОВНЫЕ ПОКАЗАТЕЛИ ОНЛАЙН ТОРГОВЛИ НА ФОНДОВОМ РЫНКЕ ПАО «УКРАИНСКАЯ БИРЖА»

Источник: http://www.pfts.com

Рассмотрим интернет-трейдиг торговли ценными является достаточно низкой (2017 - 26,59%), но этот бумагами. В таблице 2 приведена структура операций показатель умеренно растет. Интенет-трейдинг фи­ с финансовыми инструментами на фондовом рынке нансовыми деривативами розвениний только на бир­ Украины в 2017 году. жах «Перспектива» -7891,6 млн.грн, УМФБ -0,2 млн. Анализ ситуации показывает, что доля биржевого грн УБ-1404,8 млн.грн. [4]. рынка в общем объеме торгов на рынке ценных бумаг

34 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

Таблица 2 ОБЪЕМ БИРЖЕВЫХ КОНТРАКТОВ С ЦЕННЫМИ БУМАГАМИ НА ОРГАНИЗАТОРАХ ТОРГОВЛИ В УКРАИНЕ (С РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕМ ПО ВИДУ ФИНАНСОВОГО ИНСТРУМЕНТА) В 2017 ГОДУ, МЛН ГРН

Источник:https://www.nssmc.gov.ua/documents/rtchniy-zvt-nktspfr-za-2016-rk/

РИС.1. ИНТЕРНТ-ТРЕЙДИНГ ФИНАНСОВЫМИ ДЕРИВАТИВАМИ НА БИРЖАХ УКРАИНЫ. Источник: https://www.nssmc.gov.ua/documents/rtchniy-zvt-nktspfr-za-2016-rk/

Наверное каждый думает что в интернет-трейдинга По нашему мнению, рынок онлайн- ничего особенного нет, но это далеко не так. В первую торговли ценными бумагами развиваться прямо очередь для того, чтобы стать инвестором нужно в пропорционально развитию самого интернета. первую очередь иметь стартовый капитал в размере Чем больше у нас активнее пойдет популяризация 5000грн. И обовьязово иметь онлайн доступ. современных технологий, чем станет больше inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 35 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

качественных линий связи, тем больший интерес тывает все большее количество людей, желающих са­ появится к интернет-трейдингу, тем быстрее фондо­ мостоятельно инвестировать. Отрывается масса учеб­ вый рынок. В будущем, не исключено, что торговля ных торговых пощадок, определенные уроки, которые ценными бумагами погрузится в интернет с головой помогают начинающему изучить биржу, схему ее раз и навсегда, что приведет положительный результат функционирования и куда и как лучше инвестировать Поэтому для полноценного запуска интернет- чтобы получить более высокую прибыль с минималь­ трейдинга в Украине есть два препятствия: ными рисками. Некоторые из них даже предоставляют недостаточная готовность к этому бирже ПФТС и возможность работать в их команде не только как ин­ депозитария «Межрегиональный фондовый союз», вестор, но по трейдер, брокер. Для Украины это яв­ а также неразвитость «рынка заявок». Главное ляется весомым преимуществом. препятствие для интернет-трейдинга было снято после Двигаясь рационально и взвешенно, принимая по­ принятия закона об электронном документообороте ложительный опыт ведущих иностранных государств, и электронная подписи. Но еще нужен документ пытаясь преодолеть результаты вливу ложных стере­ для маржинальной торговли, регулирующего отипов относительно онлайн-торговли и осуществляя взаимоотношения клиента и его брокера [2]. работу по устранению актуальных проблем развития В Украине уже используется несколько интернет-трейдинга, можно достичь высоких пер­ сертифицированных программ для доступа на спектив развития интернет-трейдинга в Украине. А фондовые биржи, такие как QUIK, WEB2L, Smart­ у отечественного фондового рынка будут все шансы Trade. Со временем их количество будет только расти. стать одним из ведущих развитых финансовых рын­ Развитие интернет-трейдинга, безусловно, поможет ков. В дальнейшем стабильная екномичних ситуация, упростить региональным инвесторам процесс изменение законодательства в разрезе регулирования инвестирования в фондовый рынок, а также поможет интернет-трейдинга, здоровая конкуренция и, возмож­ тем самым брокерам привлечь новых инвесторов из но, поддержка со стороны государства приведут ры­ более отдаленных регионов Украины. [7] нок к такому состоянию, которое можно будет назвать Выводы. Уже сегодня интернет-трейдинг охва­ развитым.

REFERENCES [1] Online edition of UX Review [Electronic resource]: - Access mode: http://fs.ux.ua/f/859/2-ux-review.pdf [2] Paper will estimate in megabytes of IR «Galt & Taggart Securities» launched Internet trading [Electronic resource] / Access mode: http://proit.com.ua/internet/2008/01/21/092725.html [3] State Committee of Statistics of Ukraine [Electronic resource]: Statistical information. Number of exchanges. - Mode of access: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/ [4] Securities market. European Choice: New Opportunities and Growth / Report of the National Commission on Securities and Stock Market of Ukraine for 2017. - Kyiv: NCSSMF, 2017. - 104 s [Electronic resource] Access mode: https://www.nssmc. gov.ua/documents/rtchniy-zvt-nktspfr-za-2016-rk/. [5] Internet Trading in Ukraine / Economic Pravda [Electronic resource] / Sergey Atamash Mode of access: www.news.finance. ua. [6] Official site of OJSC «PFTS» [Electronic resource] Access mode: http://www.pfts.com. [7] Development of Internet Trading in Ukraine [Electronic resource] / Semchuk O.V. Access mode: www.securities.org.ua

36 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

kvebis mrewvelobis dargis momavali inJiner-teqnologebis janmrTelobis damzogavi safuZvlebis Seswavlis meTodika

THEMETHODOLOGY OFTEACHING THE BASIS OF HEALTH-SAVING FOR THE FUTURE ENGINEERS-TECHNOLOGISTS OF THE FOOD INDUSTRY tatiana lazareva, TETIANA LAZARIEVA, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Doctor of pedagogical Sciences, Professor profesori, kvebisa da qimiuri teqnologiebis Department of Food and Chemical Technology kaTedra ukrainis sainJinro-pedagogiuri Ukrainian Engineering-Pedagogics Academy akademia OLGA BLAHYI, olga blagii, Candidate of pedagogical Sciences, Assistant ekonomikis mecnierebaTa kandidati, asistent of Professor Department of Food and Chemical profesori, kvebisa da qimiuri teqnologiebis Technology Ukrainian Engineering-Pedagogics kaTedra ukrainis sainJinro-pedagogiuri akademia Academy

ABSTRACT dasabyTebulia da SemuSavebulia janmrTelobis The research was theoretically grounded methodology of damzogavi safuZvlebis Seswavlis diferencia­ teaching the basis of health-saving for the future engineers- lur-integrirebuli meTodi kvebis mrewvelobis technologists of the food industry as goals and content momavali inJiner-teqnologebisaTvis, romelic reflecting the medical and phisiological, biological and iTvaliswinebs swavlebis or etaps. pirvel etap­ technological components; differential and integrated method ze xorcieldeba Sinaarsis mediko-fiziologi­ involving two stages of mastering the content of education uri, biologiuri da teqnologiuri Semadgen­ (the first stage provides a separate learning medical and lebis diferencirebuli aTviseba, xolo meo­ phisiological, biological and technological components of re etapze xorcieldeba maTi integrirebuli the content, the second stage is integrated); training, which swavleba. gansazRvrulia specialistebisTvis is information backup method; forms of training, modeling janmrTelobis damzogavi­ safuZvlebis Seswav­ of professional activity of future specialists for developing lis saSualebebi, kerZod, SemuSavebulia pro­ health-saving products in real production conditions. fesiul-orientirebuli amocanebis sistema, romelic uzrunvelyofs mediko-fiziologiuri, Key Words: professional training, future engineer-tech­ biologiuri da teqnologiuri Semadgenlebis nologists of the food industry, health-saving competence, integracias. warmodgenilia kvebis mrewvelo­ training method, content model, differential-integrated meth­ bis momavali inJiner - teqnologebis swavlebis od, professionally-oriented tasks, poliprofessional lectures, formebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofen calkeu­ poliprofessional business games. li profesiulad aucilebeli janmrTelobis damzogavi unar-Tvisebebis Camoyalibebas misi anotacia kompleqsurad gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi. SemoT­ Teoriulad dasabuTebulia da SemuSavebu­ avazebulia naxevradprofesiuli leqciebi da lia kvebis mrewvelobis momavali inJiner-te­ saqmiani TamaSebi. qnologebis janmrTelobis damzogavi safuZv­ lebis Seswavlis meTodika, romlis realizaciac sakvanZo sityvebi: profesiuli areva, kveb­ xorcieldeba mediko-fiziologiuri, biolo­ is mrewvelobis momavali injiner teqnologebi, giuri da teqnologiuri Semadgenlebis inte­ profesiulad orientirebuli amocanebi, nax­ graciis gziT, romelic efuZneba kompetenturi evradprofesiuli leqciebi, naxevradprofesiu­ da sistemuri midgomebis erTianobis safuZv­ li biznes-TamaSebi elze aRniSnuli specialistebis momzadebas. dazustebuli da warmodgenilia momavali in­ INTRODUCTION Jiner-teqnologebis janmrTelobis damzogavi The modern labor market puts in new claims on the safuZvlebis swavlebis Sinaarsi. Teoriulad vocational training of engineers-technologists of the inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 37 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY food industry and their ability to develop and implement the formation of professionally important qualities health-saving food products. This calls for training the fu­ of the future specialists; ture specialists in the basis of health saving purposely to - educational goals which are aimed at the formation ensure the state program for the organization of produc­ of valuable attitude to their own health and the tion of health-saving products in the food industry. health of the consumers, as well as the involvement The teaching methodology consists of a complex of society in the preservation and development of of hierarchically related components: goals, content, health through the consumption of health-saving methods, means of training and forms of learning activity products. that form a single integral functional structure [1]. Thus, Analysis of academic papers and researchs of the the structure of the methodical system of training of future scientists allowed us to conclude that the purpose of engineers-technologistsof the food industry in the process learning the basis of health-savingfor thefutureengi­ of learning the basis of health-saving provides theoretical neers-technologistsof the food industry form a hierarchical substantiation and development of the components such as: structure, namely: 1. Training goals that determine the specific knowledge, – thegoals of a medical and phisiologicalcomponent; skills and professionally important qualities that are the – the goals of the biological component; main health-saving activities of future professionals in the – thegoals of the technological componentformation. development of health-saving products. Let us consider the objectives of the formation 2. Advanced content of training, which reproduces the of medical and phisiologicalcomponent of training current trends of the food industrydevelopment. in the basis of health-savingfor thefuture engineers- 3. Teaching methods for the development of the re­ technologists of the food industry. So, based on the quirement content of future specialiststraining, the views of the scientists, according to the medical and formation of abilities, skills, experience of health-saving phisiologicalcomponent, future specialists should possess activities. knowledge, skills and abilities on the internal needs of the 4. Means and forms of training for reflecting the content human body, depending on age; gender; physical activity; and methods of training of futureengineers-technologists. the functional state of organs and systems. The aim of the research is the theoretical Based on the scientific works analysis it was substantiation of the teachingmethodology the basis of determined that in order the biological component of health-savingfor future engineers-technologistsof the food learning the basis of health-savingfor thefuture engineers- industry. technologists of food industry should include knowledge and skills, that take into account: 1. GOALS OF TEACHING THE – types of food raw materials and healthy supplements; BASIS OF HEALTH-SAVING FOR FUTURE – nutrient composition of food raw materials and ENGINEERS-TECHNOLOGISTS healthy supplements based on microorganisms, OF THE FOOD INDUSTRY mushrooms, plant and animal origin, hydrobionts, The goals of training are the first backbone element products of processing of insects, minerals and of the methodology of training futureengineers-techno­ biologically active supplements; logistsof the food industry. The goal characterizes the – criteria for the selection of food raw materials and future state of the subject of activity, the ideal result to healthy supplements based on microorganisms, which is aspired and must be achieved with the help of mushrooms, plant and animal origin, hydrobionts, certain actions or motivated activity [2]. Thus, in the products of processing of insects, minerals and process of learning the basis of health-savingfor the future biologically active supplements. engineers-technologists of the food industry should be put According to the analysis of the scientists the goals of and achieved: formation of the technological component of teaching the - training goals for the formation of knowledge, skills basis of health-savingfor thefutureengineers-technologist­ and experience in the performance of production sof the food industry as a system of knowledge and skills functions and operations for the development and to determine the technological parameters: production of health-saving food products; – health-saving raw materials and supplements; - developing goals that forsee the development of – production of health-saving grain-flour, bakery, intellectual, emotional, volitional, activity-beha­ dairy, oil and fat products, meat and fish products vioral sphere of the individual and they are aimed at and beverages;

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– esteblishment of health-saving raw materials and dependent on the mental processes, such as memorizing, supplements into the products. understanding, application, analysis, evaluation and It should be noted that according to the results of B. synthesis. Bloom research [3], the aims of learning are hierarchically

Figure. 1. Hierarchy of goals for B. Bloom research[3]

At the same time, the scientists [4, 5]correlate the level understanding, application, analysis and evaluation of of memorizing to the reproductive level (introductory knowledge and skills, as well as their application in a and indicative), the level of understanding, application, typical situation. The creative level is responsible for the analysis and evaluation to the productive (conceptual and reproduction and application of knowledge and skills in analytical), and the level of synthesis is considered to be an atypical, non-standard situation. This encourages the creative (productive and synthetic) level of knowledge future specialist to search for creative ideas. Therefore, assimilation (Fig. 2). Thus, the reproductive level involves the objectives of training in the basis of health-savingfor the reproduction of educational information on the basis thefutureengineers-technologists of the food industry of its conscious perception and fixation in memory. The should meet the reproductive, productive and creative next, exactly the productive level, characterizes the levels of knowledge and skills.

Figure. 2. Hierarchy of learning goals by levels of knowledge formation and skills

inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 39 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

We are going todetermine the professionally According to the scientists an urgent task that is faced by important qualitiesin the structure of the teachinggoals process engineers is to develop food products aimed at the basis of health-saving that should be developed and health-saving of children of different ages. In addition, the formed in the future specialists of the food industry. necessity of developing health-saving products for men Scientists reveal the need for the formation of the and women, especially pregnant women, childbirthing following professionally important qualities of the future and nursing. A significant number of scientistsin their specialists: the interest in the profession;commitment to works address the issue of nutrition of old people and the professional growth, self-discipline, interest in people, need to develop food products gerodietetic direction. At love of children, empathy, tolerance, responsibility; the same time, others support the development of health- willingness to take risks and accept non-standard solutions; saving products according to the physical activity of the diligence; sociability; organizationalcommunication consumers and athletes. skills; friendliness; attentiveness, self-discipline, Except for certain dirrections the scientists also initiative, energy, perseverance, morality; personal consider the relevance of the development and manu­ activity; independence. However, the authors attempts fac­ture of health-saving products that can improve to systematize the features by groups do not reveal the the performance of organs and systems of the body. completeness of the requirements to the qualities of the According to the analysis, the content of the medical and future engineers-technologists of the food industry in the phisiologicalcomponent should contain information about process of their vocational training, but only fragmentary the functional state of organs and systems of the consumer, determine the elements of the structure. namely: nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, endocrine, Professionally important qualities of the future sexual and excretory, cover systems and musculoskeletal engineers-technologistsof the food industry are disclosed system. in detail in the works of the scientists and the following Sothe content of the medical and phisiological groups are highlighted: component should be aimed at training of the future – a package of motivational and objective qualities, engineers-technologists to develop and produce health- which includes motivation of the importance saving products for consumers in the following areas: of professional activity, motivation of success – by age: for children, adults, the elderly; in professional activities, the desire in creative – by gender: for men and women; professional activity; – by groups of physical activity: for workers mainly of – a package of cognitive qualities that represents intellectual work; for workers engaged in light work; the abilities of sensation, perception, imagination, workers in moderate work; for workers of heavy representation, thinking, attention, memory; physical work; – a package of ideological qualities, namely moral; – the functional state of the organs and systems of – a package of organizational and activity qualities such as personal and social activity. the consumer as nervous, cardiovascular, digestive, The suggested structure is a generalized system endocrine, sexual and excretory, integument systems of professionally important qualities of the engineers- and musculoskeletal system. technologistsof the food industry and should be the basis The content of the biological component should be of those professionally important qualities that form the aimed at training of the future engineers-technologiststo health-saving activities of the future professionals. develop health-saving products, which take into account 2. The content of training in the basis of health-saving the therapeutic (or healing) properties of microorganisms, for the future engineers-technologists of the food industry muchrooms, plants and animals, birds, hydrobionts, The structure of the teachinggoals the basis of insects, minerals and biologically active suplements. health-savingfor thefuture engineers-technologists of The content of the technological component should the food industry is the basis for the development of the provide training for future specialists in the development content of training. Thus, the learning goals allow to and production of health-saving products such as grain identify interrelated components of the content: medico- flour and bakery products, dairy, meat and oil-butter phisiological, biological and technological pecularities. products, fish products, beverages. So, we define the medical and phisiologicalcomponent The developed model of the content of training in the of the content of training the basis ofhealth-savingfor basis health-savingfor the future engineer-technologists of thefuture engineers-technologistsof the food industry. the food industry is given in Fig. 3.

40 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

Figure. 3. Model of the content of teaching the basis of health-saving for the future engineers-technologistsof food industry

3. METHOD OF TEACHING THE BASIS the basis of health-saving protection of future specialists. OF HEALTH-SAVING FOR THE FUTURE The formation of skills and abilities in the process ENGINEER-TECHNOLOGISTS OF THE FOOD of mastering the components of the content of training INDUSTRY takes place in a certain sequence. One of the ways to The learning of the content of training in the basis improve the learning process, according to I. Cheredova of health-savingfor thefutureengineers-technologistsof is allocation of several levels of knowledgeformation, the food industry is ensured to be integrated through the abilities and skills of future specialists [6]. Psychological selected methods and means of training. and pedagogical researches show that in the process of At the stage of development of the trainingmethod mastering professional knowledge has three interrelated of the future engineers-technologists of the food levels: reproductive, productive and creative. Methods of industry, it is important to identify two successive stages reproductive level of education form the basis of concepts, of the interaction of the content components such as their initial understanding and memorization. The level of differentiation and integration (Fig. 4). productive reproduction and application of knowledge Thus, at the first stage, fundamental and general in different conditions is responsible for the versatile professional knowledge is formed, and at the second reproduction and understanding of the basics of concepts, stage, due to the solution of complex professional tasks, their addition to new information and the formation of there is a process of integration, which provides training in skills to link these concepts with new information. The inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 41 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

Figure. 4. Differential and integrated method of teaching the basis of health-saving for the future engineer-tech­ nologists of food industry level of creative application of knowledge is appropriate and technological components of the content, which will in the process of new problemsemergence, hypotheses and ensure their consistent integration. search for their solutions. Therefore, in the process of developing health-saving Training in the basis of health-savingfor the future products, future professionals should decideand solve a engineers-technologistsof the food industry is possible in variety of professionally-oriented tasks. This allows you the conditions of productive educational activities. This is to simulate the professional activities of the specialists implemented in the introduction in the educational process in the development and production of health-saving of training of the future engineers-technologistsof the task products. The introduction of the task method of training method of training [7, 8, 9]. The following principles creates conditions for the assimilation of knowledge, should be followed by developing professional and the development of systemic thinking, concentration, oriented tasks: perception and sensation of phenomena, processes, modes, 1. In the context of the tasks it should be reflected that raw materials and products. allow you to highlight all the problems of the development The basis for the development of the goals of education of health-saving products. Such tasks will contribute to the health-saving for the future engineers-technologistsof the formation and consolidation of skills that meet modern food industry of the selected typology of task D. Tollynger production requirements. So they allow to model the and V. Laudis [9, 10]. Nevertheless, we propose to distribute future professional activity of engineers-technologistsof groups of tasks in accordance with the goals and content the food industry. of training on reproductive, productive and creative. Thus, 2. The solution of problems should be based on the the tasks for the development of health-saving products of interrelations of themedical and phisiological, biological reproductive level include the following:

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1. Tasks that involve the reproduction of knowledge. conditions of professionally-oriented tasks allow modeling 2. Tasks that involve simple mental actions. the real professional activity of the future specialists in the We consider the following tasks of the development development of health-saving products. of health-saving products of a productive level, providing training in the basics of health-saving of 4. MEANS OF TEACHING THE BASIS OF thefutureengineers-technologistsof the food industry: HEALTH-SAVING FOR THE FUTURE 1. Tasks that involve complex mental operations. ENGINEERS-TECHNOLOGISTS OF 2. Tasks that involve the generalization of knowledge THE FOOD INDUSTRY and delivery of objects. Let is consider the means of training to ensure 3. Tasks that involve some productive thinking. the solution of the presented professionally-oriented Next, we define the tasks of the creative level of tasks. Scientists describes a considerable number of training in the basis of health-savingfor thefutureengi­ classifications of the means of the future specialiststraining. neers-technologistsof the food industry as: Among them, the most justified is the classification of 1. Tasks on heuristic search by logical thinking. teaching health-saving by the nature of their representation 2. Tasks to build strategies to joint and individual of the surrounding reality, which is taken as a basis in the solutions to problem situations. methodology of teaching the basis of health-savingfor Thus, the suggested structure of task training con­ thefutureengineers-technologistsof the food industry [11]. tributes to the formation of an effective system of gradual Thus, a certain classification of learning means is shown learning of the trainingcontent. At the same time, the in Fig. 5.

Figure. 5. Classification of learningmeans

So, the structure of training means assume their 5. FORMS OF TRAINING IN THE BASIS OF division into the following groups: HEALTH-SAVING FOR THE FUTURE – natural objects that include the collection of raw ENGINEERS-TECHNOLOGISTS OF materials, plants, herbaria, models and stuffed animals, THE FOOD INDUSTRY hydrobionts, insects, mineral samples, microsections, Let us consider the following element of the method reagents, and also training and production, demonstration of teaching the basis of health-savingfor thefuture and laboratory equipment; engineers-technologistsof the food industry as the form – images and displays of material objects: stands, of studentstraining. Thus, the form of organization of diagrams, illustrations, video and slide presentations; the educational process is a purposeful, well-organized – means of training, representing the description of order and established mode of joint activity of the teacher subjects and phenomena of objective reality, namely and students in the learning process [12]. Forms of text tables, maps, textbooks (textbooks and manuals, trainingorganization are divided into frontal, individual, collections of tasks, instructions for independent work, pair, group (collective) forms [13]. didactic materials); The frontal form is aimed at simultaneous training of – technical means of training, including films, a group of students who solve the same type of problems computer programs and electronic computers; with the subsequent control of the results by the teacher – information environments, such as Internet [14]. This classical form is quite effective at the stage of information resources. teaching some new material. The use of the frontal form inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 43 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY in the learning process allows students to reduce the time and processes with the medical and phisiological, spent on self-search and selection of basic educational biological and technological components and the ability to information. Thus, its use allows to form knowledge of system thinking. Since the development of health-saving reproductive and productive level. However, this form products is aimed at mass social consumption, the future of training allows teachers to convey to students the engineers-technologists of the food industry should have importance of their future professional activities, to such moral qualities as honesty, discipline, demands on convince them of the need to create innovative products themselves and their work, civil dignity. that will improve the health of a significant number of In addition to these characteristics, the future consumers. Therefore, the use of the frontal form ensures leadership and the highest rank colleagues require the the formation of the futureengineers-technologistsof the future specialist of universal moral qualities, namely food industry motivation for professional activities in the empathy and respect for consumers. At the same time, development of health-saving products, as well as qualities in the process of implementing their own ideas for the such as responsibility for the life of each consumer, civil development of health-saving products will be necessary dignity. At the same time, moral qualities are formed, such personal qualities of activity as determination and namely: humanity and respect for consumers. perseverance. In the process of frontal training, basic cognitive Therefore, the use of individual forms of training of the professional qualities are formed as mnemonic ability future engineers-technologists of the food industry should to memorize large amounts of information on the ensure the formation of a system of these professionally medical and phisiological, biological and technological important qualities. components, the ability to concentrate attention in the Group (collective) form of organization of training process of creating health-saving products, imagination involves the interaction of a group of students with each and representation of the state, phenomena and processes. other and the teacher in the process of solving problems13. In professional work, these qualities allow the specialist Application of the specified form of the organization of to maximize the use of raw materials, to choose the educational process allows to bring as close as possible optimum technological parameters of the production educational process to professional practical activity. At of improving production and productive use of time. the same time, the pair form provides for a joint task by Therefore, the frontal forms of training are the foundation a pair of students under the guidance of a teacher [13]. for the training of the future engineers-technologistsof the This form of learning organization promotes competition food industry and ensure the sustainable development of [15], so students are more creative and fervent in solving certain professionally important qualities. Therefore, it is problems. So, in the future professional activity this form an important element of the method of teaching the basis is realized in real professional tasks of the enterprise as of health-savingfor thefuture specialists. well as in need to correspond to modern requirements of The individual form of the organization of consumption only of qualitative improving production of studentstraining is capable to provide formation of food. At the same time, the company’s management is knowledge at all three levels. This way of organizing interested in increased demand for products and reducing work is aimed at taking into account the mental abilities its cost. Such professional tasks have a large amount of of each student and the choice of tasks in accordance with work and a wide range of professional issues, ranging their capabilities. In the future professional activity this from commodity characteristics of raw materials and form is realized in the direct process of development of ending with the calculation of the cost of the finished a compounding, technology of improving production or product. Because this amount of work is too much for improvement of the existing technological parameters one employee, it is assigned to a group of people. That of its production. At the same time, experts should show is why, future engineers-technologistsof the food industry their individual ability to invent, to reveal their intellectual should be ready for steam or collective professional and creative potential. Therefore, in the process of activity. In the process of such work, future specialists individual training should take into account the need for should be motivated to achieve success in the creation of the formation of such professionally important qualities health-saving products. At the same time, directly in the as the desire for creative activity to make health-saving process of development of health-saving products future products, motivation to succeed in creating health-saving professionals need to have a number of formed cognitive products and a number of cognitive qualities as the ability professional qualities, namely the ability to perceive and of imagination and representation of the state, phenomena feel the phenomena, processes, raw materials and products.

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It is also important in the development of health-saving goals, content, methods and means of teaching the basis products to maintain a high level of moral relations with of health-savingfor thefuture engineers-technologistsof people. Moral qualities as responsibility for life of each the food industry. Therefore, the form of instruction consumer and social and activity qualities such as abilities should reflect poliprofessional health-saving activities to the organization of developmentprocess of improving for themedico-phisiological, biological and technological production is guarantee of production of qualitative components. improving production. The presented qualities can be formed only in the process of active group, collective and CONCLUSIONS pair forms of education. Theoretically substantiated methodology of teaching In the process of learning the basis of health-savingfor the basis of health-saving which includes goals, content thefuture engineers-technologists of the food industry model, differential and integrated method, means and is optimal integrated application of forms of training. forms of training of the futureengineers-technologistsof Depending on the form used, the types of organization the food industry. This technique creates the necessary of educational and cognitive activity are chosen. Such conditions for the formation of knowledge, skills, types of training of the future specialists can be lectures, professionally important qualities of health-saving. This seminars, practical and laboratory classes, independent allows future engineers-technologists of the food industry work and others. The choice of forms of training provides in the process of professional activity to develop health- optimal conditions for the implementation of certain saving products.

REFERENCES [1] Pyshkalo A. Metodycheskaia systema obuchenyia heometryy v nachalnoi shkole : avtorskyi doklad po monohrafyy «Metodyka obuchenyia эlementam heometryy v nachalnуkh klassakh», predstavlennoi na soyskanye uchenoi stepeny d-ra ped. nauk. M.: Akademyia ped. nauk SSSR, 1975. 60 s. [2] Fylosofskyi slovar. Pod red. Frolova Y. M.: Polytyzdat, 1986. 590 s. [3] Pometun O. Shcho take taksonomiia Bluma i yak vona pratsiuie na urotsi. Osvitnia platforma «Krytychne myslennia» : sait. URL: http://www.criticalthinking.expert/usi-materialy/shho-take-taksonomiya-bluma-i-yak-vona-pratsyuye-na-urotsi/. [4] Zahviazynskyi V. Ynnovatsyonnуe protsessу v obrazovanyyy pedahohycheskaia nauka. Ynnovatsyonnуe protsessу v obrazovanyy: sb. nauch. tr. Tiumen: Tiumen. hos. un-t, 1990. S.5. [5] Salov V. Osnovy pedahohiky vyshchoi shkoly : navch. posib. Dnipropetrovsk : NHU, 2003. 170 s. [6] Monakhov V., Orlov V. Dyferentsyatsyia obuchenyia v srednei shkole. Sovetskaia pedahohyka. Moskva, 1991. № 8. S. 42—47. [7] Kostiuk H., Ball H., Mashbyts E. O zadachnom podkhode k yssledovanyiu uchebnoi deiatelnosty. Psykholohyia chelovecheskoho uchenyia y reshenye problem: 2-ya Prazhskaia konf. Praha, 1973. S. 70. [8] Talyzyna N. Upravlenye protsessom usvoenyia znanyi (psykholohycheskye osnovу). yzd. 2-e, dop., yspr. M. : MHU, 1984. 345 s. [9] Tollynherova D., Holoushova D., Kantorkova H. Psykholohyia proektyrovanyia umstvennoho razvytyia detei. M. : Rospedahentstvo, 1994. 48 s. [10] Liaudys V. Metodyka prepodavanyia psykholohyy: ucheb. posobye. 5-e yzd. SPb. : Pyter, 2008. 192 s. [11] Shapovalenko S. Metodyka obuchenyia khymyy v vosmyletnei y srednei shkole: obshchye voprosу : posobye. M.: Uchpedhyz, 1963. 663s. [12] Zynovkyna M. Formyrovanye tvorcheskoho tekhnycheskoho mуshlenyia y ynzhenernуkh umenyi studentov tekhnycheskykh vuzov: dys. d-ra ped. nauk: 13.00.01. M., 1989. 326 s. [13] Sytarov V. Dydaktyka: ucheb. posobye. M.: Akademyia, 2004. 368 s. [14] Iakovyshyn P. Teoretychni ta metodychni osnovy navchannia studentiv metodiv analizu i syntezu mekhanizmiv i mashyn : avtoref. dys. d-ra ped. nauk : 13.00.04. Kyiv, 2001. 41 s. [15] Iakunyn V. Pedahohycheskaia psykholohyia. SPb.: Yzd-vo Mykhailova V., 2000. 349 s.

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ukrainis laq-saRebavebis mrewvelobis dargis sawarmoebis saqmianobis efeqturobaze gare faqtorebis gavlenis dasabuTeba

SUBSTANTIATION OF THE INFLUENCE OF EXTERNAL FACTORS ON THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ENTERPRISES OF THE INDUSTRY OF PAINT AND VARNISH INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE konstatntin Jadko, KONSTANTIN ZHADKO, teqnikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Doctor of profesori, sawarmos ekonomikisa da Philosophy, Head of the Department of mewarmeobis kaTedris gamge Entrepreneurship and Enterprise Economics tatiana dubCaki, TETIANA DUBCHAK, saganmanaTleblo xarisxis „magistri“ maZiebeli applicant of educational degree “master” finansebisa da sabaJo saqmis universiteti University of Customs and Finance dnepri, ukraina Dnipro, Ukraine

ABSTRACT iqna faqtorebi, romlebic moqmedeben sawarmo­ This article discusses impact of internal factors on ebis saqmianobis efeqturobaze. warmodgenilia activities of enterprises of paint and varnish industry, shows gansaxilveli da misi momijnave dargebis ganvi­ and analyzes the dynamics of production, consumption and Tarebis prognozi 2016-2018 wlebisaTvis, rome­ sales of products of the paint industry in Ukraine for the lic eyrdnoba ukrainis vaWrjbisa da ekonomiku­ period 2013-2017, according to the State Statistics Service ri ganviTarebis saministros prognozebs/ asabu­ of Ukraine and the Association of Ukrainian manufacturers Tebulia mocemul sferoSi Semdgomi kvlevebis of paint and varnish products. Key factors affecting the Catarebis aucilebloba. performance of companies of paint and varnish industry for the period 2016-2018 was revealed. Forecast of further sakvanZo sityvebi: sawarmos saqmianobis development of analyzed and adjacent industries for the next efeqtianoba, laq-saRebavi masalebi, saRebavebi few periods was made on basis of predictions of Ministry organuli gamzaveblebis safuZvelze, gavlenis of economic development and trade of Ukraine. It was also faqtorebi, gavlenia sawarmos efeqtur saqmia­ concluded and justified that the further researches of this nobaze. topic are needed INTRODUCTION Key words: efficiency of enterprises activity, paint and Thepaintandvarnish manufacturing are one of the varnish materials, water-dispersion paints, organic solvent important components of the chemical industry of based paints, varnish-paint industry, factors of influence, fac­ Ukraine. Dynamic changes in the country’s economy and tors of influence on the efficiency of enterprises activity. global trends in economic development have a significant impact on the work of chemical enterprises, therefore anotacia the identification of external factors of influence onthe statiaSi ganxilulia gare faqtorebis ze­ efficiency of the company’s operations is relevant in moqmedeba laq-saRebavebis mrewvelobis dargis modern conditions. sawarmoebis saqmianobaze, moyvanilia da gaana­ The purpose of the article is to analyze the current lizebulia laq-saRebavebis produqtebis war­ state of the paint and varnish industry and identify external moebiss, moxmarebis da realizaciis dinamika factors that influence the performance of enterprises 2013-2017 ww ukrainis statistikis saxelmwifo operating in this field of activity. samsaxurisa da ukrainis laq-saRebavebis mrewve­ The objective of the article is to analyze raw materials lobis dargis sawarmoebis mwarmoeblebis aso­ security and dynamics of production output by enterprises ciaciis monacemebi, aRmoCenili da ganxiluli of the industry.

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The author’s contribution to the research of the topic the ways of improvement to operational effectiveness. The is an identification of the main factors that influence the ways of improvement to operational effectiveness are used performance of chemical enterprises; those factors are to describe as set of specific measures of improvement to the raw material import dependence of the industry, low enterprise`s effectiveness [р.2;30]. solvency of consumers and the overall amount of building The level of operational efficiency of the enterprise works around the country nowadays. depends on external and internal factors. Analysis of the market of paint and varnish materials For instance, external factors are state and social in Ukraine is a complicated process due to certain reasons, policy (the activities of legislature, legislation, financial such as: discrepancy in the definitions of the terms «paint instruments, economic standards), institutional mecha­ and varnish materials» and «paint and varnish products», nisms (research and training centers, institutions, asso­ which affects the comparison of statistical data of ciations), infrastructure (innovation funds, commercial production output and sales; the absence of certain criteria banks, stock exchanges, information networks, transport, in the statistical data collection and processing for market tra­de), structural changes in society and the economy (in analysis; a large amount of small companies, whose technology, in scientific researches, in labor on the basis of information concerning production output is difficult to education and qualifications). track for statistical report; lingering publication periodicity Internal factors are divided into “solid” that are of official data by the State Statistics Committee. measurable and have physical parameters (technologies, Empirical and theoretical research methods were used equipment, materials, energy, products) and “soft” in the work. (organization and management system, employees, work The decent contribution in the topic`s investigation methods, management style). Each company have to was made by M.M. Yakubovskyj and V.I. Lyashchenko monitor the process of usage of internal factors through in their article [p.1;195] “Priority is given to the export- development and consistent implementation of its own oriented production of nitrogen fertilizers, the raw program of improvement to business performance and material for which is the natural gas, which is purchased also have to take into account the influence of external for import. At the same time, almost nothing is done for the factors on this program[р.3]. development of such important for economics and society In some literary sources the external environment is chemical substances such as paints with organic chemical divided into factors of the general environment (factors compounds. According to the authors, this particular of indirect influence) and operational environment segment of paints can improve industrial performance, (factors of direct influence). However, it is necessary to and therefore the performance of enterprises particularly. use a methodology that will allow taking into account the In one interview P. Bilyak, Director of the Color Studio existing problems in the field of economic, technological Tikkurila network, commented on the state of the industry: and innovative nature of the enterprise’s activities to «One of the world’s trends in the development of the PVM study influencing factors of the environment. One of market is the intercalation of water-soluble materials for such methodologies is to structure the environmental consumers, not only for mineral foundations, but also for factors of the macrolevel using the method T.E.M.P.L.E.S. wood and metal. This trend has been relevant for several (Technology, Economics, Market, Politics, Laws, years now. « [p.10;41].Accordingly, water-dispersion Ecology, Society). This method has an advantage due paint is now prior mainly because of the strong demand to its structural form that covers a significant amount of in the market. environmental factors[р.3]. The main reason of enterprise effectiveness assessment T.E.M.P.L.E.S. (Technology, Economics, Market, is to identify companies further possible development Politics, Laws, Ecology, Society) gives possibility to which is determined by the results of a full analysis of consider a group of issues related to the environment financial and economic activities. Therefore, the most by dividing them into several subgroups for the important objective of modern enterprise functioning is corresponding definition and classification. Each of these increasing its operational effectiveness through reasonable factors is subjected to an appropriate analysis to find out usage of internal reserves and systematic development of what difficulties can arise when working in this field of inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 47 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY activity and what opportunities are opened there. These and varnishes materials (PVM) of Ukraine. According to reasons are convenient to analyze taking into account the the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for the period 2013- various (mainly long-term and medium-term) prospects, 2017 indicators of sold products produced from their own when it is necessary to predict what changes the company raw materials are reflected in Fig. 1 [p. 5; 41] [p. 6; 45] expects in the future [p.4]. [p. 7; 44] [p. 8; 39-40] [p. 9; 42], indicators net sales of DATA: PVM in Ukraine for the period 2013-2017 according to Let`s have a look upon the influence of external factors the Association of Ukrainian Manufacturers of Paints and on the performance of enterprises in the market of paints Varnishes, are shown in fig. 2 p[ .10;39].

Fig. 1 –SoldPVMproductsproduced from their own raw materials in Ukrainefor the period 2013-2017, thousand tons

Fig. 2- Sales of PVM in Ukraine for the period 2013-2017, thousand tons

After considering Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 we have noticed that of providing raw materials. Consider the dynamics of the about 42% of the raw materials used to manufacture paint consumption of paint in Ukraine for the period 2014-2017 and varnish products are imported, which indicates a rath­ [p.10;39]. er high-altitude import dependence of the industry in terms

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Fig. 3 – Consumption of paint in Ukraine for the period 2014-2017, thousand tons

Fig. 4 – Consumption of paint in Ukraine for the period 2014-2017, %

Having considered the consumption of PVM for the of consumed PVM products are domestically produced period 2014-2017, we have noted the opposite situation in in Ukraine. Consider the volume of PVM products in the cost comparison with the raw material supply, dynamics over measurement. [р.5;41] [р.6;45] [р.7;44] [р.8;39-40] analyzed period in fig. 4 indicated that the vast majority [р.9;42].

Fig. 5 – Sales of PVM in Ukraine for the period 2013-2017, thousand hryvnias inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 49 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

After analyzing expansion of the market of paint and Since about 42% of the raw materials used in the varnish products for the period 2013-2017. according to manufacture of PVM are imported, it is worth considering fig. 2, we can highlight 2014-2015 as the crisis period, the dynamics of production output in terms of value in a accompanied by amount recession of products produced freely convertible currency, for example, in USA dollars. Exchange rate is calculated as an arithmetic average and consumed, 2016 was a period of recovery of the between the NBU rates as at January 1 of the base year industry and 2017 was a growth period featured by a and as at January 1 of the next year (Calculated exchange greater production output than the pre-crisis period. rate is 27.629 UAH = 1 USD).

Fig. 6 – Sales of PVM in Ukraine for the period 2013-2017, thousand dollars USA

According to fig. 5 and fig. 6 we should note that - price increase for raw materials for the production of according to the results the production output in terms paint and varnish products; of value for the analyzed period has gradually increased, - low solvency of consumers; however, recalculating net product value into USA dollars - gradual replacement of water-dispersion coatings in have shown a reverse trend caused by the devaluation the decorative segment. of the hryvnia over the analyzed period by 253.8% The PVM market in 2016 was notable for growth of comparing to USA dollars. The significant devaluation varnishes and paints production output in size by 10%, rate has directly proportional affect on the final result while the market growth rate in terms of value was high­ of companies of chemical industry, since the cost of the er than in terms of volume, which is primarily due to the raw materials depends on the foreign currency rate which increase in prices for imported raw materials in hryvnia is used to make settlements with the counterpart from equivalent, which is negative factor due to the low solven­ another country. cy of the consumer. Among the factors affecting the PVM enterprises in EMPIRICAL RESULTS 2017 were low effective demand, bank loan unavailability, Among the factors that determined the development of problems in commodity markets and so on. the domestic paint and varnish market in 2016 are: After analyzing the financial market for the supply - economic recovery. By the end of 2016 Ukraine’s of credit funds as at October 2018, Ukrainian banks GDP had grown by 1.8%. In addition, the growth offer loans with minimum interest rate about 17.87% of industrial production by the end of the year was (Oschadbank), the average interest rate is about 21.59% 2.4%. per annum in UAH [p.11]. In neighboring Poland the - amount of construction works had increased by average commercial loan interest rate is 9.84% [p.12]. 13.1% compared to 2015, assuming that this factor The chemical industry of Ukraine, unfortunately, is had shown the decrease for 12.3% in 2015 compar­ import-dependent. Moreover, since 2014 trade relations ing to 2014$ with one of the largest producers of titanium dioxide,

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Crimean Titan, have been terminated, which in turn have of profit gained by company, reduces its final economic led domestic companies in search of a new supplier and effect from doing business. have increased overall import of raw materials by 42%. According to of economic and social development Thus, for the analyzed period the growth of total produc­ forecast in Ukraine for 2019-2021, which was announced tion output amounted 9.1%, water dispersion coatings out­ in July by the Ministry of Economic Development, put increased by 10%, alkyd coatings by 14.5%. according to the baseline scenario, in 2019 GDP is Alongside with the territorial changes within Ukraine projected at 3% with inflation (December to December of in 2017 the cost of raw materials for the production of the previous year) at 7%, and by 2020 - economic growth coatings on the world market significantly increased, at level of 4% with inflation of 5%. According to analysts, some of them by 2-3 times. This is due to the intensive de­ the real estate and construction market will grow by 7% velopment of the Asian and Pacific regions. Consumption annually [p.15; 56]. of paint have increased in those regions and, accordingly, Based on the foregoing forecast of the Ministry the law of the free market has worked out: if demand is of Economic Development, we believe that the PVM high the price grows until the market becomes saturated. enterprises in the industry would also have a positive In addition, negative factors influence the growth of prices trend in production output over the next 2 years, which is on the world market as well. For instance, a large titanium a positive factor. dioxide plant has burnt in Finland [p.13]. As a result, there So, analyzing the PVM market of Ukraine for the was a certain deficiency of titanium dioxide, to which raw period 2013-2017 We have concluded that the main materials market has immediately responded with an in­ factors negatively affecting the performance of enterprises crease in the price of this component. in this industry were the crisis in 2014–2015, the dissolution of trade relations with the Crimean Titan, the CONCLUSION devaluation of the hryvnia and overwelming tax pressure. Also, 2017 was notable for an increase of tax burden Among the positive factors of external influence we have on PVM-producing enterprises, in which products are in­ highlighted the economic recovery in 2016-2017 and cluded import raw materials. Therefore, according to the the gradual recovery of the economy from the crisis, the explanation of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine from development of the construction industry as this industy 01/04/2016 for the excise tax on fuel sales as at January is the main consumer of PVM products. In accordance 1, 2017: «The issue of taxation of excise tax from retail with the Ministry of Economic Development forecast for at a rate of EUR 0,042 per each liter of sold (disposed) economic development in the upcoming years, we have commodity of mixed solvents, which are classified by noted that the PVM enterprises in the industry will also codes 2710 12 25 00 and 3814 00 90 90 UKTZED, if they are sold through retail trade» The list of mixed solvents have a positive trend in production output over the next includes a significant number of components used in the 2 years. Taking into account the rapid changes in the manufacture of PVM [p.14].So, in addition to taxation country’s economy, as well as global development trends during the customs clearance of raw materials, enterprises enterprise’s key efficiency factors of enterprises might must pay an additional excise tax, which in turn raises the change, therefore, analysis of indicators, their significance cost of production and the selling price. Considering the assessment and identification of new factors of influence low solvency of customers, this factor causes reduction require further research.

REFERENCES [1] YakubovskyM.M., LyashenkoV.I. [Modernization of the economy of industrial regions: an attempt to conceptualize]. Jour­ nal of Economic Sciences of Ukraine. – 2016. – No. 1. – P. 188-195. [2] VoroninO.O. [Determination of indicators of economic efficiency of production based on the modification of there source approach]. Ukraine economy. - 2007. - No. 10. – P. 29-37. [3] PasiekaD.V., Grin’koT.V. [Economics and Management - 2013: Prospects for Integration and Innovation Development]. Dnipropetrovsk National University named after Oles Honchar. - 2013. – Part №4 [4] Gepshyn A.M. [Analysis of the business environment]. Elitarium Center for Continuing Education. – 2017. – 1 р. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 51 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

[5] The State Statistics Service of Ukraine. [Realization of industrial products by type for the list of EU products for production statistics (PRODCOM) for 2013]. - 2013. - 113 p. [6] The State Statistics Service of Ukraine. [Realization of industrial products by type for the list of EU products for production statistics (PRODCOM) for 2014]. - 2014. - 127 p. [7] The State Statistics Service of Ukraine. [Realization of industrial products by type for the list of EU products for production statistics (PRODCOM) for 2015]. - 2015. - 123 p. [8] The State Statistics Service of Ukraine. [Realization of industrial products by type for the list of EU products for production statistics (PRODCOM) for 2016]. - 2016. - 111 p. [9] The State Statistics Service of Ukraine. [Realization of industrial products by type for the list of EU products for production statistics (PRODCOM) for 2017]. - 2017. - 120 p. [10] Bondarenko S. [Market ofPVM of Ukraine: the first results of 2017]. Capital construction. - 2017. - No. 5. - .P 37-42. [11] Prostobiz.ua. Credits for the development of Ukrainian business. [12] Official website of Credit Agricole Poland. [13] Volkova M. [A fire occurred at the Huntsman plant for the production of titanium dioxide in Finland]. - 2017. – 1 p. [14] The State Fiscal Service of Ukraine. [Explanation of the SFS of Ukraine regarding the excise tax on the sale of fuel]. – 2016. [15] Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of Ukraine. [Ukraine: Perspectives of development of the forecast of econom­ ic and social development of Ukraine for 2019-2021 years]. - 2018. - p.56.

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cirkularuli ekonomikis berketebis aqtivizacia energetikis sferoSi

ACTIVATION OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY LEVERS IN AN ENERGY INDUSTRY oqsana oxrimenko, OKSANA OKHRIMENKO, e.m.d. saerTaSoriso ekonomikis kaTedris gamge, Doctor of Economics, Prof. of International ukrainis erovnuli teqnikuri universiteti, Economics Department, National Technical „igor sikorskis saxelobis kievis politeqnikuri University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv instituti“, kievi, ukraina Polytechnic Institute”, Kyiv, Ukraine uliana biguni, ULIANA BIHUN, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis kaTedris aspiranti, PhD Student of International Economics ukrainis erovnuli teqnikuri universiteti Department, National Technical University of “igor sikorskis saxelobis kievis politeqnikuri Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”, instituti“, kievi, ukraina Kyiv, Ukraine

ABSTRACT avtorebis mier xazgasmulia wriulobis gavlena The research includes an analysis of preconditions and energetikul dargze mdgradi ganviTarebis miR­ features of the circular economy. Description and compari­ wevis konteqstsi. CineTis, aSS-s da evrosabWos son of the linear and circular economies are shown. Drivers gamocdilebis safuZvelze gaanalizebulia wri­ of the circular economy, as well as the barriers towards to uli ekonomikis ganviTarebis globaluri ten­ implementation of circular economy business models and denciebi. ganxilulia wriuli ekonomikis gamoy­ sustainable technology, are revealed.In the paper, the bene­ enebis praqtikuli meTodebi birTvuli sawvavis fits associated with activating of the circular economy in the gadamuSavebis gadamuSavebis dros safrange­ energy industry, which these take into account a subject-func­ Tisa da iaponiis magaliTze. Camoyalibebulia tional structure of the energy markets, are presented.The au­ faqtorebi, romlebic aferxeben wriuli ekono­ thors emphasize the influence of the circularity on the energy mikis ganviTarebas ukrainis energetikul ba­ industry in the context of sustainable development achieve­ zarze. ment. Global trends in the development of the circular econ­ omy based on the experience of China, USA and the EU’s sakvanZo sityvebi: cirkularuli ekonomika, members are analysed. The implementation practices of the energetika, dekaplingi, narCenebis utilizire­ circular economy based on nuclear fuel reprocessing by the ba, mdgradoba. example of France and Japan are presented. Factors hindering circular economy development in Ukraine’s energy market INTRODUCTION. are outlined. Increasing the negative impact of a human econom­ ic activity on the environment has led to an increase in Keywords: circular economy, energy industry,decou­ climate change threats. At the International Summit in pling, waste recycling, sustainability. Rio de Janeiro in 1992, it was recognized that the global problem of society in the immediate future is the reduc­ anotacia tion of greenhouse gas emissions and the prevention of kvleva moicavs cirkularuli ekonomikis climate change. On this occasion, A. Gore [1], awarded winapirobebis da Taviseburebebis analizs. war­ the Nobel Prize for his contribution to climate protection, modgenilia xazobrivi da cirkularuli ekono­ emphasized the coming of the most terrible catastrophe mikebis aRwera da Sedareba. gamovlenilia cirku­ in the history of human civilization - a global climate cri­ laruli ekonomikis draiverebi, aseve barierebi, sis that deepens and quickly becomes the most dangerous romlebic aferxeben mdgradi teqnologiebis phenomenon we have ever encountered. Thus, climate da wriuli ekonomikuri biznes-modelebis dan­ change is now understood as a central issue for economic ergvas. statiaSi energetikuli bazrebis sagno­ prosperity and development. briv-funqcionaluri struqturis gaTval­ Therefore, a new paradigm for industry should be­ iswinebiT gansazRvrulia wriuli ekonomikis aq­ come a circular economy, because it aims at generating tivizaciis upiratesobebi energetikul dargSi. ecological, social and economic value, resulting in effec­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 53 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY tiveness improving the state of the environment and even the effects of climate change. According to the estimates of go beyond sustainability [2]. British economist N. Stern[10, p. 6], climate change losses The process of consistent conceptualization of the eco­ on the planet can reach 5% of world GDP each year. But if logical imperative in the system of economic activity is do not take appropriate measures today, then these losses clearly visible in economic theories and studies. The prob­ would reach 20% of GDP and after 15 years the natural lems of threatening human-induced impacts on the climate environment will make only half of its current potential. have been thoroughly studied and outlined in the Report of At the same time, representatives of the Club of Rome, in the World Commission on Environment and Development particular, Welford [4] for some time advocated the idea “Our Common Future” [3]. Great attention to these prob­ of “zero economic growth” in the interests of promoting lems in their studies was given to foreign scholars such as environmental protection and environmental stabilization. R. Welford [4], R. Hahnel [5], M. Cato [6]. The issues of However, Stern convinces the world does not need to the circular economy were addressed in scholar works of choose between averting climate change and promoting P. Lacy[7], P. Ghisellini[8], F. Preston [9] and others. growth and development. Changes in energy technologies Yet, despite the numerous scientific papers, there still and in the structure of economies have created opportuni­ is a need to concretize the importance of the circular econ­ ties to decouple growth from greenhouse gas emissions. omy for energy markets as a whole and their stakeholders Based on these positions the Stern Review is considered in particular as the crucial modern imperative. as the turning point after which climate change has been considered an important economic issue, in addition to be­ RESEARCH OBJECTIVE. ing an environmental one. The aim of the present research is to define a concrete Therefore, the most promising strategy for ensur­ meaning ofthe circular economy in the energy industry for ing future prosperity lies in decoupling future economic finding practical measures of minimizing the negative im­ growth from the rising rates of natural resource use and pact on the environment of the results of production and the environmental impacts that occur across the produc­ consumption. tion-consumption continuum [11]. Decoupling has been According to the envisaged objective, the following a core concept underlying the work of the International tasks have to be accomplished: to examine the origins, Resource Panel more or less since its inception. Increas­ preconditions and features of the circular economy; to out­ ing human quality of life or wellbeing, or the value of line the benefits of implementation of the circular econo­ economic output, while proportionately reducing both re­ my for all subjects of the energy market; to investigate the source use («resource decoupling») and negative environ­ role of reprocessing and recycle of used fuel as a tool of mental impacts («impact decoupling») has been referred the circular economy in national energy strategies; to ana­ to as «double decoupling» [12]. lyse the factors hindering circular economy development The term describes a situation in which resource use in Ukraine’s energy market. or an environmental pressure either grows at a slower rate than the economic activity that is causing it (relative de­ METHODOLOGY. coupling) or declines while the activity continues to grow In the process of research on the above-mentioned (absolute decoupling) [13]. problem, the following methods of research have been Environmental impacts – including climate change used: theoretical generalization, systematization and com­ and pollution – cannot be effectively mitigated by focus­ parison – for the definition of the features of term «circular ing on emission abatement alone. The level of resource use economy»; abstraction – for the identification of benefits determines the magnitude of final waste and emissions re­ of the circular economy, that might be received by all par­ leased to the environment, making resource management ticipants acting on different levels of the energy market; and efficiency key strategies for environmental protection. analysis and synthesis – for the research of scholar works A circular economy transition, to the extent that it re­ dealing with the present topic. sults in lower resource extraction without an associated reduction of economic output, can result in improved re­ 1. THE ORIGINS AND PRECONDITIONS source efficiency and decoupling [14, p.9]. OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY The overarching strategies manifest differently in Securing the environmental conditions is a prerequisite terms of possible pathways depending on a country’s lev­ for a thriving human society. Some researchers focus on el of natural resource endowment and its socio-economic the losses that are causing the global economy to impact context.

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Absolute decoupling is recommended as an aim for Unlike the traditional linear “take-make-dispose” ap­ high-income nations, with the need to lower average re­ proach, the concept of the circular economy comes from source-consumption levels, distribute prosperity equal­ the idea that waste, once adequately treated, can become ly and maintain a high quality of life. Strategies toward a resource again, thereby forming a loop in the produc­ waste prevention, high-value resource recovery, circular tion-consumption chain. The circular economy seeks to respect planetary boundaries through increasing the share resource flows. Relative decoupling is a key strategy suit­ of renewable or recyclable resources while reducing the ed to developing economies and economies in transition consumption of raw materials and energy and at the same to raise average income levels and eliminate poverty. time cutting emissions and material losses [16, p.6]. These countries should strive to improve their resource Each economic concept is characterized by its own efficiency even as their net consumption increases, until a approach to the step plan. These economic concepts dif­ socially acceptable quality of life is achieved. There is an fer in features and value, have their own advantages and opportunity to fast track sustainable development in such disadvantages. Ifthe linear economy system boundariesare countries by learning from and leapfrogging traditional limited by short term, from purchase to sales, then the cir­ pathways [15]. cular economy plays its lifecycle for a long time (Table 1).

Table 1 DESCRIPTION AND COMPARISON OF THE LINEAR AND CIRCULAR ECONOMIES

Source: developed by the authors based on [17] inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 55 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

However, despite its obvious advantages, there are l Economies of scale in terms of waste management. barriers towards to implementation of circular econo­ This production facility uses previously unreclaimed my business models and sustainable technology, among waste as fuel. which [18, p. 8-11]: l The creation of new synergies between businesses - Policies and regulations (the inadequate control sys­ for the reuse of waste products. tems for traceability hinder companies from reusing l Gaining customer loyalty by offering products that material or products that more than well meet the are better adapted to their needs. requirements of the new product). l Larger investments that require a certain degree of - Economic viability (sustainable solutions often lack partner commitment. the economic viability to compete with more re­ l An exchange of know-how: work with large com­ source intensive alternatives or those using unsus­ panies specialising in waste management in order to tainable input materials). benefit from their know-how and develop efficient - Consumer preferences (a lack of acceptance for re­ recycling methods. used or recycled products among consumers who l The need to remove barriers linked to restrictive often have strong preferences towards new products regulations or deeply ingrained consumer habits. made by virgin materials). Public-private partnerships are a powerful driver - Technology and infrastructure (the infrastructure for to address this challenge. Businesses improve their recycling is severely hampering the efficient use of practices while the State simplifies and adapts corre­ resources in the country. Most of the recycling is sponding regulations [20]. performed by scavengers without access to adequate There are many benefits associated with activating technology). the various levers of the circular economy, both for the Nevertheless, according to Rizos et al [19] in recent environment and for economic growth. It is a process of years the circular economy has received increasing at­ innovation and transformation of business models, that af­ tention worldwide due to, inter alia, the recognition that fects all subjects of the energy market, namely regulatory security of supply of resources and resource efficiency is authorities, energy generating companies, distribution and crucial for the prosperity of economies and businesses. supplying companies, end-customers and investors (Fig­ Lacy and Rutqvis[5] distinguish three fundamental ure 1). drivers of the circular economy: Energy resources are facing important supply pres­ 1. Resource constraints – because the current economy sures due to limited stocks and an explosion in demand is wasteful and does not leave enough resources for all following increases in population. The first advantage of forever. the circular economy is its capacity to limit this pressure, 2. Technological development – because the introduc­ which otherwise leads to high costs, increased price vola­ tion of new technologies, notably digital innovations, is tility, and, in the long-run, risks of global shortages. making the circular economy increasingly attractive and The circular economy transition has a positive role to viable for businesses. play, including in the fight against climate change, and at­ 3. Socio-economic opportunity – because decoupling mospheric pollution. This is the case for recycling because constrained resources from growth not only enables inclu­ manufacturing recycled products rather than new products sive growth but also empowers customers to squeeze the lead to fewer CO2 emissions. most value out of products and assets. Therefore, by reducing waste at every stage of the val­ It should be noted that the transition to the circular ue chain, the circular economy could play an essential role economy encompasses all of the changes which allow in the functioning of the energy market as a whole. different economic actors (including end-users) to con­ tinue creating value while preserving the natural capital 2. THE PLACE OF THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY and using increasingly fewer limited resources (whether IN NATIONAL ENERGY STRATEGIES non-renewable or renewing too slowly compared to con­ The circular economy provides a model which, if im­ sumption). plemented correctly, would go much further than mini­ Moreover, compared to the linear economy, which is mizing waste. Effective cycling of the many materials our primarily transactional, the circular economy encourages society discards would enable us to rebuild our natural greater collaboration between economic actors. assets—soil and soil quality in particular—so crucial to The motivation behind such collaboration can be: continued prosperity [21, p. 14].

56 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

Figure 1. Benefits of the circular economy for subjects of the energy market Source: authors’ work

It should be noted that energy in thecircular economy efficiency of their core processes as well as convert­ has five active research fields [22]: ing residual streams to high-value products. - Resources: This active fields focus on the develop­ Additionally, the increase in the use of alternative ment of production systems that utilise biomass, and forms of energy stimulates the availability of energy for consequently land, water and other resources, in ef­ the most remote corners of the planet, increases nation­ ficient and sustainable ways; al energy security, and minimizes the impact of climate - Industrial combustion and gasification processes: In change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions through de­ this active field, the work is focused on optimisation carbonisation of energy supplies. of combustion and gasification processes – including At the national level, a bundle of strategies and tools is flash pyrolysis – from the perspective of efficiency, available to public authorities to support the shift towards and investment and maintenance cost, as well as inclusive, resource-efficient and pollution-free economies. emission control; The Chinese government was one of the early adopters - Biochemical processes: The research within this ac­ of the concept, making the transition towards the circular tive field is focused on developing new and existing economy a national policy already in the 11th five-year biochemical processes that sustainably can produce plan. The plan intended to promote resource saving and to products derived from biomass; preserve the environment and achieve a harmonious bal­ - Carbon capture processes: This active field is ­ fo ance of economic growth, resources as well as the popula­ cused on the development of new, efficient technolo­ tion and the environment [23, p. 4]. gies that capture and treat carbon dioxide emissions According to International Energy Agency (IEA) from industrial combustion processes; statistics, China is the world leader in coal production - Chemical processes and process integration: The (44.6% of world production). This, accordingly, deter­ technologies and chemical processes developed mines coal as the main source of energy in the process of within this active field will allow the energy-inten­ generating electricity. At the same time, the government sive industries to significantly increase the energy concentrates its efforts on the development of the circular inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 57 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY economy at large and medium-sized enterprises in major Unlike EU countries, there was a lively debate in the energy-consuming industries, including electric power USA about recycling the CCW. The decision by the Envi­ generation and coal mining. Thus, the regulation, which ronmental Protection Agency to revisit the potential clas­ aims to stimulate the utilisation coal ash, took effect in sification of CCWs as a hazardous material in 2008 led to 2013. By introducing stricter environmental policies the a steady downturn in total utilization through 2014. On Chinese central government intends to reduce the environ­ 19 December2014, the Agency once again expressed its mental impact and improve the sustainability of the coun­ support for beneficial use activities. try’s economy. China, once the world’s biggest polluter, is It should be noted, that coal was the second-largest now the world’s largest backer of green energy [24]. energy source for U.S. electricity generation in 2017 — However, in practice, only a minority of national and about 30%. But coal consumption in power industry since industry standards are mandatory; the others are volun­ 2007 has been decreasing each year. As a result, it has de­ tary standards that industry is merely encouraged to adopt. creased by 36% over 10 years (from 1045.1 million tonnes Therefore, irrespective of the content of these standards, in 2007 to 664.7 million tonnes in 2017). their effectiveness is too limited to serve as a strong con­ Notwithstanding President Trump’s decision to revive trol to the practices of coal-fired power plants. This is one the American coal industry, according to IEA, electric coal of the main reasons why it is very difficult for China to consumption in power sector is expected to decline more make any major headway in preventing coal ash pollution. than 10 percent, within the next five years. Instead, the Within the EU, the circular economy is also gaining consumption of all other sources of energy, especially gas, momentum. In December 2015, the European Commis­ due to the decrease in prices for it, will increase signifi­ sion presented an EU Action Plan for the circular econ­ cantly. omy, which addressed the whole product lifecycle from Moreover, in order to support the American coal in­ design and production through consumption and waste dustry, D. Trump announced 1 June 2017 that the Unit­ management. This Action Plan formed part the Circular ed States would withdraw from the Paris climate accord, Economy Package, which included proposals to revise key weakening efforts to combat global warming. elements of the EU waste acquits: the Waste Framework Consequently, focusing on the inexpedient develop­ Directive, the Landfill Directive, the Packaging Directive, ment of thermal power generation, the US government ig­ and the Directives on end-of-life vehicles, batteries and nores the consideration of other weighty solutions relating accumulators, and waste electrical and electronic equip­ to the energy market, especially nuclear power regulation. ment (WEEE) [25]. The USA is the world’s largest producer of nuclear In January 2017, the European Commission published power, accounting for more than 30% of worldwide nucle­ guidelines on the role of waste to energy in the circular ar generation of electricity. For countries that use a large economy [26]: these underlined that waste to energy fa­ amount of nuclear energy, a spent fuel is a major problem cilities can play a positive role. EU waste policy aims to because it has to be either recycled or disposed of. The ensure that waste is used wherever possible as raw mate­ USA has 99 nuclear power reactors in 30 states, but there rial to make new products. Recycling is important for EU are no nuclear fuel reprocessing plants are now operating, members because they are dependent on imports of scarce though three have been built. The first, a 300 t/yr plant at raw materials, and recycling provides EU industries with West Valley, New York, the second was a 300 t/yr plant essential supplies recovered from waste [27, p. 6]. There­ built at Morris, Illinois, the third was a 1500 t/yrPurex fore, all the EU member countries classify coal combus­ plant at Barnwell, South Carolina. However, plants were tion wastes (CCWs) as non-hazardous and interpret the shut down due to changes in government policieswhich EU regulations into their own domestic legislation. For ruled out all US civilian reprocessing as one facet of US example, the Netherlands recycles 100 per cent of its non-proliferation policy. coal ash because landfill is not allowed in the country. In In return, in May 2017 $150 million was allocated Germany, where around 10 million tonnes of coal ash are to restart licensing activities for siting interim storage at produced per year, around 97 per cent is re-used, with the Yucca Mountain. Yucca Mountain in Nevada is the sole rest stored only on a temporary basis [28]. However, the initial repository of high-level wastes. By 2020 the inven­ level of development of the circular economy varies great­ tory of used fuel awaiting disposal is expected to be 88000 ly from one European country to the other depending on tonnes. a country’s level of natural resource endowment and its Therefore, in the United States, the possibility of re­ socio-economic context. processing of used fuel is excluded. But it should be noted

58 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY that reprocessing used fuel to recover uranium (as RepU) eral mechanism dealing with the circular economy as a and plutonium (Pu) avoids the wastage of a valuable re­ whole.The degree to which various circular economy in­ source.Both can be recycled as fresh fuel, saving up to itiatives are adopted very much depends on each State: 30% of the natural uranium otherwise required. Thus, this California - probably the most advanced State in this re­ contributes to national energy security. A secondary rea­ gard - introduced a zero-waste objective into its legislation son is to reduce the volume of material to be disposed of as in 2002. Other States have launched no particular initia­ high-level waste to about one-fifth. In addition, the level tives [20]. of radioactivity in the waste from reprocessing is much Despite US policy, some other states of the world smaller and after about 100 years falls much more rapidly (France, United Kingdom, Russia, Japan, India) chose to than in used fuel itself [29]. Hence, in the United States, there is at present no fed­ reprocess and recycle these materials (Table 2).

Table 2 WORLD COMMERCIAL REPROCESSING CAPACITY [29]

Moreover, Japan is planning to start up a major (800 vides about 11000 jobs and about $600million for the lo­ t/yr) plant at Rokkasho in 2021.The AEC fuel cycle sub­ cal economy. committee had noted that in each case reprocessing and In the conditions of integration of the united power recycle of used fuel is economically much better – by system of Ukraine into the pan-European energy grid about 20% – than direct disposal. In May 2016 Japanese ENTSO-E there are a number of economic, political and parliament passed a bill aimed at “taking measures neces­ technological risks. In these conditions, the main thing is sary for the steady implementation of the reprocessing of to harmonize the approaches to implementing the prin­ used nuclear fuel”. ciples of the circular economy in the functioning of the It should be noted that in Japan, transition to the cir­ electricity market. cular economy is considered as a way of compensating Necessary legislative requirements that will stimulate for the country’s lack of natural resources and scarcity of the production of renewable energy and provide priority space, because Japan has no indigenous uranium and buy for development for such enterprises. The current situa­ it from Australia, Canada, Kazakhstan and elsewhere.It is tion in the field of energy regulation, when DTEK’s ther­ based on the 3-Rs (reduce, reuse, recycle) and the desire mal power plants receive subsidies, is unacceptable. The to create a “Sound Material Cycle Society”: that is a soci­ corruption component of such a decision demobilizes al­ ety in which the consumption of natural resources is pre­ ternative energy producers and disrupts work carried out served and the environmental impact reduced through the in this direction. application of a 3R approach to wastes. A reasonable approach to the calculation of electricity France, EU’s largest producer of nuclear power, chose tariffs, taking into account the investment component, can the closed fuel cycle at the very beginning of its nuclear become a leverage that will stimulate the development of program.In France, spent fuel from that country’s 58 nu­ the energy sector of Ukraine on the basis of the circular clear power plants is shipped to a recycling facility at Cap economy. La Hague. As a result, France today generates 80 percent Conclusions. The results of the study proved that the of its electricity needs with nuclear power, about 20% of circular economy comes already true in national energy it generated through recycling. Moreover, La Hague pro­ strategies and concerns mainly reprocessing and recycle inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 59 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY of used fuel, such as coal combustion waste and nuclear fu­ potential economic benefits of circularity in the energy in­ els; yet the core aspects of the circular economy varies de­ dustry, which, unlike the existing ones, takes into account pending on a country’s level of natural resource endowment the subject-functional structure of the energy markets. It en­ and its socio-economic and politic context. Thus, despite the ables to consider its significance for each economic entities promising state of sustainability in the energy industry, there acting on the energy market of every hierarchical level. is clearly room for improvement for different countries and The authors see potential need in research in the identi­ Ukraine in particular. fication of factors which stimulate the development of the The scientific novelty of this study is the definition of circular economy in the energy industry.

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saaviacio transportis mier miwis gamoyenebis sakiTxebi ukrainaSi: arsebuli mdgomareoba da ganviTarebis strategia

THE LAND USE OF AVIATION TRANSPORT IN UKRAINE: CONTEMPORARY STATUS AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY

irina novakovskaia, ІRYNANOVAKOVSKA, e.m.d.kievis erovnuli Kyiv National Aviation University saaviacio universitetis profesori, ukraina Professor, Ukraine lilia skripniki, LILIIA SKRYPNYK proeqtis kvleviTi jgufis wevri, ukraina Research team member of project , Ukraine

ABSTRACT Сonsequently, the rapid development of the aviation Globalization of the modern world economy requires a industry, on the one hand, contributes to the economic new level of development of the world economy.Therefore, development of the national and world economy, and, construction a strong national economy should take into on the other hand, the rapid growth of the role of aviation account the economic changes taking place not only in transport in people’s lives could not but affect the natural Ukraine but also in the world. Particular attention in this environment: the atmosphere, surface water and soil. regard should be given to the development of the aviation Therefore, theformationofaviationland-useandtheecologicall industry. Using the aviation transport service has many ysafeuseisanextremelytopicalsubjectofscientificresearchmod benefits. There are the possibility of reducing the route, the ernconditions.Their main task is to develop scientific bases operation of the year round, the possibility of delivery of and methodological guidelines of formation, operation and goods in hard-to-reach areas, fast and convenient passenger management of land potential aviation industry and land transportation. This type is beyond comparison to other management guidelines of air transport facilities. modes of transport on the speed of passengers’ delivery and The National Transport Strategy of Ukraine for the period cargo urgent long distances. up to 2030 is defined the main directions of improving the And along with seemingly positive achievements, quality of transport services involves approaching the level aviation transport has been and remains a large-scale source of supply and infrastructure to European standards, improve of harmful factors in the environment, making it necessary safety and reduce the negative impact on the environment. to develop and implement a comprehensive program of ecological safety. Keywords: land use of aviation transport, ecologically Feature of aviation transport land use is the concentration safe land use, development strategy. in a small area of land large number of objects and structures of different functions that ensure the operation anotacia of aviation transport and require appropriate planning areas Tanamedrove msoflio ekonomikis global­ of aerodromes and airports.Based on that airfield relating izaciis procesebi moiTxoven msoflio meurne­ to strategic facilities and airport terminal is considered the obis dargebis ganviTarebis axal dones. swored object of investment, aviation transport division of land amitom myari erovnuli ekonomikis ganviTarebis by ownership (state, municipal, private) and type of use mizniT saWiroa gaTvaliswinebuli iqnas ekono­ (concession, lease, superficies, easement) is pretty complex mikuri cvlilebebi, romlebic xdeba ara marto and extremely important task of land management of the ukrainaSi, aramed mTel msoflioSi. am sakiTx­ respective territories. Si gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda daeTmos Restricting land-use aviation transport at airports, saaviacio transports. saaviacio transportis surrounding areas cover large areas of land.According to upiratesobebs warmoadgens gadazidvebis maqsi­ the definition of the Aviation Code (Article 69), within the maluri siswrafe; marSrutis sigrZis Semcirebis territory of the for aerodrome territory, the placement of SesaZlebloba misi sworxazovnebis gamo; nebi­ landfills, the construction of facilities that contribute to the smier sezonSi funqcionirebis SesaZlebloba, massive accumulation of birds and may pose a threat to air tvirTebis miwodebis SesaZlebloba rTulad traffic is prohibited. misaRwev regionebSi da zeswrafi da mosaxerxe­

62 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY beli samgzavro gadazidvebi, sxva saxis trans­ eqtebis miwaTsargeblobisaTvis SemuSavebul portebTan SedarebiT is ukonkurentoa Sor meTodur rekomendaciebTan SesabamisobaSi. manZilebze mgzavrebisa da saswrafo tvirTebis gagzavnis siswrafis mxriv. sakvanZo sityvebi: saaviacio transportis magram, miuxedavad aseTi dadebiTi miRweve­ miwaTsargebloba, ekologiurad usafrTxo mi­ bisa erTis mxriv, saaviacio transporti iyo da waTsargebloba, ganviTarebis strategia. rCeba gare samyaroze mavne faqtorebis zemoq­ medebis masStabur wyarod, rasac mivyavarT avi­ INTRODUCTION asatransporto saqmianobis ekologiuri usa­ Our studies allow to assert that the concept of land-use frTxoebis kompleqsuri programis SemuSavebisa aviation transport might be regarded as a complex socio- da realizaciis aucileblobisaken. economic and environmental measures and ensuring aviasatransporto miwaTsargeblobis Tav­ the regulation of land relations in the aviation industry, iseburebas warmoadgens miwis SedarebiT nak­ rational use and protection of land granted for use and for leb farTobze mniSvnelovani raodenobis iseTi aerodrome territory. obieqtebisa da sxvadasxva funqcionaluri dan­ Among the small number of scientists who have the iSnulebis nagebobebis Tavmoyra, romlebic uz­ scientific capacity to develop and implement ways to runvelyofen saaviacio transportis muSaobas improve processes and ecologically safe land transport da moiTxoven aerodromis da aeroportis ter­ infrastructure, it should be noted N. Bondarchuk [3] Y. itoriebis Sesabamis dagegmarebas. gamomdinare Dorosha [13], K. Marintsevu [5], L. Novakovskogo [6], I. iqidan, aerodromi miekuTvneba strategiul obi­ Novakovskaya [7,8,9,10], M. Stetsyuk [11], M. Janic [12]. eqts, xolo aeroportis terminali ki iTvleba Also we consider and research the scientific publication investirebis obieqtad, saaviacio transportis such authors as D.Babmindru, I. Bystryakov, A. Tretyak, miwebis gancalkeveba sakuTrebis formis (saxel­ A. Yurchenko, A. Martin, A. Miroshnichenko, William mwifo, komunaluri, kerZo) da sargeblobis saxis Becker. mixedviT (koncesia, ijara, servituti) sakmaod Environmental issues aviation industry dedicated rTulia da mnSvnelovania Sesabamisi teritoriis to the research of authors such as S. Boychenko [2], A. miwaTmowyobisTvis. Zaporozhets [1], I Vysotsky and others. saaviacio transportis miwaTmowyobis Sez­ This scientific potential, as a result of the research Rudvebi aeroportis mimdebare teritoriaze mo­ which has beev carried out by the aforementioned icavs miwis mniSvnelovan farTobebs. sahaero ko­ scientists in the integrated assessment, has made it deqsis gaTvaliswinebiT (statia 69), aerodromis possible to construct the main problems and principles mimdebare teritoriebze nagavsayrelebis gan­ of the formation of efficient, environmentally safe and Tavseba, nagebobebis mSenebloba an ganviTareba, regulated land use of aviation transport. xels uwyobs frinvelebis masobriv Tavmoyras da SeiZleba safrTxe Seuqmnan sahaero moZraobas. METHODOLOGY amgvarad, saaviacio dargis swrafi ganviTare­ The system of Ukraine includes 72 airports and airfields ba, erTis mxriv, xels uwyobs erovnuli da msof­ operating at 20 airports, 6 of which are characterized by lio ekonomikis ganviTarebas, xolo meores mxriv high levels of economic efficiency in terms of average saaviacio transportis rolis swraf zrdas mo­ traffic flow data for the year (Table. 1). saxleobis cxovrebaSi, ar SeuZlia ar imoqmedos Over the past 11 years the volume of Ukrainian gare samyaroze; atmosferoze, zedapirul wyleb­ airlines passenger traffic increased by almost 6 times. ze da niadagze. amitom, Tanamedrove pirobebSi, Such indicators are the result of the expansion of the saavicio miwaTmowyobisa da saaviacio transpor­ route network and increasing the flights intensity in both tis miwebis ekousafrTxo gamoyeneba warmoadgens directions possessed of renewal of air strips. But despite samecniero kvlevebis uaRresad aqtualur Temas. all, the stable functioning of 6 airports for such area as of mis ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens saaviacio dar­ 603 thousand square kilometers, which Ukraine occupies, gis miwis potencialis gamoyenebis mecnieruli is unacceptable.After all, according to expert estimates, safuZvlebisa da meTodologiuri debulebebis there should be a modernized, poly functional airport Seqmna, aseve funqcionirebisa da regulirebis for every 200-300 km of country territory, which in the uzrunvelyofa saaviacio transportis obi­ present condition is not observed in Ukraine [14]. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 63 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

Table 1 THE LIST OF THE BIGGEST UKRAINIAN AIRPORT SAND THEIR SHORT CHARACTERISTIC

Source: Author’s Development

Consequently, the development and improvement of Consider the ecological principle of the formation economically efficient, ecologically safe, regulated spatial of effective land use planning for aviation transport. planning of aviation transport land use should be based At this stage of technological progress aviation on three main aspects: economic, environmental and legal industry - is the realization of new developments and (Figure 1) achievements in the practical aspects of the application.

Figure 1. Basic aspects and fundamentals of efficient land use planning for aviation transport Source: Author’s Development

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There are the development of new equipment, both parcel.Also they must not infringe the other land users on-board and on-board; creation of powerful engines; interests (including tenants) to prevent waterlogging, land fleet renewal and new types of design.And along with degradation and pollution of industrial and other waste, seemingly positive achievements, aviation transport has untreated waste water, take measures to protect the soil been and remains a large-scale source of harmful factors from erosion, and also observe other requirements for the in the environment, making it necessary to develop and protection of land. implement a comprehensive program of ecological safety. The main local problems arising from the operation of The legislation in the field of environmental protection aviation transport are acoustic, electromagnetic, thermal and ecologically land establishes that transport`s pollution, and emissions, discharges of harmful chemicals enterprises are obliged to rationally use granted the land in the areas of the location of the aeroport[2].

Table 2 THE TYPE OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCE, WHICH ARE GENERATED BECAUSE OF THE AIRCRAFT ENGINES` WORK AND THE EFFECTS OF THEIR IMPACT

Source: Author’s Development

The listed harmful substances (Table 2) fall into the atm­­ such influenceis reflected on the humus horizon, that is, with o­sphere as a result of combustion of fuel by evaporation, lea­ ­ the increase the amount of hydrocarbons in it, the quality of kage and emissions.About 70% of emissions from aircraft en­ the soil sharply deteriorates as a nutrient substrate for plants. gines is carbon dioxide (CO2), 30% is water vapor (H2O) [4]. Consequently, contamination of soil with hydrocarbons of And still the greatest danger in this case are the changes oil and petroleum products leads to a sharp violation of soil in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the microbiocenosis, and a long-term negative effect on soil ecosystem; violation of the course of natural biological animals, causing elimination in the intensive pollution zone. processes; the formation of microbiological cleavage resistant The airport in frastructure compatibility with surrounding even more toxic compounds that contain carcinogenic and territories is critical to flight safety and reducing the risk of mutagenic qualities. crashes.The location, size and configuration of the airport There are spills, sewage and emissions, which are must be consistent with the models of residential, industrial the main sources of soil pollution by hydrocarbons. The and commercial development. Particular attention needs penetration of such harmful substances into the soil leads to installation altitude indicators for nearby developments to an active change in the chemical composition and soil according to approved national and international norms and structure. It is impossible not to notice that in the first turn standards [3] inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 65 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

Considering the physical and geographical conditions Particular attention, when this issue is considered, in is extremely important for the normal functioning of both more frequent cases influence is given to birds, and in rare the airline and the surrounding areas, especially in the cases - wild animals. event that the airport is located within a large city. After all, Collisions between birds and airplanes are a great danger if you do not adhere to such rules and regulations for the to aircraft.The most frequent and at the same time dangerous landing and operation of the land, there may be a problem parts of the airplane are exposed to bird strikes: with the operation of the airport in general, as it was the l The front of the wing: the emergence of dents and case at the Kai Tac Airport, which was located in the special holes. administrative district of the People’s Republic of China - l The forehead glazing of the aircraft: if the collision with Hong Kong.The location of the airport was unusual: it was the birds happen the forehead glazing of the aircraft is in lowland, surrounded by mountains and water, and later - broken or collapsed, and its fragments cause injury to residential neighborhoods.In 1958, due to increased demand crew members, and in some cases, fatal consequences, for air travel was built the new runway 13/31.That new uncontrolled airplane and catastrophe. runway was very dangerous and extreme. l The absorption of individual birds or entire flocks by In 1993, for example, the Boeing 747 aircraft landed the engine, leading to the destruction of the compressor unsuccessfully on a runway, and on the surface of the blades or sharply reduce the flow of air in and as a reservoir, causing significant financial losses by the airline. result of engine failure, fire, failure[16].

Table 3 THE BASIC REQUIREMENTS OF NORMS OBSERVANCE AND RULES IN FORMATION OF AN ECOLOGICAL EFFICIENT COMPONENT RATIONAL LAND USE OF AVIATION TRANSPORT

Source: Author’s Development Consider the economic principle of the formation natural resources and compliance with environmental of effective land use planning for aviation transport. safety of the environment. In terms of economic factors, effective land use system Operation of the aviation industry is an extraordinary of aviation transport aims to obtain a certain amount economic contribution to the level of other industries of wealth with minimum capital and energy costs,also productivity, which is a powerful fixative for their growth. maximize the productivity of

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This effect, in turn, improves the performance of the global Formation and development of aviation transport land economy. use, as a special industry, requires the study of the pec­ Factors, which are influencing of the aviation operation uliarities of economic evaluation regarding the level of industry to strengthen foreign economic relations: efficiency and rationality of the use of this subcategory of l Promotes the strengthening of trade ties and land. connections; Economic evaluation is a very important concept which l Helping the country for consolidate its position in the aims to determine the most optimal for airline labor and world market, increasing access to it and increasing capital, profits, damages, the efficient use of labor, material, globalization of production; and especially land resources as implicit territorial basis. l Stimulation the concentration on a particular type of One of the first issue, which shows the economic economic activity on which the state specializes and efficiency of aviation transport land use is the result (profit). has the comparative advantages in commercial matters; To characterize the concept of «land economics of l Has a great influence on the increase of the tourist trips aviation transport», might use the following definition. level; l Raising the level of economic efficiency and shortens Consequently this concept is considered in terms of profit, the delivery time for the so-called «supply chain»; the use of labor, inputs and contributions to the overall local, l The founder ways of investing, both within the country regional, national, social and economic well-being, which and abroad; must made in relation to the unit area of land, and is operated l An incentive to innovate through the promotion of ef­ by airport.In this case, the specific economic indicators of fective network collaboration between companies lo­ aviation transport land use will have the following form cated in different parts of the globe. (Figure 2).

Figure2. Indicators that are key to the cost-effectiveness of aviation transport land-use Source: Author’s Development

The presented economic indicators (fig. 2) characterize by ng the following formula: the level of efficiency of land use, with compulsory taking EefLU = PR (Т) / A (T), (1), [12] into account two important indicators: the area of land Where, EefLU– the economic efficiency of land use of and a specific period of time during which the land is aviation transport; exploited, and has a certain amount of profitability. PR (Т)–the net profit, which is received at operation Consequently, according to the analysis of indicators, of the airport for a specific period of time (T) (€ or $ US the economic efficiency of land use might be estimated usi / year); inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 67 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

A (T)–a certain amount of land plot area which is used N – the number of flights for a specific, estimated for the needs of aviation transport for a specific period of period of time; time. P – this is the number of population which are living In any economic activity, it is advisable to consider the within the limits of a potential accident, an airplane level of risks that may arise during the production.n the crash around the airport for a certain period of time and case of aviation transport, it is necessary to calculate the occupying a specific area of the land plot; risks of fatal accidents on aviation enterprises, aircrashes, Ас – this is the area of the land plot that suffered a fatal especially for such airport locations where there is a crash(hectares). tendency for a high concentration of occupants near Consider the legislative principle of the formation the runways.Therefore, insurance risks from accidents of effective land use planning for aviation transport. to large-scale aviation crashes ought to be calculated According to the current land legislative, each of according to the following formula: the land categories determines the specific legal regime of using.An important concept that characterizes the RFA = rfac * pfac/ap *N* P / Ас (2), [12] legitimate regulation of the use one or another land is the existence of restrictions on land use. Where,rfacз – the speed of fatal accidents of an aircraft for a specific period of time; The essence of the «restriction» notion regarding the land use includes the following main aspects: purpose; pfac/ap – the indicator of the probability that a crash will occur in the immediate vicinity of the airport in a specific mode of use; land servitude; environmental, construction period of time; norms and standardsfor the use and protection of land.

Table 4 RESTRICTIONS ON THE AVIATION TRANSPORT LAND IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE ASPECTS OF THE ESTABLISHED NORMATIVE-LEGAL ACTS

Source: Author’s Development

Also one of the important aspects of the restriction processes and prognosticating land of aviation transport. notion is the allocation so-called zones of a special mode In contrast to the land of rail, road and maritime of use, among which are determined: sanitary, protective, transport, for which the harbor strips are diverted, for land protective zones and runway.This type of restrictions of aviation transport is characterized by such objects that is characteristic of the legal regime for the use of all are called aerodrome territory and airways. categories of land. Features for aerodrom area should be considered in the The legal regime of aviation land is somewhat different context of internal and external zoning where the object from the legal features of other landtransport. Firstoperat acts as a control zone, recording quality and quantity of ionofthesubliesintheinteractionofbothlandandaviationtra objects and obstacles.This area has clearly defined sizes nsport.Consequently, the beginning of any activity on the and locations around the aerodrome over which aircraft ground, you need to organize a series of planning, designing manoeuvres during takeoff and landing.

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DATA. It is necessary to draw attention to the fact that The data set is based on information according to the formation of an environmental factors should be provisions of “Ukraine’s Aviation Transport Strategy for considered fromtwosides.Thefirstsideistheharmfulimpac the period up to 2030”; sources of scientific and technical tofaviationtransportonthe natural environment.The other literature, in particular in the field of aviation ecology; side is the dangers to the activity of the airline, aircraft, scientific developments of domestic scientists; articles of passengers and on the adjoined infrastructure and features foreign scientists on economicallyeffective land use of of wildlife in certain areas of land use. aviation transport; own research and conclusions. Consequently, the economic side of the formation of The current global development trend shows that effective land-use planning for aviation transport should among the 160 world countries, Ukraine’s aviation operate and develop in order to achieve the following transport system is 61st in terms of logistics efficiency objectives: index.This indicator is not the worst among such countries, l Estimation of the cost effectiveness in the but the development of the socio-economic sector requires allocation of a free land plot for the operation of much better and more effective indicators. That, experts aviation transport facilities or the calculation of the say the reason is a small fraction of Ukrainian airlines expediency of extending the territories of the exiting in the global transport market.This situation does not airport; match the potential, due to its geographical location, level l An assessment of the expediency of expansion of development, availability of domestic production of the existing airport’s territory, for example, for the aircraft and opportunities for effective spatial land use construction of a new runway; planning air transport. l Measures for monitoring and comparing the results For the research stage, the period has been chosen of land use at different airports, taking measures in the term of 2017-2018 year. The decision regarding to avoid problems of incompatible adjacent the mentioned years is based on such arguments. Civil infrastructure to the land use of a particular airport aviation is an important element of change and integration or vice versa; in the modern development and establishment the l Calculationsofthefutureorcurrentprospectofusinglan economic relations system in Ukraine on the so-called dplots, which areoccupiedbyairports. «international space». That branch has the particular The most used in the world - the Global Reporting value for solving socio-economic, political-legal and Initiative (GRI), about 80% of the world’s public non- environmental problems, and belongs to strategically financial reports are compiled with their use. They important sectors of the Ukrainian economy.But today include such important concepts as materiality-that is, the the existing potential is not enough.The aviation transport definition of which transactions to consider essential and industry is influenced by the growing manifestations mandatory for disclosure in the report, and also take into of the crisis.This peculiarity applies to virtually all the account the interests of not only shareholders, but also major components of the aviation industry, aviation, all interested parties. In the 20 years since the 90s, the air transport, transport infrastructure.But first of all, it company has earned the status of an expert in this field, should be emphasized that it is necessary to consider a which has raised the value of its recommendations to a rather problematic issue regarding economically efficient, high standard. ecologically safe, regulated spatial planning of aviation The overall scores of the respondent companies are transport land use [9]. shown in the Table 3 above. Nestle lacks 6 points it lost in ecological (environmental fines) and social (traumatism EMPIRICAL RESULTS cases) to get to the maximum score of 100. The Ukrainian The basic requirements of norms observance and rules company Roshen was able to get some points in every in formation of an ecological efficient component rational category (most of them being in economical one), but land use of aviation transport, which have been considered it clearly lacks a complex approach towards the CSR be athors`, are presented in Table 3. Consequently, practices. certain criteria considered aviation transport land-use in Concluding the empirical findings of the respondent the context of its impact on natural ecosystems and on companies comparison we can confirm the key role of the contrary, the impact of the environment on aviation corporate social responsibility of companies, the peculiarities analyze the basic requirements and compliance regulations of which differ for developed market and emerging market in shaping the environmental component of the sphere. countries. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 69 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY

The comparative assessment of corporate social respo­ 1. Adherence and improvement of economic, nsibility of Nestlé and Roshen allowed to clarify the range of environmental and legal principlesformation of effective variational differences and peculiarities of their implementation land use planning for aviation transport, needs: in the system of criteria: economic, environmental, social, l Implementation of environmental management sys­ ethical, informational and managerial. tem at airline companies Authos` have considered and structured kindes of l Application of aviation alternative fuels restrictions on the aviation transport land in accordance l Ecologization of fuel warehouses and airports` with the aspects of the established normative-legal acts in lubricants Table 4. l Providing compulsory environmental expertise of In Ukraine, this is a problem regarding the the airline delimitation and regulation of legitimate land use in the l Estimation of the cost effectiveness in the case of aerodrome territories. At first, the State Land allocation of a free land plot for the operation of Cadaster does not haveinformation and digital data on the aviation transport facilities or the calculation of the distribution of aerodrome territories.Secondly, because expediency of extending the territories of the exiting certain airports are located within large cities, the distance airport; between the aerodrome territories does not coincide with l Calculationsofthefutureorcurrentprospectofusinglan national, international norms and rules.In addition, the dplots, which areoccupiedbyairports; land legislation of Ukraine clearly defines the provisions l Consideration and observance of the legal regime for regarding the necessity of introducing land use restrictions aviation transport land use; as an object of the State Land Cadaster [10]. l Adherence and all requirements fulfillment of the UkraineisamemberoftheInternationalCivilAviationO Convention normative legal documents of the rganization. Compliance with all requirements of legal International Civil Aviation Organization,regarding documents Convention concerning the organization of the aviation activities organization, in particular, aviation, including an effective, legitimate forecasting effective, lawful forecasting and planning of spatial and planning spatial development is imperative in development,which is a prerequisite for preserving maintaining the integrity of natural ecosystems, not only the integrity of natural ecosystems, not only within within the state, but also contributes to economic growth the limits of its state, but also contributing to the eco­ and development world aviation infrastructure.Moreover, nomic growth and development of world aviation in­ from 2015, Annex 15 to the Convention on International frastructure Civil Aviation, states, airports, airports (airports) of which 2. The development of more specific methods state are constantly accepting flights of international airlines regulation of legal regime land use aviation transport, must have clear digital data on aerodrome territories to be in particular non-target use or illegal land construction included in the state registers, in case of Ukraine to the State around the airports and also observance of restrictions Land Cadastre. The main objective of this requirement is of high-rise building within a radius of 50 km at the flight safety, through the use of more accurate aeronautical aerodrome territories information and monitoring of the environment. 3. Providing of growing touristic and business potential of Ukrainian capital through the building up CONCLUSION the International airport “Kiev” (Zhulyany) (in particular The issues of planning and prognostication land use the extension and amplification of the runway for the aviation transport are considered in positions of “Ukraine’s reception without restrictions of aircraft А321/В737- aviation transport strategy for the period up to 2030”. At 900) or projection the new modern International airport the moment, one of the fundamental principles for the in the Kiev district, also development of access roads and practical application of this strategy is the unconditional high-quality ground connections by different type of civic need for the use of land-resource potential, or spatial transport; basis, which is reflected in special measures and methods 4. Conducting an inventory of airports (airfields) of influence [15]. lands for the purpose of their preservation and use for According to the analysis and research, which was «low-cost» traffic and / or general aviation; carried out, the strategy for the development and imple­ 5. Regulation of measures to implement an mentation of efficient, rational, dynamic land use of avia­ integrated approach to airport reconstruction taking tion transport should be aimed at the following directions: into account the needs for high-speed land transport

70 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 dargobrivi da regionuli ekonomika - SECTORAL AND REGIONAL ECONOMY links between airports and settlements, in particular, the International Airport, by reducing the share of net profit development of modern transit infrastructure at Boryspil (income) deducted to the state budget.

REFERENCES [1] Boichenko, S., Zaporozhets, O. (2017), Transport ecology manual, Center for Educational Literature, Kyiv, 508 p. [2] Boichenko, S. V., Radomskaya, M. M., Chernyak, L. M., (2014), Aviation Ecology, NAU, Kiev, 152p. [3] Bondarchuk, N. (2009), Concept and characteristics of land of aviation transport and their legal regime, Ph.D. Thesis, VM Koretsky National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine, 181 р. [4] Kulik, M. S., Aksenov, O. F., Yanovsky L. S., (2015), Aviation chemotology: fuel for aviation engines. Theoretical and engineering basics of application, NAU, Kiev, 560 p. [5] Marintseva K. (2014). Scientific fundamentals and methods of ensuring the effective functioning of air transport systems: monohrafiya. Kyiv:NAU . [6] Novakovskii, L. (2007), Socio-economic problems of modern land use, Harvest, Kyiv, 276 p. [7] Novakovska I. O. (2018). Land degradation of metropolises: assessment and problems of localization.– Balanced nature management, 3, 139-147. [8] Novakovska I. O. (2018). Optimization of land use system. Ekonomist.– Economist, 3, 27-32. [9] Novakovska, I. (2016). Urban Land Management: Monograph. Kyiv: Agrarnaya Nauka. [in Ukrainian]. [10] Novakovska Iryna, Skrypny Liliia. Ecological safety of land resources for integrated development of national aviation net­ work in the context of European integration[collective monograph]/ Informācijas Sistēmu Menedžmenta Augstskola, ISMA University, Riga, Latvia,2017. – Vol. 2, – p.50-59 [11] Stetsyuk, I.O., Skrypnyk, L.R. (2018), Management priorities of land resources use in the context of the airports and infrastructure operation, Land system, cadastre and land monitoring, No. 2, pp. 33-41. [12] Analyzing, modeling, and assessing the performances of land use by airports. International Journal of Sustainable Transpor­ tation.[online] Available from:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15568318.2015.1104566?needAccess=true [13] Topical issues of land evaluation in the field of land surveyors [online] Available from:: https://nubip.edu.ua/node/29069 [14] Airports of Ukraine. Assessment of the status and development proposals [online] Available from: https://www.slideshare. net/UIFuture/ss-78262445 [15] About the approval of the Ukrainian aviation transport strategy for the period up to 2030[online] Available from: https://mtu. gov.ua/projects/166/ [16] Birds and humans [online] Available from:: http://pernatidruzi.org.ua/ptakhy_litaky.html

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axali sapensio reformis Suq-Crdilebi saqarTveloSi

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NEW PENSION REFORM IN GEORGIA lamara qoqiauri, LAMARA QOQIAURI, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori Doctor of Economics , Professor. Leading ekonomikuri kvlevebis erovnuli institutis Scientist- Collaborator of the Institute wamyvani mecnier-TanamSromeli, baTumi, saqarTvelo of Economic Researches, Batumi, Georgia

anotacia Key words: accumulating pension, pension, pension statiaSi ganxilulia dagrovebiTi sapensio model, pension reform, inflation, social background, conserv­ sistemaze gadasvlis winapirobebi, misi ganxor­ ative model, mixed model, savings. cielebis aucilebloba da SesaZleblobebi Cvens qveyanaSi. gadmocemulia sapensio uzrunvely­ 1. Sesavali ofis msoflioSi miRebuli mniSvnelovani mod­ Cvens qveyanaSi erT-erTi yvelaze mniSv­ elebi, kerZod: tradiciuli-solidaruli anu nelovani sapensio reformis ganxorcieleba socialuri sapensio modeli; dagrovebiT prin­ daiwyo. misi umTavresi mizania pensionerebis cipze damyarebuli anu individualuri xasiaTis Rirseuli finansuri siberiT uzrunvelyo­ modeli. SromaSi ZiriTadi aqcenti gamaxvilebu­ fa da ekonomikuri mxardaWera saWiro dros lia dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis koncefcize; finansuri investiciebis ganxorcielebiT. warmodgenilia saqarTveloSi misi ganxorciel­ vinaidan misi moqmedebis Sedegebs qveynis ebis sqema, modelirebuli pensiebis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba da ekonomika aTwleulebis Semdeg daSvebebi. Seswavlili Teoriuli da praqtiku­ igrZnobs, aRniSnuli sakiTxis Seswavla, misi li masalis ganzogadebis safuZvelze aqve war­ gatarebis Suq-Crdilebis gaanalizeba metad modgenilia dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mosazrebebi aqtualuria. mimdinare sapensio reformis Sesaxeb, mocemulia rogorc cnobilia, reformaSi monawile­ dagrovebis socialur-liberaluri sapensio oba 40 wlamde moqalaqeebisaTvis savaldeb­ modelis danergvis analizi. uloa. aRniSnuli garemoeba ekonomistebSi polemikis sagani gaxda, Tumca xazgasasmelia, sakvanZo sityvebi: dagrovebiTi pensia, pen­ rom msgavsi komponenti aRmosavleT evropaSi sia, sapensio modeli, sapensio reforma, infla­ ganxorcielebul sxva sapensio modelebSic cia, socialuri foni, konservatiuli modeli, gvxvdeba. litvasa da poloneTSi 30 wlamde Sereuli modeli, danazogi. pirebisaTvis aris dazogva savaldebulo, Se­ darebiT maRalia bulgareTSi, sadac asako­ brivi cenzi 42 wlia. ABSTRACT ZiriTadi argumenti, Tu ratom unda iyos In the article it is discussed preconditions of moving to dazogva garkveul asakamde savaldebulo, accumulating pension system, the necessity and possibilities gamomdinareobs momavalze orientirebuli of its fulfilling in Georgia. The article presents important midgomidan, rom axali Taoba momavalSi rac models about providing pension adopted in the world,; tradi­ SeiZleba naklebad iyos damokidebuli sol­ tional – solidary or social-pension model; based on accumu­ idarul sapensio sistemaze da maTi sakuTari lating principle or model of individual character. In the article pensiis uzrunvelyofa Tavad SeZlon. it is highlighted conception of accumulating pension system; arsebuli sapensio sistemis da dagegmi­ its fulfilling scheme in Georgia, main allowances of modelled li reformis efeqtianobis Sesafaseblad pensions. On the basis of generalization of studied theoretical gavecaniT evropis zogierTi qveynis sapen­ and practical material the work shows positive and negative sio sistemebs, sapensio reformis sqemas, ra opinions about current pension reform. It is analyzed inculca­ SemTxvevaSi da rogori principiT miiReben tion of social-liberal pension model. moqalaqeebi dazogil Tanxebs; statiaSi ga­

72 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY maxvilebulia yuradReba sapensio reformis tradiciuli sapensio modelis proble­ momzadebis, gatarebisa da mosalodneli Sede­ murobaze saubari 90-ian wlebSi daiwyo. am mx­ gebis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebze; stati­ riv pirveli siRrmiseuli analizi 1994 wels aze muSaobis procesSi farTod gamoviyeneT warmoadgina msoflio bankma publikaciaSi qarTuli ekonomikuri literaturis uaxle­ Averting The Old Age Crisis: Policies to Protect the Old si masalebi dagrovebiTi sapensio reformis and Promote Growth. amave naSromSi daisva sakiTxi momzadebis, gatarebis da SesaZlo Sedegebis arsebuli sistemis reformirebis aucile­ Sesaxeb. blobasTan dakavSirebiT. mas Semdeg araerTma qveyanam ganaxorciela sapensio reforma. Se­ 1. ZiriTadi nawili sabamisi cvlilebebi saqarTveloSic swored 2.1 dagrovebiTi pensia saqarTveloSi, msoflio bankis rekomendaciis safuZvelze da zogadi mimoxilva misi mxardaWeriT igegmeba. saqarTveloSi dagrovebiT sapensio sis­ dRes arsebuli, tradiciuli modelis kri­ temaze gadasvla xorcieldeba. amaze saubari tikisTvis adgilobriv doneze gamodgeba is jer kidev ramdenime wlis win daiwyo, Tum­ argumentic, rom Tanafardoba Sromisunarian ca dResdReobiT is ukve qveynis socia­ mosaxleobasa da pensionerebs Soris dRiT­ lur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strategiul idRe icvleba. yovelwliurad izrdeba pen­ dokumentSi - saqarTvelo 2020-Si aris asaxu­ sionerebis raodenoba da gaeros prognozeb­ li. mniSvnelovania, TiToeul Cvengans naTlad is gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTveloSi es ricxvi hqondes gacnobierebuli, ras gulisxmobs 2030 wlisTvis daaxloebiT milions miaRwevs, dagegmili reforma da mogvitans Tu ara is re­ 2050 wlisTvis ki mosaxleobis meoTxeds Sead­ alur keTildReobasa da uzrunvel siberes. gens. es niSnavs, rom ramdenime aTwleulSi ar­ am Temaze SesaZloa mravali statia an blogi sebuli modeliT pensionerTa uzrunvelyofa vnaxoT, Tumca maTi umravlesoba viwro pro­ mxolod sabiujeto saxsrebiT yvelaze “gu­ fesiul jgufzea gaTvlili da ara moqalaqeTa luxv” mTavrobasac ki Zalian gauWirdeba. did nawilze [subeliani a. 2018]. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom pensiis zrda imisTvis, rom gavaanalizoT arsebuli sa­ araTu keTildReobis zrdisTvis, aramed misi pensio sistema da dagegmili reformis efeq­ SenarCunebisTvisac ki aucilebelia – mzardi inflaciis (fulis gaufasurebis) paralelu­ tianoba, mniSvnelovania vicnobdeT im mod­ rad, saWiroa msyidvelunarianobis SenarCune­ elebs, romelTa mixedviTac uzrunvelyo­ baze zrunva. martivad rom vTqvaT, wlevande­ filia pensia msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi. li 100 lari sagrZnoblad naklebia SarSandel TiToeul qveyanas sapensio uzrunvelyofis 100 larze, momaval wels ki am TanxiT, savarau­ gansxvavebuli sistema aqvs, Tumca maTi um­ dod, kidev ufro naklebi produqtis SeZenas ravlesoba SegviZlia sam ZiriTad kategoriaSi SevZlebT. pensiis faqtobrivi mateba xSirad gavaerTianoT. pirveli, tradiciuli modeli mis realur matebas da zogjer SenarCunebasac CvenTvis yvelaze metad nacnobia. mas sxvadasx­ ki ar niSnavs. Tuki sapensio uzrunvelyofa va wyaroSi moixsenieben rogorc solidarul arsebuli modeliT gagrZeldeba, pensioner­ da aseve, rogorc socialur sapensio sistemas. ebis raodenobis zrdasTan erTad, ramdenime es modeli gulisxmobs Sromis bazarze myofi wlis Semdeg pensiis mateba, didi albaTobiT, mosaxleobis mier gadaxdili gadasaxadebidan SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. cxovrebis Secvlil sapensio xarjebis uzrunvelyofas. sxvanai­ pirobebTan pensiis adekvaturoba uzrunvely­ rad rom vTqvaT, adamianebi, romlebic vmuSa­ ofili ver iqneba, rac pensionerTa keTildRe­ obT da vibegrebiT, avtomaturad varCenT obis kidev ufro Semcirebas gamoiwvevs. aseTi qveynis asakovan mosaxleobas. saqarTveloSi, scenaris saSiSroeba miT ufro izrdeba Senel­ SezRuduli resursebidan gamomdinare, arse­ ebuli ekonomikuri zrdis fonze, romelic buli sistema mimarTulia moxucebulTaTvis weliwadSi ramdenime procentsac veRar aRw­ mxolod minimaluri socialuri daxmarebis evs. aRmoCenisken da ver uzrunvelyofs maT re­ amasTanave, sapensio uzrunvelyofis mx­ alur keTildReobas. olod saxelmwifo seqtoris gadasawyvet inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 73 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY problemad datoveba saxelmwifo biujetisT­ biujetSi kvlav 20%-is gadaxdas, saidanac vis mniSvnelovan tvirTs niSnavs da am val­ saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs valdebulebas, debulebebis Seusruleblobis (an gaumarTle­ 2% mimarTos piris dagrovebiTi angariSis­ beli da saziano saxelmwifo valebis aRebis) ken. amis paralelurad, moqalaqe damatebiT safrTxes Seicavs. 2%-s ricxavs sapensio fondSi, damsaqmebeli sapensio uzrunvelyofis arsebuli sis­ ki, Tavis mxriv, kidev 2%-s. Sesabamisad, viRe­ temis alternativaa dagrovebiT princip- bT models, sadac xelfasis 6% tolfasad ze damyarebuli modeli, romelic moqala­ dasaqmebulis, damsaqmeblisa da saxelmwifos qis mier pensiis individualur dagrovebas mxridan miemarTeba dasaqmebulis dagrovebi­ gulisxmobs. wina modelisgan gansxvavebiT, am Ti angariSisken, romelsac kerZo safinanso SemTxvevaSi Sromisunariani adamiani, romel­ institutebi marTaven. sxvagvarad SeiZleba ic ibegreba, acnobierebs, rom mas wvlili asec iTqvas: dasaqmebuls avtomaturad Camoe­ Seaqvs sakuTari uzrunveli siberis dagegmva­ Wreba xelfasis 22% (saSemosavlo gadasaxadi Si. Sesabamisad, mas pensia ganesazRvreba imis +2% sapensio Senatani), Tumca ecodineba, rom mixedviT, Tu cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi ramdeni aqedan 4% mis dagrovebiT angariSze aisaxeba, imuSava, ra raodenobis iyo misi anazRaureba rasac damatebiT damsaqmeblis mier Caricxu­ da am anazRaurebis ra wili Sehqonda sapensio li 2%-ic daemateba. fondSi. erT-erTi risk-faqtoria, rom am sistema­ erTi SexedviT, Cans, rom aRniSnuli modeli Si CarTva dasaqmebulisTvis nebayoflobi­ bevrad ufro samarTliania, radgan is iTval­ Tia da, amavdroulad, damsaqmeblis finansur iswinebs individualur faqtorebs – wvlils, interesebs ewinaaRmdegeba. rogorc modeli romelic adamianma Seitana sazogadoebriv cx­ gviCvenebs, damsaqmeblis finansuri datvirT­ ovrebasa da qveynis ekonomikur ganviTareba­ va, axal sapensio modelSi CarTuli TanamS­ Si. rac mTavaria, am SemTxvevaSi adamianis sibe­ romlis SemTxvevaSi, izrdeba minimum 2%-iT re naklebad aris damokidebuli konkretuli (4%-iT, Tu TanamSromlis mier gadasaricxi mTavrobis xedvasa da Sefasebaze pensiis ode­ 2%-ic iribad mas awveba, iwvevs ra damatebiT nobasTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca sistemis gareT moTxovnas xelfasis zrdaze). bunebrivia, rom rCeba adamiani, romelic obieqturi Tu sub­ am faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, damsaqmebeli ieqturi faqtorebidan gamomdinare ver mox­ dainteresebuli iqneba, SeewinaaRmdegos misi vda SromiT bazarze da, Sesabamisad, mas arc TanamSromlis aRniSnul modelSi CarTvas. me­ pensiis dagrovebis SesaZlebloba miscemia. qanizmis pozitiuri mxarea is, rom TiToeul bunebrivia, rom dagrovebiT modelze ga­ dasaqmebuls SeuZlia Tvali adevnos Tavis dasvla martivad ver moxerxdeba da rom gar­ portfolios. es am procesSi monawileobis damaval etapze mniSvnelovania, maqsimalurad damatebiT motivaciasac qmnis. moxdes arsebuli riskebis dazRveva. swored dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis koncef­ amis gaTvaliswinebiT, optimalurad SeiZleba cia iTvaliswinebs aseve gamonaklis SemTx­ miviCnioT sapensio uzrunvelyofis Sereuli vevebs, rodesac dagrovebuli Tanxis ga­ modeli, romelic gulisxmobs pensiis uzrun­ moyeneba SesaZlebeli iqneba sapensio asakis velyofas rogorc sabiujeto saxsrebidan, miRwevamde. aseT SemTxvevebs ganekuTvneba aseve dagrovebiTi meqanizmebiT. rogorc Cans, janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli proble­ saqarTveloSi dagegmili sapensio reforma mebi, ojaxis wevris gardacvaleba da Svilis swored aRniSnul modelze gadasvlas gulisx­ ganaTlebis dafinanseba. es sistemis meore mobs. sapensio reformis samsaxuris ufrosis, risk-faqtoradac SeiZleba miviCnioT, rad­ oTar ZiZikaSvilis ganmartebiT, axal model­ gan araerT moqalaqes SesaZlebelia gauCndes ze gadasvla, Senatanebis nawilSi, unda daw­ survili, aramiznobrivad gamoiyenos es me­ yebuliyo 2017 wlidan, rac, Tavis mxriv, axali qanizmi arakanonieri garigebebisa Tu doku­ Taobis pensionerebis pensiaze daaxloebiT 20 mentaciis gayalbebis saSualebiT. imisTvis, wlis Semdeg aisaxeboda. rom sistemam warmatebiT ifunqcioniros, mis axali modeli gulisxmobs sistemaSi Car­ amoqmedebamde am da sxva risk-faqtorebis siR­ Tuli dasaqmebuli piris mxridan saxelmwifo rmiseuli gaanalizeba da prevenciaa saWiro.

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rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, reforma iTval­ dasaqmebuli fondSi ricxavs yovelTviuri iswinebs ara pirdapir dagrovebiT, aramed xelfasis 2%-s. Sereul modelze gadasvlas, rasac Tavisi damsaqmebeli fondSi ricxavs dasaqmebu­ logikuri axsna aqvs. dResdReobiT Sromis­ lis xelfasis 2%-s. unariani mosaxleobis mxolod daaxloebiT saxelmwifo dasaqmebulis saSemosavlo ga­ 20% aris dasaqmebuli formalur seqtorSi, dasaxadidan iRebs 2%-s da mas sapensio fondSi danarCeni ki an umuSevaria, an TviTdasaqme­ ricxavs. bulia (repetitori, ZiZa, soflis meurneo­ miviReT formula 2%+2%+2%, rac imas bis sfero da a.S.). aRuricxavi Semosavlebis niSnavs, rom yovelTviurad dasaqmebulis mqoneni dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi ver mTliani (da ara is, rasac xelze iRebs) xelfa­ CaerTvebian. aqedan gamomdinare, grZelva­ sis 6% daizogeba. dian perspeqtivaSic, saxelmwifo pirdapiri sad wava es fuli? subsidirebis gareSe ver SeZlebs pensionerTa kanonis mixedviT, reformis amoqmedebidan sruli Semadgenlobis uzrunvelyofas. amde­ pirveli xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi «sapensio aq­ nad, iarsebebs ori tipis pensia: socialuri tivebis investireba ganxorcieldeba mxolod da dagrovebiTi. socialuri pensia pirdapir naklebadriskian sainvesticio portfelSi» - daifareba sabiujeto saxsrebiT, dafuZnebu­ es ki niSnavs, rom mosaxleobis fulis udidesi li iqneba saarsebo minimumze da minimaluri nawili ganTavsdeba mTavrobis mier gamoSve­ saWiroebebis dasakmayofileblad iqneba mi­ bul fasian qaRaldebSi. anu mTavrobis Sida marTuli. xolo dagrovebiTi pensia Sesabamis valSi. metic, xuTwliani periodis gasvlis Sem­ beneficiarTa ufro maRal keTildReobas uz­ degac, dazogili Tanxis naxevris samTavrobo runvelyofs. Sida valSi Cadeba iqneba SesaZlebeli. fondis mTavrobis warmomadgenlebis TqmiT, re­ danarCeni aqtivebi ki, kerZo resursebSi unda formis mniSvnelovani sargebeli iqneba, rom Caidos. is xels Seuwyobs danazogebis moculobis zr­ mTavrobis warmomadgenelTa TqmiT, sax­ das qveyanaSi da Seqmnis damatebiT wyaros in­ elmwifo daTmobaze midis, rodesac sapensio vestirebisaTvis, rac qveynis ekonomikur gan­ reformis erT-erTi kontributori xdeba da viTarebaze dadebiTad aisaxeba. Tumca, mosax­ saSemosavlo gadasaxadidan miRebul 2%-s leobis mxridan, es faqtori SesaZlebelia centraluri biujetis nacvlad moqalaqeTa erTgvar riskadac ganixilebodes, vinaidan sapensio fondSi mimarTavs. sinamdvileSi ki, bundovania, Tu ra meqanizmebiT da vin unda es ase ar aris, radganac reformidan mTavroba marTos es Tanxebi. Sesabamisad, Cndeba SekiTx­ imaze did finansur sargebels miiRebs, vidre va, Tu ramdenad dazRveuli iqneba es resursi: is 2%-ia, rasac kontribuciis saxiT gascems. magaliTad, xom ar gamoiyeneben mas sxva miz­ amis mizezi ki is aris, rom dazogili Tanxa nebisTvis krizisul viTarebaSi [subeliani a. Caideba Sida valSi. 2018]. Sida vali aris is Tanxa, rasac mTavro­ ba saxazino obligaciebisa da saxazino val­ 2.2. sapensio reformis sqema debulebebis gamoSvebiT saqarTvelos ekono­ sapensio sqemaSi avtomaturad CaerTveba mikidan sesxulobs. mTavroba am vals 1, 2, 5 yvela moqalaqe, vinc anazRaurebas gaforme­ da 10-wliani fasiani qaRaldebis gamoSvebiT buli kontraqtis Sedegad iRebs. sistema naw­ iRebs. dReisTvis aRniSnul fasian qaRaldebs ilobriv savaldebulo principiT moqmedebs. ZiriTadad komerciuli bankebi yiduloben. 40 welze ufrosebs arCevani eqnebaT, gawevri­ reformis proeqtis mixedviT ki, mTav­ andnen Tu ara sistemaSi, 40 wlamde pirebs ki, robas saxazino obligaciebisa da saxazino dazogvis valdebuleba gauCndebaT. sapensio valdebulebebis gamoSvebis gazrda SeeZleba, sqema exeba dasaqmebuls, damsaqmebelsa da sax­ radganac am obligaciebs sapensio fondis sax­ elmwifos. winaswari proeqtis mixedviT, maTi iT stabiluri myidveli eyoleba. es ki niSnavs, Tanamonawileoba gamoisaxeba Semdegi formu­ rom sapensio reforma biujetis deficitis liT: dafinansebis mniSvnelovani wyaro gaxdeba. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 75 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY

ratom aris Sida vali problema? ki, valis gastumrebisTvis mas gadasaxadebis mTavrobasa da kerZo instituciebs Soris gazrda SeeZleba. erT-erTi umTavresi gansxvaveba aris is, rom mTavrobis sesxebis zrdas sxva problemac saxelmwifo mogebaze orientirebuli araa. axlavs Tan. imis gamo, rom sasesxo resursi saxelmwifosTvis Semosavlis miRebis ramden­ SezRudulia im pirobebSi, rodesac mTavro­ ime wyaro arsebobs, romelTagan umTavresi ba didi moculobiT iRebs vals, is am dros sagadasaxado Semosavlebia. Semosavlis miReb­ konkurenciaSi Sedis Cveulebriv momxmare­ is sxva wyaroebia sagareo da Sida vali. blebTan (valis aRebis msurvel biznesebTan, vali aris valdebuleba, romelic saxelmwi­ fizikur pirebTan) romelTac sesxis aReba fom momavalSi unda gadaixados. komerciuli undaT. amas «gamodevnis efeqti» ewodeba. mis organizaciisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic valis gamo, qveyanaSi kreditis mozidva rTuldeba, gastumrebisTvis sakuTari produqciis/ser­ sesxebze saprocento ganakveTebi ki, izrdeba. visis realizaciiT miRebul Tanxas iyenebs, gadasaxadebis SesaZlo zrdasTan erTad ar­ saxelmwifosTvis valis gastumrebis mTavari sebobs riski, rom mTavrobam sapensio fondSi wyaro iseve sagadaxadao Semosavalia. arsebuli fuli krizisul viTarebaSi miiTvi­ Tu mTavrobam sapensio fondSi akumulire­ sos buli Tanxis mniSvnelovani nawili Sida valad 2014 wels poloneTis mTavrobam miiTvisa aiRo, momavalSi am valis gastumrebisTvis, sapensifo fondebSi ganTavsebuli $39 mil­ man SesaZloa, gadasaxadebi gazardos, raSic iardi dolari da is saxelmwifo obligacieb­ mas konstituciac ver SeuSlis xels. kon­ Si ganaTavsa. am nabijiT qveyana mosalodne­ stituciis muxli, romelic referendumis li ekonomikuri krizisis Tavidan aridebas gareSe gadasaxadis zrdas gamoricxavs, qar­ cdilobda. Tuli ocnebis mier miRebuli sakonstitucio ra aris damsaqmeblis 2% da ratom aZ- cvlilebebiT mxolod 12 wlis ganmavlobaSi virebs reforma qveyanaSi samuSao Zalas? SenarCundeba, 12 wlis gasvlis Semdeg ki, mTav­ sapensio reforma valdebulebebs damsaqme­ robas gadasaxadebis gazrda SeeZleba. blebsac akisrebs, maT fondSi dasaqmebu­ fondis moqmedebis hipoTeturi sqema ase lis xelfasis 2%-is moculobis Senatanebi SeiZleba warmovadginoT: unda ganaxorcielon, rac kompaniebisTvis 2018 wels 1 laris saxiT sapensio Senatani damatebiT xarjs warmoadgens. dasaqmebulis­ Segrovda; gan gansxvavebiT damsaqmeblebs arCevani ar 2018 wels 1 lari asesxa fondma mTavrobas; aqvT, Tu dasaqmebuli fondSi monawileobas 2018 wels mTavrobam xarjva gazarda am 1 daTanxmda, mis damsaqmebels sxva gza ar rCe­ lariT; ba, da isic avtomaturad erTveba sqemaSi, es ki 2038 wels mTavroba zrdis gadasaxadebs 1 maTTvis axali gadasaxadis dawesebasTan sak­ lariT plius 1 larze daricxuli saprocento maod axlosaa. sqemaSi CarTvis Semdeg kompa­ ganakveTiT, raTa fonds vali daubrunos; niebs sami arCevani aqvT: 2038 wels 1 lars plus saprocento 1. dasaqmebulis sapensio fondSi Caricxon ganakveTi daubrunda sapensio fonds da aR­ dasaqmebulis xelfasis 2% ise, rom dasaqme­ niSnuli Tanxa pensiis saxiT gaica; bulis xelfasis moculoba ar Semcirdes. am am sqemis mixedviT fondi fiqciuria, rad­ SemTxvevaSi, damsaqmeblis xarjebi izrdeba. ganac mTavrobam valis gastumrebisTvis ga­ magaliTad, Tu xelfasia 1000 lari, dasaqme­ dasaxadebi gazarda, es ki niSnavs, rom misi bulis xelfasi darCeba 1000 lari da amasTan valdebuleba isev mosaxleobas daawva tvir­ erTad, damsaqmebeli kidev 20 lars Caricxavs Tad. fondSi. jamSi damsaqmeblisTvis dasaqmebu­ imisda miuxedavad, rom mTavrobam fon­ lis xarji gaizrdeba 20 lariT. dis mimarT vali daabruna, es mainc SeiZleba 2. damsaqmeblebs SeuZliaT, sapensio fond­ mosaxleobis fulis miTvisebad CaiTvalos, Si Casaricxi 2% moaklon dasaqmebulis xel­ radganac saxelmwifo Sida valis saxiT miRe­ fass da ise mimarTon sapensio fondSi. am bul Tanxas sakuTari nebasurvilis mixedviT SemTxvevaSi damsaqmeblis xarjebi ucvlelia, xarjavs sxvadasxva proeqtze, wlebis Semdgom magram dasaqmebulis xelfasi 2%-iT mcirdeba.

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3. nebismieri saxis Tanafardoba xelfasis Tanxa gaiyofa 3 welze, qalis ki, 12 welze. imis 2%-iT Semcirebasa da dasaqmebulis Senaxvis gamo, rom qalebi ufro adre gadian pensiaze xarjebis 2%-iT zrdas Soris. da saSualod ufro met xans arian pensionrebi, sapensio reformis es nawili yvelaze vidre mamakacebi, maT mier miRebuli pensiebi metad hgavs biznesisTvis axali gadasaxa­ saSualod ufro mcire iqneba, vidre mamakaceb­ dis dawesebas, radganac dasaqmebulTa naw­ is. imis gamo, rom dazogili Tanxa moqalaqeebs ilisgan (40-welze ufrosebis) gansxvavebiT, sapensio asakis miRwevisTanave erTianad ar ga­ damsaqmeblebebs aranairi arCevani ar aqvT. Tu daecemaT, fondi Tanxis im nawilze, romelic maTi dasaqmebuli fondSi gawevrianebas gad­ pensionerisTvis jer ar gadacemula, sapro­ awyvets, maTac savaldebulo principiT unda cento sargeblis daricxvas agrZelebs. ganaxorcielon kontribuciebi. proeqtis mixedviT, piris gardacvalebis aris Tu ara damsaqmeblebisTvis savaldeb­ SemTxvevaSi, mis mier dazogili Tanxa mis mem­ ulo Senatanis daweseba axali gadasaxadis kvidres gadaecema. SemoReba? moqalaqes dazogili Tanxis naadrevad moT­ moqmedi konstituciis mixedviT, qveyana­ xovnis ufleba eqneba Tu is SSm piri gaxdeba. Si axali saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxa­ pirs dazogili Tanxis naadrevad gamotanis dis daweseba, an ukve arsebuli gadasaxadebis ufleba miecema, Tu is saqarTvelos moqalaqe­ donis zrdas referendumi esaWiroeba. es kon­ obaze uars ityvis, Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi Tanx­ stituciiTa da ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis as ⅓ akldeba (anu saxelwmifos kontribuciis Sesaxeb organuli kanoniT aris gansazRvruli. ⅓). sapensio reformiT wardgenili proeqti savaldebulo Senatanis dawesebis nega- mosaxleobisa da damsaqmeblis perspeqtiv­ tiuri efeqti mosaxleobis gankargvad Se- idan gamomdinare cxadia axali gadasaxadis mosavalze dawesebaa, Tumca samarTlebrivad amis damt­ reformis mTavari problema saxelmwifos kiceba rTulia. saqarTvelosa da saerTaSo­ mimarT grZelvadian periodSi ndobis nakle­ riso kanonmdeblobis mixedviT, gadasaxadi bobaa. mosaxleobas axsovs gasuli saukunis SeiZleba ewodos mxolod im Tanxas, romelsac oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis finansuri krizisi moqalaqeebi da mewarmeebi saxelmwifos winaSe da hiperinflacia, romelmac saqarTvelos ixdian da romelic sabiujeto procesis meS­ ekonomika ufskrulis piras miiyvana. Sesa­ veobiT ixarjeba. sapensio Senatani ki, imis bamisad, dRes saqarTveloSi araa saTanadod gamo, rom is qveynis biujetSi ar xvdebda da is ganWvretadi garemo iseTi grZelvadiani in­ moqalaqeebs sapensio asakis miRwevis Semdeg vesitciisTvis, rogorsac sapensio reforma ukan ubrundebaT, gadasaxadis klasikur kri­ iTvaliswinebs. metic, Tavad ekonomikis min­ teriums ar akmayofilebs, Tumca mas saval­ istric ki erideba imis Tqmas, Tu saSualod ra debuloobidan gamomdinare gadasaxadisTvis iqneba is saprocento sargebeli, rasac fondi damaxasiaTebeli saxe aqvs. dazogil Tanxebs daaricxavs. ra SemTxvevaSi da ra principiT miiReben Sesabamisad, ganWvretadi garemos ararse­ moqalaqeebi dazogil Tanxebs bobis pirobebSi mosaxleobis mier fondSi reformis proeqtis mixedviT, moqalaqeee­ gadaricxuli Tanxa aris xarji. es aris Tanxa, bi Tanxebs sapensio asakis miRevis Semdeg, saba­ rac mosaxleobis gankargvad Semosavlebs akl­ ziso pensiasTan (dRes 180 lari) erTad miiRe­ deba. saqarTveloSi socialuri foni sakmaod ben. Tanxa maT erTianad ar gadaecemaT, fondi mZimea (msoflio bankis SefasebiT, mosaxle­ moqalaqis sapensio asakis miRwevisas Seadgens obis 69% an ukiduresad an saSualod Rarib­ specialur kalendars, romliTac pensias gas­ ia) es ki niSnavs, rom mosaxleobis garkveuli cems. dazogili Tanxa gaiyofa sapensio asakSi nawilisTvis, romelsac sakmaod dabali anaz­ yofnis saSualo mosalodnel wlebze. Raureba aqvs, 2%-is gadaxdis davaldebuleba 2016 wlis mdgomareobiT, mamakacis sico­ maTive socialur mdgomareobaze kidev ufro cxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 68 welia, qal­ mZimed aisaxeba. isTvis ki 77 weli, es ki niSnavs, rom dReisT­ savaraudod, mTavari mizezi, ris gamoc vis mamakacis sapensio angariSze dagrovili mTavrobam sistemaSi savaldebuloobis kom­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 77 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY ponenti Cado, aris is, rom savaldebuloobis viTarebadi ekonomikis mqone qveyanaa, ris gareSe mosaxleobis sakmaod mcire nawili gad­ gamoc inflaciis maCvenebeli ganviTarebul awyvetda reformaSi CarTvas. savaldebuloo­ qveynebTan SedarebiT maRalia. saerTaSori­ bis principiT ki, maT arCevani ubralod ar so savaluto fondis prognoziT, 2020 wlamde aqvT. saqarTvelos saSualo wliuri inflacia 4% ratom airCia mTavrobam, rom 40 wlamde iqneba, Tu ra iqneba inflaciis maCvenebeli pirebisTvis dazogva savaldebulo iyos 2020 wlis Semdeg, amis dRes gansazRvra rTu­ mTavrobas aRniSnul sakiTxze ganmarteba lia. jer ar gaukeTebia. sainteresoa, rom saval­ iqidan gamomdinare, rom mosaxleobis da­ debuloobis msgavsi komponenti aRmosavleT zogili Tanxa bazarze investirdeba imis ga­ evropaSi ganxorcielebul sxva sapensio mod­ rantias, rom fonds wageba ar eqneba, saxelm­ elebSic gvxdeba. litvasa da poloneTSi 30 wifo ver gascems. savaraudod, ramdenime aT­ wlamde pirebisTvis aris dazogva savaldebu­ wleulSi saqarTvelo ufro metad daemsgavse­ lo, bulgareTSi ki, asakobrivi cenzi 42 welia. ba evrokavSiris saSualod ganviTarebul ZiriTadi argumenti, Tu ratom unda iyos da­ ekonomikas, rasac qveyanaSi inflaciis dasta­ zogva garkveul asakamde savaldebulo, aris bilureba unda moyves, Tumca iqamde ra iqneba is, rom es reforma mimarTulia iqiTken, rom inflacia, es praqtikulad ar aris ganWvreta­ axali samuSao Taoba momavalSi rac SeiZleba di. naklebad iyos damokidebuli solidarul/re­ inflaciasTan erTad mniSvnelovan prob- distribuciul sapensio sistemaze da maT sa­ lemas valutis gaufasurebac warmoadgens. kuTari pensiis uzrunvelyofa Tavad SeZlon. saqarTvelo amJamad savaluto krizisSi im­ aRmosavleT evropis zogierT qveyanaSi mo­ yofeba. arsebuli arastabiluri viTarebis qmedi sapensio modelebi ase gamoiyureba: gamo, mosaxleobis danazogebis ⅔-ze meti ara bulgareTi - savaldebuloa 42 wlamde mo­ larSi, aramed dolarsa da evroSia ganTavse­ qalaqeTaTvis, dasaqmebulebi fondSi saku­ buli. mosaxleobis ndoba laris mimarT daba­ Tari xelfasis 5%-s ricxaven. lia. amas ekonomikuri mizezic aqvs, radganac xorvatia - savaldebuloa 40 wlamde moqa­ bolo 20 wlis manZilze qveyanaSi ori savalu­ laqeTaTvis, dasaqmebulebi fondSi xelfasis to krizisi moxda, bolo 25 wlis manZilze ki, 5%-s ricxaven. saqarTveloSi hiperinflacia moxda. laris estoneTi - savaldebuloa axali Taobis SemoRebidan dRemde, saSualo wliuri infla­ samuSao ZalisTvis, dasaqmebulebi fondSi cia 6%-ia. xelfasis 6%-s ricxaven. reformaSi CarTvis ufleba TviTdasaqme- ungreTi - savaldebuloa yvelasTvis, bulebsac eqnebaT: dasaqmebulebi fondSi xelfasis 6%-s ricxa­ amJamad, saqstatis monacemebiT, saqarT­ ven. veloSi dasaqmebulTa raodenoba 1.76 milio­ latvia - savaldebuloa 30 wlamde, dasaqme­ nia, saidanac 1.015 milioni TviTdasaqmebu­ bulebi fondSi xelfasis 8%-s ricxaven. lia, 747 aTasi ki - daqiravebiT dasaqmebuli. litva -srulad nebayoflobiTia, dasaqme­ TviTdasaqmebulebs Soris daaxloebiT 80% bulebi fondSi xelfasis 6%-s ricxaven. soflad mcxovrebi Sromisunariani mosaxle­ poloneTi - savaldebuloa 30 wlamde , obaa, romlebsac statistika dasaqmebulebad dasaqmebulebi fondSi xelfasis 7.3%-s ricx­ mxolod imitom Tvlis, rom isini sakuTar na­ aven. kveTebSi mosavlis miznis miRebiT muSaoben. rumineTi - savaldebuloa 35 wlamde, maT SesaZloa naturis (moyvanili produqci­ dasaqmebulebi fondSi xelfasis 3%-s ricxa­ is) garda aranairi finansuri Semosavali ar ven. hqondeT, magram isini mainc dasaqmebulebad inflacia da erovnuli valutis mimarT iTvlebian. grZelvadiani ndobis ararseboba reforma pirvel rigSi exeba maT, vinc xel­ is maCvenebeli, rasac dazogili Tanxebis fass kontraqtis safuZvelze iRebs, Tumca re­ wliurma saprocento sargebelma minimum unda formis modeli TviTdasaqmebulebis sistema­ gadaaWarbos, aris inflacia. saqarTvelo gan­ Si CarTvis SesaZleblobasac uSvebs.

78 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY

kanonproeqtis mixedviT, TviTdasaqmebul­ Si. dagrovebiTi sapensio sqemis amoqmedebidan TaTvis sistemaSi CarTva srulad nebayoflo­ pirveli 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi, monawileTa biTia, Tumca CarTvis SemTxvevaSi maT fondSi Tanxebi ganTavsdeba mxolod dabalriskian ara 2%-is, aramed 4%-is gadaxdis valdebule­ sainvesticio portfelSi, xolo 5 wlis Sem­ ba uCndebaT. deg, monawileebs miecemaT saSualeba airCion oficialuri statistikis mixedviT, sx­ dabalriskiani, saSualoriskiani an maRal­ vadasxva seqtorebSi, yovelTviuri xelfase­ riskiani sainvesticio portfeli. bis ganawileba ase gamoiyureba (saqstatis ma­ aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, dabalriskiani sain­ salebi): vesticio portfeli maRali albaTobiT, saqa­ soflis meurneoba - 578 lari rTvelos mTavrobis mier gamoSvebuli saxazi­ samTomompovebeli mrewveloba - 1050 lari no obligaciebi da saxazino valdebulebebia. ganaTleba - 483 lari moqalaqeebs SeeZlebaT gaakeTon sami tipis damamuSavebeli mrewveloba - 750 lari arCevani da maTi Tanxebi dabanddes 1) Sedare­ mSenebloba - 1180 lari biT dabalriskian aqtivebSi; 2) saSualo riski­ vaWroba - 783 lari anobis aqtivebSi; 3) SedarebiT maRalriskian sastumroebi/restornebi - 563 lari aqtivebSi. transporti kavSirgabmuloba - 1189 lari TiToeuli am kategoriisTvis gansxvavebu­ safinanso saqmianoba - 1691 lari li iqneba im safinanso instrumentebis Tana­ saxelmwifo mmarTveloba - 1342 lari fardoba, romlebSic dazogili Tanxa unda jandacva - 844 lari investirdes. dabalriskian mimarTulebas Ses­ ra Tanxa daizogeba da ra pensias miiReben abamisad, ufro dabali saprocento sargebeli moqalaqeebi: eqneba, vidre SedarebiT riskian mimarTule­ «Tu moqalaqes xelfasi 1000 lari aqvs, bas. dagrovebiTi pensiis pirobebSi, 30 wlis Semdeg winaswar ucnobia Tu ra iqneba saSualod is misi pensia iqneba daaxloebiT 500 lars (dRe­ saprocento sargebeli, romelsac aRniSnuli vandeli msyidvelunarianobiT igulisxmeba) sistema moqalaqeTa dazogil Tanxas daaricx­ plus sabaziso pensia»,- ambobs ekonomikis min­ avs. istris moadgile. imis miuxedavad, rom sapensio sistemaSi is, Tu ra pensiebs aiReben moqalaqeebi akumulirebuli Tanxebis mkacri monitoringi momavalSi, araerT faqtorzea damokidebu­ moxdeba da isini kargad daTvlili da dageg­ li, romelTa winaswar ganWvreta praqtiku­ mili procedurebis Sedegad investirdebian, lad SeuZlebelia. es faqtorebia xelfaseb­ saxelmwifo ar iqneba garantori, rom Tqven is zrdis saSualo tempi, ekonomikuri zrdis mier dazogil Tanxas daibrunebT danakargis tempi, fondis mier daricxuli saprocento gareSe. aRniSnuls saxelmwifos mxridan val­ ganakveTi, inflaciis maCvenebeli, safinanso debulebis saxe ar eqneba. Sesabamisad, sis­ seqtoris sijansaRe, mosaxleobis sicocxlis temaSi akumulirebuli Tanxebi ar iqneba im­ saSualo xangrZlivoba da ase Semdeg. unuri saqarTvelosa da msoflioSi mimdinare dasaxelebuli 500-lariani pensia 1000 ekonomikuri procesebisgan, iqneba es sabazro laris xelfasis pirobebSic mraval daSve­ kraxebi, maRali inflacia Tu ekonomikuri bas efuZneba. pirobiTad SesaZlebelia iseTi krizisebi. ZiriTadi faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ro­ kanoni iTvaliswinebs erovnuli bankis mier goricaa inflacia, xelfasebis zrdis tempi da sainvesticio saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul daricxuli saprocento ganakveTi gavakeToT droebiT moqmedebas im SemTxvevaSi, Tu dadga pensiebis modelireba. sapensio aqtivebis investirebasTan da masTan sapensio fondis Tanxebis investireba dakavSirebuli saqmianobis Sedegad miRebu­ individualur sapensio angariSebze arse­ li sapensio aqtivebis 1%-ze meti danakar­ buli monawileTa Tanxebi, amonagebis miRebis gi, romelic ar aris gamowveuli sabazro mizniT, investirdeba finansur instrumenteb­ pirobebis cvlilebebiT. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 79 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY

dagrovebuli sapensio Tanxis gatana is mixedviT (SeniSvna mocemuli Tanxa nomi­ dagrovebiTi pensiis miRebis ufleba moqa­ naluria da inflaciiT ar aris gasworebuli, laqeebs mxolod sapensio asakis miRwevis Sem­ amitomac SesaZloa is imaze didad aRiqme­ deg eqnebaT. Sesabamisad, qalebi mas 60 wlidan, bodes vidre realurad aris). mamakacebi ki 65 wlidan miiReben. Tanxis ga­ 2. fondis mier daricxuli sargebeli: tana piradi gancxadebis safuZvelze moxdeba. msoflioSi sapensio fondebis mier daricx­ Tanxas moqalaqeebi sabaziso pensiasTan (dRes uli saSualo saprocento sargebeli, rogorc 180 lari) erTad miiReben. wesi, 3-4%-is farglebSia. iqidan gamomdinare, fulis gatanis principi aseTi iqneba - indi­ rom saqarTvelo ganviTarebadi ekonomikis vidiualur angariSze arsebuli Tanxa gaiyofa mqo­ne qveyanaa da sakredito resursi ganviTa­ im wlebis raodenobaze, romelic toli iqneba rebad qveynebTan SedarebiT ufro Zviri Rirs aRniSnuli wlisTvis sicocxlis saSualo xan­ savaraudod, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi sapen­ grZlivobaze, moqalaqis sqesis mixedviT. dRe­ sio fondis wliuri sargebeli garkveuli al­ is mdgomareobiT, saqarTveloSi qalis sico­ baTobiT 4%-ze maRali SeiZleba iyos. modeli­ cxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba 77.8 welia, rebisas aRebulia 4.5%-iani wliuri sargebeli. Sesabamisad, qalebisTvis dazogili Tanxa gai­ 3. inflacia: yoba 17.8 welze, rac pirobiTad maTi pensiaze laris SemoRebidan dRemde saqarTvelo­ yofnis dros warmoadgens. mamakacis sicocx­ Si saSualo wliurma inflaciam 6% Seadgina. lis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba ki 69.2 welia, iqidan gamomdinare, rom sapensio reforma rac niSnavs, rom pirobiTad kacebis mier da­ gansakuTrebiT grZelvadian periods exeba, zogili Tanxa 4.2 welze gaiyofa. TiTqmis SeuZlebelia am periodSi inflaciis amasTanave, nebismier monawiles ufleba aqvs gadaavados pensiis miReba misi saWiroe­ prognozireba, Tumca savaraudod rac ufro bebidan gamomdinare an, kanoniT gaTval­ metad dauaxlovdeba saqarTvelos ekonomika iswinebul SemTxvevebSi, moiTxovos sapensio dasavlurs, qveyanaSi miT ufro Semcirdeba Tanxis erTianad miReba (S.tyeSelaSvili). da dastabilurdeba inflaciis maCvenebeli. modelirebuli pensiebi: mTavari maCvenebeli, rasac inflaciam ar unda pensiebis modelireba efuZneba ramdenime gadaaWarbos, raTa dazogvas azri hqondes, ZiriTad daSvebas: aris fondis saprocento sargebeli, rac am 1. xelfasebis zrdis tempi SemTxvevaSi 4.5%-ia. sxva SemTxvevaSi, momaval­ xelfasebis zrdis tempebi: saqstatis Si daricxuli Tanxis Rirebuleba imaze nakle­ monacemebiT, bolo 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqa­ bi gamova, vidre dRes daizoga. rTveloSi xelfasebi saSualod 8%-iT izrde­ miRebuli pensiebi 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi da­ ba, aRniSnuli zrda yvela seqtorSi SeimCneva. zogvis SemTxvevaSi: Sesabamisad, Tu inflacia maRali albaTobiT xelfasebis zrda momaval­ 4.5%-ze maRali ar iqneba, saSualo dasaqmebu­ Sic gagrZeldeba. li 40 wlis muSaobis Semdeg, sabazo pensiasTan modelirebisTvis saWiroa ganisazRvros erTad miiRebs 213-larian pensias, soflis xelfasebis zrdis gonivruli tempi, rac mom­ meurneobis seqtorSi dasaqmebuli miiRebs devno wlebis ganmavlobaSi qveyanaSi iqneba. 133-larian pensias, ganaTlebis seqtorSi maRali albaTobiT SedarebiT axlo momavalSi dasaqmebuli 114-larian pensias. safinanso se­ xelfasebis zrdis msgavsi tempi SenarCunde­ qtorSi dasaqmebuli ki, 400-larian pensias. ba. mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelo ufro metad daemsgavseba ganviTarebul ekonomikas, xel­ 2.3. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi fasebis zrda gagrZeldeba, Tumca savarau­ mosazrebebi sapensio reformis dod mas dRes arsebuli maRali tempebi ar Sesaxeb saqarTeloSi eqneba. amitomac modelirebisas aRebulia Caanacvlebs odesme momavalSi (e.i. 10, 20, iseTi maCveneblebi, romlebic etapobrivad 30 weliwadSi) dagrovebiTi sapensio modeli mcirdeba. dRes moqmed e.w. sabaziso pensias (asakobrivi warmogidgenT modelirebul xelfasebs socialuri Semweoba), Tu orive sqema yovelT­ ramdenime seqtoris saSualo xelfaseb­

80 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY vis ZalaSi darCeba, rogorc xandazmulobis gadamxdelebad iTvlebian, saxelmwifo biu­ finansuri uzrunvelyofisaTvis ori erTmane­ jetSi realurad gadasaxadis gadamxdelia 800 Tis paraleluri da urTierTSemavsebeli me­ aTasi adamiani. qanizmi? 2015 wlidan SeiniSneba mosaxleobaSi bune­ gamoiwvevs Tu ara 1 ianvridan dagegmili brivi matebis monacemis kleba (2016: +5.798 sapensio reforma, dRevandeli demografi­ adamiani; 2015: +10.128; 2014: +11.548; 2013: +9.325; uli situaciis gaTvaliswinebiT, damatebiT 2012: +7.683; 2011: +8.196; 2010: +14.721), rac socialur tvirTs saxelmwifo finansebisTvis kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom mosaxleobis da ramdenad gaTvaliswinebulia damcavi meqa­ asakobrivi struqtura daberebas ganicdis. nizmebi, romlebmac momavalSi unda gamoricx­ ukve 2025 wlidan pensionerebis raodenoba os saxelmwifos mxridan socialuri xarjebis gadaaWarbebs bavSvebis raodenobas, jamurad motiviT finansuri valdebulebis zrda da Sromisunariani mosaxleobis, da maT Soris, saxelmwifo finansebis CaTreva momaval Tao­ gadasaxadebis potenciuri gadamxdelebis baTa gaRaribebis ufskrulSi? raodenobis zrda SeCerdeba, xolo 2030 wels am kiTxvebze mTavrobas srulyofili pensionerTa raodenoba 1 milion adamians mi­ pasuxebi ar aqvs, xolo maT gareSe sapensio re­ aRwevs. formis dawyeba aris naCqarevi. aseTi kritikuli demografiuli viTare­ 2018 wels valebze momsaxurebaze saxelmwi­ bis fonze, saxelmwifom namdvilad ar unda fo biujetidan 550 mln lari unda daixarjos daikrifos gulze xeli da mxolod statistis (2017: 503 mln; 2016: 473 mln; 2015: 364 mln; 2014: 305 mln; 2013: 309 mln). rolSi Soridan ar unda adevnos Tvali iseT imisTvis, rom axalma sapensio sistemam procesebs, romelTa logikuri Sedegebi Sei­ ar gamoiwvios saxelmwifo finansebSi val­ Zleba iyos xandazmulTa Soris isedac arsebu­ debulebebis zrda, socialisturi da/an lib­ li siRaribis kidev ufro gaRrmaveba. eraluri modelebis nacvlad, Cemi azriT, kidev erTxel dagrovebiTi sapensio re- unda vifiqroT konservatiul modelze. formis variantebis Sesaxeb demografiuli situacia Sesabamisad, unda aRiniSnos, rom absolu­ saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 2016 wlis monace­ turad miuRebelia da verasodes daveTanx­ mebiT 3,7 milions Seadgens, romelTa Soris mebiT neo-liberalur ideologias, rom 900 aTasamde bavSvia (18 wlamde adamianebi) da „dagrovebiTi sapensio reforma ar aris saW­ 700 aTasamde pensioneri (>65 weli - mamakace­ iro“, rom „xandazmulebi axlac da momavalSic bi; >60 weli - qalbatonebi), xolo srulasak­ TviTon mixedaven sakuTar Tavs“, rom „bazris ovan-Sromisunarian mosaxleobad (e.w. Labor uxilavi xeli gamoasworebs xandazmulobis Forces, 18-65) iTvleba 2 milioni adamiani. am siRaribes,“ - aseTi midgomebi aris upasux­ 2 milioni adamianidan, romlebic potenciur ismgeblo.

inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 81 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY l aramxolod grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, navs, rom socialur-liberaluri sqemiT e.w. sapensio reforma aucilebelia imisT­ TviTdasaqm­ ebulebis sapensio uzrunvelyofa, vis, rom sazogadoebaSi uaxloes period­ romlebic mxolod potenciur gadasaxadis ga­ Si gaCndes dagrovebis kultura sakuTar d­amxdelebs warmoadgenen, magram realurad xandazmulobaze Tavidanve zrunvis mo­ mxo­lod maTi umniSvnelo nawilia gadasaxadis tiviT. ga­damxdeli, biujetis damatebiTi tvirTi gax­ l sapensio reforma aucilebelia imisT­ deba. vis, rom finansur bazrebze komerciuli socialur-liberaluri modelis mixed­ bankebis gverdiT (da ara winaaRmdeg!) viT saxelmwifo gvevlineba orjer Tanadamz­ gaCndnen sxva institucionaluri moTa­ Rvevad im 270 aTasamde adamianisaTvis (2% x maSeebic, romelTa mier akumulirebuli 0% x 4%), romlebic biujetis xarjze saxelm­ da marTvadi resursi isev mcire da saSu­ wifos mier arian amJamad an iqnebian momavalSi alo biznesis dafinansebas moxmardeba da dasaqmebuli, rodesac maT dagrovebis pro­ zogadad kapitalis bazris ganviTarebas cesSi mouwevT monawileobis miReba. Seuwyobs xels. e.i. gamodis, rom Tavisi yvela variantiT l sapensio reformaSi aucilebelia kom­ daqiravebulebisTvis, TviTdasaqmebulebi­ paniebisa da korporaciebis CarTuloba, saTvis da saxelmwifo moxeleebisaTvis so­ romlebmac sagadasaxado reformis e.w. cialur-liberaluri formula, romelsac „estonuri modeliT“ mniSvnelovani SeR­ gvTavazobs mTavroba da romlis amoqmedeba avaTebi miiRes 2017 wlidan. maT realuri dagegmilia 1 ivlisidan, aris naklebad lib­ nabijebi unda gadadgan im adamianebis wi­ eraluri da ufro metad socialisturi, rad­ naSe xandazmulobiT gamowveuli social­ gan is Seicavs mniSvnelovan riskebs imisas, uri pasuxismgeblobisTvis, vinc wlebis rom saSualovadian periodSi saxelmwifos ganmavlobaSi maTi Semosavlebisa da moge­ finansebi kidev ufro daitvirTeba socia­ bis Seqmnas emsaxurebian. luri xarjebiT, Seaferxebs ekonomikur zr­ magram, magram, magram... erTi mxarea, rom das da gaxdis biujetis Sesrulebas ufro uari vTqvaT neo-liberalur midgomaze da metad damokidebuls Sida valebis, maT Soris saxelmwifo iyos dagrovebiTi sapensio re­ daugegmavi valebis aRebaze. formis iniciatori, xolo - meore, Tu ro­ rogorc cnobilia, ekonomikuri politika gor ganaxorcielebs saxelmwifo aRniSnul warmoadgens aramxolod konkretuli instru­ reformas, romlis aucilebloba eWvgareSea. ras gvTavazobs mTavroba? mentebis, aramed maTTan erTad am instrument­ sapensio sistemis reforma, romlis amoqme­ ebiT misaRwevi miznebis erTobliobas, da, Cemi deba mTavrobas 2018 wlis me-3 kvartlidan iyo azriT, mTavrobis mier warmodgenili model­ ganzraxuli, magram misi amosqmedeba daiwyo is yvelaze mTavari arasrulyofiloba mdgo­ 2019w. 1 ianvars, efuZneba dagrovebis socia­ mareobs swored imaSi, rom reformis avtore­ lur-liberalur models (SedarebisTvis ix­ bi gvTavazoben mxolod instrumentebisa da ileT sqema suraTze), romelic Tanabrad anaw­ formulebis krebuls, magram ar aris mkafiod ilebs(formula: 2% x2% x2%) dagrovebiT sis­ gamokveTili, Tu mTavrobis mxridan ra miznis temaSi Senatanebis valdebulebas beneficars miRwevas emsaxureba instrumentebis gamoy­ (e.i. momaval xandazmuls), kerZo seqtors (e.i. eneba, rogorc am statiis dasawyisSi dasmul momavali xandazmulis dRevandel damsaqme­ SekiTxvebSia gamoxatuli. belsa) da saxelmwifos (e.i. gadasaxadebis gad­ aucilebelia iseTi sapensio reformis amxdelebs) Soris. gatareba, romlis miznebi iqneba: SemoTavazebuli modelis mixedviT, for­ 1) xandazmulobis siRaribisgan dacva - met­ malurad TiTqos gansxvavebuli, Tumca Sinaar­ ic, droTa ganmavlobaSi xandazmulTa bazaze sobrivad igive datvirTva gaaCnia e.w. TviT­ Zlieri samomxmareblo sazogadoebis Seqmna dasaqmebulTa dazRvevis formulas (4% x 0% x da maTi mxridan ekonomikuri zrdis waxalise­ 2%). aqac saxelmwifoa (e.i. gadasaxadis gadamx­ ba. pensionerebis raodenobis gazrdiT aramx­ delebi) mTavari TanadamzRvevi, rac imas niS­ olod medikamentebze unda gaizardos moTx­

82 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY ovna, aramed samomxmareblo produqtebze, problema, magram fundamenturad ver aR­ turistul momsaxurebaze da a.S. mofxvra. 2008-2010 wlebis finansur kriziss 2) socialur solidarobaSi saxelmwifos veRar gauZlo saberZneTis qronikulma defi­ rogorc mimarTulebis ganmsazRvrelis roli, citma, romelic 1985-2000 wlebSi socialuri ise rom am mizniT saxelmwifos axali valebis xarjebiT gamowveuli valdebulebebis zrdas aReba ar dasWirdes. ukavSirdeboda. konservatizmi saxelmwifo finansebSi niS­ qronikulma deficitma gamoiwvia sakredi­ navs, rom saxelmwifo aris mcire, magram moqni­ to reitingis gauareseba, ris gamoc saberZne­ li. e.i. socialuri samarTlianobis lozungiT Tis mTavrobas gadaeketa gza saerTaSoriso saxelmwifo valebSi ar unda CaiZiros da amiT kapitalis bazarze. amis Semdeg romeli inve­ ufro meti usamarTloba ar unda warmoiSvas stori SeiZenda kidev saberZneTis obliga­ Taobebs Soris, radgan socialuri xarjebi­ ciebs? Sedegad, saberZneTi gaxda saerTaSor­ sTvis aRebuli valebi ar iqneba ukugebadi, iso kreditorebis (saerTaSoriso savaluto magram iqneba wagebadi da momavali Taobebis fondi, evropis centraluri banki, evrokav­ gadasaxdeli. Siri) mier daxmarebis programazeqronikulad damokidebuli. saberZneTis magaliTi dRes saberZneTis saxelmwifo finanse­ SesavalSi dasmuli kiTxvebi, romlebic bi „aparatzea mierTebuli,“ da „stabilu­ fundamenturi xasiaTisaa, magram ar aris rad mZime mdgomareobaSi“ myofi pacientis axali gamogonili, aramed orive SekiTxvis aparatidan arCaxsna umkacres fiskalur dis­ formireba moxda mravali saerTaSoriso ga­ ciplinazea damokidebuli, ramac aramxolod mocdilebis magaliTze, rodesac, maT Soris dRevandeli, aramed momavali pensionere­ aRmosavleT evropaSi, bundovani miznebiT bis zurgze aTwleulobiT unda gadaiaros. daiwyes swored socialisturi an socia­ saberZneTSi dRes asakobrivi xandazmulobis lur-liberaluri modeliT sapensio sistemis xarjebi Seadgens 1985-2010 wlebSi dagrovebu­ ganviTareba, ramac saqme miiyvana iqamde, rom li resursis mxolod 60% momaval wlebSi am sapensio fondebSi aTwleulobiT dagrovebu­ maCveneblis Semcirebis perspeqtiviT, xolo li Tanxa sabiujeto deficitis dafinansebas resursis dagroveba-gamravlebaze saubaric moxmarda (2010 - ungreTi, poloneTi, latvia), aRar aris. xolo asakobriv siRaribeSi CaiTria potenci­ dagrovebiTi modeli ar amarTlebs, ro­ uri beneficarebi, romlebic pensiaSi gasvlam­ gorc ki sqemaSi saxelmwifo monawileobs - sax­ de dagrovebiT sqemaSi sakuTari SenatanebiT elmwifo ver iqneba kargi damgrovebeli, e.i. monawileobdnen. arakrizisul situaciebSi saxelmwifo iqneba sapensio sistemis socialur-liberalurma SeniRbuli da ukontrolo mflangveli, xolo modelma yvelaze dramatuli Sedegi ganicada sagangebo situaciebSi saxelmwifo gardai­ saberZneTSi. zustad msgavsi meTodiT saber­ qmneba keTilmosurne magram jibegamofxekil ZneTis mTavrobam 1985 wels SemoiRo dagrove­ xazinadarad, ise rom pasuxsac ver mosTxov. biTi saxelmwifo-sapensio sistema, e.i. saxelm­ wifos, damsaqmeblis da individis Tanabari 2.4. naxevrad savaldebulo, monawileobiT. ukve 1990-iani wlebis dasawy­ dagrovebiTi sapensio isSi saberZneTis finansTa saministro iZule­ sistemis reformis analizi buli gaxda, Tavisi Senatanis dasafinanseblad saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri re­ miemarTa valdebulebebis zrdisTvis. formebis erT-erT centralur mizans war­ 2002 wels, rom ara evrozonaSi Sesvla, moadgens inkluziuri da liberaluri tip­ riTac saberZneTis mTavrobam evrobazarze is ekonomikis Camoyalibeba, romelic iqneba sakredito resursis mozidvaze wvdoma moi­ mdgradi msoflioSi mimdinare ekonomikuri pova, mTavroba iZulebuli gaxdeboda, rom procesebis mimarT. swored aRniSnuli gar­ defolti gamoecxadebia wina wlebSi gazr­ daqmnebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani nawilia dili valdebulebebis gamo. e.i. saberZneT­ arsebuli sapensio sistemis reforma da misi ma 2002 wels evrozonaSi SesvliT gadaavada Canacvleba dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemiT, inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 83 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY rac, Tavis mxriv, asaxulia saqarTvelos so­ irkveva, rom reforma gulisxmobs naxevrad cialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis strate­ savaldebulo tipis (hibriduli) sapensio sis­ giaSi – „saqarTvelo 2020“. temis SemoRebas dasaqmebulTaTvis, Tumca igi jer kidev 2014 wels, saqarTvelos ekono­ srulad savaldebuloa damsaqmeblisaTvis. mikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis saministros reformis mixedviT, axali modeli gulisx­ daqvemdebarebaSi, batoni oTar ZiZikaSvilis mobs sistemaSi CarTuli dasaqmebuli piris xelmZRvanelobiT, Seiqmna sapensio reformis mxridan saxelmwifo biujetSi 22% -is gadax­ samsaxuri, romlis mizani iyo, saqarTvelos das, saidanac saxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs sapensio sistemis reformis koncefciis valdebulebas 2% mimarTos piris dagrovebi­ SemuSaveba da danergva. rogorc dagegmili Ti sapensio angariSisken. aRniSnulis parale­ iyo, sapensio sistemis axal modelze saqarT­ lurad, dasaqmebuli damatebiT 2%-s ricxavs velos 2017 wels gadasvla, xolo 2016 weli sapensio fondSi, damsaqmebeli ki, Tavis mxriv, mTlianad daeTmo saparlamento ganxilvebsa damatebiT 2%-s. xsenebul 6%-s aseve emate­ da Sesabamisi, sakanonmdeblo bazis Camoya­ ba wliuri saprocento ganakveTi, romelsac libebas. gamodis, rom reformis koncefciis sistemaSi CarTul pirs wliurad uricxavs SemuSavebasa da danergvas saqarTvelo sul sapensio fondi. aRniSnulis Tanaxmad, sax­ raRac 4 weliwadSi SeZlebda, maSin, roca somx­ ezea modeli, sadac xelfasis 6% dasaqmebu­ eTs 15 weli dasWirda dagrovebiT sapensio lis, damsaqmeblisa da saxelmwifos mxridan sistemaze gadasasvlelad. iricxeba dasaqmebulis dagrovebiT angar­ Tavisi socialur-ekonomikuri miznebidan iSze, romelsac kerZo safinanso kompaniebi gamomdinare, sapensio sistemis reformis marTaven. aRniSnulis garda, aseve iarsebebs mimarT maRalia sazogadoebis interesi, saxelmwifo (socialuri) pensiac, romelic razec mimdinare wlis manZilze ganxorciel­ pirdapir sabiujeto saxsrebiT daifareba, ebuli, sxvadasxva formatis diskusiebi Tu daefuZneba saarsebo minimums da uzrunvely­ satelevizio ganxilvebi[6] mowmobs. qveynis ofs mxolod minimaluri saWiroebebis dak­ masStabiT, dargobrivi kompetenciis mixed­ mayofilebas. reformis mixedviT, SesaZlebe­ viT momuSave arasamTavrobo organizaciebi li iqneba sapensio angariSze arsebuli dana­ cdiloben moicvan sazogadoebis maqsimalu­ zogebis gadacema memkvidreobiT, agreTve, rad farTo speqtri da uzrunvelyon kerZo-sa­ akumulirebuli Tanxebis droze adre gatana jaro dialogis principis dacva reformis garkveul SemTxvevebSi (jer-jerobiT ar konk­ mimdinareobis sawyis etapzeve. retdeba Tu ra SemTxvevebzea saubari, maRali bolo wlebSi, saqarTveloSi aqtiurad albaTobiT es Seexeba ubedur SemTxvevas da ganixileboda sapensio sistemis cvlilebis janmrTelobis mdgomareobis gauaresebasTan saWiroeba, romelic nakarnaxevia qveyanaSi ar­ dakavSirebul sakiTxebs). sistemaSi CarTvis sebuli demografiuli, finansuri da ekonomi­ asakobrivi cenzi mamakacebisaTvis ganisazRra kuri mdgomareobiT. 50 weli, xolo qalebisaTvis – 45 weli. biznes seqtorTan sapensio samsaxuris arasamTavrobo seqtoris warmomadgenel- ufrosis Sexvedris Semdeg, romelic 2015 wlis Ta mosazrebebi sapensio reformis Sesaxeb 11 dekembers Sedga, cnobili gaxda reformis sapensio uzrunvelyofis mTavrobis mier koncefcia, rac gulisxmobda Semdegs: SemoTavazebulma modelma mwvave kritika reformis sawyis etapze, dagrovebiT sap­ daimsaxura rogorc arasamTavrobo seqtoris, ensio sistemaSi CaerTveba yvela dasaqmebuli agreTve, politikuri opoziciisa da zogadad, piri (gamoricxeba TviTdasaqmebuli pire­ dargis specialistTa mxridan. bi, romelTa xvedriTi wili mTlian samuSao ekonomikuri politikis kvlevis centris ZalaSi sakmaod maRalia), romelTac eqnebaT monitoringis programebis menejeri, qalba­ 6 Tviani periodi imisaTvis, raTa uari Tqvan toni irina guruli Tvlis, rom arsebuli sa­ dagrovebiT sapensio sistemaSi monawile­ pensio ganakveTi warmoSobs Zalian maRal sa­ obaze. sxva sityvebiT, 6 Tviani vada iqneba is biujeto wnexs sajaro finansebis seqtorze. periodi, ra droSic monawiles eqneba sistem­ misi TqmiT, saqarTveloSi problemas qmnis idan gamosvlis SesaZlebloba. aRniSnulidan demografiuli mdgomareoba, mcire zomis

84 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY formaluri ekonomika, gadasaxadebis gadamx­ stabilurobis gancda da Tavidan iqnas acile­ delTa mwiri raodenoba, agreTve, mTavrobis buli is Sedegebi, rac somxeTis magaliTma aCve­ mier ganxorcielebuli socialuri politika. na, roca reformis kraxi, mniSvnelovanwilad, aqedan gamomdinare, axali sapensio modelis swored sainformacio kampaniis ararsebobam SemuSavebis garkveuli aucileboba namdvilad gamoiwvia. dgas dRis wesrigSi, rasac Tan axlavs mTe­ 2017 wlis 10 dekembers, kvleviTi centris li rigi gamowvevebi. statistikuri monace­ PMCG-is organizebiT gaimarTa kvlevis – saval­ mebiT saqarTveloSi saSemosavlo gadasaxa­ debulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema – ga­ dis gadamxdelTa raodenoba Seadgens 600 000 mowvevebi da saerTaSoriso praqtika prez­ pirs, romelTagan naxevari sajaro seqtorSia entacia, romelzec warmodgenili iyo kvlevis dasaqmebuli, anu es kategoria iqidanve iRebs ZiriTadi mignebebi, xolo diskusiis formatSi xelfass, saidanac es gadasaxdi Seaqvs, xolo ganxilul iqna sapensio reformasTan dakav­ daaxloebiT 300 000 kerZo seqtorSia dasaqme­ Sirebuli mniSvnelovani aspeqtebi. kvleviTi buli. qveyanaSi cotaa gadasaxadis gadamxde­ centris PMCG-is kvlevebis xelmZRvaneli, qa­ li da imis albaToba, rom dagrovebiT sapen­ lbatoni T.juReli Tvlis, rom saqarTvelo­ sio fondSi akumulirebuli Tanxebi Seqmnis Si, dRes arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri ekonomikis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSesaxeb per­ garemo ar iZleva sapensio sistemis reform­ speqtivas-ararealisturia. Semdegi sakiTxia irebis warmatebis safuZvels da is molodini, akumulirebuli Tanxebis investirebis meqa­ romelic arsebobs kapitalis bazris ganvi­ nizmebi. saqarTvelos tipis qveynebi, rogorc TarebasTan dakavSirebiT, gadaWarbebulia. wesi, iyeneben depozitebisa da saxazino obil­ zemoaRniSnul kvlevaze dayrdnobiT, romel­ gaciebis mimarTulebas, radgan yvelaze dabal ic yuradRebas amaxvilebis reformis saval­ riskiania. qalbatoni i.gurulis TqmiT, serio­ debulo xasiaTze, qalbatoni T. juReli acxa­ zuli problemaa investirebis mimarTulebiT, debs, rom savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio radgan saqarTveloSi ganviTarebuli ar aris sistema ver uzrunvelyofs „Rirseul pensi­ kapitaluri bazari, es qmnis seriozul win­ as“, radgan dabali Semosavlebis gamo mosax­ aRobas aRniSnuli reformisaTvis. aseve ga­ leoba ver Seqmnis maRal sapensio danazogebs. saTvaliswinebulia arastabiluri garemo da misive gancxadebiT, savaldebulo dagrove­ grZelvadiani xedvis deficiti. Cndeba mTeli biTi sapensio sistema mosaxleobis mxolod rigi kiTxvebi inflaciis donesTan da Segro­ mcire nawils moicavs (mxolod saSemosavlo vili Tanxebis msyidvelunarianobasTan daka­ gadasaxadis gadamxdelebs) da momavalSi ver vSirebiT wlebis Semdeg. sadao sakiTxia Sem­ Seamcirebs sabiujeto wnexs. oTavazebuli reformis savaldebulo xasiaTi T.juReli Tvlis, rom mniSvnelovania aras­ damsaqmeblis mimarT, rac warmoSobs finansur amTavrobo seqtoris CarTulobis uzrun­ wnexs kerZo biznesze, romelic gazrdis ara­ velyofa da sazogadoebis/biznes seqtoris formaluri dasaqmebis maCveneblis dones. informirebulobis donis amaRleba iseTi dagrovebis nebayoflobiTi komponenti mniSvnelovani reformis ganxorcielebis yve­ isedac arsebobs saqarTvelos realobaSi, ig­ la etapze, rogoricaa sapensio sistema, rac ive bankebisa da sadazRvevi komaniebis mxri­ samwuxarod ar xorcieldeba da kerZo-sajaro dan, Tumca ramdenad aqvs qveynis mosaxleobas dialogis formati, faqtobrivad, araefeq­ dagrovebisa da TviTdisciplinis kultura turia. igi aqve aRniSnavs, rom gamomdinare re­ es sxva sakiTxia, rac, ra Tqma unda, pirdapir formis masStabisa da mniSvnelobisa, kvleviTi kavSirSia stabilurobis gancdasTan, gansaku­ centri momavlSic gaagrZelebs aqtiur muSao­ TrebiT erovnuli valutis mimarT. bas sapensio sistemis reformis sakiTxze. dagegmili reformis mimarT arsebobs se­ reformis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSire- riozuli sainformacio deficiti, rac au­ buli ZiriTadi gamowvevebi. cileblad Seuqmnis problemebs kerZo seqto­ nebismieri tipisa da masStabis refor­ ris warmomadgenlebs. mniSvnelovani samuSaoa ma dgas garkveuli riskebisa da gamowvevebis Casatarebeli sazogadoebis cnobierebis am­ winaSe, romelic moiTxovs reformis koncef­ aRlebis mimarTulebiT, raTa bizness hqondes ciis Rrma analizs, SesaZlo Sedegebis gaTval­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 85 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY iswinebas, safrTxeebis kompleqsur gaazrebasa retul adamians SeeZleba uari Tqvas sistema­ da am safrTxeebis Tavidan asacileblad efeq­ Si monawileobaze. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, turi meqanizmebis SemuSavebas. sapensio sis­ rom nebayoflobiTi elementi Seexeba dasaqme­ temis reforma, Tavisi arsiT, farTomasSta­ buls, magram sistemaSi monawileoba srulad biani ekonomikuri proeqtia, romelsac maRa­ savaldebuloa damsaqmeblisa da saxelmwi­ li socialuri mniSvneloba aqvs, mowyvladia fos mimarT, rac qmnis damabrkolebel gare­ qveynis finansuri SesaZleblobebis mimarT da moebas biznesisaTvis, radgan damsaqmebels xasiaTdeba maRali sazogadoebriv-politi­ uwevs dasaqmebulis yovelTviuri sargos 2%- kuri interesiT. is mimarTva misi dagrovebiTi angariSisaken. qvemoT mocemulia is ZiriTadi gamowveve­ finansuri wnexis Sesamsubuqeblad SesaZloa bi, romelic saqarTveloSi dagegmil sapensio damsaqmebelma mimarTos sxvadasxva gzebs, Se­ sistemis reformas axlavs Tan: umciros dasaqmebuls Sromis anazRaureba saqarTvelo isev Raribi qveynebis siaSia, da amis xarjze moaxdinos 2%-is gadaricxva rac imas niSnavs, rom Cvens mosaxleobas ar dagrovebiT angariSze, rasac saboloo jamSi, aqvs dovlaTis gadanawilebisa da dazogvis kvlav dasaqmebulis uflebis SezRudvasTan problema imdenad, ramdenadac ar arsebobs mivyavarT; gadasanawilebeli/dasazogi dovlaTi. aqedan „Rirseuli siberis“ uzrunvelsayofad gamomdinare, molodini, rom dagrovebiTi sa­ sa­Wi­roa maRali Senatanebis ganxorciele­ pensio sistemis SemoRebiT, pensiaze gasvlis ba yovelTviurad, rac SeuZlebelia miiRwes Semdeg, miiRweva maRali socialuri keTil­ dagegmili, 6%-ani kontribuciiT. aRniSnuli dReoba (sapensio reformis samsaxuris ufro­ naTlad Cans pirvel grafikze: savaldebulo sis gancxadebis Tanaxmad) araadekvaturia da sapensio danazogebis adekvaturoba – scenar­ ar asaxavs qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri/ is simulacia. finansuri mdgomareobis realur suraTs; sapensio reformis samsaxuris ufro­ sapensio reformis samsaxuris ufrosis gan­ sis, batoni oTar ZiZikaSvilis gancxadebiT, martebiT, axali sapensio sistema iqneba nebay­ dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemis danergvas, pa­ oflobiT elementze dafuZnebuli da konk­ ralelur reJimSi, moyveba kapitalis bazris

1 grafiki: savaldebulo sapensio danazogebis adekvaturoba – scenaris simulacia

wyaro: „savaldebulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema – gamowvevebi da saerTaSoriso praqti- ka“. www.pmcg-i.com

86 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY ganviTareba saqarTveloSi, rac vfiqrob, biT sapensio sistemaze gadasvla da ra­ arasarwmunoa, radgan dRes arsebuli mdgo­ tom aris is ualternativo. mareobiT, saqarTveloSi kapitalis bazari Ca­ l xelisufleba zogadad ambobs, rom Se­ nasaxobriv mdgomareobaSia da 2017 wlisaTvis moTavazebuli sapensio sistema saukeTe­ is kvlav ar iqneba mzad imisaTvis, rom kerZo so saerTaSoriso praqtikas efuZneba, sapensio anabrebze arsebuli Tanxebi sapen­ Tumca mniSvnelovania daasaxelos erTi sio fondma, sxvadasxva instrumentebis gamoy­ konkretuli qveyana mainc, romlis ga­ mocdilebasTanac yvelaze axlos iqneba enebiT, ganaTavsos kapitalis bazarze; saqarTvelos sapensio modeli. am dros, reformisaTvis seriozul gamowvevas qm­ gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom evrokavSiris nis sazogadoebis cnobierebis amaRlebis sak­ zogierT qveyanaSic ki savaldebulo iTxi sistemuri cvlilebebis Sesaxeb, romel­ dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema arcTu ise ic SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom arc Tu warmatebiT warmatebuli aRmoCnda (magaliTad, un­ xorcieldeba, radgan mosaxleobis mxolod greTi, poloneTi). mcire nawili (dargis specialistebi) flobs l damsaqmebelTa davaldebuleba, saval­ adekvatur informacias reformis Taobaze. debulo wesiT sapensio fondSi mimarTos vfiqrob, seriozuli gamowvevis winaSe dgas 40-wlamde dasaqmebulebis Sromis anaz­ sapensio reformis samsaxuri, romelmac unda Raurebis 2%, faqtobrivad gadasaxadis SeZlos sazogadoebis swori informirebulo­ xasiaTs atarebs da ewinaaRmdegeba saqa­ ba reformis aucileblobis, sargeblisa da rTvelos konstitucias, romlis mixed­ riskebis Sesaxeb. viTac aqcizis garda nebismieri axali sapensio sqemis ganxorcielebaze da ad­ gadasaxadis SemoReba referendumis ministrirebaze pasuxismgebeli ssip „sapen­ Catarebas moiTxovs. sio saagento“ iqneba. sapensio aqtivebis in­ l SemoTavazebuli iniciativa ver uzrun­ vestirebaze pasuxismgebeli sainvesticio velyofs e.w. „Rirseul pensias“, radgan sabWo iqneba, romlis gadawyvetilebiT sapen­ samuSao asakis mqone mosaxleobis mxolod sio aqtivebi sxvadasxva donis riskianobis fi­ 25% aris daqiravebiT dasaqmebuli, 34% nansur aqtivebSi (depozitebi, obligaciebi, TviTdasaqmebulia, xolo 41% umuSevaria an samuSao ZalaSi ar Sedis. gasaTvalis­ aqciebi da a.S.) ganTavsdeba. winebelia, isic, rom dasaqmebulTa 58.4% 40 da meti asakis adamianebia, romlebzec 3. daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi. sapensio sqemaSi CarTvis valdebuleba ar l saqarTveloSi mmarTveli partiis 2016 vrceldeba. Sedegad, gamodis, rom saval­ wlis saarCevno programaSi (gv. 16) da debulo dagrovebiTi sapensio sistema 2018-2020 wlebis samTavrobo programa­ samuSao asakis mqone mosaxleobis mxolod Si (gv. 19) weria, rom „farTod dainerge­ 10.5%-ze gavrceldeba. ba regulirebis gavlenis Sefasebis (RIA) l „Rirseul pensiis“ aRebis saSualebas instrumenti, rac mogvcems saSualebas, ar iZleva arsebuli dabali xelfase­ TiToeuli gadawyvetilebis gavlena bi­ bi. daqiravebiT dasaqmebulTa saSualo znesze iyos winaswar gaanalizebuli”. xelfasi TveSi daaxloebiT 1000 laria. regulirebis gavlenis Sefasebis gamoy­ rac niSnavs, rom momavali 25 wlis ganmav­ enebas iTxovs evrokavSirTan asocirebis lobaSi, Tu davuSvebT realuri xelfasis SeTanxmebac (muxli 225). miuxedavad ami­ yovelwliurad 5%-iT zrdas da realur sa, sapensio reformasTan dakavSirebuli 5%-ian sainvesticio Semosavals, pensi­ kanonproeqti ise Sevida parlamentSi, aze gasvlis Semdeg, dagrovili Tanxidan rom regulirebis gavlenis Sefaseba ar yovelTviuri pensia (15 welze) 210 lari Catarebula. es im fonze, rodesac refor­ iqneba. mTavrobis gancxadebiT, dRevan­ ma garkveuli riskebis matarebelia. Sesa­ deli pensia (180 lari) minimum dRevande­ bamisad, ar aris naTeli, Tu ra sargebels li RirebulebiT SenarCundeba. gamodis, moutans qveyanas savaldebulo dagrove­ rom 25 wlis Semdeg saSualo pensia iqneba inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 87 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY

390 lari TveSi, rac, sakmaod optimistur ridan ar momxdara. scenarSi, 25 wlis saSualo xelfasis 20%- l savaldebulo dagrovebiT sapensio siste­ ian, xolo bolo xelfasis 12%-ian Canacv­ maze politikur Zalebs da sazogadoebas lebis dones uzrunvelyofs. dRes Canacv­ Soris konsesusi ar aris. lebis saSualo koeficienti 18%-ia. l parlamentma SeaCeros kanoni, sanam reg­ aseve, dRes realobaa, rom dasaqmebulTa ulirebis gavlenis Sefasebis kvleva ar naxevarze mets xelfasi TveSi 500 lari Catardeba. kvleva unda moicavdes sxva­ da naklebi aqvs. maT, zemoT mocemuli dasxva alternatiul scenarebs, sadac daSvebebiT, 25 wlis Semdeg pensia TveSi naCvenebi iqneba, ra naklovanebebi da up­ 306 lari eqnebaT, rac saSualo xelfasis iratesobebi aqvs dRes arsebul da Se­ 25.5%-ian, xolo bolo xelfasis 15%-ian moTavazebul modelebs. Seswavlili unda Canacvlebis dones uzrunvelyofs. amJa­ iyos dagrovebiTi pensiis savaldebulo mad, Canacvlebis koeficienti aris 30%. da arasavaldebulo modelebis sxvadasx­ l SemoTavazebuli sapensio sistemiT, va variantebic. saxelmwifo mosaxleobaSi socialur uTa­ l rom ar moxdes samuSao Zalis gaZvireba, nasworobis zrdas uwyobs xels. momaval­ umuSevrobis waxaliseba da dRes arsebu­ Si saxelmwifo dasaqmebul da maRalSemo­ li gankargvadi Semosavlebis Semcireba, savlian moqalaqeebs Tanxobrivad ufro sapensio Senatanis ganxorcieleba unda met kontribucias gaukeTebs pensiaSi, dakompensirdes saSemosavlo gadasaxadis vidre umuSevrebs da dabalSemosavlian SemcirebiT. am SemTxvevaSi konstituciis mosaxleobas. Sesabamisad, sxva Tanabar darRvevis riskic moixseneba. pirobebSi, sapensio asakis mosaxleobaSi l dagrovebiT sapensio sqemaSi monawil­ socialuri uTanasworoba gaizrdeba. eoba unda iyos nebayoflobiTi da sqema­ l izrdeba sagadasaxado tvirTi dasaqmeba­ Si CarTvis waxalisebisTvis, saxelmwi­ ze (faqtobrivad, xelfasidan gadasaxadi fos SeuZlia SeimuSaos garkveuli saga­ 20%-dan 23.2%-mde izrdeba), rac gaaZ­ dasaxado SeRavaTebi (es SeRavaTebi unda virebs samuSao Zalas da uaryofiTad imo­ gavrceldes kerZo sapensio sistemaSi qmedebs dasaqmebaze. Sesabamisad, am naw­ CarTvis SemTxvevebzec). nebayoflobi­ ilSi, biznes garemo gauresdeba. Ti dagrovebiTi pensiis samarTliano­ l SemoTavazebulma sapensio sistemam Sei­ bas adasturebs is faqti, rom „sapensio Zleba gamoiwvios araformaluri SromiTi sistemis reformis mimarT mosaxleobis garigebebis dadeba da Crdilovani ekono­ damokidebulebis“ kvlevis farglebSi mikis waxaliseba. gamokiTxuli mosaxleobis 65% swored ne­ l saxelmwifo biujets emateba mniSvnelo­ bayoflobiTi sqemis momxrea. vani tvirTi (1-2%-iani kontribucia sap­ l sapensio reforma aris Zalian mniS­ ensio sqemaSi). es im fonze, rodesac biu­ vnelovani reforma. aqedan gamomdinare, jetSi narCundeba dRevandeli sapensio aucilebeli iyo meti sajaro diskusia xarjebi da romlis 20-30 wlis ganmavloba­ dainteresebul pirebTan, rom reformas Si mxolod dabali tempiT zrda (msyidve­ hqondes ndoba da iyos mdgradi grZelva­ lobiTi unariT Tviuri pensiis 180 larze dian periodSi. SenarCuneba), dRevandeli socialuri fo­ l da yvelaze mTavari: aseTi istoriuli xa­ nis da politikuri konteqstis gaTvalis­ siaTis reformis gatarebisaTvis, Cveni winebiT, realurad SeuZleblad migvaCnia. mosazrebiT, mizanSewonili iyo qveyanaSi saukeTeso saerTaSoriso praqtikis Catarebuli referendumi, vinaidan axal mixedviT, dagrovebiTi sapensio sistemiT sapensio reformas socialuri fonis ra­ fiskaluri riskebis Semcireba socialu­ dikalurad Secvla SeuZlia da misi ga­ ri pensiis zrdis SenelebiT xdeboda, risi tareba did windaxedulobasa da sifrTx­ mzadyofnis deklarirebac mTavrobis mx­ iles moiTxovs

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literatura/REFERENCES [1] qoqiauri l. 2018. finansebi (saxelmZRvanelo 3 tomad), t-3. gv. 820. [2] http://forbes.ge/news/638/dagrovebiTi-pensia-saqarTveloSi [3] http://www.tabula.ge/ge/story/126318-sapensio-reforma-sqema-romlitac-mtavrobas-tqveni-fulis-mitviseba-sheedzleba [4] http://eugeorgia.info/ka/articleblog/62/sapensio-reformis-dizaini-da-ideologia/ [5] https://idfi.ge/ge/analysis-of-pension-system-reform [6] https://www.transparency.ge/ge/post/10-shenishvna-sapensio-repormaze [7] http://www.bm.ge/ka/article/ra-weria-sapensio-reformis-shesaxeb-sakonstitucio-sarchelshi/28199?fbclid=IwAR0WiA­ 46noUbha5wz5mQgaC11HkC2j723WwtLC-zzQyPSJ_UaNdNyPuXFCk [8] https://www.interpressnews.ge/ka/article/527800-sapensio-saagentos-direktoris-ganmartebit-sapensio-danazogebi-up­ ro-metad-aris-daculi-vidre-sxva-aktivi-rogoricaa-saxli-mankana-bankshi-puli/?fbclid=IwAR2DsX_S52dmH0bR_9Rs7ez­ JWoWgaiHr9Nyd_uagRWxV_Y-9ryShkjdXoBU [9] https://commersant.ge/ge/post/vato-surguladze-sapensio-reformaze-fulis-shegroveba-ukve-daiwyo-magram-am-fulma-ro­ gor-unda-imushavos-gegma-djer-dawerili-ar-aris?fbclid=IwAR315xDRgTRO-p0BeDR-O2P2ZBpsXtIPFQqVh9SJ4-j8jzd­ D4zRqsz5DPYo [10] http://www.bm.ge/ka/article/sapensio-reforma-iwyeba---rogor-chamogechrebat-xelfasidan-savaldebulo-shesatani/28091/?f­ bclid=IwAR16gy-U0hb7vNyX_TTYYlYSsJLLDdJpE95A2Hhbij50h8ehh7arDIC8lv8

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umuSevrobis materialuri uzrunvelyofis saxelmwifo politika ukrainaSi da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebSi: SedarebiTi analizi da transformaciis mimarTulebebi

STATE POLICY OF MATERIAL SUPPLY OF UNEMPLOYED IN UKRAINE AND EASTERN EUROPE: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS AND TRANSFORMATION DIRECTIONS

elene griSnova, OLENA GRISHNOVA, e.m.d. warmoebis ekonomikis kaTedris profesori, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor of the taras SevCenkos saxelobis kievis erovnuli universi­ Department of Enterprise Economics, teti, kievi, ukraina Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, oleg risni, Ukraine. lvovis dasaqmebis saqalaqo centris direqtori, OLEH RISNYY, lvovi, ukraina director, Lviv City Employment Center, Ukraine

ABSTRACT sponsibility of citizens for the actions for job search and also Material security on an unemployment case is an impor­ measures for the economy detenization. tant function of public service of employment and a neces­ sary social guarantee in the modern world. Sufficient support Keywords. European integration, social policy, labor of the citizen for temporary loss of labor income, respect for market, employment, unemployment, employment service, principles of social justice and maintaining motivation to new unemployment benefits. employment is indicators of its effective realization. The purpose of article is assessment of a condition of anotacia material security on an unemployment case in Ukraine, its materialuri uzrunvelyofa umuSevro­ comparison with foreign practice, definition of the main ways bis dros - saxelmwifos dasaqmebis samsaxuris of effective transformation of state policy of financing of mniSvnelovani funqciaa da aucilebeli socia­ expenses in the sphere of the help with unemployment. An luri garantiaa Tanamedrove msoflioSi. misi object of a research is the material security on an unemploy­ efeqturi realizaciis indikatori iqneba mo­ ment case, an object of research - theoretical and practical qalaqis sakmarisi mxardaWera SromiTi Semosav­ aspects of transformation of this function of public service of lebis droebiT dakargvis periiodSi, socialuri employment in Ukraine in the course of integration into the samarTlianobis principebis dacva da xelaxla international labor market. SromiTi mowyobisTvis motivaciis SenarCuneba. The methods of a research are the comparative analysis statiis mizans warmoadgens materialuri uz­ (concerning activity of the employment services, the princi­ runvelyofis mdgomareobis Sefaseba ukrainaSi ples of payment of the help with unemployment in Ukraine umuSevrobis SemTxvevaSi, misi Sedareba sazRvar­ and abroad, in particular, in Poland, Estonia, Latvia), the sta­ gareTul praqtikasTan, xarjebis finansirebis tistical analysis of data on structure of financing of expenses saxelmwifo politikis efeqturi transfor­ in the sphere of unemployment, expected calculation of the maciis gzebis gamoZebna umuSevrobis period­ period of “payback” of the paid dole the paid insurance pre­ Si dasaxmareblad. kvlevis obieqts warmoad­ miums in Ukraine. gens materialuri uzrunvelyofa umuSevrobis Considering high efficiency of active expenses in the SemTxvevaSi, kvlevis sagans - am funqciis trans­ sphere of employment in comparison with passive, the re­ formaciis Teoriuli da praqtikuli aspeqtebi search showed need of urgent changes in approaches to fi­ ukrainaSi Sromis saerTaSoriso bazarze inte­ nancing of this sphere, offered possible mechanisms of their graciis procesSi. realization: reduction maximum and increase in the minimum kvlevis meTodebs warmoadgenen komparatiu­ size of a dole, more reasonable repeated receiving the help, li analizi (dasaqmebis samsaxurebis saqmianobeb­ reduction of duration of payment of a grant, increase in base is Sedareba,daxmarebis anazRaurebis princi­ of assignments for calculation of a grant, strengthening of re­ pebi ukrainaSi da sazRvargareT, poloneTSi,

90 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY estoneTSi, latviaSi), umuSevrobis sferoSi xar­ policy of material security in the case of unemployment jebis finansirebis struqturaSi statistikuri requires further multifaceted and detailed study. analizi, umuSevrobisTvis gadaxdili daxmarebis Setting objectives. According to our earlier research „amorebis“ periodis saprognozo gaangariSeba, [1, 170], the labor market conditions in Ukraine are not romlebic gadaxdilia ukrainaSi sadazRvevo Se­ only much worse than in the EU countries, but also change natanebiT. in a negative direction, unlike European countries. Espe­ dasaqmebis sferoSi aqtiuri danaxarjebis cially perceptible progress takes place in the labor mar­ didi efeqturobis gaTvaliswinebiT pasiur­ kets of Eastern European countries, despite the fact that Tan SedarebiT kvleveba gviCvena aucilebeli European integration was difficult for them. The current cvlilebebis Setanis aucilebloba aRniSnuli dynamics of the indicators of the Ukrainian labor market sferos dafinansebis saqmeSi, SemoTavazebulia is paradoxical and is characterized by contradictions that maTi realizaciis meqanizmebi: umuSevrobaze impede its effective European integration. gasacemi maqsimaluri zomis Semcireba da mini­ Among the reasons for these disappointing trends is maluri zomis gazrda, ganmeorebiTi daxmarebis the ineffective policy of material security in the case of ufro dasabuTebuli gacema, daxmarebis gacemis unemployment, which has now turned into a provoker of xangrZlivobis Semcireba, moqalaqeTa pasux­ social dependence and a determinant of job search at its ismgeblobis gaZliereba samuSaos moZiebaSi, Cr­ loss. dilovani ekonomikis gaqarwyleba. The purpose of the paper is to assess the state of un­ employment insurance in Ukraine, to compare it with for­ sakvanZo sityvebi: evrointegracia, socia­ eign practice, to identify the main ways of effective trans­ luri politika, Sromis bazari, dasaqmeba, umu­ formation of the state policy of financing costs in the field Sevroba, dasaqmebis samsaxuri, umuSevrobis dax­ of unemployment benefits. mareba. Research results. International standards for unem­ ployment insurance provide for protection from lack of INTRODUCTION income because of the inability to get the appropriate A balanced policy of material security in the case of work for those able to work, ready to start work and are unemployment is not only a guarantee of effective spend­ actually looking for work, as well as taking into account ing of the Fund of State Social Insurance against Unem­ previous work experience for benefits, the right to ­ oth ployment, but also a tool for motivating service clients er social benefits. Separately, it is expected to take into to find work and overcome subjective moods in society. account such criteria as the age of the unemployed, their The formation of just payment of insurance indemnities experience in the previous profession, the accumulated in the presence of this right and the lack of decent work experience, the duration of unemployment, the situation enables them to provide minimum social guarantees while in the labor market, the impact of employment on their at the same time inhibiting the restraining sentiment and personal and family circumstances, breaks in employ­ also encourages the unemployed to seek employment, as ment, including with respect to the prime (in assessing the demonstrated by the world’s leading experience. Lead­ suitability of employment and the right to payment), as ing researchers from various fields of economic science well as the dependence of the size and length of receipt and demography have repeatedly addressed the issues of unemployment benefit on the duration of insurance highlighted in the publication. Separately, the works of (work) experience, the amount of salary received and the A. Kolot (A. Kolot) [4], E. Libanova (E. Libanova) [5], corresponding deductions from it, the period of training, A. Cherkasov (A. Cherkasov) [6] and others, which influ­ duration unemployment. enced the formulation of problem issues and search solu­ In Ukraine, the procedure for acquiring the status of tions. However, given the complexity and dynamism of the unemployed, as well as the appointment and payment the processes of reforming the activities of social institu­ of state unemployment benefits is regulated by the Law of tions and the imposition of social benefits, their significant Ukraine “On Compulsory State Social Insurance Against impact on the development of the economy, employment the Case of Unemployment” (hereinafter - the Law), the motivation and overall welfare of the population, a variety Order of the Ministry of Social Policy of Ukraine dated of opinions on this issue in the press, among practition­ June 15, 2015, No. 613 “On Approval of the Procedure ers and in scientific circles, the question of balanced the for Granting Unemployment Assistance, including a One- inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 91 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY time Payment for the Organization of the Entrepreneur­ one year, and the payment of compulsory insurance pay­ ship” (hereinafter - the Procedure). ments in case of unemployment for at least 12 months in By the decision of the Board of the Fund of state so­ the period of the last 16 months prior to the day of estab­ cial insurance of Ukraine in case of unemployment from lishing the status of the unemployed was carried out. 15.12.2017 № 151 approved expenditures of the budget of Such assistance is calculated in proportion to the the Fund of the state social insurance of Ukraine in case of length of the insurance, taking into account the income unemployment (hereinafter - Fund) in 2018, where unem­ from which payments were made in case of unemploy­ ployment benefits allocated UAH 8 991 467,6 thousand, ment. Depending on the insurance (work) experience, the which is 75% of the planned expenditures of the Fund. assistance is assigned: for a period of from 1 to 9 years And only 5.2% of spending is provided for active forms of - 50% of the average salary from which payments were employment promotion [2]. A similar situation developed made; from 10 to 19 years - 55% of the average salary; in 2016, 2015 from 20 to 29 years - 60% of the average salary; 30 years For comparison, we will evaluate the principles and or more - 65% of the average salary. This decision is con­ practice of unemployment benefits in such countries as siderably tighter compared to the domestic analogue, but Ukraine, Estonia, and Poland that are similar to Ukraine. also more rational, in our opinion. The right to receive an unemployment insurance ben­ The average benefit is calculated from the salary for efit in Estonia is obtained by people who are registered 12 months. This period ends two calendar months before as unemployed, within 3 years prior to registration, those the month when the status of the unemployed is assigned. who have at least 12 months of unemployment insurance The calculation does not take into account the two months experience and had not quit their last job or service on in which the person had the lowest or highest salary (from their own initiative. In Ukraine to get compensated one which payments were made). Duration of receiving ben­ day of work is enough and the reason of dismissal is not efits for all the unemployed is established for 9 months, important. regardless of insurance (work) experience. When calculating the average wage in Estonia, 9 If a person has become unemployed because of dis­ months of work experience are taken into account and missal on his own or in connection with violations, the the paid salary for the last three months is not taken into unemployment benefit is appointed from the date of appli­ account, as well as payments from which unemployment cation, but no earlier than two months after the status of insurance contributions are not paid (for example, reim­ the unemployed [8]. bursement for reduction, travel, etc.). Such a decision de­ Differences between the principles and approaches for serves attention, because often before the known dismissal the appointment of unemployment benefits in Ukraine, person receives generous initial aid, which significantly Latvia and Estonia are clearly demonstrated in Table. 1. affects the amount of unemployment benefits. As we can see, almost all of the parameters show a great­ In the first 100 days a refund is 50% of the average er dependence of assistance on the length of insurance wage per calendar day, and then 40%. Insurance indemnity experience and decrease its size over time in the Baltic for unemployment has both maximum and minimum size. countries. The maximum amount of compensation is 50% and 40% In Poland, the basic unemployment benefit rate is in accordance, due to the three times average salary of Es­ 41.5% of the minimum wage and 19.2% of the average tonia per calendar day. In 2017, the maximum amount of wage. In Ukraine, unemployment benefits vary from 544 reimbursement in the first 100 days is EUR 43.47 per day, UAH to 7364 UAH. (as of July 1, 2018) and is respective­ and starting from 101 days - EUR 34.78 per day (gross), ly 15% and 198% of the minimum wage, and 7% and 94% which is 20% higher than the average salary in the first of the average wage [3]. This illustrative example demon­ hundred days, and is equal in subsequent periods [7]. strates that in the first case, when minimal assistance is If the insurance record is less than 5 years old, com­ paid, no minimum social standards are provided, and in pensation is awarded for 180 calendar days, from 5 to 10 the second one - the motivating influence on the search of years, - 270 calendar days, 10 years or more, - 360 cal­ work disappears, which eventually leads to strengthening endar days. Thus, payments in Estonia should be consid­ of the mistrust and the transfer of the personal financial ered more motivational in terms of job search compared problems to the state. Also relevant is the Polish experi­ to Ukrainian ones. ence regarding more rigorous approaches in reducing un­ In Latvia, unemployment benefits can be obtained if employment benefits in the event of a client’s refusal to there is a general insurance (work) experience of at least work or even to vocational training.

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Table 1. PRINCIPLES OF THE APPOINTMENT OF UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS IN UKRAINE, LATVIA AND ESTONIA

Source: compiled by authors.

The ILO provides assistance in cases of full unem­ during the year 1980 UAH to the Fund, and will receive ployment in the form of periodic payments at a rate that 37.5 thousand UAH or 53.8 thousand UAH depending on provides the recipient with partial and temporary com­ the maximum duration of unemployment benefits. In or­ pensation for lost income and at the same time does not der to secure the receipt of such an amount, it would be reduce incentives for gaining employment or creating necessary to pay contributions from the same salary from self-employment. In this case, the size of the assistance 19 to 26 years, in accordance. must guarantee the recipient an opportunity to fully pro­ Thus, non-motivational unemployment benefits in ex­ vide all vital functions. As noted above, in Ukraine the cessive amounts do not adequately reflect the proportion­ minimum amount of assistance is very far from any stand­ ality of past contributions, but they are also subsidized by ards, and the maximum one does not provide motivation other contributors. for employment. Arguments in favor of such a high level In addition, according to the current legislation, a per­ of payment as the form of insurance compensation from son will receive the right to a new unemployment allow­ paid pre-contributions, do not stand up to a thorough cri­ ance (in the case of an additional period of one day from a tique. Table 2 shows that in order to ensure maximum un­ minimum of one year in the case of an insurance period of employment benefit, the insured should pay contributions at least one day, after the expiration of such benefits, one from the appropriate salary level not 1 or 2 years, as today year later), in the case of the availability of 26 weeks of is sufficient, but 15-17 years in the case of receiving 270 additional seniority, - as a percentage of wages). calendar days, or 21-23 years - in the case of receiving Thus, the clearly ineffective structure of the expens­ assistance 365 days. es of the Fund of compulsory state social insurance of This disproportion is characteristic not only to the Ukraine in case of unemployment is fixed, where over maximum amount of unemployment benefits, but also 75% of expenditures on social benefits (passive expenses) to the average payout. Table 3 shows that insured person are spent annually in Ukraine, and only 5% are spent on who has an insurance record of less than 2 years and a sal­ active forms, the rest is almost 20%, for the maintenance ary of the last place of work of 10 thousand UAH will pay of the service. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 93 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY

Table 2. CALCULATION OF THE RATIO OF MAXIMUM UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS AND INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS IN UKRAINE

Source: compiled by authors as of 01.11.2018.

Table 3. CALCULATION OF THE PERIOD OF “PAYBACK” OF PAID INSURANCE CONTRIBUTIONS FOR UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS IN UKRAINE

Source: compiled by authors as of 01.11.2018.

Employment Centers in Ukraine, as well as Polish comings in the activity of the employment service itself, Employment Centers (taken for comparison Gdanski but by the peculiarities of the national legislation and the Urzad Pracy - Gdansk Employment Center), implement general socio-economic state of the country (social pay­ more or less similar tasks. In the table 4 below a compara­ ments, subsidies, illegal employment, etc.). tive analysis of the budget allocations for financing similar At the nearest time it is necessary to fundamentally services in Lviv and Gdansk in 2017 and 2018 is provided. change the approaches to the appointment of maternity Having analyzed the estimated allocations for financ­ benefits for the unemployed. It is necessary to increase the ing both employment centers, one can conclude that the minimum amount of unemployment benefit, which will majority of expenditures (87.36%) are paid for unemploy­ allow persons covered by social protection, to ensure suf­ ment benefits at the Lviv, whereas in the Gdansk unem­ ficient level of vital activity, and at the same time reduce ployment benefit is only 30.89%. the maximum amount as a percentage of the minimum In turn, the share of expenditures aimed at financing wage. The analysis in the work has shown that in order to active forms of support for the unemployed and employ­ provide the maximum amount of unemployment benefits, ers, which promotes the motivation of the unemployed to it is often enough to have one year of salary insurance, gain employment, is many times higher in Poland (in 2017 which would require over 20 years compensating for the in Lviv is 1.93%, the Gdansk - 40.75%, in 2018 Lviv - corresponding charges for the payments made. Reducing 2.13%, Gdansk - 54.55% ) the maximum aid payment to the minimum wage (subject Conclusions. From the above analysis we can note the to its decent level) will not be discriminatory, will serve negative features of the domestic system, expressed in a more efficiently and fairly, will maintain motivational significant predominance of passive spending on the mate­ character in finding a job, where you can still earn more. rial provision of unemployed and maintenance, compared The next step is to reduce the cyclicality of receiving with the cost of active forms of employment support. The unemployment benefits and increase the length of the in­ presented tendencies are caused not so much by the short­ surance base to calculate assistance.

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Table 4. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE STRUCTURE OF ESTIMATED EXPENDITURES OF EMPLOYMENT CENTERS OF LVIV AND GDANSK

Source: compiled by the authors on the data of LMTSZ and GMUP.

One of the most important mechanisms for influencing component. Material payments should not only provide the passive costs of the Fund should be the introduction minimum social standards for their recipients, but also of an effective, efficient and transparent mechanism for motivate them to move to a category of employed pop­ defining the term “acceptable work” in the current legisla­ ulation. It is also necessary to review approaches to the tion, and the responsibility for refusing it. Fund’s costs, in particular to increase their proportions for Consequently, in Ukraine, the process of transfor­ active employment programs in relation to passive pay­ mation of the system of material security in case of un­ ments, the possibility to determine the expediency and employment should take place to ensure its motivational form of spending on active programs at the local level.

REFERENCES [1] Grishnova, O.A., Risny, O.P. (2017). Integration of the Ukrainian labor market with the European one: threats and prospects (an assessment on the example of the countries of Eastern Europe). Demography and the social economy, 3 (31), 162-173. [2] State employment service (2018). “On approval of the distribution of expenditures of the Fund of compulsory state social insurance against unemployment by the articles of the budget of the Fund in 2018”: Resolution of February 7, 2018, No. 54. Retrieved from: https://dcz.gov.ua/sites/default/files/postanovano151.pdf (Accessed 13.07.2018). [3] Kolot, A.M. (2017). Decent work: imperatives, Ukrainian realities, mechanisms of provision: monograph]. Kiev, KNEU. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 95 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY

[4] Libanova, E.M. (2012). Social problems of modernization of the Ukrainian economy. Demography and the social econo­ my,1, 5-22. https://doi.org/10.15407/dse2012.01.005. [5] Cherkasov, A.V. (2016). Productive employment and social development of Ukraine: state and prospects. Methodology and methods of scientific achievements, 60–61. [6] Tootukassa E. (2013), Size and calculation of compensation. Retrieved from: https://www.tootukassa.ee/ru/content/razmi­ er-i-rastchiot-wozmieshtchieniia [7] Valsts socialas apdrosinasanas agentura (2018). Unemployment Benefit. Retrieved from: https://www.vsaa.lv/en/services/ for-employees/unemployment-benefit/ [8] Wojewódzki Urząd Pracy w Rzeszowie (2018). Ujednolicony tekst ustawy z dnia 20 kwietnia 2004r. o promocji zatrudnienia i instytucjach rynku pracy». Retrieved from: http://wuprzeszow.praca.gov.pl/-/120524

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axali samuSao adgilebis prognozireba ukrainis ekonomikis samrewvelo seqtorSi

PREDICTION OF NEW WORK PLACES IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR OF UKRAINIAN ECONOMY

nadeJda reznik, NADIIA REZNIK, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, Doctor of Economic Science, Professor sabirJo saqmis da vaWrobis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli, Head, department of stock exchange activity garemosa da sicocxlis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa and trade National University of Life and erovnuli universiteti, ukraina Environmental Science anatoli ostapCuk, ANATOLIY OSTAPCHUK, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, docenti, Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate agraruli menejmentis fakultetis dekani, Professor Dean of the Faculty of Agrarian garemosa da sicocxlis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa Management, National University of Life and erovnuli universiteti, ukraina Environmental Science

anotacia procesis prognozirebis modelis safuZvelze Zvel da axal samuSao adgilebze Seqmnili saSualo vadian periodSi Camoyalibda dadebiTi produqciis zrda moiTxovs moTxovnis zrdas tendenciis makroekonomikuri pirobebi. mosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrdis an dakavSire­ buli sawarmoebis mogebaTa gamo. sawarmoo in­ sakvanZo sityvebi: prognozireba - dagegmva, dustriaSi sainvesticio da sainovacio procese­ samrewvelo seqtori, samuSao adgilebi, Sromis bze dafuZnebuli warmoebis ganviTareba qmnis pro­duqtiuloba. axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas, rac damokidebulia Sesabamis indikatorTa di­ ABSTRACT namikaze. indikatorebi ki SeiZleba warmoadgen­ Growth in output produced at “old” and “new” jobs re­ des damokidebulebebs axali samuSao adgilebis quires an increase in demand for it due to rising household Seqmnisa da am procesebze gavlenis faqtorebs incomes or profits from subcontractors. The development Soris. warmodgenili sistema maTematikuri of industry based on investment and innovation processes meTodologiis saxiT qmnis konkretul models in the industry generates the process of creating new jobs, axali samuSao adgilebis Seqmnis procesisaT­ depending on the dynamics of the relevant indicator indica­ vis. am modelSi gamoyenebuli formulireba aris tors, can be represented by a system of dependencies between erTidaimave tipis da asaxavs axali samuSao adg­ the creation of new jobs and factors that influence this pro­ ilebis zrdis damokidebulebas. warmoebisTvis cess. The system of certain factor dependencies in the form yvelaze mniSvnelovani da saTanadod SerCeuli of mathematical equations is presented, forming a certain faqtorebi aris Sromis produqtiuloba, erT model of the process of creation of new jobs, depending on dasaqmebulze kapitaldabandeba, kapitaluri factor conditions. All the equations used in this model are investiciebi, dasaqmebul adamianTa raodeno­ of the same type and reflect the dependence of the pace of ba da a.S. gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobisaTvis growth of new jobs. For industry, the most important and, ki, Sromis produqtiuloba, kapitaluri inves­ accordingly, selected factors are labor productivity, capital ticiebi, xelfasebi da sxv. SemoTavazebuli mod­ 1 occupied, capital investment, factor inputs, wages of one elis saprognozo gaTvlebma aCvena axali sam­ full-time employee, number of employees in the industry. For uSao adgilebis 115-120 procentiT mudmivi zrd­ the manufacturing industry: labor productivity, capital invest­ is tendencia. ment, capital investment, wages. Forecast calculations on the amgvarad, industriaSi axali samuSao adg­ proposed model showed a tendency to continuous growth of ilebis reproducirebis ganviTarebisa da am new jobs in industry with a rate of 115-120 per cent per year inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 97 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY with a downward trend. Thus, based on the use of the de­ процессом и зависит от многих других параллельных veloped model of reproduction of new jobs in industry and социальных и научно-технических трендов эко­ the constructed forecast of this process in the medium term, номики. Украинская промышленность сейчас про­ certain macroeconomic conditions for forming a promotion хо­дит этап, когда нужны и интенсивный (при of a positive trend were formulated. росте производительности труда) и экстенсивный (рост количества рабочих мест) развитие. Поэтому Keywords: forecasting, industrial sector, factor действие «негативной» группы факторов существенно dependencies, workplaces, labor productivity, capital assets. меньше влияние факторов, генерирующих рост количества новых рабочих мест. В ближайшие 10 Рынок труда в промышленности является лет промышленность ожидаемо будет наверстывать комплексным экономическим процессом, развив­аю­ утраченные объемы продукции во время кризисов щимся под действием многих факторов, действующих 2009 и 2014-2015 гг. И выходить на показатели 2008 в сторону увеличения количества новых рабочих года. Это будет происходить более экстенсивным (за мест (положительном) и в сторону уменьшения счет использования большего количества рабочих новых рабочих мест (условно «отрицательном» нап­ мощностей и рабочих мест), чем интенсивным равлении). Принято считать положительной тенден­ развитием (за счет большей производительности цией повышения занятости, означает необходимость труда и новых технологий). После 2023-2025 в росте числа рабочих мест в отрасли и уменьшение гг. Соотношение экстенсивного и интенсивного безработицы. Новые рабочие места создаются в развития будет меняться в пользу медленного роста результате капитальных инвестиций в проекты рабочих мест и большей отдачи уже действующих рас­ширения производственных мощностей, мод­ производственных мощностей. ерни­зации, технического перевооружения произв­ Разделение факторов на эти две группы одственных процессов. (положительного и отрицательного влияния на созд­ Рост объемов продукции, создаваемой на «старых» ание новых рабочих мест) важен перед началом и «новых» рабочих местах требует роста спроса на построения модели зависимости количества созданных нее из-за роста доходов населения или прибылей рабочих мест от системы факторов, которые влияют на предприятий-смежников. Чем выше темпы развития работу промышленности и ее ресурсное обеспечение национальной экономики, тем больше спроса на (труд, капитал, научно-технические разработки, промышленную продукцию. качество менеджмента). Как было отмечено выше, на Существует группа факторов, которые тормозят рынке труда в промышленности действует система создание новых рабочих мест через различные государственного регулирования (стимулирования) формы интенсификации труда, когда один работник отраслевого развития (промышленная политика), производит все больше продукции на своем которая состоит из: обеспечение макроэкономической рабочем месте и это замещает процесс создания стабильности; стимулирование внутреннего спро­ дополнительных рабочих мест даже при потребности са на промышленную продукцию украинских в росте объемов продукции предприятия. К этой же товаропроизводителей; стимулирование экспорта группе факторов следует отнести и инновационные промышленных товаров, создание условий для процессы в промышленности. Которые обеспечивают внутренних и иностранных инвестиций в про­ большую конкурентоспособность и сбыт продукции мышленность; подготовку кадров для промыш­ предприятия через новую технологию производства лен­ности на всех уровнях, развитие научно- и более конкурентную цену, по высокое качество промышленных кластеров и внедрение инноваций продукции, ввиду лучшей организации управления и технологического уровня. высокую производительность труда. Развитие промышленности на основе инвес­ Это важный тезис в оценке прогрессивности тиционных и инновационных процессов в отрасли направления изменения самого показателя новых генерирует процесс создания новых рабочих мест рабочих мест и направления влияния факторов, в зависимости от динамики соответствующих которые надо учитывать при анализе ситуации с показателей-индикаторов может быть представлен рабочими местами в промышленности. Развитие системой зависимостей между созданием новых промышленности на основе роста количества рабо­ рабочих мест и факторами, которые влияют на этот чих мест не является однозначно положительным процесс. В таблице 1 приведены определенную

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систематизацию таких факторов по соответствующим факторов развития отрасли и группу факторов, группам, которые объединены общим характером действующих со стороны спроса на рабочие места. воздействия на промышленность и спрос на рабочую Каждому фактору соответствует определенный набор силу (количество новых рабочих мест). Выделена показателей-индикаторов, которые количественно группа макроэкономических факторов или условий для развития промышленности, группу инвестиционных показывают изменения в действии фактора.

Таблица 1 БАЗА ФАКТОРОВ (ХI) ДЛЯ ЭКОНОМЕТРИЧЕСКОЙ МОДЕЛИ НОВЫХ РАБОЧИХ МЕСТ (YI)

Источник: собственные исследования авторов

Система определенных факторных зависимостей, логических по своему действию показателей факторов представленная в форме математических уравнений, по тесноте и логичности связи. формирует определенную модель развития процесса Все использованные в данной модели уравнение создания новых рабочих мест в зависимости от однотипны и отражают зависимость темпа роста но­ факторных условий. Для данного объекта исследования вых рабочих мест от выделенных в таблице 1 факторов (формирование новых рабочих мест) предлагается (фактически показателей-индикаторов). Зависимости модель, которая имеет логико-структурное строение, анализировались в форме однофакторных и много­ приведенную на рис. 1 факторных линейных уравнений. Из построенных 19 На первом этапе в модели формируется однофакторных и многофакторных уравнений было информационная база факторов, которая используется отобрано 6 наиболее логических зависимостей для для определения зависимости количества новых промышленности и 5 зависимостей для перерабаты­ рабочих мест в промышленности в зависимости вающей промышленности. Комплекс таких уравнений от уровня показателей-факторов (в данном случае (для промышленности -6 уравнений, для перерабаты­ использованы данные за 2010-2016 гг.) Таблицы 2-3. вающей - 5) в результате позволяет определять измене­ После построения однофакторных и многофакторных ние потребности в новых рабочих местах при том или уравнений происходит отбор наиболее влиятельных и ином уровне показателя-фактора. Для промышленно­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 99 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY

сти наиболее важными и соответственно отобранными та одного штатного работника, численность занятых факторами стали производительность труда, капитало­ в отрасли. Для перерабатывающей промышленности: вооруженность 1 занятого, капитальные инвестиции, производительность труда, капиталовооруженность, коэффициент ввода основных средств, заработная пла­ капитальные инвестиции, заработная плата.

РИС. 1 ПОСТРОЕНИЯ МОДЕЛИ ОЦЕНКИ ДИНАМИКИ НОВЫХ РАБОЧИХ МЕСТ В ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ Источник: собственные исследования авторов

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Таблица 2 ИНФОРМАЦИОННАЯ БАЗА ДЛЯ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ОБЪЕМОВ НОВЫХ РАБОЧИХ МЕСТ В ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ ЗА 2010-2016 ГГ.

Источник: рассчитано по данным [1].

Технология использования разработанной модели бочих мест по годам прогнозного периода необходи­ для прогнозирования количества созданных новых мые данные прогноза изменения показателей-индика­ рабочих мест в промышленности приведена на рис. торов факторов. В данном исследовании на этом этапе 2 и состоит из этапов: формирование сценарных были максимально использованы данные государ­ условий, прогнозирование изменений в спросе ственного прогноза макропоказателей на 2019-2021 на промышленную продукцию, инвестиционных годы, содержащиеся в постановлении КМУ №906 от процессах, интенсификации использования рабочей 1 декабря 2017 о принятии уточненного прогноза ма­ силы и других затрат факторов экономии труда, с кропоказателей в бюджет 2018 и в проекте «Основных учетом внутренних и внешних факторов развития направлений бюджетной политики на 2019 -2021 гг.» отрасли, проведении прогнозных расчетов, оценке их результатов на логичность и соответствие [2; 3, 4]. При этом тенденции правительственного про­ структурным трендам, построение обобщенного гноза до 2021 года были распространены на 2022-2023 прогноза по нескольким полученных прогнозов по годы (до конца прогнозного периода, использованно­ различным факторным зависимостям. го в данном исследовании ожидаемого роста рабочих Для использования уравнений предложенной мо­ мест в промышленности). Все макро- и отраслевые дели в режиме прогнозирования количества новых ра­ показатели.

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Таблица 3 ИНФОРМАЦИОННАЯ БАЗА ДЛЯ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ ОБЪЕМОВ НОВЫХ РАБОЧИХ МЕСТ В ПЕРЕРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ

Источник: рассчитано по [1].

На основе прогноза факторов модели и уравнений величины. То есть содержательная ценность каждого модели были рассчитаны прогнозные объемы из приведенных в таблицах прогнозов была признана рабочих мест в промышленности, приведены в одинаково и рассчитана как средне­арифметическая в таблицах 6-7 каждый из этих «индивидуальных» каждом прогнозном году. На этом этапе построения прогнозов учитывает зависимость от отдельного обобщенного прогноза может использоваться и фактора и отражает свою специфику зависимости более сложная методика расчета темпа роста новых от данного фактора. В конце таблицы (последняя рабочих мест как средневзвешенной величины при строка) проведено обобщение индивидуальных определении для каждого уравнения модели его прогнозов по отобранным уравнением модели в важности и соответствующей удельного веса в общем один по простой методике средне­арифметической прогнозе.

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РИС. 2 ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ СХЕМА ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЯ НОВЫХ РАБОЧИХ МЕСТ В ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ. Источник: собственные исследования авторов

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Таблица 4 ПРОГНОЗ ФАКТОРОВ ДЛЯ РАСЧЕТА ОБЪЕМОВ НОВЫХ РАБОЧИХ МЕСТ В ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ ЗА 2019-2023 ГГ.

Источник: собственные расчеты авторов

Прогнозные расчеты по предложенной модели В ближайшие 3-5 лет (среднесрочная перспектива) показали тенденцию к постоянному росту новых в результате оживления деловой активности и рабочих мест в промышленности с темпом 115- объемов инвестирования в развитие экономики 120 процентов в год при тенденции к снижению. в целом и промышленности в том числе можно Такой тренд можно объяснить усилением тенденции ожидать улучшения конъюнктуры рынка труда и его роста производительности труда и уменьшением промышленного сегмента, постоянного роста объемов потребности в новых рабочих местах при выходе продукции и потребности в трудовых ресурсах . промышленности на докризисные объемы продукции.

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Таблица 5 ПРОГНОЗ ФАКТОРОВ ДЛЯ ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЯ НОВЫХ РАБОЧИХ МЕСТ В ПЕРЕРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ НА 2019-2023 ГГ.

Источник: собственные расчеты авторов

Развитие промышленности будет осуществляться роста количества рабочих мест в промышленности, при структурной перестройке с преобладанием исходя из прогноза факторного базы, практически, отраслей с большей производительностью труда формирует условия для развития рынка труда в и меньшей трудоемкостью. Нужно развивать промышленности со стороны предложения (создание высокотехнологичные отрасли промышленности, новых рабочих мест). Прогнозируется прирост с высоким уровнем интеллектуализации труда и новых рабочих мест в промышленности (в том числе продукции. перерабатывающей) на 10-12 тыс. Ед. ежегодно в На рис. 3 показано общую прогнозную тенденцию среднем за период.

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Таблица 6 ПРОГНОЗ ТЕМПОВ РОСТА (СПАДА) СОЗДАНИЕ РАБОЧИХ МЕСТ В ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ НА 2019-2023 ГГ.

Источник: рассчитано на основе разработанной модели

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Таблица 7 ПРОГНОЗ ТЕМПОВ РОСТА (СПАДА) СОЗДАНИЕ РАБОЧИХ МЕСТ В ПЕРЕРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕЙ ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ

Источник: рассчитана на основе разработанной модели.

Приведенный тренд изменения создание новых роста ВВП в 6-6,4 процента) рост новых рабочих мест рабочих мест является условным (расчетным) и в промышленности будет пропорционально больше. базируется на учете использованного в прогнозных Показатели-индикаторы создание новых рабочих расчетах выполнения сценарных условий прогноза (в мест, которые использованы в модели можно считать данных расчетах это общеэкономическое рост ВВП факторами развития рынка труда в промышленном на 4-5 процентов в год). При больших темпах роста сегменте. Рост уровня показателей-факторов задает национальной экономики (а в прогнозы правительства, рост количества рабочих мест. которые содержатся в проекте «Основных Таким образом, на основе использования направлений бюджетной политики на 2019-2021 гг.» разработанной модели воспроизводства новых рабочих Уже в 2021 году ожидается по базовому прогнозу темп мест в промышленности и построенного прогноза inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 107 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY

РИС. 3 ПРОГН ОЗ ОБЪЕМОВ НОВЫХ РАБОЧИХ МЕСТ В ПРОМЫШЛЕННОСТИ В ТЕЧЕНИЕ 2018- 2023РР. Источник: собственные исследования авторов

этого процесса в среднесрочной перспективе можно основе повышение уровня капиталовооруженности сформировать определенные макроэкономические труда на 0,2-0,3 процентных пункта ежегодно. условия формирования содействие положительной - улучшение условий для инвестиционной тенденции: деятельности и капиталообразование в секторе - внедрение мер государственной промышленной на основе роста источников финансирования, политики быстрого экономического роста с темпом в первую очередь за счет собственных средств в 2-3 процентных пунктов больше, чем рост ВВП в через стабильный спрос на промышленную год; продукцию национальных товаропроизводителей - сохранение лидирующего места промышленности и рост рентабельности промышленной продукции, в национальной экономике (рост удельного веса иностранных инвестиций в отрасль, доступность промышленной продукции на 0,4-0,5 процентных банковского кредитования. пунктов в год). - обеспечение развития рынка труда в пром­ - опережающий рост капитальных инвестиций в ышленности за подготовку и надлежащую расту­ промышленности по отношению к темпу роста щую предложение квалифицированной рабо­чей объемов промышленной продукции и на этой силы в промышленности.

REFERENCES [1] Официальный сайт Государственной службы статистики Украины. [Электронный ресурс] - Режим доступа: http:// www.ukrstat.gov.ua. [2] Основные направления бюджетной политики на 2018-2020 годы [Электронный ресурс] - Режим доступа: http://www. kmu.gov.ua/news/250067274. [3] Постановление Кабинета Министров Украины от 31.05.2017 № 411 «Об одобрении Прогноза экономического и социального развития Украины на 2018-2020 годы» (в редакции постановления Кабинета Министров Украины от 1 декабря 2017 № 906) [Электронный ресурс] - Режим доступа: http://zakon2.rada.gov.ua/ laws / show / 411-2017-% D0% BF. [4] Основные направления бюджетной политики на 2019-2021 годы. [Электронный ресурс] - Режим доступа: https:// www.kmu.gov.ua/ua/npas/pro-shvalennya-proektu-osnovnih-napryamiv-byudzhetnoyi-politiki-na-20192021-roki.

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AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF SOCIALIZATION IN THE CONDITIONS OF INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT lidia zlotnikova LIDIYA ZLOTNIKOVA, belorusis vaWrobisa da ekonomikis Doctor of Economics, Associated Professor universitetis asocirebuli profesori, Belarusian trade and economic University, q. gomeli, respublika belorusi Gomel, Republic of Belarus

ABSTRACT sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos yuradReba im The article attempts to draw the attention of representa­ sirTuleebs, winaaRmdegobebsa da obieqtur au­ tives of the Humanities, the public and the state to the com­ cileblobebs, romlebic ukavSirdeba adamianis plexity, inconsistency and objective need for a deep and com­ socializaciis procesis Rrma da yovelmxriv prehensive study of the processes of human socialization. Seswalas. aRniSnuli problema ganpirobebolia The appeal to the designated problem is caused by many rea­ mravali mizeziT. pirvel rigSi, gatacebam ini­ sons. First, the enthusiasm for innovative development has vaciuri ganviTarebiT miaRwia umaRles dones. reached the highest level. The issue of the digital economy dRis wesrigSi dgeba sakiTxi cifruli ekono­ is increasingly on the agenda. Secondly, the growth of the mikis Sesaxeb. meore rigSi, materialur-teqni­ value of the material and technical component occurs in the kuri komponentebis faseulobebis zrda xor­ conditions of weakened scientific and empirical interest in the cieldeba aRniSnul procesebSi adamianis roli­ role and place of man in the designated processes. Thirdly, sa da adgilis mimarT Sesustebuli samecniero the process of socialization is never ever carried out automat­ da empiriuli interesis pirobebSi. mesame rigSi ically. Knowledge, attitude to work, principles and forms of socializaciis procesebi arasdros da arsad communication every born person acquires from scratch. The ar mimdinareobs avtomaturad. codnas, damok­ processes of human formation as a person are successfully idebulebas Sromisadmi, komunikaciis formeb­ implemented only in the conditions of full-scale systemic re­ sa da principebs yoveli dabadebuli adamiani lationship. The complexity and inconsistency of the process­ iZens nulidan. adamianis Camoyalibebis procesi es of socialization is that each generation is constantly faced warmatebiT realizdeba mxolod mxolod far­ with the choice of already accumulated knowledge, their ef­ TomasStabiani sistemuri urTierTobebis dros. fective use and creation of new ones. socializaciis procesis sirTule da winaamde­ In natural science, this process is based on respect for the gobrioba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom yoveli Taoba theoretical heritage. Humanitarian knowledge is largely ide­ mudmivad dgas dagrovili codnis arCevis, misi ologized and is under the pressure of state economic policy. efeqturi gamoyenebis da axali codnis Seqmnis This makes humanitarian science and practice vulnerable and winaSe. economically dependent on personal preferences of heads of sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebSi aRniSnuli state ministries and departments. For this and many other rea­ procesi efuZneba Teoriuli memkidreobisad­ sons (which we will try to formulate in the article) the study mi moridebul midgomas. humanitaruli codna of socio-economic aspects of socialization in the conditions garkveulwilad idealizirebulia da imyofe­ of innovative development are not systematic, determined by ba saxelmwifos ekonomikuri politikis wnexis the personal interest of scientists. qveS. aRniSnuli mowyvlads qmnis humanitarul mecnierebasa da prqtikas, xdis ekonomikurad Key words social aspects, humanitarian knowledge, in­ damokidebuls saxelmwifo saministroebisa da novative development, human behavior. uwyebebis pirad keTil nebaze. aRniSnuli da sxva mizezebis gamo(romlebic Camoyalibebulia anotacia statiaSi), socializaciis social-ekonomikuri statia warmoadgens mcdelobas miaqcios aspeqtebis kvleva inovaciuri ganviTarebis humanitarul mecnierbaTa warmomadgenlebis, pirobebSi ar gamoirCeva sistematurobit, gan­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 109 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY isazRvreba mecnierebis kerZo interesebidan ga­ ловека. Источники её получения, навыки обработки momdinare. и умелое использование в требуемых условиях по мнению учёного служат основой выбора структуры и sakvanZo sityvebi: socialuri aspeqtebi, hu­ уровня благосостояния. На первый взгляд, обращение manitaruli codna, inovaciuri ganviTareba, ada­ к проблемам благосостояния и источников его форми­ mianis qceva. рования может оппонентам показаться неважным, не имеющим отношения к социальным процессам вооб­ Гуманитарное знание о человека, несмотря на со­ ще и социализации в частности. Однако мы считаем временное необъективное отношение, имеет более совершенно необоснованным такое отношение к вза­ длительную историю. Многие основополагающие имосвязи навыков поиска, обработки и эффективного методологические принципы познания процессов использования необходимой информации. Тем более, становления человека, как человека не потеряли ак­ что в последние годы все чаще получает распростра­ туальности до настоящего времени независимо от их нение механизм принятия решений на основе субъек­ возраста. Корректность исследования проблем соци­ тивного, проще говоря, эмоционального восприятия. ализации обязывает нас обратить внимание на абсо­ Оно редко согласуется с морально-нравственными и лютно бесспорный факт о том, что именно гуманитар­ этическими принципами жизни человека. В их осно­ ное знание стало основой формирования и становле­ ве лежит принцип продолжительной трудоспособной ния естествознания. И как бы многие современники жизни человека. Примеров эмоционального, в контек­ не относились к древней философии, представленной сте нашего небольшого исследования, принятия без­ Аристотелем, Платоном, Сократом, Декартом, Геге­ нравственных решений во всех сферах жизнедеятель­ лем, Кантом и многими другими, пока, к сожалению, ности можно привести огромное количество. Однако сложно назвать современных философов социологов, мы обратимся за помощью к наследию учёных Х1Х и которые так чётко смогли бы сформулировать про­ ХХ вв. На первое место в теоретической значимости блемы человека в современной цивилизации. На наш проблем социализации мы поставим теоретика утили­ взгляд, бессмертными остаются слова Аристотеля о таризма Джона Стюарта Милля. Выбор этого учёно­ том, что началом подлинной жизни человека выступа­ го носит не случайный характер. Он в определённой ет состояние его души. В современной теоретической степени продемонстрировал значительный интерес к интерпретации понятие «душа» можно использовать роли теории утилитаризма в достижении благососто­ в виде структуры и форм социализации человека. Под яния. Несмотря на то, что утилитаризм, утилитарное социализацией мы понимаем не набор информации и отношение приобрели некоторую негативную окра­ навыков в той или иной профессии, но а, прежде все­ ску, обратимся к его истокам и основополагающим го осознанную деятельность человека. Вряд ли можно принципам. В работе «Утилитаризм» написало следу­ назвать открытием существование прочной зависимо­ ющее: «…немногие представители рода человеческо­ сти между обязанностями и условиями реализации. го согласились бы, чтобы их превратили в животных, Гипотетически не существует принципиальных воз­ т.е. опустили бы до столь низкого уровня, - в обмен ражений. Противоречивость, неуправляемый, непред­ на обещание полностью удовлетворить потребности в сказуемый динамизм усиливают ответственность животных наслаждениях, никакой человек с высоким за последствия принимаемых решений. Признание интеллектом не согласился бы стать глупцом, квали­ данного утверждения за фундаментальную ценность фицированный специалист – невеждой, отзывчивый жизни человека способно радикальным образом из­ и высоко сознательный – самодовольным и низким, менить принципы и методы функционирования ин­ даже, если бы его убедили в том, что глупец, бездарь ститутов социализации. К последним мы относим или мошенник намного больше доволен своей судь­ институты образования, воспитания, формирования и бой, чем они». [4, с.51]. Наивный мечтатель Джон поддержания трудоспособного здоровья, а также мо­ Стюарт Милль не предполагал, что провозглашённая рально-нравственных ценностей, господствующих в и настойчиво проводимая государством политика ин­ обществе. новационной модернизации, а в настоящее время циф­ Один из лауреатов Нобелевской премии по эко­ ровизация экономики, осознанно или нет, но создаёт номике (1998) Амартия Сен важнейшим предметом условия расчеловечивания. Основной целью новой научных исследований считал исследования роли и индустриальной политики является именно товарное места информации в достижении благосостояния че­ насыщение, расширение разнообразных услуг, наце­

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ленных на удовлетворение физиологических потреб­ устанному сохранению и преумножению. В качестве ностей. важнейшей цели человека было принято считать такое Мыслительно оценочная деятельность человека стремление рациональным. История экономического уже несколько десятилетий заменяется суррогатом развития показала, что поведение человека далеко от подлинных профессиональных знаний, человеческое рациональности. Желание человека познать самого поведение отождествляется с навыками безоговороч­ себя, окружающий мир далеки от примитивной ком­ ного подчинения и т.д. В отличие от Дж. С. Милля, Т. мерческой оценки. Сегодня, как и многие столетия Веблена, Амария Сена и многих других учёных эконо­ тому назад остаются острейшими проблемы челове­ мическая теория благосостояния воспринимается не ческого бытия. Кант их обозначил, как проблемы мо­ просто упрощённо, а очень упрощённо, её суть отож­ рально-этического содержания, разума и нравствен­ дествлена с расширением материального потребле­ ности. По мнению учёного, с которым очень трудно ния. Роль человека сведена к функциям двух других спорить, разум человека несовершёнен и ограничен в факторов производства, т.е. капиталу и земле. Несмо­ возможностях. Соответственно искусственное сдер­ тря на то, что Т. Веблен, как один из представителей живание определения уровня разумности влечёт за экономической школы маржиналиста в работе «Тео­ собой не только ограничение реальных возможностей рия праздного класса» много времени и сил потратил человека по управлению жизни, сохранению цивили­ на привлечение внимания не только учёных, но актив­ зации, но и создание новых рисков, неопределённо­ ной общественности к проблеме влияния социального стей и ограничением возможностей рационального положения человека на его производственное и обще­ поведения. ственное поведение. Именно он ввёл понятие «празд­ Характерной особенностью современной органи­ ное потребление» и попытался обосновать пагубность зации образования и наполнения его содержания, по его диверсификации в обществе. «Любое демонстра­ нашему глубокому убеждению, выступает сдержива­ тивное потребление, ставшее обычаем, не остаётся ние рационального, т.е. разумного поведения челове­ без внимания ни в каких слоях общества, даже самых ка. Невозможно даже хотя бы немного приблизиться к обнищавших. От последних предметов этой статьи оценке подлинной роли человека в современном мире, потребления отказываются разве что под давлением не обратив внимания на кантовское толкование роли жесточайшей нужды. Люди будут выносить крайнюю этики и эстетики. Кант рассматривал этическое и эсте­ нищету и неудобства, прежде чем расстанутся с по­ тическое как основу осознанного поведения и выбора, следней претензией на денежную благопристойность, определял жизненную целесообразность в двух прояв­ с последней безделушкой». [2, с.38], К сожалению, в лениях. Внешняя целесообразность отождествлялась настоящее время погоня за производством и реали­ с предметом, который человек использует для дости­ зацией новомодных, не всегда жизненно важных и жения целей. Инновационное развитие, на наш взгляд, объективно необходимых технических новинок, по­ должно оцениваться именно, как предмет или система ложено в основу инновационного развития. А обла­ предметов и механизмов, используемых для достиже­ дание ими служит своеобразной оценкой социального ния целей. Данная характеристика инновационного статуса человека, определением его успешности. При­ развития требует от человека, гуманитарной науки и надлежность к праздному классу стала своеобразной цивилизации (как бы высокопарно это не звучало) от­ визитной карточкой. Стремление к богатству любым вета на вопрос о подлинных желаниях человека. Т.е. путём – это не просто модный тренд современности, человек для инноваций, или инновации для человека. но и фундамент культивирования социальной неспра­ В первом случае человек, его трудоспособность харак­ ведливости. теризуются не только кратковременностью, дешевиз­ Многие могут отрицать, что современная экономи­ ной использования, но и сохранением власти чинов­ ческая, т.е. инновационная политика имеет длитель­ ников. Общество, в котором большинство населения ную историю. В буквальном смысле слова появление оценивается с позиций создания реальных материаль­ многих технических новинок в конце ХУШ в. стиму­ ных ценностей, вводит законы, закрепляющие господ­ лировало не только появление классической эконо­ ство бюрократии. мической теории о статусе человека в форме «Homo В настоящее гуманитарная наука не даёт ответа на economicus», но и реализации экономической полити­ вопрос о соотношении индивидуального и обществен­ ки, на принципах безусловного человеческого стрем­ ного. Инновационное развитие не только теоретиче­ ления к обладанию материальным богатством, его не­ ски, но практически создаёт условия для повышения inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 111 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY

уровня индивидуализации производства. Уже никто мым она берет на себя соци­альную ответственность, не удивляется использованию практики трудовой де­ что никоим образом не входит в её задачи». [3, с.69] ятельности на условиях удалённого доступа. Совре­ Социальная ответственность государства и биз­ менное содержание индивидуальной деятельности ра­ неса представляется нам ещё одной проблемой ин­ дикально отличается от предшествовавшей массовому новационного развития. Соответственно на первый оснащению производства техникой. В течение дли­ план в условиях диверсификации удалённого доступа, тельного времени человек-производитель осущест­ как важнейшей формой проявления инновационного влял свою деятельность под непосредственным кон­ развития, встают вопросы методологии цены труда, тролем потребителя. Авторитет поддерживался либо заработной платы и материального стимулирования. терялся в основном самим индивидуальным произво­ Используемая в настоящее время система трёх фак­ дителем. На этапе широкого использования институ­ торов производства использует зависимость ценности тов промышленной специализации, дифференциации трудовой деятельности от реализационной цены това­ и кооперации производства контроль осуществлялся ра. Немаловажное значение при этом имеет редкость трудовым коллективом. Инновационная индивидуа­ товара на рынке. Последняя предполагает высокий лизация производства не только отдаляет производи­ уровень суверенности производителя. Вряд ли кто-то теля от потребителя, но усиливает ответственность сегодня сомневается в жёстких взаимосвязях и про­ человека за результаты деятельности. Практически никновениях производства товаров и услуг. Каждый полная анонимность инновационного производства может привести примеры из личного опыта потре­ осуществляется в условиях сохранения действовав­ бителя или производителя. Все чем пользуется и что ших несколько столетий институтов социального кон­ окружает человека – это эмпирическая демонстрация троля. Практика расширения удалённой работы богата инновационного развития. Сохранение традиционных примерами безответственного отношения к професси­ принципов и методов формирования заработной пла­ ты в значительной степени уже тормозит инновацион­ ональной компоненте, прямого или латентного игно­ ное развитие. рирования моральных норм и принципов. Своеобразной экономической аксиомой служит Социально-экономические условия, как свиде­ утверждение о том, что основной движущей силой тельствует история, характеризуется склонностью является выгода. О влиянии личной выгоды на выбор к господству стереотипов. Как отдельный человек, товара, его формы, технологии в ХУШ в. сформули­ так и общество в целом, включая гуманитарную на­ ровал А. Смит. В работе «Исследование о природе и уку, часто даже не стремятся подвергать сомнению причинах богатства народов» много страниц посвятил нормы, законы, приносившие определённый положи­ описанию процедуры выбора производственной дея­ тельный результат несколько столетий и десятилетий тельности, используя яркие примеры экономических тому назад. В середине ХХ в. великий американский связей мясников, башмачников и т.д. [6] В ХХ в. про­ экономист Джон Гэлбрейт предложил неоценённое блему личной выгоды более предметно исследовал Г. до настоящего времени исследование «Новое инду­ Беккер. В 1992 г. он был удостоен Нобелевской пре­ стриальное общество». Учёный, исследуя структуру и мии за изучение человеческого поведения. В работе основные тенденции развития экономики, попытался «Экономический анализ и человеческое поведение», сформулировать основные противоречия. По мнению используя различные сферы жизнедеятельности чело­ учёного сложно оспаривать тот момент, что «фирмы века, утверждал: «Общепризнано, что экономический контролируются рынком». [3, с.68] Но проблема в подход предполагает максимизирующее поведение в том, что для сохранения контрольной силы рынка, более явной форме и в более широком диапазоне, чем фирма должна отказаться от принципа «максимизации другие подходы, так что речь может идти о максимиза­ прибыли». Рынок в классическом определении никог­ ции функции полезности или богатства все равно кем да не существовал в экономической практике. Имен­ - семьёй, фирмой, профсоюзом или правительствен­ но ничем неограниченное стремление производителя ными учреждениям». [1, с.25] к максимизации прибыли превращает рынок в аб­ Вопрос выгоды в условиях инновационного страктный институт производственно-экономических развития стоит не менее, а может ещё более остро, отношений. «Если же фирма соглашается на меньшее, чем уже указанные. Какую выгоду получит непосред­ чем максимум прибы­ли, то есть если она преследует ственный производитель? В чем её измерять? Исполь­ какую-либо иную цель, помимо прибыли, то тем са­ зование микроэкономического анализа позволяет

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говорить о том, что материальные издержки в условиях види­мая характеристика – усталость, апатия, оцени­ революционных преобразований производства могут ваются как обычная лень. В тоже время депрессия уменьшиться на несколько порядков. А это влечёт за – это серьёзное заболевание, которое резко снижает собой значительное сокращение макроэкономических трудоспособность, а когда оно приобретает затяжной­ показателей. Они в настоящее время определяют не характер страдает окружение. Важнейшим прояв­ только уровень развития экономики, благосостояния, лением депрессивного состояния принято считать но и оказывают решающее влияние на структуру в сфере мыслительной деятельности, прежде всего, общественного производства. Формируется латентное трудно­сти концентрации и сосредоточения внимания, противоречие между материальным и нематериальным принятия решений, замедленность мышления. По производством и потреблением. Приоритеты фи­ оценкам специалистов негативных проявлений на­нси­рования материального производства пред­ намного больше, они отражают неустойчивость эм­ ставляются нам самыми сложными стереотипами. о­ци­онального состояния, негативное отношение Наглядный пример – остаточное финансирование к окружающим, немотивированная агрессия и т.д. соци­альных институтов, включая науку, образование, Обращаем внимание на данные проявления по здравоохранение. Внутри последнего действует причине роста ответственности человека за вы­ искажённая система ценностей. Теоретически пол­нение профессиональных обязанностей, огр­ важнейшим направлением здравоохранения должна аниченные возможности получения своевременной быть профилактика. Само понятие «здравоохранение» профессиональной консультации и необходимость в говорит о высокой ценности «охраны здоровья». сжатые сроки принимать ответственное решение. Однако господствует медицинская практика, т.е. В контексте обозначенных тенденций иннова­ устранение последствий различных нарушений в ционного развития низкие скорости при принятии организме человека. Усиление коммерциализации решений сопровождаются серьёзными негативными общественно-производственных отношений лишает последствиями для общества в целом. Влияние человека многих возможностей по поддержанию человека на результативность производственной трудоспособного здоровья. В условиях постоянно деятельности приобрело определение «человеческий усложняющегося производства, повышения персо­ фактор». К сожалению, эмпирическая компонента нальной ответственности за принятие решений с причин техногенных аварий и катастроф, огра­ учётом отдалённых последствий становится очеви­ ничивается установлением персональной эконо­ дно, что утилитарный экономический подход, осно­ мической или уголовной ответственности. При этом ванный на принципах сиюминутной отдачи от не выясняется подлинная причина некачественного вложенных средств, не учитывает огромное влияние выполнения профессиональных обязанностей. В человеческих качеств, прежде всего состояния работе «Человеческие качества» почти полвека психического, морально-нравственного и физического тому назад Аурелио Печчеи писал: « …все так состояния человека. Мы намерено поставили на загипнотизированы текущими экономическими первое место состояние психического здоровья проблемами, что никто и не предпринимает человека. По оценкам Всемирной организации никаких попыток тщательно проанализировать в здравоохранения проблемы психического здоровья чем же структурные и философские причины этих человека нарастают с каждым годом. Исследования во сложностей». [5, с.273]. Продолжим цитирование многих странах мира показывают, что депрессия, как первого президента Римского клуба, «…сейчас настал одна из форм психических расстройств становится тот момент, когда возможные решения, пусть даже самым распространённым недугом современности. они выходят далеко за пределы обсуждаемого нового По данным различных исследователей в настоящее международного экономического порядка …являясь время ею страдают около 20% населения. Опасность первым и трудным, сложным и неизбежным шагом заключается в следующем. Во-первых, сложно диаг­ вперёд, все-таки тоже не что иное, как всего лишь ностируется её начало. Во-вторых, в обществе до мера, направленная на сокращение существующего настоящего времени широко распространено нега­ ныне разрыва. …Будем надеяться, что мы окажемся тивное отношение к нарушениям психического здо­ в состоянии исправить некоторые диспропорции ровья. В-третьих, симптомы психического расстр­ нынешней экономической системы и временно отве­ ойства нередко отождествляются с морально нрав­ дём от общества угрозу полнейшего развала…пока ственным состоянием. Проще говоря, основная к сожалению нет таких решений, которые обеспе­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 113 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY

чили бы человечеству возможность справиться с человека». В 2017г. Нобелевский комитет официально ужасающим взрывом тех проблем, с которыми оно не признал важность нерациональности человеческих может управиться уже сейчас». [5, с.275] поступков. Ричард Талер, получивший Нобелевскую Основным девизом работы Римского клуба на премию за последовательное и системное исследование многие годы стало «Нет больше экономических, экономической деятельности, в монографии «Новая технических или социальных проблем, существующих поведенческая экономика» написал: «Экономисты раздельно, независимо друг от друга, которые можно оказываются в затруднительном положении, когда было бы обсуждать в пределах одной специальной делают узко специфическое предположение, которое терминологии и решать неспеша, по отдельности, может оказаться верным только в том случае, если одну за другой. «В нашем искусственно созданном все акторы являются экономически подкованными. мире буквально все достигло небывалых размеров и …Если предположить, что все будут действовать масштабов: динамика скорости, энергия, сложность правильно, как только получат нужную информацию, ... они теперь одновременно и психологические, тогда нет другого варианта, кроме как посоветовать и социальные, и экономические, и технические, сделать результаты исследования открытыми» [7, и вдобавок ещё политические, более того, тесно с.8] Данное утверждение учёного раскрывает суть перепл­етаясь и взаимодействуя, они пускают корни отношений общества и государства к социальным и дают ростки в смежных и отдалённых областях». институтам. В условиях отсутствия полномасштабных [5, с.250] Совершенно ясно, что сохранение человека исследований состояния гуманитарной компоненты, как вида, его культуры в условиях стимулирования её влияния на успех реализации инновационных инновационного развития материально-технических программ, усиливается личная ответственность за факторов, потребуются не только огромные социализацию жизнедеятельности. Финансовые материальные и финансовые ресурсы, но и прео­ пузыри, спекулятивные операции на рынках ценных доление стереотипного восприятия и оценки окруж­ бумаг и энергетических ресурсов завоевали статус ающего мира. высокой целесообразности. Сложно поменять мнение Прибыльность вложения капитала приобретает людей о пагубности иррациональной ценности новое содержание, требующее концептуального последних. Использование более точной информации переосмысления. Неповоротливость государства в о сути человеческого поведения становится жизненно сфере определения научно гуманитарных приоритетов необх­одимым для управления общественным систематически проявляются в снижении общей и развитием. профессиональной культуры человека. Суть проблем Пытливость, любознательность всегда были инновационного развития сложно сводить только основным действенным механизмом развития цивил­ к финансированию приоритетных технико-техно­ изации. Длительное время в истории существования­ логических направлений, определению источников и жизни человек направлял усилия на познание самого расчётов экономической эффективности. Необходимо, себя. Стремление проникнуть и познать сокровенные наконец признать, что любые технико-технологические тайны человеческого бытия постепенно уступили новшества закономерно сопровождаются усилением место материальному окружению, матери­альный материального, социального и экономического интерес, приобретя научное обоснование, оставил расслоения, бедности, имеющей совершенно дру­ загадки человеческого бытия неразгаданными. гое содержание, чем в Х1Х и нач. ХХ вв. Голод, В настоящее время человек очень много знает о недоедание, широкое распространение безработицы, структуре различных материальных объектов, умеет инфляция, энергетический и экологический кризисы, управлять ими, летает в космос, опускается на большие несмотря на постоянный рост материального богатства глубины океана и т.д. Но при этом не имеет ответов стали своеобразной Constantа. Технико-экономическая на простые жизненные вопросы. Например, почему целесообразность любого производственного или не всегда способен отвечать за собственные действия, государственного проекта (примерами пос­ле­ почему по-разному устраивают свою жизнь и т.д. дних можно назвать коммерциализацию функци­ Насаждение так называемой либеральной концепции онирования институтов социальной сферы), как жизнедеятельности сопрово­ждается процессами правило игнорируют подлинно человеческие цен­ демон­ ­страции животного начала. Парадокс или ности. Проекты базируются на непоколебимости проти­воречия благополучной жизни проявляется в абстрактного принципа «рациональное поведение практически полном отсутствии различий между

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человеком и остальным животным миром. Средства В заключении хотелось обратить внимание на массовой информации переполнены изображениями существование принципиальных различий между отдельных частей человека, пропагандой исполь­ прежними переходами от одной материальной зования тела для роста материального благоп­ структуры общества к другой. Сегодня большинство олучия. Необходимость радикальных изменений публикаций по проблеме предлагает прогнозы в материальных условиях и телесный вещизм, его развития, отталкиваясь от имеющейся. Однако, абсолютизация, на наш взгляд, — это ещё одна группа реальность такова, что цивилизация вступает в новый, глубинных социально-экономических противоречий. ранее неизвестный мир. И этот мир гипотетически Пытливость ума уступает по ценности придуманным возвеличивает человека в условиях снижения значи­ физическим формам. мости процессов социализации.

REFERENCES [1] Беккер Г. Человеческое поведение. Экономический подход. – М.: ГУ ВШЭ, 2003. – 672 с. [2] Веблен Т. Теория праздного класса. – М.: Прогресс, 1984. – 368 с. [3] Гэлбрейт Дж. Новое индустриальное общество. – М.: АСТ, 2004. - 608 с. [4] Милль Ст. Дж. Утилитаризм – Ростов-на- Дону, 2013. – 240 с. [5] Печчеи А. Человеческие качества. – М.: Прогресс, 1980. – 302 с. [6] Смит А. Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов. – Электронный ресурс.- http://e-libra.ru/read/179321-. html. – Книга в интернете [7] Талер Р. Новая поведенческая экономика – М.: ЭКСМО, 2017. – 290 с.

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turistuli momsaxurebis bazris ganviTarebis socialuri ganzomilebebi ukrainaSi

SOCIAL MEASURES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET OF TOURISM SERVICES IN UKRAINE

galina bogatireva, GALINA BOHATYRYOVA, saerTaSoriso ekonomikis da turizmis kaTedra, Department of International Economics and mixeil tugan - baranovskis saxelobis Tourism, Donetsk National University of doneckis ekonomikisa da vaWrobis erovnuli Economics and Trade named after Mykhayilo universiteti, krivoi rogi, ukraina Tugan-Baranovsky, Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine, valentina barabanova, VALENTINA BARABANOVA, marketingis, saxelmwifo marTvis kaTedra, Department of Marketing, Management and mixeil tugan - baranovskis saxelobis Public Administration, doneckis ekonomikisa da vaWrobis Donetsk National University of Economics and erovnuli universiteti, Trade named after Mykhayilo Tugan- krivoi rogi, ukraina Baranovsky, Kryvyi Rih, Ukraine

ABSTRACT anthropogenic and technological landscapes, technological Today the tourist sphere affects not only the development artifacts as objects of social tourism. The non-standard tourist of the economy, but also the social aspects of the life of each product of a large industrial center, namely eco-tourism, has person. Social dimensions of the development of the tourism been investigated by us, which confirms the necessity of so­ services market in Ukraine require the definition of social pri­ cial measurements of the tourist services market in Ukraine. orities and the justification of the possibilities of meeting the recreational needs of the individual by means of a non-stand­ Key words: tourism, tourism industry, modern informa­ ard tourist product. Accelerating the processes of informati­ tion society, tourist services, market of tourist services, social zation, communication, virtualization of many needs of the tourism, ecological tourism, social impact of tourism. population contribute to the development of the tourism in­ dustry in Ukraine. An important factor in the activation of anotacia flows of Ukrainian tourists was the introduction of a no-go turistuli firma dReisaTvis moqmedebs visa with the EU countries, which affected the processes of ara marto ekonomikaze, aramed nebismieri ada­ creating of the information society. The received information mianis cxovrebis socialur aspeqtebzec,ukrai­ of the study confirm the belief that the use of service potential naSi turistuli momsaxurebis bazris socia­ will help any country to succeed and high rates of econom­ luri ganzomileba moiTxovs socialuri pri­ ic growth. These are the priorities of tourism development, oritetebis gansazRvras da arastandartuli compliance with environmental standards, prevention of the turistuli produtis saSualebiT pirovnebis destruction of tourist and recreational heritage in all of its rekreaciuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis forms and species have become the main brand of the EU SesaZleblobebis dasabutebas. informatizaci­ countries by 2020. is procesebisa da sakomunikacio kavSirebis Among the strategic priorities for the development of daCqareba, aseve mosaxleobis mravali moTxov­ the tourist services market in Ukraine, a rational attitude nilebis virtualizacia xels uwyobs turizmis towards the cultural heritage of the regions, the potential of ganvitarebas ukrainaSi. ukraineli turistebis industrial cities with a unique system of mining and indus­ nakadebis aqtivizaciis mniSvnelovani faqtoria trial landscapes and engineering and technogenic formations evrokavSiris qveynebTan uvizo rejimis SemoRe­ is determined. Today, the tourist services sector of Ukraine ba, ramac gavlena moaxdina sainformacio sazog­ needs effective state regulation of the industry, ensuring its adoebis formirebis procesze. swored turiz­ social orientation and social performance. This involves stud­ mis ganviTarebis prioritetebi, ekologiuri ying and implementing industrial attractions, effective use of standartebis dacva, turistul-rekreaciuli

116 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY memkvidreobis ganadgurebis dauSvebloba gax­ areas of market relations, factors and the most impor­ da mTlianobaSi evrosabWos qveynebis brendi tant preconditions of human development, are devoted turizmis formebiTa da saxeebis vixedviT 2020 to the thorough scientific developments of such famous wlamde. economists as G. Andreeva, L. Bogush, Z. Gerasimchuk, ukrainaSi turistuli mamsaxurebis bazris O. Gidbut, O. Grishnova, O. Gladun, G. Dmitrenko, ganviTarebis strategiul prioritetebs Soris T. Zayats, E. Kotlyarov, V.Lyubitseva, O. Makarova, V. gansazRvrulia racionaluri damokidebule­ Novikov, O. Okhrimenko, O. Poznyak, D. Stcchenko, I. ba regionebis kulturuli memkvidreobisadmi, Tverdokhlebov, T. Tkachenko, N. Fomenko, O. Tsymbal, samTo-samrewvelo landSaftebis unikaluri L. Chernyuk and others. sistemis mqone industrialuri qalaqebis poten­ Researchers such as N. Antonyuk, O. Beydyk, T. Boot, cialisadmi da inJinerul-teqnogenuri warmo­ O. Hannich, L. Dyadechko, V. Kifiak, F. Mazur, M. Mal­ naqmnebis mimarT. dReisaTvis ukrainis turistu­ ska, O. Shaptala paid attention to studying the state, prob­ li momsaxurebis seqtori moiTxovs dargis efeq­ lems of development and social aspects of tourism. . tur regulirebas, mis uzrunvelyofas socia­ The purpose and tasks of the study. The purpose luri orientaciiT da socialuri SedegianobiT. of our research is to determine the social priorities of the aRniSnuli iTvaliswinebs sawarmoo RirsSesaniS­ tourism services market in Ukraine, to substantiate the naobebisSeswavlasa da cxovrebaSi danergvas, possibilities of meeting the recreational needs of the indi­ anTropogenuri da teqnogenuri landSaftebis, vidual by means of a non-standard tourist product in the aseve saeve teqnologiuri artefaqtebis efeq­ conditions of a modern industrial city. tur gamoyenebas socialuri turizmis obieqte­ The information base of our study consists of the laws bad. Cvens mier gamokvleuli didi samrewvelo of Ukraine, official data of the State Statistics Service centris arastandartuli turistuli pro­ of Ukraine, the Ministry of Economic Development and duqti, anu ekosamrewvelo turizmi, amtkicebs Trade of Ukraine, which carries out state regulation in the ukrainis turistuli momsaxurebis bazarze so­ field of recreation and tourism, reports of national and in­ cialuri ganzomilebebis aucileblobas. ternational organizations, other analytical materials and information available on the Internet, scientific works of sakvanZo sityvebi: turizmi, turistuli in­ domestic and foreign scientists, materials of periodicals. dustria, Tanamedrove sainformacio sazogad­ In order to aim and to accomplish the tasks, general oeba, turistuli momsaxureba, socialuri tu­ scientific and special research methods were used, in par­ rizmi, ekologiuri turizmi, turimis socia­ ticular: system-structural analysis - to reveal the essence luri Sedegi. and structure of the sphere of social tourism; analysis and synthesis - to identify problems and perspective directions RELEVANCE OF RESEARCH for increasing the social effectiveness of tourism; mode­ A characteristic feature of the modern tourism industry ling - to detect the relationship between the development is the desire for social changes in the market of tourist of separate segments of the recreational tourist spheres; services, the search for effective technologies and ap­ comparison - to identify and compare the main social pa­ proaches to their implementation. Social processes in the rameters of the tourism services market in Ukraine; theo­ modern information society, the functioning of the tour­ retical generalization - for the formulation of conclusions. ism sector in a social dimension require identification of Presentation of the main material. Ukraine has all their impacts on the social aspects of life and economic the preconditions for becoming one of the best recreation­ development. Issues of social impact of tourism and social al tourist countries in the world. Recent scientific stud­ responsibility of tourism activities need to be studied, de­ ies indicate that the dynamics of the development of the veloped and improved. services sector, and in particular tourism, is ahead of the Analysis of recent research and publications. The world economy in the twentieth century. the dynamics of problems of tourism development were reflected in the the development of the real sector of the national econo­ writings of foreign researchers, among which: V. Azar, R. my. More and more countries are aware of the socio-eco­ Arjezki, J. Bowen, R. Braymer, N. Leiper, J. Maykenz, nomic impact of tourism development. F. Pirs, J. Suorbruk, J. R. Walker, A. Freytag and others. It is about currency revenues to the budget, the cre­ The diverse aspects of the formation and development of ation of new jobs, the development of small and medi­ recreation and tourism, in particular, as types of activity, um-sized businesses, the development of infrastructure inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 117 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY facilities. According to S.O. Bila, in the global economy, of informatization, communication channels, increasing the positive dynamics of the development of the servic­ demand for financial, insurance, banking services, etc.). es market and the growth of demand for services are ob­ According to communication channels, increased demand served due to many reasons: «raising the living standard for financial, insurance, banking services, etc.). According of the population; growth of labor productivity in the field to the Administration of the State Border Guard Service in of material production, etc.» [1, p.19]. 2017, Ukraine was visited by 14.4 million foreign tourists, Today, tourism is recognized as one of the largest in­ which is 6% more than in 2016. dustries in the world, with 313 million jobs created, reach­ In 2017, the leading countries for the number of for­ ing 9.9% of employment in 2017. According to an annual eign citizens who arrived in Ukraine are: Moldova, Bela­ analysis of global economic impacts [10-12] covering 185 countries and 25 regions of the world, the tourism indus­ rus, Russia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Turkey, try sector accounts for 10.4% of world GDP. The travel Israel and Germany. Compared to 2016, the flow of for­ and tourism industry already supports one in every ten eign tourists from Belarus (by 49.5%), Turkey (by 33.3%), jobs on the planet, including the last ten years - one of Germany (by 22.5%) and Israel (by 20.2%) increased sig­ the five jobs created in the world. The above data shows nificantly. At the same time, according to official statistics, the direct relationship between the intensity of develop­ the number of tourists arrived in Ukraine from Hungary ment of the market of services in the country and its eco­ (by 16.6%), Slovakia (by 10.8%), Poland (by 4.2%) and nomic development (it is about accelerating the processes Russia (by 1.4% ), Table 1. TABLE 1. TOP 10 COUNTRIES WHICH CITIZENS WENT IN UKRAINE DURING 2016-2017 YEARS

Source: compiled by authors according to [10-13]

In 2017, 26.4 million Ukrainian citizens left abroad, tive society. Therefore, even a country that does not have which is 7.2% more than in 2016. sufficient traditional material resources (oil, natural gas, The introduction of visa-free travel with the EU coun­ natural resources), using the potential of the development tries affected the increase in 2017 of the flow of Ukrainians of services can succeed: high rates of economic growth, to the European Union countries, in particular, to Germa­ improve the balance of payments and enter the developed ny (by 24.7%), Romania (21.9%) and Hungary (7.8%). In countries of the world. Significant potential in this area addition, the growth of the flow of travel Ukrainian tour­ belongs to tourist and recreational services. ists is observed in Egypt (by 75.5%) and Turkey (27.3%). According to expert estimates, for one UAN, invested At the same time, there was a slight decrease in the num­ in the development of recreation and tourism, in favora­ ber of Ukrainian tourists visiting Slovakia (by 3.5%) and ble conditions you should expect up to 8-10 additional Poland (by 1.2%), Table 2. involved hryvnias invested to related areas and industries It is the development of the service sector that active­ (serving tourism and recreation) [2]. ly promotes self-employment and the growth of its wel­ Priorities for the development of tourism and recrea­ fare as a leading international investment and promotes tion in the context of observance of the standards of en­ countries to develop an «open information» and innova­ vironmentally sustainable development become the main

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TABLE 2. TOP OF THE 10 COUNTRIES WHERE THE CITIZENS OF UKRAINE MOVED OUT DURING 2016 – 2017

Source: compiled by authors according to [10-13] trend of the EU countries by 2020. This is stated in the Eu­ the landscape, water and air, increase the use of energy ropean Charter for Sustainable Tourism in Protected Are­ and water, and create the risks of environmental pollution. as. In the EU countries, a set of requirements for the devel­ As to the development of the market for tourism and opment of tourism has been formed, including: Awareness recreation services in Ukraine (up to 2020), a number of (public, consumers) as for principles of functioning of strategic priorities [13] have been identified, the practical «protected territories» as an inheritance of humanity that implementation of which will have a positive impact on should be preserved for future generations; observance the growth of the competitiveness of tourism and rec­ of environmental standards taking into account interests, reation services both on the domestic and on the world safety and environmental requirements; protection and market. Strategic priorities for the development of the improvement of the natural and cultural heritage of lo­ tourism services market in Ukraine should be recognized: cal territories, prevention of the destruction of the unique a cost-effective and rational attitude to cultural heritage tourist and recreational heritage on the ground due to the sites at the local level for tourism and recreational activi­ threat of anthropogenic loading [13]. ties; development and approval of the State target program All EU countries pay particular attention to supporting for the development of tourism and resorts of Ukraine for the development of environmentally-friendly tourism on the period up to 2022; development of green tourism in the the ground; protection of natural resources available at the countryside; creation of qualitative and diversified tourist local level; reducing the pressure of anthropogenic load product on the basis of rational use of available at the local from tourism activities, which may worsen the quality of level tourist and recreational resources.

FIGURE 1.CHART OF TOURIST FLOWS IN UKRAINE IN 2007 – 2017 Source: compiled by authors according to [2, 10-13] inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 119 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY

As our study showed, the growth of outbound tourism of tourist flows of international and domestic tourism. We in Ukraine in 2018 compared with the last summer period fully agree with the scientists who argue that the reorienta­ is 30%. tion of the structure of the national economy to the priority The most popular regions by the number of visits of production of goods for the production of services is during the summer season of 2017 were: Odessa region important for the effective development of the tourism in­ - 1 303 400 people; Kherson region - 1,004,600 peo­ dustry. According to the World Economic Forum, Ukraine ple; Zaporizhya region - 791 300 persons; Lviv region - is currently using only one third of the available tourist 721,900 people; Ivano-Frankivsk region - 528,600 people; and recreational potential. One of the ways of activating Mykolaiv region - 491 100 people. In the first months of this industry is to increase the social impact of the tourism 2017, the most popular regions of Ukraine visited by in­ sector, which we followed on the example of the Dnipro­ ternal tourists were Kiev and the Kiev region - 5,684,300 petrovsk region, in particular, the city of Kryvyi Rih. people; Lviv region - 2,505,500 people; Odesa region - 2 According to indicators of the development of the re­ 335 400 people. Taking into account the statistics on the gional tourist services market, the structure of households’ fact that 77% of Ukrainians never left the country, the po­ cash expenditures for 2017 amounted to 134.94 UAH tential of the tourist services market in Ukraine is far from for recreation and culture per month (2.4% to consumer being exhausted and has great potential. spending, 2.1% to cash expenditures); for education - There are various points of experts regarding the de­ 74.82 UAH. (1.3% and 1.2% respectively); visits to res­ velopment of the domestic tourism market. Many experts taurants and hotels - 235.68 UAH. (4.1% and 3.7%); eat­ believe that the service in the Ukrainian tourism indus­ ing out of the house - 128.72 hryvnias (2.3% and 2.0%). try is gradually improving; infrastructure improves, small The purchase of tickets for recreation facilities and other and medium businesses are activated. At the same time, institutions amounted to 32.04 UAH. (0.6% and 0.5%) of the current state of infrastructure and the quality of the the value of consumer monetary expenditures is 5710.10 functioning of the domestic recreation and tourism sector UAH. per month (100.0% and 90.4%). On average, per shows its lack of efficiency; Ukrainian tourist cities do not month for one household in Dnipropetrovsk region for often adhere to international standards for the provision 2017, non-cash benefits for the payment of goods and of tourism services; the sector of tourist services requires health care services, tourist services, vouchers for recre­ the shadowing and effective state regulation of the tourist ation facilities amounted to 10.66 UAH [15]. In recent industry. An important task for the development of the na­ years, household incomes have been growing quite slowly tional economy is to ensure its social orientation, the role in Ukraine, and food expenditure has remained extremely played by recreational and tourist activities. high, which has kept back the development of other lei­ As our research showed today, there is an imbalance sure expenses, table 3.

TABLE 3. STRUCTURE OF COMPLEMENTARY MONTHLY EXPENDITURE OF HOUSEHOLDS,% [15]

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The given data testify to necessity of activization of Ukraine has a great potential as anthropogenic landscapes social changes on the market of tourist services, granting (they occupy 92-94% of its territory), as well as a large of a tourist sphere of social measurements. number of technological landscapes, technological ar­ At the present stage of tourism development, the con­ tifacts, and industrial landscapes that can be effectively cept of social tourism is based on three basic principles: used as objects of social tourism. providing recreation and improvement of every mem­ It is substantiated that social performance of tourism ber of society by attracting low income people into the and recreation can be disclosed through a wide range of tourism environment; subsidizing of tourist trips of poor social effects, which in general include: development of citizens; participation of state and public structures in the the personality of a person (cognitive, aesthetic, creative, development of tourism. Particular attention deserves the holistic, behavioral, educational, socio-cultural, social development of ecological routes, the inclusion of the nat­ and communicative, sports); restoration of the health of ural world in the value orientation of the individual, which the population (recreation and recreation, usually defined will promote the introduction of ethical norms of com­ as reproductive or reproductive); Improving the social as­ munication and attitude towards nature in the social life. pects of economic development (increasing employment, We are talking about the peculiarities of the functioning income, economy and GDP). of industrial attractions within the industrial cities, which In 2013, the municipal program for the development today are able to satisfy the cognitive and recreational of industrial tourism in Kryvyi Rih was adopted, which needs of the population. There is a world-wide experience is aimed at implementing a strategic plan for the develop­ of familiarizing with the peculiarities of the country’s pro­ ment of a modern industrial city. The industrial heritage ductive heritage, in particular in Germany. of Kryvorizhya is a system of unique mountain-industrial This is about the well-known «Route of Production landscapes of European significance, unique engineering Heritage», which was introduced in the Ruhr district in and technogenic formations that have significant potential 1999, during which tourists can visit 19 settlements that for creating a new tourism product and have a tourist at­ present the regional history of coal and steel production. traction.

TABLE 4. INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE OF KRYVYI RIH

Source: compiled by authors according to [3]

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It is important to optimally usee the tourist and rec­ specific variants, types and methods of development of the reational load on preserving tourist resources, obtaining natural environment. Motivation of ecological tourism is the socio-economic effect without disturbing the ecolog­ not only contemplation of natural habitats, including in­ ical balance of the environment. It is about both working dustrial ones, but the desire to diagnose their condition, to industrial objects and the remnants of the industrial her­ carry out the necessary socio-cultural activities for their itage. The presence of a non-standard tourist product al­ preservation and reproduction. Thus, the social dimension lows you to form creative excursions with unique objects: of the development of tourist services in the development underground, transport, museums of the history of indus­ of industrial tourism will be realized through: accessibility trial enterprises, social and cultural attractions associated of excursions and other tourist services; psychophysical with the industrial past of the region. For example, in the relaxation; satisfaction of cognitive needs; cultural and ed­ city there are industrial excursions «Northern shining of ucational actions; participation in creating a positive im­ Kryvyi Rih», «Kryvyi Rih – miner», «Descent into the age of the industrial region; acquaintance with the extraor­ operating mine», etc.; review excursions «Night Kryvyi dinary, surprising results of the influence of technological Rih from the height of the Petrovsky dump», «Kryvyi Rih development of industrial production on the geospatial is city of ore and metal»; event excursions «Festival» The landscape composition. It is ecotourism that can satisfy Night of Industrial Culture»; historical excursions «Streets the demand for excursions for certain social groups of the of the old city», «Old Hdantsivsky mine», «To the old Red population, influence the rationally-savvy attitude and use reservoir mines» and others. of natural resources. As practice shows, tourism activity in large industrial Conclusions The study of social dimensions of the centers suffers from excessive formalization, and there­ tourist services market in Ukraine has proven the efficien­ fore focuses on the production of relevant services as a cy of tourism as a factor in the socio-economic develop­ commodity of mass culture. With the growth of the needs ment of the industrial region. In conditions of reducing of tourists in quality services, it is necessary to take into the cost of recreation, ecotourism as a non-standard tourist account the environmental components and to introduce product becomes topical, gives the potential of the indus­ the instrumental values of industrial tourism as a so­ trial city a tourist attraction, stimulates creative proposals cio-cultural practice. for familiarization with the unique objects of industrial A traditionally industrial city, Kryvyi Rih is no excep­ destinations. The form of excursions with developed eco­ tion. It was considered an area of increased risk to human logical routes is a socially responsible form of tourism, life and health. Recall that in accordance with the theory of which can not only satisfy the cognitive and recreational reflexive modernization of W. Beck, every person, regard­ less of her status and age, lives in a society at risk. At the needs of the individual, but also form a rational and re­ same time, it is precisely the extremity of industrial zones sourceful use of natural resources. It is an effective means that prompts people to travel to such places. We consider of preventing the devastating effects of human production it expedient to use the term «ecotourism», which includes and transformation activities.

REFERENCES [1] Вila, S.O. (2016) Stratehični priorytety rozvytku turystyčnych posluh v Ukraïni ta perspektyvy pidvyščennja ïch konkurentospromožnosti na svitovomu rynku [Strategic priorities of tourism services development in Ukraine and prospects for increasing their competitiveness in the world market]. Strategiya rozvy`tku Ukrayiny`, 1, 17 – 23 [in Ukrainian]. [2] Vsesvìtnâ asocìacìâ z pitan dozvìllâ ì vìdpočinku [World Leisure and Recreation Association – WLRA] Retrieved from http: www.worldleisure.org [in Ukrainian]. [3] Šramko, Â.V. (2013) Ìndustrìalnij turizm: realìï ta perspektivi: Materìali Ì Mìžnarodnogo naukovo-praktičnogo forumu [Industrial Tourism: Realities and Prospects: Materials of the International Scientific and Practical Forum]. Krivij Rìg: Vidavnictvo R.A. Kozlova, [in Ukrainian]. [4] ÌNFORMACÌJNO-ANALÌTIČNÌ MATERÌALI do parlamentskih sluhan na temu: «Rozvitok turističnoï ìndustrìï âk ìnstrument ekonomìčnogo rozvitku ta ìnvesticìjnoï privablivostì Ukraïni» [INFORMATIONAL AND ANALYTICAL MATERIALS to parliamentary hearings on the theme: «Development of the tourism industry as an instrument of economic

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development and investment attractiveness of Ukraine»]. www.rada.gov.ua/news/Novyny/Parlamentski_slukhannya Re­ trieved from http: http://www.rada.gov.ua/news/Novyny/Parlamentski_slukhannya/127696.html [in Ukrainian] [5] Jonas, G. (2001) Princip vìdpovìdalnostì: U pošukah etiki dlâ tehnologìčnoï civìlìzacìï [Principle of Responsibility: In Search of Ethics for Technological Civilization] Kyiv: Lìbra[in Ukrainian]. [6] Kotenko Ì.S. & Kalenûk T.M. Pìdhodi do viznačennâ socìalnoï rezultativnostì sferi rekreacìï ta turizmu [Approaches to the definition of social performance in the field of recreation and tourism] Bulletin of Odessa National University-Vìsnik Odesk­ ogo nacìonalnogo unìversitet.1, 113-118. [in Ukrainian]. [7] Lobanova A.S. (2017) Ekopromislovij turizm âk socìodìâlnìsna praktika: eksplìkacìâ ponâttâ [Eco-tourism as socio-prac­ tical practice: explication of the concept]. Social technologies: actual problems of theory and practice- Socìalnì tehnologìï: aktualnì problemi teorìï ta praktiki. 76, 94 – 105[in Ukrainian]. [8] Lotiš O.Â. (2017) Strategìčnì pìdhodi do rozvitku rinku tur poslug v Ukraïnì [Strategic approaches to the development of the market of tour services in Ukraine]. Scientific Herald of the International Humanitarian University- Naukovij vìsnik Mìžn­ arodnogo gumanìtarnogo unìversitetu, 134 – 138. [in Ukrainian]. [9] Sorokìna G.O. (2013) Ekologìčnij turizm: navč. posìb. [Ecological Tourism: Teach. honey ] Lugansk: Vid-vo «LNU ìm. Tarasa Ševčenka» [in Ukrainian]. [10] The official website of the World Tourism Organization. UNWTO. (h.d.) www.unwto.org Retrieved from: http://www.unwto. org/ru [11] Ofìcìjnij sajt Vsesvìtnoï radi z podorožej ì turizmu [ World Travel and Tourism Council WTTC]. (h.d.) www.wttc.org Retrieved from: http://www.wttc.org [12] UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2015. (h.d) www.eunwto.org/doi/pdf Retrieved from: http://www.eunwto.org/doi/ pdf/10.18111/9789284416899 (accessed 20 September 2018) [13] Eurostathttp. ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Tourism_statistic Retrieved from: http://ec.europa.eu/ eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.php/Tourism_statistics (accessed 20 September 2018) [14] Тге Ецономіц Імпацт оф Травел & Тоурісм 2018. Еуропеан Уніон [The Economic Impact of Travel & Tourism 2018. European Union]. (h.d.) www.wttc.org/economic-impact/country-analysis/country-reports. Retrieved from:https://www. wttc.org/economic-impact/country-analysis/country-reports/#undefined (accessed 20 September 2018) [15] Statystychnyy EKSPRES-VYPUSK za 2017r. [Statistical EXPRESS-DISCOUNT for 2017]. (h.d.) ukrstat.gov.ua. Retrieved from: http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua (accessed 20 September 2018)

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kerZo universitetebSi dasaqmebul studentTa drois menejmentis statistikuri analizi da ZiriTadi hipoTezebi sqesobriv WrilSi

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ TIME MANAGEMENT AND PRIVATE HYPOTHESES IN PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES

dea fircxalaiSvili, DEA PIRTSKHALAISHVILI, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo PhD Student of TSU, Tbilisi, Georgia univesitetis doqtoranti, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo DAVIT DUGLADZE, daviT duglaZe, saqarTelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti, PhD Student of GTU, Tbilisi, saqarTvelo Tbilisi, Georgia

anotacia H1: Gender affects the planned daily working hours . drois menejmenti aqtualuri sakiTxia ada­ (Q3) mianis cxovrebaSi. is gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad H_2: Gender influences on planning working day, work vaxerxebT adamianebi sworad gavanawiloT Cveni week, working month and working year. (Q12, Q13, Q14, dro, davsaxoT swori prioritetebi da Tavi ava­ Q15) ridoT drois fuW danakargebs. drois araswori H_3: Gender affects the level of compensation menejmentis gamo, adamianTa umravlesobas aqvs drois ukmarisobis problema. kvlevis mizania Keywords : Time Management, hypotheses, gender, davinaxoT ra iwvevs drois danakargebs, mivagnoT planning working day problemis saTaves da SevZloT misi aRmofxvra. Cveni kvleva moicavs kerZo universiteteb­ Sesavali is studentebs. masSi monawileoba miiRo 520 re­ Tanamedrove globaluri ekonomikis piro­ spondentma, kvleva eyrdnoba anketur gamokiTx­ bebSi drois swori gamoyenebis gareSe Seu­ vas. universitetebis studentTa kiTxvari re­ Zlebelia efeqtianad saqmis gaZRola, rasac spodentTa mier Seivso xeliT, monacemTa Setana yovelTis eniWeboda didi mniSvneloba (Amy­ moxda Excel-Si, Semdeg ki maTi importi SPSS-Si. oladze, Gocha; Gabrichidze, Amiran; Giorgobiani, Maia; monacemTa statistikuri damuSaveba da analizi Zedgenidze, Merab; Kharadze, Natalia, 2014) student­ realizebul iqna SPSS statistikuri programis Ta aqtivoba da saqmianobis sworad dagegmva gamoyenebiT. da warmarTva SeuZlebelia drois swori or­ kvlevis analizi Catarda sam ZiriTad etapad: ganizaciis gareSe (Amyoladze, Gocha; Gabrichidze, 1. monacemTa organizacia, 2. monacemTa momza­ Amiran; Giorgobiani, Maia; Lomsadze-Kuchava, Maia; deba (sizustis Semowmeba, kiTxvaris mixedviT Kharadze, Natalia, 2014). aseve drois menejmentis cvladebis kodireba, monacemTa bazis Seqmna da problema gavlenas axdens axalgazrda Sromi­ monacemTa kompiuterSi Setana) 3. monacemTa ana­ Ti resursebis ganviTarebasa da profesiul lizi. winsvlaze. (Kharadze & Gulua, 2018) drois mene­ jments mieZRvna mravali naSromi, romelTa sakvanZo sityvebi: drois marTva, studente­ ZiriTadi nawili Catarebulia Tbilisis sax­ bi, Tavisufali dro, drois dagegmva , kerZo uni­ elmwifo universitetSi arsebul adamiani­ versiteti seuli potencialis marTvis laboratoriaSi da gamoqveynebulia rogorc ucxour , aseve ABSTRACT adgilobriv JurnalebSi. (Kharadze, Natalia; Gu­ Time Management is an actual issue in human life. It lua, Ekaterine; Duglaze, Davit, 2017); (Kharadze, Nata­ determines how we manage to distribute our time correctly, lia; Gulua, Ekaterine, 2017); (Kharadze, Natalia; Gulua, set the right priorities and avoid time-consuming losses. The Ekaterine, 2016). kerZo universitetis student­ article discusses 3 hypotheses in gender perspective in terms Ta preblemebis zogadi analizis Sesaxeb ukve of time management. arsebobs publikacia (kharadze & Dugladze, 2018),

124 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY amjerad SevCerdebiT kvlevis Sedegad miRe­ kvlevis meTodologia bul im ZriTad hipoTezebze, romlebic exeba monacemTa statistikuri damuSaveba da genderul sakiTxebs. analizi moxda SPSS statistikuri programis CamovayalibeT ramdenime mnSvelovani hi­ gamoyenebiT. kvlevis analizi Catarda sam poTeza: ZiriTad etapad: 1. monacemTa organizacia, H_1: sqesi gavlenas axdens dagegmili 2. monacemTa momzadeba (sizustis Semowme­ saqmeebisTvis gamoyofil yoveldRiur sam- ba, kiTxvaris mixedviT cvladebis kodireba, uSao droze. (Q3) monacemTa bazis Seqmna da monacemTa kompiut­ H_2: sqesi gavlenis axdens samuSao dRis, erSi Setana) 3. monacemTa analizi. movaxdineT samuSao kviris, samuSao Tvis da samuSao ramdenime mniSvnelovani hipoTezis Camoya­ wlis dagegmvaze. (Q12, Q13, Q14, Q15) libeba. H_3: sqesi gavlenas axdens anazaurebis doneze kvlevis analizi mniSvnelovania davadginoT Tu ra Tav­ rogorc sixSireTa ganawilebis cxrilidan iseburebiT gamoirCevian sqesobriv WrilSi Cans, kvlevaSi monawileoba miiRes umetesad kerZo universitetebis studentebi drois bakalavrebma - 386 (respondentTa 74% ), magis­ menejmentis TvalsazrisiT, aseve aris Tu ara trantebis raodenobam ki Seadgina 134 (26%). TvalsaCino sxvaoba dasaqmebul kerZo univer­ maT Soris mdedrobiTi sqesis warmomadgen­ sitetebis studentTa anazRaurebaSi sqesis lebi iyvnen - 305 (59%) , xolo mamrobiTi- 215 mixedviT. (41%). (ix. cxrili 1 da cxrili 2)

samomxmareblo cxrilebis (Custom Table) sis ganawilebis cxrili (cxrili 2) da sqessa statistikuri proceduris gamoyenebiT da da swavlis safexurs Soris kavSiris sandoo­ masSi xi-kvadrat testis CarTviT, miviReT bis cxrili (cxrili 2-1) swavlis safexuris mixedviT respodentTa sqe­

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rogorc meore cxrilidan Cans, kvlevaSi samomxmareblo cxrilSi xi-kvadrat testis monawileobda 386 bakalavri - maT Soris md­ CarTis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebi (pirson­ edrobiTi sqesis 207 respondenti (bakalavr­ is xi-kvadrat testis cxrili) gviCvenebs, rom Ta 54%) da mamrobiTi sqesis 179 responden­ sqessa da swavlos safexurs Soris arsebobs ti (bakalavrTa 46%) ,xolo,magistrTa Soris monawileobda mdedrobiTi sqesis 98 respond­ statistikurad mniSvnelovani kavSiri 0,01 enti (magistrTa 73%) da mamrobiTi sqesis 36 doneze, radgan statistikuri mniSvnelovaneb­ respondenti (magistrTa 27%) is done P ar aRemateba 0,001-s.

korelaciuri analiziT sqessa da swavlis aciis cxrili) tolia -0,173-is. e.i vaJebisa da safexurs Soris dgindeba susti uaryofiTi gogonebis Soris aRiniSneba gansxvaveba swav­ kavSiri, korelaciis koeficienti (korel­ lis safexuris mixedviT. (ix. cxrili 3)

H_1: sqesi gavlenas axdens dagegmili modgenisaTvis gamoviyeneT grafikis amgebi. saqmeebisTvis gamoyofil yoveldRiur sam- xolo damokidebulebis siZlieris warmosaCe­ uSao droze nad - korelacia. mocemuli hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad vis­ krostabulaciuri analiziT miRebuli argebleT krostabulaciuri analiziTa da cxrili 4 gviCvenebs Q3 cvladis sixSireTa kruskal-valis testebiT, grafikulad war­ ganawilebas sqesis mixedviT. (ix. cxrili4)

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rogorc me-4 cxrilidan Cans, dagegmili bT“, yvelaze meti sixSiriT gamoirCeva meore saqmeebisTvis mTlianad yofniT dro gogoneb­ kategoria „zogjer myofnis“ - gogonebis 66% is 23% -s da vaJebis - 11%-s. sqesis orive kat­ da vaJebis 64% . maSin, rodesac vaJebis 26%-s egoriaSi, vaJebSic da gogonebSic kiTxvaze: da gogonebis 11%-s arasdros ar kmaraT dro. „gyofniT Tqveni yoveldRiuri samuSao dro grafikuli warmodgena (monacemebi pro- im saqmeebisTvis, romlis gakeTebasac apire­ centebSi)

cxrili 5 gviCvenebs kavSiris arsebobas Sesabamisi statistikuri parametrebis CarT­ gansaxilvel cvladebs Soris, rac miiRweva viT. (ix. cxrili 5) krostabulaciis statistikur proceduraSi

me-5 cxrilSi pirsonis koeficienti- Pear­ dro statistikuri kavSiri. son Chi-square = 27.372-s, Tavisuflebis xarisxi korelaciuri analizis gamoyenebiT am cv­ df=2, xolo statistikuri mniSvnelovanebis ladebs Soris dadginda susti dadebiTi ko­ done P ar aRemateba 0.001-s. amgvarad, am cv­ relacia. korelaciis koeficienti tolia ladebs Soris aRiniSneba maqsimalurad mWi­ 0,228-is (cxrili 6).

amrigad, krostabulaciuri da korelaci­ H_2: sqesi gavlenis axdens samuSao dRis, uri analiziT damtkicda hipoTeza H_1: sqesi samuSao kviris, samuSao Tvis da samuSao gavlenas axdens dagegmili yoveldRiuri wlis dagegmvaze. (Q12, Q13, Q14, Q15) saqmeebisTvis gamoyofil samuSao droze. maT rogorc dispersiuli analizis Sedegad Soris aRiniSneba susti dadebiTi korelacia. miRebuli me-7 cxrilidan Cans, sqesi gavlenas

inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 127 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY axdens oTxive cvladze, amasTan yvelaze did dagegmvaze statistikuri mniSvnelovanebis gavlenas axdens samuSao Tvis dagegmvaze (F= 0,05 doniT. 28.773, statistikuri mniSvnelovanebis do­ amdenad, aRmoCnda, rom mamrobiTi sqesi­ niT 0,01), Semdeg samuSao dRis dagegmvaze (F= sa da mdedrobiTi sqesis warmoamdgenel re­ 18.613, statistikuri mniSvnelovanebis doniT 0,01) , aseve samuSao kviris dagegmvaze (F= 13.163 spondentTa mier dagegmili samuSao dRe, sam­ statistikuri mniSvnelovanebis doniT 0,01), uSao kvira, samuSao Tve Tu samuSao weli arse­ yvelaze nakleb gavlenas axdens samuSao wlis biTad gansxvadebian. (ix. cxrili 7)

damtkicda hipoTeza H 2: sqesi ( Q1) gav- buli monacemebi gviCvenebs rom mdedrobiTi lenas axdens samuSao dRis, samuSao kviris, sqesis warmomadgenlebs 100-200 laramde aqvs samuSao Tvis da samuSao wlis dagegmvaze 6 qals, 201-300- 33 qals da 501> 223 qals. xolo, (Q12, Q13, Q14, Q15 cvladebze) mamakacTa SemTxvevaSi 100-200 laramde aqvs 1 H_3: sqesi gavlenas axdens anazaurebis kacs, 201-300- 5 kacs da 501> 185 kacs. monace­ doneze mebma gviCvena, rom dabali xelfasi mdedrobi­ mocemuli hipoTezis Sesamowmeblad vis­ Ti sqesis warmomadgenlebs Soris ufro metia. argebleT krostabulaciuri analiziTa. miRe­ (ix. cxrili 8)

daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi gamoyofil yoveldRiur samuSao droze. (Q3); damtkicebuli sami hipoTezidan H_1: sqe­ H_2: sqesi gavlenis axdens samuSao dRis, si gavlenas axdens dagegmili saqmeebisTvis samuSao kviris, samuSao Tvis da samuSao wlis

128 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY dagegmvaze. (Q12, Q13, Q14, Q15); H_3: sqesi gav­ buli poziciis dabal doneze.pirovnuli gan­ lenas axdens anazaurebis doneze. gviCvena, viTarebis Taviseburebebi genderul WrilSi rom qalebi ukeT axerxeben maT xelT arsebuli saqarTveloSi aris gansxvavebulia (Kharadze & droiTi resursis sworad gamoyenebas da ro­ Gulua, 2018) gorc grZelvadian aseve moklevadian perio­ mniSvnelovania damsaqmebelma gaiTval­ dis dagegmvaze sqesma iqonia gavlena. monace­ iswinos qalTa Sromis organizaciis mxriv mebma gviCvena, rom dabali xelfasis maCvenebe­ maRali done da xeli Seuwyos maT karierul li qalebSi ufro maRalia, rac gvafiqrebinebs zrdas. (Gulua, Ekaterine; Kharadze, Natalia;, 2018) im­ diskriminaciis arsebobaze an maT mier dakave­ gvarad rom ar moxdes diskriminacia.

REFERENCES [1] Amyoladze, Gocha; Gabrichidze, Amiran; Giorgobiani, Maia; Lomsadze-Kuchava, Maia; Kharadze, Natalia. (2014). Globalization and research of success factors of Georgian business leaders. Modern issues of Medicine and Maagement, 145- 151. [2] Amyoladze, Gocha; Gabrichidze, Amiran; Giorgobiani, Maia; Zedgenidze, Merab; Kharadze, Natalia. (2014). Char­ acteristics of development of leadership in the environment of global economy. Modern issues of Medicine and Maagement, 141-144. [3] Gulua, Ekaterine; Kharadze, Natalia;. (2018). Employed Students’ Development Challenges in Georgia. European Jour­ nal of Interdisciplinary Studies, p. 188-208. [4] Kharadze, N., & Dugladze, D. (2018). TIME MANAGEMENT OF PRIVATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT, 126-137. [5] Kharadze, N., & Gulua, E. (2018). Personal Development Peculiarities on Gender Perspective in Georgia. European Jour­ nal of Multidisciplinary Studies, p. 111-123. [6] Kharadze, Natalia; Gulua, Ekaterine. (2016). Self Management Peculiarities of Master’s Students in Georgia. CHAL­ LENGES OF GLOBALIZATION IN ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS (gv. 613-616). Tbilisi: Universal. [7] Kharadze, Natalia; Gulua, Ekaterine. (2017). Time Management Pecularities of Shota Rustaveli State University MA Students. Innovative Economics and Management, 20-25. [8] Kharadze, Natalia; Gulua, Ekaterine; Duglaze, Davit. (2017). Free-Time Management among Master’s Degree Students of Georgia. ICSS XXIII, (gv. 24-33). Vienna.

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SromiTi migraciis zrda ukrainaSi da misi Sedegebi

GROWTH OF LABOR MIGRATION IN UKRAINE AND ITS EFFECTS elena skoruki, ELENA SKORUK, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa kandidati, Candidate of Economic Sciences, asocirebuli profesori, administraciuli Associate Professor of the Department of menejmentis da energiis alternatiuli Administrative Management wyaroebis kaTedra vinicis erovnuli andAlternative Energy Sources agraruli universiteti, Vinnytsia National Agrarian University vinci, ukraina Vinnytsia, Ukraine

ABSTRACT starts ukrainis teritoriaze biznesis ganvi­ The paper examines a range of the cause-and-effect re­ TarebisaTvis. gamovlenilia ukrainisaTvis nega­ lations of the issues of employment of Ukraine’s population. tiuri Sedegebi migraciuli procesebis mdgradi The data on migratory processes of the employable population ganviTarebis WrilSi. in Ukraine is presented. The structure of labor migrants, their gender and industry characteristics, age groups, education sakvanZo sityvebi: SromiTi resursebi, Sro­ level and motivational factors of labour emigration are deter­ miTi mowyoba, saerTaSoriso SromiTi migracia, mined. The leading countries, to which Ukrainian migrants samuSao Zala, mdgradi ganviTareba. give preference, are established. The dynamics of remittanc­ es, their objectives and structure of income and their positive INTRODUCTION. effect on the welfare of migrant families are analyzed. The Free excess of Ukraine to the European vector of directions of the use of remittances of migrants are described, development is accompanied both by a large number of which has indicated their use for starting their own business, politic a land economic transformations and by certain so­ purchasing goods, solving housing problems, financing ­ed cio-economic problems caused by the demographic crisis, ucation, etc. The negative consequences for Ukraine in the one of which is labour emigration to other countries. This area of sustainable​​ development due to the strengthening of problem is rather urgent as the growth of migration pro­ migration processes are outlined. cesses has become more dynamic in recent years, which has negative effects on the sustainable development of the Key words: labor resources, employment, international state, causes deformation of qualitative parameters of the labor migration,labor force, sustainable development. labor market, lack of attraction of human resources to the economy of the country and, consequently, a decrease in anotacia the rate of its economic security.Such processes derive statiaSi ganxilulia ukrainis mosaxleobis from the spectrum of domestic and foreign economic fac­ SromiTi dasaqmebis mzardi problemebi.moyva­ tors caused by the economic crisis, hryvnia devaluation, nilia monacemebi ukrainaSi Sromisunariani armed conflict in the East of the country, etc. mo­s­ax­leobis migraciuli procesebis Sesaxeb. In the current conditions of dynamic transformations gansazRvrulia SromiTi migrantebis struqtura, of the world economy, the priority of the state policy of maTi dargobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. asakobrivi the developed countries is the transition to sustainable jgufebi, ganaTlebis done da sazRvargareT development, which is interpreted in “The Strategy of samuSaod gamgzavrebis samotivacio faqtorebi. Sustainable Development of Ukraine 2030” [1] as a pro­ gansazRvrulia qveyana - liderebi, romlebsac cess of the state development based on harmonization of ukraineli migrantebi aniWeben upiratesobas. social, economic and ecological components in order to ganxilulia evropis qveynebSi studentebis sas­ meet the needs of modern and future generations through wavleblad gasvlis mizezebi. gaanalizebulia the process of changing the value orientations of people. emigrantebis sazRvargareT gamomuSavebis Ses­ Freedom, equality, solidarity, tolerance, respect for na­ aZleblobebi da iZlevian Tu ara isini Sesabamis ture, shared responsibility are the recognized international

130 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY fundamental values ​​of sustainable development. National - preservation of national cultural values and​​ tradi­ goals of sustainable development are based on the po­ tions; litical, economic, social, ecological, moral and cultural - full employment of the population [1]. values ​​inherent in the Ukrainian society. They target the If the business climate is not improved and economic strategy towards the care for the common welfare and pro­ growth is not increased in Ukraine, soon it will result in tection of the national interests of Ukraine. the inability to supply pensioners with foodstuff.

METHODOLOGY . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. The strategic view of Ukraine’s sustainable develop­ According to statistics, every seventh Ukrainian is ment is based on the supportof the national interests and working abroad today, which is more than 7 million citi­ fulfillment of the international obligations. Such develop­ zens of the active working age. According to sociologists’ ment implies: estimates, on average about 50 people leave Ukraine for­ - overcoming of imbalances in the economic, social ever every day. And in recent years, Ukrainian emigrants and environmental spheres; have become younger, since it is the young people who - transformation of the economic activity, transition to actively leave the territory of Ukraine. In particular, ac­ the principles of the “green economy”; cording to official statistics, the majority of migrant­ la - formation of a peaceful, secure, socially consolidat­ bourfrom Ukraine are people aged 20-34 [2]. ed society with the adequate governance and inclu­ In addition, young Ukrainians go to study abroad, sive institutions; - support ofthe partner cooperation between public where they often remain to work. Thus, according to sta­ authorities, local authorities, business, science, edu­ tistics, now there are about 17 thousand Ukrainian stu­ cation and civil organizations; dents in Poland. In total, nearly 50-55 thousand Ukrain­ - high level of science, education and public health; ians study in the European universities [4]. - maintenance of the environment in a proper condi­ Difficult economic situation in the country has­ rea tion that will ensure the quality of life and well-being soned the growth of labor migration among young peo­ of the present and future generations; ple since the 90’s. Today, the generation of the children, - decentralization and implementation of the regional whose parents have migrated, has grown, hence, many policy, which involves a harmonious combination of of them have emigrated to their parents. Consequently, the national and regional interests; theentirefamilies are emigrating.

Fig.1.Countries where Ukrainian youth study[2]. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 131 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY

Migration processes are also influenced by the­ de great outflow of workers if Ukraine seems to provide jobs. mographic problems of the neighboring European coun­ It is explained by much lower wage than abroad, the lack tries. They are keen to have our talented youth move to of good jobs, and the opportunities of career growth and their countries. According to Figure 1, Poland ranks first development. and the number of students from Ukraine in it exceeds Representatives of the working professions such as 15 thousand, then there goes Germany with more than 9 miners, builders, drivers, people who work in agriculture thousand, Russia with 5 thousand, Canada and the Czech emigrate mainly to the CIS countries; while highly qual­ Republic with 2 thousand people. ified specialists (scientists, programmers, translators), As it can be observed, there are no changes for the sailors, young people who have higher education and ex­ better in Ukraine. Therefore, the youth will continue to pect to find jobs in the service sector emigrate to the far leave in the future. The question is why there is such a abroad.

Fig. 2.Average wage, USD

Fig. 3. Average wages in the countries where Ukrainian emigrants are employed [2], [3].

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Inter-state labor emigration has many positive fea­ Ukraine has already gota shortage of qualified personnel, tures: it helps thefamilies of migrantsto survive in the specialists in the field of IT technologies, doctors. In other difficult period of the market economy development. Ac­ words, our labor migration is of intellectual nature. After cording to official statistics, the level of unemployment in all, such professions as doctors and teachers in Ukraine the labor market is decreasing, while in fact it is growing. have lost social prestige. In its turn, it has a great negative Many people migrate because of inability to find work effect on the economy. In fact, on the one hand, young in Ukraine, since they were only partially employed or un­ people die in the war, and on the other hand they run away employed for a certain time before making a decision to from the country. At the same time, more than half of them migrate. This means that the “outflow of minds” andloss are not going to return. Accordingly, when the population of qualification are the factors that push young people out decreases, then the economy, namely GDP, does not grow. of Ukraine, mainly because of incompliance of the educa­ Lack of economically active population results in the fact tional system to the market demand for labor. that production and technologiesare not developed and Unfortunately, nowadays qualified labor with higher new jobs are not provided. In the world, young people de­ education like doctors, teachers and scientists is depreci­ velopinnovations and new approaches. ated, while in the European countries these specialties are If the youth leaves the country,such a country becomes well-paid and have great prospects. The country, which unattractive to investors. does not take care of the health and education of the pop­ Empirical results As a result, under such conditions, ulation, has no future. the nation is aging and there is even no sense to talk about Thus, the current level of education is decreasing at a its reproduction. Moreover, the coefficient of reproduction high rate, since it is also affected by corruption. is 1.1, while the nation regeneration requires the coeffi­ Therefore, young people go abroad to study. It would cient of at least 2.4. Today, there are 12.2 million pension­ be great if they return to Ukraine and work for the benefit ers living in Ukraine and only 10 million are of the active of our state when they have got good European education working age who regularly pay a single social tax, i.e. the and work experience. But we understand that these are just pensioners exceed the number of employed people by 2.2 our dreams and hopes. Our country experiences a huge million people. So, there arises a question where to get outflow of educated, progressive and active youth. Today, money for further pension payments.

Table1 MODERN CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY OF THE POPULATION OF UKRAINE

inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 133 socialuri ekonomika - SOCIAL ECONOMY

According to the results of the study presented in Table pose, young people must be provided with proper social 1, in Ukraine the indicators of economic support remain conditions in Ukraine. But, unfortunately, the state policy below the average figures of countries belonging to a group in no way aims to involve young people into the public of a high level of human development and lower than the life, start social programs and create conditions for their average figures in the countries in Europe and Central Asia. implementation. State is much more loyal with the pen­ In Ukraine, about 60% of population lives below the pover­ sioners who have privileges, get subsidies, pensions, while ty line, which is defined as the actual living wage. Inflation the youth is getting nothing. At present, in the state struc­ rates are high. tures, all the key positions are held by the same working While in 2013 consumer prices increased only by half pensioners, while the university graduates cannot find jobs a percent, in 2015 they increased by 43.3%. At the same in their profession and they are forced to go abroad after time, in 2014 the average monthly real wage was 94% of graduation. the rate of 2013, and in 2015 it was 80% of the rate of the previous year. CONCLUSION. Although nominal average wages increased and Thus, the negative effects of intensification of labor amounted to 3,480 UAH in 2014, in 2015 it was 4,195 migration in Ukraine, which cause violation of the require­ UAH, as a result of the rapid inflation of the national cur­ ments of The Concept of Sustainable Development of the rency it sharply decreased in dollar terms and was 399 USD state economy, are as follows: in 2014 and 229.3USD in 2017. However, there is a consid­ 1. Due to labor migration from Ukraine, there is a erable heterogeneity and a large gap between the average marked weakening of the national economy, as a competi­ and the minimum wages of Ukrainians, since the latter is tive part of the population migrates abroad, which is a ma­ more than twice as low and equaled 118.2 USD in 2017 and jor factor in the socio-economic development of society. it equals 133.7 USD in 2018. 2. Activation of migration processes leads to the de­ In Poland the minimum wage is 2,000 PLN, while in struction of families of migrant workers, if the period of Ukraine since January 1, 2018 it has amounted to 3,723 staying abroad of one of its members reaches several years. UAH, or about 480 PLN. This means that an employee Another negative phenomenon that leads to labor migra­ from Ukraine is ready, even having the qualifications, to tion is the so-called “social”orphanhood of children, when perform technical work to get a minimum wage in Po­ the latter have to grow alone havingtheir parents alive. To­ land,which raises the problem of an outflow of minds. Due day, more than 200 thousand childrenof labour migrants to high-skilled labour migration, the development of sci­ are deprived of parental care. A survey conducted in Feb­ entific and technological progress is hampered in Ukraine. ruary 2009 shows that 54.55% of those polled migrants left Emigration of specialists in technical specialties leads to a their children in Ukraine when going abroad for a work: decrease in the efficiency of the production process, so that among them 32.05% were 1-3-year old children; 20.51% the results of scientific and technical developments cease were 7-12-year old children; 21.79% were 13-15-year old to be implemented. The main reasons why scientists are children. As a result, the first generation of migrants’ chil­ forced to leave scientific institutions include a very low dren, who has been deprived of parental care, has grown salary, a sharp decline in the prestige of scientific work in in Ukraine. the society,deterioration of conditions for adequate scien­ 3. Lack of skilled young professionals can be a problem tific activity or inability to fulfill themselves as scientists. for attracting investments into the country’s economy. The number of specialists who carry out research works 4. The outflow of youth abroad reduces marriage­ in in Ukraine has decreased by half during the last ten years, dicators, undermines family relations, and leads to the de­ while the remaining 30% of scientists are actually conduct­ struction of Ukrainian young families. ing researchers ordered by foreign clients. Therefore, under the current rate of labor migration, the Migration of young people abroad is a very negative Government’s adoption of the Concept of Human Resourc­ phenomenon in Ukraine. It can only be positive if these es Management aimed to regulate the employment process people start to return home from abroad. But for this pur­ and ensure appropriate wages should be of top priority.

REFERENCES [1] The Strategy of Sustainable Development of Ukraine 2030 [Online]. Retrieved from: www.ua.undp.org [2] Labor Migration: Where Ukrainians go abroad and what they earn abroad [Online]. Retrieved from: http://zmiya.com.ua [3] Migration in Ukraine: Facts and Figures. International Organization for Migration. Representation in Ukraine [Online]. Retrievedfrom:

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ukrainaSi narCenebis marTvis konceptualuri safuZvlebi

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN UKRAINE irina kolodiiCuki, IRINA KOLODIICHUK, e.m.k., ufr. mecn. TanamSromeli, PhD in Economics, senior researcher of regional ukrainis mecnierebaTa akademiis environmental policy and environmental m. i. doliSnevis saxelobis management department, SI “Institute of regionuli kvlevebis instituti, lvovi, ukraina Regional Research named after M. I. Dolishniy of the NAS of Ukraine», Lviv

ABSTRACT elze. narCenebis utilizaciis arasakmarisi sim­ The purpose of the article is to offer the author’s vision Zlavreebi , aferxeben ekonomikur ganviTarebas. of the waste management concept in Ukraine with the formu­ aRniSnuli disproporciebis gadawydeba teri­ lation of the basic principles of the efficient waste utilization toriuli ganviTarebis konteqstSi. SemoTavaze­ system construction as the production resources. Insufficient bulia avtoriseuli cneba „narCenebis marTvis capacity for the waste management, in view of the legislative, teritoriul-dabalansebuli sistema“. gansaz­ national and international constraints, which will only inten­ Rvrulia narCenebis marTvis teritoriul-da­ sify over some time, will impede the economic development. balansebuli sistemis formirebis ZiriTadi The problems solution of these disproportions is solved in the principebi. context of territorial development, since the transportation of waste is slowed down by the economic component (there are sakvanZo sityvebi: marTvis sistema, narCene­ significant transport costs) and the social component (there bi, principebi, narCenebis dagroveba, utiliza­ is a lack of the community acceptance of other territorial cia, disproporcia. and administrative entities for the import of waste from the external, from the point of view of administrative-territorial ВВЕДЕНИЕ boundaries, sources of their formations). The author’s con­ Современный этап, характеризующийся безудерж­ cept-phrase “territorially balanced waste management sys­ ным, всеобъемлющим ростом объемов образования от­ tem” is suggested. The basic principles of the territorially-bal­ ходов и сложностью в обеспечении необходимых ути­ лизационных мощностей, заставил очередной раз кар­ anced waste management systems formation are determined. динально пересмотреть отношение к генерированию отходов производства и потребления. Новый подход Key words: management system, waste management, заключается в обеспечении комплексного управления waste, principles, territorially balanced system, waste accu­ отходами, обязывает разработать и реализовать соот­ mulation, utilization, disproportions, waste recycling. ветствующие планы, основанные на иерархии управ­ ления отходами, реализации принципа «загрязнитель anotacia платит», требованиях возмещения расходов на удале­ statiaSi xazgasmulia narCenebis marTvis ние отходов их владельцем, предыдущим владельцем kompleqsuri midgomis aucilebloba. es gvaval­ или лицом, которое производит товар, используя отхо­ debulebs narCenebis marTvis gegmis SemuSaveba­ ды как вторичное сырье (Рамочная Директива отходов sa da realizacias, principis „damWuWyianebeli 2008/98 / EC [1]). В развитых европейских странах уже ixdis“ dacvas, Sesabamisi normatiul - sakanon­ немало сделано в этом направлении, а главное - нала­ mdeblo bazis ganviTarebas da a.S. iTiTebulia жен и постоянно совершенствуется новый способ об­ ukrainaSi narCenebTan mimarTebaSi midgomis щественного бытия в сфере обращения с отходами, в arsebuli sistemis miuRebloba. statiis miza­ Украине же прослеживается своеобразный «вакуум» nia SemoTavazebuli iqnas ukrainaSi narCenebis по практической реализации задекларированных в gadamuSavebis koncefciis avtoriseuli xed­ отечественном законодательстве положений, которые va, narCenebis gamoyenebis efeqturi sistemis отражают, в частности, и современные взгляды на эти ZiriTadi principebis formulirebis safuZv­ процессы. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 135 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

Проблематика обращения с отходами всегда была Наряду с этим, ежегодно образуется более 27 тыс. не­ в центре внимания отечественных исследователей, санкционированных свалок [12]. Ежегодное увеличе­ среди которых: Берлинг Г. С. [2], Горобец А. В. [3], ние отходов на одного человека составляет 4-6%, что в Игнатенко А. П. [4], Самойлик Н. С. [5] , Хижнякова 3 раза превышает скорость роста населения. Площадь Н. А. [6], Сиволап А.В. [7], Руденко А. В. [8], Довга Т. под полигонами и несанкционированными свалками Н. [9], Пылыпив Н. И. [10], Мищенко В. С . [11] и др. превышает площадь объектов природно-заповедного Однако в Украине до сих пор остается открытым во­ фонда. прос - как превратить отходы из проблемы на ресурс, Экономический рост Украины, несомненно, обо­ а, следовательно, вернуть их в цикл производства. стрит проблему обращения с отходами, поскольку Цель статьи - предложить авторское видение кон­ их количество будет прямопропорционально расти. цепции обращения с отходами в Украине с формули­ Мощность системы, согласно принципу лимитиру­ ровкой основных принципов построения эффектив­ ющего фактора, определяется параметрами самого ной системы использования отходов в качестве ресур­ слабого ее элемента. Недостаточные мощности по сов производства. утилизации отходов, учитывая законодательные на­ Формирование и развитие теоретико-методоло­ циональные и международные ограничения, которые гического и методического обеспечения системы со временем будут только усиливаться, способству­ управления отходами в Украине находится в актив­ ют сдерживанию экономического развития. Поэтому ной фазе своего становления. Решение проблем обе­ решение проблемы несоответствия экономического спечения безопасного уровня окружающей среды и потенциала и утилизационных мощностей в Украине жизнедеятельности тесно коррелирует с процессами носит системный характер и требует территориаль­ реформирования административно-территориального но-сбалансированного подхода к развитию генера­ устройства страны. Логично, что современная систе­ торов отходов и утилизационных мощностей терри­ ма управления вносит коррективы в традиционную торий. Рассмотрение этой проблемы через призму систему обращения с отходами, активизирует процес­ территориального развития вызвано необходимостью сы переработки (обработки) отходов, модифицирует экономически эффективного обращения с отходами представление о принципах, границы полномочий и без лишних логистических затрат на их перемещение. ответственности субъектов управления отходами. При этом возможным вариантом является создание Неотъемлемым продуктом социально-экономиче­ утилизационных мощностей, которые консолидируют ского развития являются отходы промышленного и отходы от территориально приближенных источников бытового происхождения, объемы образования кото­ их образования. рых прямопропорциональны масштабам экономиче­ С другой стороны, утилизационные мощности ского развития и численности домохозяйств в преде­ без надлежащей загрузки сырьем ухудшат показатели лах территориально-административных образований. экономической эффективности и снизят окупаемость Будучи продуктом экономического роста, отходы инвестиционных ресурсов. Поэтому дилемма между выступают также и его сдерживающим фактором, по­ пропорциональным социально-экономическим разви­ скольку отсутствие действенной системы управления тием и обеспечением утилизации его продуктов явля­ отходами вызывает дисбалансы между производством ется комплексной проблемой, касающейся как много­ и утилизацией побочных продуктов производства и гранных экономических вопросов, так и социального отходов. Система обращения с отходами в Украине и экологического развития территорий. ориентирована исключительно на решение вопросов Рассмотрение утилизации отходов через призму их природоохранного характера, что явно ограничивает повторного использования в качестве сырья, создаст ее возможности в направлении минимизации потоков условия для повышения эффективности основного отходов. Статистические данные свидетельствуют, производства и будет способствовать решению эко­ что концентрация промышленных отходов в специ­ логических проблем территориального развития. Со­ ально отведенных местах или объектах оценена в здание инвестиционно привлекательных условий для 13,27 млрд т. Около 94 % бытовых отходов размеще­ строительства высокотехнологичных мощностей для но на полигонах и свалках, которых по состоянию на переработки отходов является одним из условий ре­ 2016 год в Украине насчитывалось 5470 единиц, из шения этой проблемы. Таким образом, основой соци­ них 305 ( 5,6 %) перегружены, а 1646 единиц (30 %) не ально-экономического развития является сбалансиро­ соответствуют нормам экологической безопасности. ванность между параметрическими характеристиками

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генераторов отходов и потенциалом утилизационных ния территориально-сбалансированного обращения с мощностей в пределах отдельных территорий отходами. Это основное и исходное положение пред­ Прямопропорциональная зависимость между ди­ усматривает поиск подходящего методологического намикой социально-экономического развития и нако­ инструментария, охватывает систему научных прин­ плением отходов требует адекватных систем управле­ ципов, форм и способов исследовательской деятель­ ния. Дисбалансы в генерации и утилизации отходов ности. Современная методология как учение о прави­ при недостаточных утилизационных мощностях при­ лах мышления в создании теории науки имеет четыре­ ведут к их накоплению с соответствующими негатив­ хуровневую структуру. Различают фундаментальные ными последствиями (особенно экологическими), а (философские), общенаучные принципы, составля­ при лишних утилизационных мощностях без надле­ ющие собственно методологию, конкретнонаучные жащего сырьевого обеспечения - негативные экономи­ принципы, которые имеют место в основе отраслевой ческие последствия. Очевидно, что сегодня в Украине теории, и систему конкретных методов и техник, при­ говорить об избыточных утилизационных мощностях меняемых для решения специальных исследователь­ неуместно. Однако опыт отдельных европейских ских задач [13]. Методология научного исследования стран свидетельствует о негативных экономических анализирует методы и средства познания, которые ис­ последствиях недогрузки утилизационных мощно­ пользуют ученые как на эмпирической, так и на теоре­ стей, что заставляет, например, шведские мусоропе­ тической стадии научного исследования. рерабатывающие предприятия импортировать отходы Итак, для выражения теоретических предпосылок из других европейских стран. На сегодня в Швеции внедрения рециркуляционных инноваций необходимо приоритетом выступает не утилизация мусора, а его выяснить основные принципы формирования терри­ переработка и страна перерабатывает 99 % своих отхо­ ториально-сбалансированных систем управления от­ дов и ежегодно импортирует около 700 тыс. т мусора ходами и первый основополагающий принцип - это из других стран. принцип научности, который требует использования Любое теоретическое исследование требует уточ­ результатов фундаментальных и прикладных иссле­ нения понятийного аппарата, то есть терминов и по­ дований в научном обосновании законодательных нятий, обозначающих его. Решение проблем выше инициатив и реализации заданных функций в сфере указанных диспропорций реализуется в контексте обращения с отходами. Создание научного продукта территориального развития, поскольку перемещение требует соответствующих объемов финансирования, и отходов тормозится экономической составляющей в конечном итоге этот продукт должен иметь четкую (имеют место значительные транспортные расходы) и форму и содержание на уровне эмпирических моде­ социальной составляющей (существует невосприятие лей. общин других территориально-административных об­ Не менее важным в сравнении с предыдущим яв­ разований завоза отходов от внешних, с точки зрения ляется принцип системности, который предусматри­ административно-территориальных границ, источ­ вает пространственно-временное рассмотрение всех ников их образования). Итак, по мнению автора, тер­ составляющих элементов генерирования и восста­ риториально-сбалансированные системы управления новления отходов во взаимосвязи и взаимозависимо­ отходами - это меры воздействия управляющего звена сти. Системный подход является основополагающим очерченной системы на управляемую для обеспечения принципом, который прямо или косвенно должен быть пропорциональности между генерацией и утилизаци­ в основе формулировки всех составляющих принци­ ей отходов в пределах территориально-администра­ пов и концептуальных положений экологической док­ тивных образований. Под территориально-сбаланси­ трины территориально-сбалансированного развития. рованной системой понимается совокупность элемен­ Принцип экологизации социально-экономической тов территориально-административного образования, среды предусматривает создание институциональных связанных между собой функциональными, информа­ условий для формирования экологической культуры ционными, финансовыми связями, и характеризуясь как в системе генерирования, так и в процессе утили­ структурной и организационной целостностью обе­ зации отходов. Пропаганда экологобезопасных техно­ спечивают пропорциональное развитие за счет согла­ логий производства продукции, внедрение эффектив­ сованных параметров взаимодействия между собой. ных схем обращения с отходами, создание законода­ Методологической основой исследования высту­ тельного поля для административного воздействия и пают концептуальные подходы и механизм обеспече­ сервисного обеспечения всех участников социально-э­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 137 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

кономических отношений – все это меры указанного Одним из важнейших принципов системы управ­ принципа. ления отходами является порядок оценки экологиче­ Принцип устойчивого развития предполагает ских последствий через призму причинно-следствен­ учет потребностей будущих поколений и сохранение ных связей. Принцип причинно-следственной оценки благоприятных условий среды их обитания. Для обе­ экологических последствий предполагает использова­ спечения устойчивого развития ключевым является ние метода прогнозирования экологической ситуации принцип формирования экологического сознания лю­ в результате реализации различных экономических дей, базируется как на собственном поведении, так и сценариев. пропаганде «экологической культуры» среди окружа­ Процессным аспектом в реализации политики об­ ющих. Процесс формирования сознания - это длитель­ ращения с отходами является определение источников ное комплексное воздействие на человека учебно-вос­ финансирования, поэтому справедливым подходом бу­ питательными, культурными, пропагандистскими и дет принцип «загрязнитель платит». Ответственность другими мерами, которые определяют определенную генератора отходов за экологические последствия модель поведения в будущем. Экологически созна­ реализации своих функций должна иметь денежное тельный человек как в профессиональной, так и лич­ выражение и на основе экономических стимулов и ной жизни своими действиями будет обеспечивать штрафных санкций можно влиять на качественные и устойчивое развитие человечества, а экологизация количественные параметры образования отходов. жизни сделает ее комфортней. Технологические схемы обращения с отходами Соответственно, следующим является принцип должны быть построены на принципе разумной до­ социальной ответственности производителя. Латент­ статочности относительно глубины их утилизации. ность технологии и стремление максимизировать Обеспечение нейтрального воздействия на окружаю­ прибыль в современных производственных системах щую среду является завершающим этапом в системе часто является побудительным мотивом для исполь­ утилизации отходов и дальнейшие операции с ними зования вредных компонентов и материалов в произ­ нецелесообразны с экономической точки зрения. По­ водстве продукции. Модель поведения производите­ этому накопления экологически безопасных отходов ля определяется также степенью административного в санкционированных местах допускаются с позиций воздействия на нарушение нормативов по содержа­ экономической нецелесообразности их дальнейшей нию веществ и технических регламентов. Очевидно, утилизации, но вопрос безопасности при этом являет­ что лояльность штрафных санкций контролирующих ся доминирующим. органов Украины мотивирует производителя к нару­ Существующие технологии обращения с отходами шению экологического законодательства, поскольку предусматривают альтернативность их переработки. экономические выгоды на порядок превышают суммы Это могут быть технологии сжигания для получения штрафов. Поэтому наряду с формированием экологи­ тепловой энергии, технологии производства строи­ ческого сознания производителя значительная роль в тельных материалов, технологии извлечения отдель­ формировании его социальной ответственности при­ надлежит государственным институтам. ных компонентов из массива отходов и тому подоб­ Принцип реализации целевой функции системы ное. Поэтому принцип многовариантности должен ос­ предусматривает получение экономических выгод от новываться на технико-экономических обоснованиях обращения с отходами, позиционирует их как сырье и не отрицать, а наоборот дополнять альтернативные для рециркуляционных процессов в производствен­ направления использования отходов, используя при ных системах, а также социальных эффектов - от по­ этом инновационные достижения научно-техническо­ вышения экологической безопасности жизнедеятель­ го прогресса. ности. Все этапы генерирования и утилизации отходов Технико-экономическое обоснование проектов должны осуществляться на основе проектных реше­ утилизации отходов будет определять следующий ос­ ний с четко определенной конечной целью. Проявле­ новополагающий принцип - принцип приближенно­ ние синергетики эффекта имеет место в повышении сти мест утилизации отходов к источникам их обра­ экономической эффективности за счет использования зования. Территориально-сбалансированное развитие более дешевого сырья, а также в уменьшении загряз­ предполагает максимальную пространственную лока­ нения окружающей среды, что способствует усиле­ лизацию системы «генерация - утилизация отходов», нию социального эффекта. что объясняется экономическими и социальными

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аспектами. Экономическая составляющая включает расширение полномочий общин в принятии управлен­ весомые, прежде всего, транспортные расходы, ко­ ческих решений. торые растут прямо пропорционально удаленности К указанным принципам можем также отнести мест образования от мест переработки отходов. К принципы гармонизации утилизационных мощно­ этому следует также добавить экологические риски стей, логистических потоков, принципы окупаемости, в процессе перевозки или промежуточной перевалки ответственности и т.д. [14]. отходов на пути к конечным пунктам их доставки. Не Таким образом, определяя основные принципы менее важной составляющей в определении принци­ формирования территориально-сбалансированных си­ па приближенности являются социальные вопросы, стем управления отходами, мы выражаем свои убежде­ вызванные категорическим неприятием общин дру­ ния, лежащие в основе определенной совокупности гих административно-территориальных образова­ фактов, которые в дальнейшем трансформируются в ний завоза отходов от внешних, с точки зрения ад­ соответствующую конкретнонаучную методологию. В министративно-территориальных границ, источников характеристике отраслевых систем принципы отража­ их образований. При этом социальный аспект этого ют те существенные составляющие, которые отвечают принципа актуализируется в условиях реализации ад­ за правильное, на наш взгляд, функционирование си­ министративно-территориальной реформы в Украине, стемы, без которых она не выполняла бы своего целе­ следствием которой должна быть децентрализация и вого назначения.

REFERENCES [1] Directive 2008/98/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives. URL: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ [2] Берлінг Р. З. Проблеми функціонування системи управління відходами в Україні і шляхи її вдосконалення. Вісн. Нац. ун-ту «Львів. політехніка». – 2006. – № 552. – С. 344–349. [3] Горобець О. В. Напрями удосконалення управління поводженням з відходами в Україні [Електронний ресурс] . Еко­ номіка. Управління. Інновації. – 2013. – № 1. [4] Ігнатенко О. П. Інвестиційне значення побутових відходів у сфері благоустрою населених пунктів. Інвестиції: практика та досвід : наук.-практ. журн. – Київ : ДКС Центр, 2014. – № 11. – С. 139–143. [5] Самойлік М. С. Економічна модель розвитку сфери поводження з твердими відходами регіону з урахуванням еколо­ гічних факторів. Вісник Полтавської державної аграрної академії. - 2014. - № 1. - С. 82-87. [6] Хижнякова Н. О. Обґрунтування проектів комплексного перероблення побутових відходів. Вісник Національного Ун-ту «Львівська політехніка». Логістика. – 2003.- № 472.– С. 522-526. [7] Сиволап А. В. Регулирование потока ТБО. Экономика и управление. - 2005.- № 4-5. – С.99-104. [8] Руденко О. В. Відходи гірничо-збагачувального виробництва: особливості при визнанні їх об’єктом обліку. Євро­ пейський вектор економічного розвитку. - 2011. - № 1 (10). – С. 202-207. [9] Довга Т. М. Основні тенденції та закономірності утворення і переробки твердих побутових відходів в Україні. Елек­ тронне фахове видання «Ефективна економіка». - 2012. - № 10. [10] Пилипів Н. І. Економічна сутність та класифікація відходів для відображення їх в обліку на деревообробних підпри­ ємствах. Вісник ЖДТУ. – 2010. – № 3 (53). – С. 201–205. [11] Міщенко В. С. Удосконалення системи класифікації відходів і засади українського LIST OF WASTES. Экология и промышленность. - 2011. - № 2. - С. 107-111. [12] Про схвалення Національної стратегії управління відходами в Україні до 2030 року; Розпорядження Кабінету Міні­ стрів України від 8 листопада 2017 р. № 820-р [Електронний ресурс]. – Режим доступу: http://zakon -.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/820-2017-%D1%80 [13] Шейко В. М. Організація та методика науково-дослідницької діяльності : підручник. – [3-е вид., стер.]. – К. : Знан­ ня-Прес, 2003. – 295 с. [14] Колодійчук І. А. Засадничі принципи формування системи управління відходами. Регіональна економіка. – 2017. - № 2(84). – С. 80-88.

inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 139 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

cnebebis „saxeba“ da „imiji“ Sesabamisoba - SedarebiTi aspeqtebi

CONCEPTS «WAY» AND «IMAGE»: CONVENIENT AND COMPARATIVE ASPECT alina voliki, ALINA VOLYK taras SevCenkos saxelobis kievis Ph.D. student erovnuli universitetis doqtoranti, Institute of Journalism Jurnalistikis instituti, Kyiv National Taras Shevchenko University kievi, ukraina Kуіv, Ukraine

ABSTRAT instrumenti, maSin roca „saxeba“ Jurnalistebi­ The article presents a research on the comparative analy­ sa da publicistebis instrumentia.gakeTebulia sis of the concepts of “vision” and “image”, the general and daskvna, rom imiji specialurad formirebuli distinctive features of these concepts are identified on the ba­ kategoriaa, romelic efuZneba arsebul saxes. sis of previous scientific research. It is proved that despite a “saxeba“ SeiZleba icvlebodes „imijTan“ erTad, great number of common between the “vision” and “image”, umjobesdebodes da miemarTebodes saWiro mi­ it is impossible to identify them fully. “Vision” is related to marTulebiT. “image”, which contributes to the disclosure of its essence as a social phenomenon, but “vision” is a journalistic category, it sakvanZo sityvebi: „saxeba“, „imiji“, publi­ is the object of research of a much wider spectrum of scienc­ cisturi saxeba, pozitiuri imiji, piar instru­ es than image, and image is a technology of advertising and menti public relations. That is, the image is a tool of PR-workers and PR-technologists, while the vision is of journalists and INTRODUCTION publicists. It is concluded that the image is a specially formed The modern state of development of society is char­ category, which is based on the existing form. The vision can acterized by enhanced informatization of all spheres of its change with the image, can be improved and directed in the existence. The quantity and quality of communications are required direction, but its priority is a constant characteristic continuously growing, a significant number of people are and one of the main differences. attracted to the communication process, the relationship between individual communications becomes close, the Keywords: vision, image, publicistic vision, positive im­ effect of communications increases, the network of which age, PR-tool. has reached global scales. The growth of communications opens up new opportunities that free people from certain anotacia restrictions, social control systems and coercion, create statiaSi warmodgenilia kvleva SedarebiTi new principles of personal representation. In these pro­ analizis safuZvelze cnebebisa „saxeba“ da „im­ cesses, the key role is played by the media, which play the iji“. adre ganxorcielebuli kvlevebis safuZv­ role of active distributors of socially important informa­ elze gansazRvrulia aRniSnuli cnebebis saer­ tion, that is, social communicators. To da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi. dasabuTebulia, An important feature of the media and publicistic im­ rom miuxedavad bevri saerTosi „saxebasa“ da age is the formation of subjective opinion and influence „imijs“ Soris, maTi srulad gaigiveba SeuZlebe­ on the reader. Despite this, today the process of scientific lia. „saxeba“ warmoadgens naTesaur cnebas „imi­ research on the concept of “vision” is unfairly suspend­ jTan“ mimarTebaSi, romelic xsnis mis, rogorc ed. To our mind , this is due to the intensification of the socialuri movlenis, arss. amave dros, cneba development of electronic and digital media, the numeri­ „saxeba“ - publicisturi kategoriaa, is warmoad­ cal superiority of informational genres of journalism over gens mecnierebis ufro farTe speqtris kvlevis analytical and, moreover, artistic and journalistic, tenden­ obieqts, vidre „imiji“, xolo „imiji“ warmoad­ cy to reduce the size of journalistic texts and the news gens reklamisa da piaris obieqts. anu „imiji“ media in general. The concept of “image” comes to the aris piarmomuSaveebis da piarteqnologiebis fore. Speaking about it , the image of a public person, a

140 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING politician or a company comes to mind for the first, also cepts of “vision” and “image” on the basis of available as mentioning famous people whom we often read about scientific studies and researches. or watch on TV. The vision, on the contrary, is associated The main research material. Ukrainian word “vi­ with an abstract concept, which is impossible to see, hear, sion” corresponds the ancient Greek “eidos” (species), or feel. Although the vision and image are interrelated and German “bild”, French “image”, English “image, pic­ cannot be completely separated, there are substantial dif­ ture”, Polish “obraz” [1, p. 115]. The term “vision” in a ferences that should be taken into account. It is necessary wide sense means a reflection of the external world in a to clarify the division between these concepts, necessary person’s mind or a specific sensual idea of something [2, to determine the essence of their definitions and to analyze p. 178]. In the narrow sense, the concept of “vision” is common and distinctive features. identified with an artistic vision, highlighting it as a sepa­ ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH AND PUBLICA­ rate element of a work of art or as a given means (symbol) TIONS. Starting from ancient times, the whole galaxy of displaying the content of a work of art [3, p. 93]. Accord­ thinkers and scientists in philosophy (Parmenides, Xen­ ing to the Ukrainian language dictionaries , the vision— is ophon, Plato, Aristotle, Sextus Empirik, Aurelius Augus­ a specifically sensual form of reflecting reality specifical­ tine, I. Kant, V. von Humboldt, B. Russell, etc.) dealt with ly for literature and art [4, p. 560]. The literary critic A. the problem of imagery, in literary criticism (M Bakhtin, Galich in his work Theory of Literature calls the vision P. Paliyevsky, V. Kozhinov, V. Zhirmunsky, B. Toma­ a specific form of reflection of reality in art. The scientist shevsky, I. Volkov, M. Khrapchenko, A. Losev, A. Galich, clearly distinguishes the artistic vision from those “forms M. Kotsyubinsky, G. Wellec, A. Warren, etc.) , in linguis­ of the representation , which are used, on the one hand, in tics (A. Potebnya, M. Bakhtin, V. Vinogradov, S. Mezenin, science, on the other - in the everyday-practical sphere of V. Maslova, A. Morokhovsky, etc.). The active study of human activity”. That is, the vision, according to A. Gal­ the concept of “vision” precisely as a publicistic category ich, is an artistic and literary category, “a specific form of began in the sixties of the twentieth century. Obviously, being of an artistic work as a whole and all its constituent the term artistic vision could not be applied in the research elements in particular” [5, p. 134]. of non-artistic material, and the notion of a publicistic vi­ The main criteria of the vision are the emotional sen­ sion was introduced into scientific circulation. The spec­ suality and imagination of the subject of influence. V. ificity of the formation in publicism in different degrees Zdoroviega calls the vision, reproduced in the presenta­ and at different times was investigated by I. Arkhipov, I. tion, emotionally colored, subject-specific (that is, sensu­ Eventov, J. Elsberg, V. Zdoroviega, 3. Nester, M. Stuflyae­ ally visual) basic unit of the presentation of reality [6, p. va, who found out the general and excellent in artistic and 17-20]. The scientist believes that the image is the sub­ journalistic reflection of reality. Researchers emphasize ject’s reaction to a specific event, which is caused by the the signs and functions of artistic and publicistic visions , presentation and emotional sensuality of the individual. analyze the function and place of the author in the process The researcher of visual communication A. Berger calls of the formation of these visions , consider documentalism the product of imagination the vision. “Imagination refers and subjectivity as their main features. to mental processes, and the vision (in our understanding) The research of the concept of “image” in the post-So­ is achievable and material” [7, p. 71]. viet space began in the mid-seventies of the twentieth cen­ The modern journalisе researcher V. Gridchin writes tury, when discussions on the concept “vision” were al­ about the imaginary origin with an emphasis on the char­ ready actively conducted. Among the scientists involved in acter and objectivity of the vision, calling it information image formation we can name such scientists as V. Bebik, that is created in the imagination by decoding signs and I. Slisarenko, Y. Palekh, V. Koroliok, G. Pocheptsov. The symbols. V. Gridchina notes that images are not only the highlighting of various aspects of theoretical and practical subject of human imagination, but also the need of each issues in modern conditions is carried out in the publica­ person, because images are capable to unite a large num­ tions of O. Gritsenko, A. Kovalchuk, A. Moskalenko, V. ber of people into a single organism (group, audience, Shepel, O. Nekrasova. The issues of forming a positive public, etc.). A vision is an abstract concept that cannot be image of the organization are reflected in the researches seen, heard or felt. The researcher notes that all abstract of L. Brown, E. Kiyanitsa, the image of a person - in the concepts (the names themselves) in the language have an works of A. Pelykh, T. Kizilova. objective origin (from a certain real object) [8, p. 277- PURPOSE OF THE RESEARCH. To identify and 284]. The opinion about objectivity and at the same time analyze the common and distinctive features of the con­ subjectivity, which is based on the individuality and im­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 141 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING agination of a person, is also confirmed by V. Glazychev. So, I. Alekhina confirms that image is a certain vision The scientist notes that the vision is “something subjec­ that a person represents to the world, a kind of self-pres­ tive, ideal, that does not exist without a connection with its entation for others. According to the researcher, the main material basis - the object of reflection” [9]. components of the image are reputation and the achieve­ So, scientists speak of simultaneous objectivity (ob­ ment of their own goals [12, p. 185]. Y. Bidzilya gives jectivity) and the subjectivity of the vision: “The vision a definition of the image even more generalized: image is objective in its source and subjective in the form of its - “purposefully formed through communication (media, existence” [10, p. 396]. Indeed, the appearance of a vision advertising technologies, other ways of communication) can be stimulated by any reality of the environment, it ex­ the vision of someone (for example, politics) or something ists without regard to a human being, that is, objectively, (company, enterprise, product” [13 p. 42]. T. Bilyk adds and a vision is formed in the mind of man, which deter­ that this “synthetic, integrative image that takes shape mines his subjective character. The subjectivity of the vi­ in the minds of people in relation to a particular person, sion will obviously depend on such factors as the back­ organization or other social object contains a significant ground knowledge of the person, his social status (age, amount of emotionally colored information about the ob­ level of education, culture, profession), tastes, conditions ject of perception and encourages certain social behavior” under which the vision is created, and so on. The charac­ [14 ,16]. About the “image” as “the vision is written in ter of the vision is also attributed to social norms adopt­ the Academic dictionary of the Ukrainian language. An ed in society, formed by value orientations, ideology, and image in a dictionary is a public opinion, a concept about fashion. The subjectivity of the vision lies in the choice someone or something, a reputation, a vision, as well as a of precisely that source and object, which can potentially vision of a person (including its appearance and behavior) become a vision [11, p. 44]. aimed at shaping public opinion or understanding about it However, apart from social indicators and value ori­ [4, p. 295]. “The vision of the company, goods and servic­ entations, the moment of reflection of the object’s direct es that ensures its position in the market”- calls the image influence on the human sense organs is also important for S. Morozov [15, p. 221]. The tendency of the formation of the concept of “im­ the vision formation. That is, in the process of formation, age” through the prism of “vision” traces not only in ima­ not only imagination plays an important role, but also the geology, but also in other sciences. moment of impact on the subject. This is the main dif­ In psychology, image is a kind of vision formed in ference between the concepts of “vision” and “image”, the mass consciousness, which has the character of a ste­ because “image” can exist relatively independently of the reotype and a strong emotional coloring [16, p. 49]. The situation of the object’s perception. components of the image are interpersonal relationships, Since the vision is viewed through the prism of various the performed roles , the individual characteristics of the sciences, each of which has formed its own approaches to carrier (external and internal), the subjective perception of the study of the formation of imaginary , there is a definite the recipients [17]. identification and interchangeability of the concepts “vi­ In sociology, image refers to the vision of those social sion” and “image”. objects, phenomena, processes, institutions, individuals In general, researchers agree that the image is an ar­ who are in individual and social consciousness and de­ tificial imitation or representation of the external form of termine the appropriate attitude towards them. Image is a an object, especially a person. The image is purposefully means of perception and knowledge of social reality, so shaped in the mass consciousness through advertising or it helps to navigate in the world of social relations, to im­ propaganda. Being translated from the English language, prove the behavior and interaction of the subjects of social the concept of “image” means “image” and “appearance.” interaction. Sociology as a science studies the combined If we take into account the Latin origin, the word “ima­ image of social groups and social institutions. When ana­ go” translates more widely - as “image”, “picture”, “imi­ lyzing the image, the sociocultural factors of its function­ tation”, “reflection”. Therefore, the image is an indicator ing come to the fore. In the form of the object of research, of the external characteristics of the individual, institution, the image of a family, politicians, creative intelligentsy, en­ organization, public institutions and the like. Despite the trepreneurs, a modern state, a city is distinguished. Often fact that the opinions of researchers on the interpretation the image phenomenon is considered in the paradigm of of the concepts of “vision” and “image” differ, the major­ sociology of management, and the image of an organiza­ ity of scientists call image an integral part of the vision. tion becomes a means of influencing social behavior [18].

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Considering the definition of “image” through the “Reputation” is considered as “a general opinion that prism of “vision”, we can conclude that the common fea­ has developed about an individual person, group, group of tures for these concepts are strong emotional coloring, people” [15, p. 498], as “public opinion about someone, direct dependence on the consciousness and imagination anything” [4, p. 512]. T. Bilyk notes that the term “reputa­ of the subject of influence, social indicators and ­socio tion” necessarily carries the acquired assessment, analysis cultural factors (form consciousness, imagination, human of advantages and disadvantages, while image is “the ex­ behavior). The process of forming a “vision” and “image” pressive side of the image, it can be evaluated, but assess­ is not an instantaneous response to an impact and is not ment is not a mandatory element” [14, p. 13]. In our opin­ a snapshot of reality — it is a complex, dynamic process ion, the “image” and “reputation” have generally different unfolding in time and a process in which the reflection grounds. Take for example the company as an object. The becomes more and more adequate to the subject of reflec­ image of the company is the impression that it makes on tion. Despite the duration of the process, it is active and customers, what associations it evokes. Reputation - a set can be considered as a special kind of activity. of thoughts about the advantages and disadvantages of the According to the researcher A. Blazhnova, the image is company, usually forms in its internal circles and among the vision of the need created by artistic means [19, p. 67]. business partners. That is, image is a vision created for the The author refers to the philosophical and artistic com­ public, and reputation is born among professionals. mencement of the concept “vision”, since for a long time Having considered the definitions of the concept “im­ the vision was considered to be just a gnoseological and age”, we conclude that image is a specially formed cate­ gory based on the existing form. The vision can change artistic category. Despite the priority of the appearance of with the image, be improved and directed in the required the vision and its fundamental position in the structure of direction, but its priority is a constant characteristic and the image, the image also has an artistic nature. In addi­ the main difference. tion, methods are a tool in building any image. Researcher I. Kabardinskaya cites the so-called “pass­ Despite the abundance of the common between “vi­ port” of the image, which reveals its characteristic fea­ sion” and “image”, it is impossible to fully identify them. tures: “Vision” is a relative concept in relation to “image”, which The fundamental property of the image is its expedien­ contributes to the disclosure of its essence as a social phe­ cy. In the image there is nothing successful or unsuccess­ nomenon. For this reason, the researchers, first defining ful in itself. In the image it is successful that it expediently the image as a vision, began to talk about “image percep­ ensures the progress towards the goal. tion” [20, p. 96]. But the image is the result of the per­ Image projectivity: economic feasibility; the ability to ception of the vision: as a vision, it does not belong to the plan, organize, manage, control - that is the compliance object of perception, but is formed in the consciousness of of image to the criteria of practical management; image the subjects of perception. reliability - shows whether it will fulfill its purpose with an It should be noted that in addition to the definitions of acceptable risk; social and cultural feasibility of the image “image” through the prism of “vision”, in the scientific -if it does not contradict the deep traditions of the socie­ literature there is an interpretation of “image” as a result ty; image recognition - whether the message is associated of identification with the concepts of “stereotype” and with a specific organization in the public mind. “reputation”. That is often repeated is called “stereotype”, 3. Reflecting the needs of the public in the image. “it has become commonplace, generally accepted and ad­ Does the image express the common explicit and hidden hered to, which is imitated in its activities” [4, p. 689]. In needs of the target audience in a single artistic creation, our opinion, “image” and “stereotype” are not identical artistic image? concepts, because stereotype is often formed spontane­ 4. Credibility to image. Does it possess sincerity, so ously and has functions different from image, stereotype appealing to the public, that it can speculate any details, summarizes phenomena, simplifying or hypertrophying or the image of the directive itself speaks for itself and its them, and image “fixes first of all their differences­ be ability to manipulation becomes apparent [22] ? tween themselves, contrasts them each other ”[14, p. 12- So, it can be noted that the image is a purposefully 19.]. In addition, the image is more flexible and mobile created vision-stereotype that has values that are relevant than the stereotype, since the latter is a “formula of the to the object of impact. Image performs two important phenomenon that remains unchanged for a long time” [21, functions. First of all , it has significance, that is, it serves p. 64-67]. as a symbolic designation of an organization or a person; inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 143 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING for the second , the image accumulates social energy and termined their functions and attributes, we identified the is able to motivate to certain actions. And the main task common and the different between these concepts. Com­ of the image is to form a positive attitude towards some­ mon features are: one or something. If a positive attitude is formed, its result 1. Substance is trust, which hences high marks and a confident choice. 2. Emotional coloring (based on the emotional compo­ Such is the psychological chain that is generated by a nent) positive attitude. In addition, a positive image, as a rule, 3. Dependence on the imagination of the subject of in­ contributes to the enhancement of social prestige, and, ac­ fluence cordingly, authority and influence. A positive image is an 4. Dynamic and active of development important factor in a high rating, which is very important 5. Artistic means as a tool for the formation of these in an intense diversity of public information activities. concepts The formation of a positive attitude to the subject or 6. The main goal - the impact on the subject. phenomenon is the main purpose of the image. Rarely Distinctive features are: enough, in order to achieve the goals, it is necessary to 1. Vision- primary, image - the result of image percep­ form precisely the negative attitude of the subject of in­ tion fluence to a specific object. This is another difference ­be 2. Image - an artificially created category, an vision- tween “vision” and “image”: a formed vision can be both the result of a long process and the influence of so­ positive and negative, and the image - mostly positive. cio-cultural factors. This is due to the fact that the image is a technology of 3. The purpose of the image, as a rule, is a positive at­ advertising and public relations, and the main function of titude to the object, the vision can be both negative such specialized agencies is the formation of exactly the and positive positive attitude of potential customers to the customer’s 4. The vision is a publicistic category, the image is ad­ brand. In the vision, this is a more journalistic category, it vertising, that is, the image is a tool of PR workers is the object of study of a much wider spectrum of scienc­ and PR technologists, while the image is of journal­ es than image. In most cases, the image is not a targeted ists and publicists. advertising technology, and the process of its creation de­ That is, there is more in common between these con­ pends mostly on the social orientations of the subjects of cepts than differences. In our opinion, the main difference influence and socio-cultural factors in general. That is, the is the sphere of using “vision” and image ”and mecha­ image is a tool of PR-workers and PR-technologists, and nisms of their formation, because image is an artificially the vision is a tool of journalists and publicists. created category, and vision is the result of a long process So, having considered various approaches to the in­ terpretation of the “vision” and “image” and having de­ and the influence of natural factors.

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urTierTobaTa marketingisadmi sasturmoebis damokidebuleba, baTumis maspinZlobis bazris magaliTze

ATTITUDE OF HOTELS TO RELATIONSHIP MARKETING IN THE CASE OF BATUMI HOSPITALITY MARKET ekaterine baxtaZe EKATERINE BAKHTADZE ekonomikis doqtori, baTumis SoTa PhD in Economics, Associated Professor rusTavelis saxelwifo universitetis Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University, asocirebuli profesori, baTumi, saqarTvelo Batumi, Georgia

anotacia sakvanZo sityvebi: urTierTobaTa marketin­ urTierTobaTa marketingi marketingis Tan­ gi, loialurobis programa, sastumroebi, momx­ amedrove formaa, romelic izidavs, inarCunebs marebelTa dakavebis strategia, baTumis maspin­ momxmareblebs da zrdis maT kmayofilebas. isto­ Zlobis bazari riulad turizmsa da maspinZlobaSi marketerebi ar iSurebdnen Zalisxmevas axali momxmareblebis ABSTRACT mozidvaze, Tumca bolo aTwleulebia isini miv­ Relationship marketing is a form of marketing that at­ idnen im daskvnamde, rom individualuri urTi­ tracts customers, retains them and enhances their satisfaction. erTobebi arsebul da yofil momxmareblebTan Historically, tourism and hospitality marketers have put more bevrad ufro ekonomiuria da momgebiani. mTavari emphasis on attracting new customers, but in the last few dec­ Sedegi aris momxmareblis darwmuneba imaSi, rom ades, the idea of nurturing the individual relationship with is aris organizaciisTvis gansakuTrebuli. current and past customers has received greater attention. inovaciebis da axali teqnologiebis dan­ Most marketers now accept that it is less expensive to attract ergvasTan erTad, izrdeba urTierTobaTa mar­ repeat customers that to create new ones and this is basic con­ ketingis roli da iqmneba e.w. loialurobis cept behind relationship marketing. The key outcome of all programebi. momxmareblebTan urTierTobebis relationship marketing efforts is to make individual custom­ damyarebis mizniT kompaniam garkveuli etapebi ers feel unique and to make them believe that the organization unda gaiaros. msoflio praqtikaSi maspinZlobis has singled them out for special attention. industriaSi kompaniebi iyeneben momxmarebelTa Improvement in technology and innovation in loyalty dakavebis strategiebs, urTierTobaTa market­ programs have made it much easier to deliver on the prom­ ingis mxardasaWerad. ise of greater probability form reduce customer attraction. In statiis mizania baTumis turistuli bazris order to build relationships with customers there are a num­ magaliTze urTierTobaTa marketingisadmi sas­ ber of steps that companies need to follow. In world practise tumroebis damokidebulebis Seswavla. baTumSi hospitality companies use retention strategies to encourage sxvadasxva tipis sastumroebia warmodgenili. relationship marketing. didia saerTaSoriso qseluri sastumroebis, The purpose of the article is to analyse the attitude of ho­ kerZod Seratonis, hiltonis da redisonis roli tels to relationship marketing in the case of Batumi hospi­ baTumis, rogorc turistuli daniSnulebis tality market. Different types of hotels represent in Batumi adgilis cnobadobis amaRlebaSi. zemoaRniSnu­ hospitality market. International hotel chains, such as the li brendebi Cveulebriv iyeneben loialurobis Sheraton, the Hilton, and the Radisson could make Batumi programebs maTi momxmareblebis SenarCunebis city popular and attractive destination among international da kmayofilebis mizniT. kvlevam moicva adgilo­ tourists. These international brands generally use loyalty pro­ brivi erovnuli brenduli sastumroebi, raTa grams to retain and satisfy their customers. The research work gamogvevlina maTi urTierTobaTa marketingis involved Georgian hotel brands to find out and analyse their strategiebi da loialurobis programebis in­ relationship marketing strategies and loyalty program tools. strumentebi.

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Key words: Relationship marketing, loyalty programs, literaturis mimoxilva hotels, consumer retention strategy, Batumi hospitality mar­ momsaxurebis marketingi gasuli sauku­ ket nis 80-ian wlebSi marketingis yvelaze mzardi sfero gaxda (Berry and Parasuraman, 1993). gasuli Sesavali saukunis 80-90-ian wlebSi Catarebuli kvleve­ warmatebuli sastumros organizaciuli bis mizans warmoadgenda naTlad daenaxaT struqtura agebuli unda iyos urTierToba­ fizikuri saqonlisa da momsaxurebis ganmasx­ Ta marketingis principebze da efuZnebodes vavebeli Tvisebebi, ramac uzrunvelyo is, rom piramidas, romlis saTaveSi dganan momxmare­ momsaxurebis seqtors, maT Soris sastumro blebi, maT qveviT daqiravebuli personali da industrias aqvs sakuTari marketingi. (Booms bolos xelmZRvaneloba. yovelive es person­ and Bitner 1981, Berry 1983, Reicheld and Saaser 1990). als saSualebas aZlevs advilad Sevides in­ sastumro industriaSi efeqturi momsax­ teraqciaSi momxmarebelTan, martivad miiRos urebis marketingi moiTxovs maRali xarisxis misTvis sasurveli gadawyvetileba da Seinar­ momsaxurebis miwodebas, rac unda efuZne­ Cunos momxmareblis kmayofileba. warmatebu­ bodes grZelvadian, ormxriv momgebian ur­ li sastumro strategiulad da kreatiulad TierTobebs, rac miiRweva momxmareblebTan unda moqmedebdes, mas unda amoZravebdes axlo interaqciiT. miznebi, riTac SeZlebs momxmareblebis dain­ gasuli saukunis 50-iani wlebidan market­ teresebas, stimulirebas da maTi molodineb­ ingma ganvlo ganviTarebis sxvadasxva safex­ is gamarTlebas. momxmareblis kmayofile­ uri: samomxmareblo marketingi (1950) baze da molodinebze moqmed ara xelSesaxeb industriuli marketingi (1960) socia­ faqtorTa Sorisaa: momxmareblis Secnoba, luri marketingi (1970) momsaxurebis registraciis dros personalis siswrafe, mi­ marketingi (1980) urTirTobaTa market­ wodebuli momsaxurebis xarisxisa da fasis ingi (1990) momxmareblebTan urTierTo­ Tanafardoba, personalis qceva, wina xazze bis marketingi (CRM – 2000) uaxloes warsulSi marketingis menejere­ momuSave personalis enTuziazmi da profe­ bi momxmarebelTan urTierTobas e.w. Cveule­ sionalizmi, Tbili daxvedra da Tavazianoba. brivi, tranzaqciuli marketingis safuZvelze ganTavseba turizmis seqtoris mniSvnelo­­ amyarebdnen. es iyo faqtiurad „erTjeradi vani nawilia. aWaris turizmisa da kurorteb­ tranzaqcia“ momxmarebelTan. tranzaqciuli is departamentis informaciiT baTumSi - 276 marketingi, Tavis mxriv moicavs momxmare­ ganTavsebis saSualebaa, romelSic moiazreba blebis saWiroebebis identificirebas, dak­ rogorc dabal biujetiani, aseve ZviradRi­ mayofilebas, Tumca is ar iTvaliswinebs maT­ rebuli ganTavsebis saSualebebi. baTumis Tan grZelvadiani urTierTobis damyarebas. cnobadobis gazrdaSi gansakuTrebuli roli Tanamedrove biznesi dResdReobiT mwvave, Seasrula saerTaSoriso qselurma sastum­ agresiuli konkurenciis winaSe aRmoCnda, ra­ roebma - Seratonma, redisonma da hiltonma. mac ganapiroba momxmareblebTan grZelvadi­ dResdReobiT aWaraSi adgili aqvs rogorc ani urTierTobebis SenarCunebis aucileblo­ Sida ise ucxoeli turistebis zrdis tenden­ ba. cias. 2016 wlis statistikiT aWaras stumrob­ urTierTobaTa marketingis gansaxorciel­ da 872 aTasi turisti, maTi 44% sastumroeb­ eblad mniSvnelovania momxmarebelTa Senar­ sa da sastumros tipis dawesebulebebSi iyo Cunebis strategiebis gansazRvra oTx doneze, ganTavsebuli. momsaxurebis sferos mTavar rac iTvaliswinebs maTTan finansuri, socia­ problemas fasisa da xarisxis urTierT Tavse­ luri, samomxmareblo da struqturuli kav­ badoba warmoadgens, romlis daZlevaSi momx­ Sirebis damyarebas. mareblebTan urTierTobis marketingis roli finansuri kavSiris dros kompania mudm­ gadamwyvetia. aWaris turistul miznobriv iv klientebs sTavazobs dabal da stabilur bazrebs Sorisaa TurqeTi, ruseTi, ukraina, fasebs, aseve gamoiyenebs e.w. bundling (dabali israeli, azerbaijani, irani, somxeTi da polo­ da maRal fasiani momsaxurebis erT komple­ neTi. qtad SeTavazeba), cross selling (urTierT dakav­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 147 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

Sirebuli momsaxurebis da produqtis SeTava­ loialurobis programis SemuSaveba moi­ zebis stimulireba) da up-selling (maRal fasiani cavs rig etapebs (bermani 2006): momsaxurebis SeTavazeba, misi sargeblianobis l programis miznebis gansazRvra; da unikalurobis darwmunebis gziT) meTodebs. l biujetis SemuSaveba, romelic moicavs meore doneze marketerebi cdiloben grZel­ sawyis sapromouSeno xarjebs, mimdinare vadiani urTierToba SeinarCunon socialuri sapromouSeno xarjebs, IT programas da da pirovnebaTa Sorisi kavSirebiT. momsax­ misi momsaxurebis xarjebs, monacemTa ba­ urebis miwodebisas gaTvaliswinebulia indi­ zis Seqmnas da misi Senaxvis xarjs, loial­ vidualuri saWiroebebi da yuradReba eqceva uri momxmareblis dajildovebisTvis momxmareblebze zrunvas. turizmSi gansaku­ saWiro pirdapir xarjebs. zogi kompania TrebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia momxmarebleb­ amcirebs sawyis xarjebs sawevros SemoRe­ is urTierTqmedebis faqtori. Fairmont Resorts biT. & Hotels-ma Seqmna internet programa „Every­ l loialurobis programis Seqmna. kompaniam one’s an Original“ (yvela originaluria), raTa unda gadawyvitos misi xelmisawvdomobis ganemtkicebina pirovnebaTa Sorisi kavSirebi sakiTxi, kerZod is yvela momxmarebels da brendisadmi momxmareblebis loialuroba. SesTavazos Tu gansakuTrebul sabazro stumrebisTvis programis platformas war­ segments. sawevros safasuri SeiZleba moadgens socialuri media, kerZod Facebook da gamoyenebuli iqnes naklebad loialuri Twitter. forumi iTvaliswinebs konkursebs da gansakuTrebul sapromouSeno programebs da momxmareblis dasafrTxobad. stumrebs ubiZgebT gaerTiandnen Fairmont Pres­ l iqmneba momxmareblis dajildovebis str­ ident’s Club-Si, romelic warmoadgens specialu­ uq­­tura da etapebi. loialurobis pro­ rad Seqmnil programas individualuri samog­ gramis struqtura Hilton Hhonors-Si iyofa zauro SeTavazebebiT, efeqtebiT da interse­ 4 doned: Blue, Silver VIP, Gold VIP da Diamond biT. klubis wevrebi sastumroSi registracias VIP, romlis mTavar kriteriums 12 Tvis gadian calke magidasTan da maT sTavazoben manZilze sastumroSi darCenaTa raode­ ufaso internets da adgilobriv satelefono noba warmoadgens. zarebs, stumrebi aseve fasdaklebebiT sarge­ l mexuTe etapze ganixileba sxva kompanieb­ bloben fitnes darbazis, golfis moednis da Tan TanamSromloba. spas gamoyenebis dros. l meeqvse etapze xdeba loialurobis pro­ mesame doneze finansur da socialur ka­ gramis organizaciuli sakiTxebis mogva­ vSirebs emateba samomxmareblo kavSirebi. es reba, rac moiTxovs saWiro adamianur re­ midgoma moiTxovs momxmareblis individua­ surs. luri saWiroebebisa da Tvisebebis karg cod­ l meSvide etapze programis gansaxorcie­ nas. amasTan momxmarebels unda SevuqmnaT leblad xdeba monacemTa bazis CaSveba. molodinis gancda. magaliTad The Ritz-Calton-s l merve etapze xdeba monacemTa bazis mar­ aqvs stumris kompiuteruli istoriis profi­ Tva da monacemebis srulyofa. informa­ li, romelic aTasobiT stumris ganmeorebiTi cia kompanias saSualebas unda aZlevdes vizitebis Sedegad Seiqmna. sastumros TanamS­ ganaxorcielos marketinguli da sapro­ romlebma ukve ician ra moswons stumars da ra mouSeno aqtivobebi da moaxdinos momx­ ara. marebelTa segmentacia. sastumroebisT­ meoTxe doneze mniSvnelovania moxdes vis es martivia, radgan momxmarebelTa struqturirebuli midgomis gamoyeneba kom­ identificireba maTi vizitisTanave xde­ paniasa da momxmarebels Soris finansuri, ba. socialuri da samomxmareblo kavSirebis dam­ l mecxre etapze xdeba programis warmatebis yarebis dros. aseTi kavSirebis produqtiu­ an warumateblobis Sefaseba lobis gasazrdelad mniSvnelovania Tanamed­ l rove teqnologiebisa da inovaciebis gamoy­ meaTe etapze xdeba Sesworebebis Seta­ eneba. bevr sastumroSi dajavSvnis da loia­ na, Tu loalurobis programa ar iZleva lurobis programebi erTad imarTeba. dasaxuli miznebis miRwevis saSualebas.

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kvlevis mizani da Sedegebi advilia stumarTa maxasiaTeblebis Seswavla da kvlevis mizans warmoadgenda momxmare­ maTi gulis mogeba. blebTan urTierTobaTa marketingisadmi adg­ momxmareblis kmayofileba ar aris mas­ ilobrivi, brenduli sastumroebis damok­ Tan grZelvadiani urTierTobis damyarebis idebulebis Seswavla. amasTan gvindoda gagvego garanti, mas Tan unda axldes ndoba, ormxri­ Tu ra programebs iyeneben isini da ra gansaku­ vi valdebuleba da momxmareblis molodinis Trebul momsaxurebas sTavazoben mudmiv momx­ gamarTleba. yovelive amas Tan sdevs momxmareb­ mareblebs. gamovikiTxeT baTumis rogorc saer­ lis mxridan dadebiTi rekomendaciebi da STabe­ TaSoriso qseluri sastumroebis ise adgilo­ Wdilebebi, romelsac is uziarebs Tavis axlo­ brivi erovnuli brenduli sastumroebis war­ blebs da dRes ukve internetis saSualebiT amas momadgenlebi. iseTi loialurobis programebi, igebs yvela potenciuri momxmarebeli. rogoricaa HHonors (hiltorni), Starwood Preferred momxmareblis mxridan ndoba asocirde­ Guest (Seratoni) da Radisson Rewards (redisoni) ba sastumros momsaxurebis xarisxis mudmi­ aprobirebulia mTel msoflioSi da baTumis vobasTan, personalis kompetenturobasTan, saerTaSoriso brendul sastumroebSi stumre­ patiosnebasTan, pasuxismgeblobasTan, da mz­ bis xSiri vizitebis mastimulirebeli faqtori runvelobasTan. beri (Berry 1983) miiCnevs, rom xdeba. „ndoba loialurobis safuZvelia“. myidvelsa zemoaRniSnul sastumroebTan momsaxurebis da gamyidvels Soris urTierTobaTa Seswav­ xarisxiT, fasiT, interieriTa da eqsterier­ lisas erT-erT mniSvnelovan cvlads warmoad­ gens aseve ormxrivi valdebuleba (Wilson 1985), iT axlos dganan iseTi adgilobrivi brendebi romelic beris da parasurmanis azriT (Berry rogoricaa admirali, kolizeumi, piaca inni da and Parasuraman, 1991) sastumro industriaSi ga­ oazisi, maT WrilSi aseve SegviZlia ganvixiloT saTvaliswinebeli koncefciaa da grZelvadi­ Turquli sastumro brendi - divani. stumarTa ani urTierTobis damyarebis, ganviTarebis da registraciisas sastumroebi iyeneben iseT pro­ SenarCunebis aucilebeli pirobaa. ndobasa da gramebs, rogoricaa Fidelio da FINA, es ukanask­ ormxriv valdebulebas emateba iseT cvladebi, neli qarTul programas warmoadgens. orive rogoricaa dapireba da komunikacia, programa registraciis garda loialurobis programebis SemuSavebis SesaZleblobebs iZle­ daskvna va, Tumca qarTul realobaSi isini naklebad amrigad, maspinZlobasa da turizmSi loia­ arian mibmulni safinanso sistemasTan. Sedegad lurobis programebi sastumroebis saqmiano­ sastumroebs ara aqvT saWiro sabiujeto resur­ bis ganuyofeli nawili xdeba. 90-ian wlebSi re­ si loialurobis programis Sesaqmnelad. isini iCeldis da saaseris (Reicheld & Saaser) kvlevebma martivad qmnian mudmivi momxmareblebis sias, aCvena, rom momxmareblis loialurobis 5%-ian risi safuZvelicaa stumarTa vizitebis raode­ zrdas mivyavarT mogebis 25-85%-ian zrdamde. noba, ZiriTadad es kriteriumi 5-dan 7 vizitam­ Tumca rogorc vxedavT maTdami qarTuli kompa­ de meryeobs. Sedegad loialur momxmareblebs niebis damokidebuleba ar gamoirCeva strategi­ ukeTeben 15%-30%-ian fasdaklebas, aseve sTava­ uli da kreatiuli midgomiT. baTumis erovnul, zoben nomris e.w. up-grade-s (ukeTesi nomris brendul sastumroebSi wina xazze momuSave SeTavazeba igive fasad), ugzavnian siaxleebs personals kargad esmis loialuri programe­ eleqtronuli fostiT sxvadasxva SeTavaze­ bis arsi da mniSvneloba, magram sastumroeb­ bebis Sesaxeb. sastumroebi aRiareben, rom maTi is marTvis araswori principebi da meTodebi Semosavali didadaa damokidebuli loialur jer kidev aferxebs urTierTobaTa marketing­ momxmareblebze da rogorc gamokiTxvam aCvena is yvela instrumentis danergvas praqtikaSi. maT SenarCunebaSi finansuri stimulatorebis fasis strategiebis SemuSavebaze metad dRes­ garda did rols asrulebs pirovnuli interaq­ dReobiT mniSvnelovani unda gaxdes momxmare­ cia, megobruli garemo, Tbili damokidebule­ blebis loialurobis amaRlebis strategiebis ba da maTze zrunva. mcire zomis sastumroebSi SemuSaveba.

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literatura/REFERENCES [1] Simon Hudson, Louse Hudson. Simon and Louse Hudson. Customer Service for Hospitality and Tourism. 2013. [2] Berry and Parasuraman, 1993. Marketing Service: Competing Through Uality. The Free Press. New York. [3] Booms, B.H. & Bitner, M.J. 1981, “Marketing Strategies and Organization Structures for Service Firms” in Marketing of Services, eds. J.H. Donnelly & W.R. George, American Marketing Association, Chicago [4] Reichheld, F.F. 1993, “Loyalty-Based Management”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 71 no. 2 [5] Reichheld, F.F. & Sasser Jr, W.E. 1990, “Zero Defections: Quality Comes to Services”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 68, no. 5. [6] Berman, B. (2006). Developing an Effective Customer Loyalty Program. California Review Management. 49 (1) [7] www.spg.com [8] http://hiltonhonors3.hilton.com/en/index.html [9] https://www.radisson.com/section/gpp.home/gpp.sidemenus

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saxelmwifo da kerZo universitetebis studentTa drois menejmentis SedarebiTi analizi

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS TIME MANAGEMENT AT STATE AND PRIVATE UNIVERSITIES natalia xaraZe, NATALIA KHARADZE, ekonomikis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univesitetis asocirebuli PhD in Economics, Manager of HPML, profesori, saqarTvelo, Tbilisi Professor of TSU, Georgia, Tbilisi daviT duglaZe, DAVIT DUGLADZE, saqarTelos teqnikuri universitetis doqtoranti saqarTvelo, Tbilisi PhD Student of GTU, Georgia, Tbilisi dea fircxalaiSvili, DEA PIRTSKHALAISHVILI, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo univesitetis doqtoranti PhD Student of TSU, Georgia, Tbilisi saqarTvelo, Tbilisi

anotacia eyrdnoboda anketur gamokTxvas da monacemebi drois menejmentis kvleva aqtualuri sakiTx­ damuSavda SPSS programaSi. naSromSi swored am ia nebismier sferoSi. adamianTa umravlesobas ori kvlevis Sedegebis gaerTianebis safuZvel­ awuxebs drois ukmarisobis problema da mize­ ze gamoikveTa erTi da igive sferos respoden­ zebs xSir SemTxevaSi Tavad drois bunebaSi xe­ tebis damaxasiaTebeli qcevebi, rodesac isini daven da ara sakuTar TavSi. kvlevebis Sedegad ki sxvadasxva sakuTrrebis formas warmoadgenen, naTlad ikveTeba mizezebi, romolis gamoc ada­ kerZod- saxelmwifo da kerZo seqtors mianerbi drois resursebis simcires ganicdian. Cveni kvlevis obieqti sxvadasxva universiteteb­ sakvanZo sityvebi: drois marTva, studente­ is studentebi iyvnen. drois resursebis ganaw­ bi, Tavisufali dro. drois dagegmva,drois mta­ ilebaSi gamoikveTa mTavari drois mtaceblebi, ceblebi, kerZo da saxelmwifo universiteti. romlebic xels uSlidnen respodentebs moex­ dinaT dagegmili Tu aucilebeli saqmianobebis ABABSTRACT droSi Cateva. time management has significant impact on the personal kvlevis procesSi CamovayalibeT ramodenime development abilities not only in current period, but through­ hipoTeza da davadgineT garkveuli faqtorebis out the life. Time management characteristics directly or in­ kavSirebi. directly show us, to what extent student are able to control kvlevis Sedegebis analizis Sedegad miRe­ their own development and balance the life. Do they compre­ buli rekomendaciebi daexmareba axalgazrda hend short-term, long-term goals and plans, or not? The paper SromiT resurss moaxdinon Sromis swori organ­ izacia, aseve saSualebas aZlevs administracias unites two fundamental research. The first includes the stu­ gaiTvaliswinos rekomendaciebi da xeli Seuwyos dents of state universities where the number of respondents studentebs drois danakargebis SemcirebaSi. were 523 and the second survey included the time manage­ naSromSi gaerTianebulia ori fundamenta­ ment of private universities - the number of correspondents luri kvleva. pirveli moicavs saxelmwifo uni­ - 520. Both studies were conducted with the same methodol­ versitetebis studentebs , sadac respodent­ ogy. It was based on a survey and data was processed in the Ta raodenoba iyo 523 da meore kvleva moicavs SPSS program. kerZo universitetebis drois menejments -re­ spodentTa raodenoba Seadgenda-520-s. orive kv­ Keywords: Time management, Students, Leasure time, leva Catarda erTi da igive meTedologiiT . igi Time planning, “Time stealers”, Private and State university.

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Sesavali Challenges in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises drois menejmentis problema, rom Ti­ of Post-Soviet Georgia” (nikvaSvili, organizaci­ Toeuli adamianis Sromis mwarmoebluroba­ uli kultura rogorc sameurneo praqtikis ze axdens gavlenas, amas Tavad respodente­ ganuyofeli nawili, 20017) da rac mTavaria bi aRiareben. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis amcirebs organizaciaSi konfliqtur situa­ Tsu-is ekonomikisa da biznesis fakultetze ciebs (Gulua, Ekaterine; Kharadze, Natalia;, 2018) arsebulma adamianiseuli potencialis marT­ Organization Culture Management Challenges or- vis laboratoriam moaxdina saxelmwifo uni­ ganizaciaSi konfliqtebis regulirebis versitetis studentebis drois menejmentis humanuri meTodebi (nikvaSvili, 2012) da kon- analizi. arsebul sakiTxebze gamoqveynda ar­ fliqtis gadaWris Tanamedrove meqanizmebi aerTi publikacia, rogorc adgilobriv aseve (Paresashvili, Nino; Maisuradze, Teona;, 2017) xels saerTaSoriso JurnalebSi. Time Management Pe­ uwyobs pirovnebis piradi Sromis swor or- culiarities Based on Gender (Kharadze, Natalia; ganizacias aseve konstruqciuli qcevis Gulua, Ekaterine, 2017) ; Impact of Time Management Camoyalibebas (nikvaSvili, konstruqciuli on Personal Development of Master’s Degree Students qcevis stimulireba konlfliqtur situa­ (Ekaterine, Gulua; Natalia, Kharadze, 2017) Free-Time ciaSi, 2016) da organizaciuli faqtorebi, Management among Master’s Degree Students of Geor­ romlebic gavlenas axdenen lideruli unare­ gia (Kharadze, Natalia; Gulua, Ekaterine; Duglaze, Davit, bis Camoyalibebaze erT-erTi swored drois 2017) ; Time Management Pecularities of Shota Rustave­ swori gamoyeneba aris . efeqtianad saqmis li State University MA Students (Kharadze, Natalia; Gu­ gaZRolas yovelTvis eqceoda didi yuradRe­ lua, Ekaterine, 2017) Self Management Peculiarities of ba da igi gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania dRe­ Master’s Students in Georgia (Kharadze, Natalia; Gulua, vandeli msoflio ekonomikuri mdgomareobis Ekaterine, 2016). „drois menejmentis gamowveve­ pirobebSi (Amyoladze, Gocha; Gabrichidze, Amiran; bi axalgazrda mecnierebSi “Time management Giorgobiani, Maia; Zedgenidze, Merab; Kharadze, Na­ issues for young Master „ (kharadze, Natalia; Dugladze, talia, 2014) agreTve globaluri inovaciuri Davit, 2017) garemo (Shaburishvili & Chania, 2017) da Tan­ aranakleb sainteresoa teqnikuri univer­ amedrove teqnologiebi (Meskhia & Shaburishvili, sitetis egidiT Catarebuli kvleva, romelic 2015) xels uwyobs piradi Sromis organizaci­ moicavda saqarTvelos kerZo universiteteb­ is efeqtianobis amaRlebas adamianis aqtivo­ is studentTa drois menejments. arsebul ba, saWiro saqmianobis warmarTva da msTvis kvlevaze daibeWda naSromi kerZo universi- winaswar momzadeba mravalmxrivi problemaa tetis studentebis drois menejmenti (KHA­ da Sinagan momzadebas saWiroebs (Amyoladze, RADZE & DUGLADZE, 2018) (xaraZe & duglaZe, Gocha; Gabrichidze, Amiran; Giorgobiani, Maia; 2018) romelic zogad analizs moicavda. Lomsadze-Kuchava, Maia; Kharadze, Natalia, 2014) mniSvnelovania TiToeuli seqtoris uni­ versitetebma moaxdinon sakuTari gamocdile­ kvlevis obieqti: bebis gaziareba.swori drois menejmenti uz­ sainteresoa ra TaviseburebebiT gamoirCe­ runvelyofs personalis swor ganviTarebas vian saxelmwifo da kerZo universitetebis (Kharadze & Gulua, 2018); (Gulua, Ekaterine; Kharadze, studentebi, drois menejmentis TvalsazriT, Natalia;, 2018) rac kargad Cans Cvens naSromebSi amitom vaxdenT am ori kvlevis SedarebiT „Personal Development Peculiarities on Gender Perspec­ analiszs. jamSi orive kvlevis respodenteb­ tive in Georgia“ da „ Employed Students’ Development is saerTo raodenoba aris 1043 respodenti. Challenges in Georgia“. sworad ganviTarebuli aqedan saxelwifo universitetebis respoden­ kadri uzrunvelyofs maRalefeqtiani Sromi­ tebi 523da kerZosi ki -520 Sesabamisad pro­ Ti resursis Seqmnas, rac organizaciaSi maRa­ centebSi saxelmwifo seqtoris respodentTa li organizaciuli kulturis Camoyalibebas raodenoba aris 50,1% xolo kerZo universi­ uwyobs xels. (Gulua, Ekaterine; Kharadze, Natalia;, tetis respodentebi Seadgenen 49.9%. 2018) Organization Culture Management Challenges. (Gulua, Ekaterine; Kharadze, Natalia, 2014). Knowl­ kvlevis meTodologia edge-Based Organizational Culture Development kvlevis Sedegebi damuSavebulia SPSS pro­

152 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING gramaSi da mocemuli gvaqvs ststistikuri elmwifo seqtoridan -47,3% da 61,6% da ker­ logikuri da SedarebiTi analizi. movaxdil­ Zodan -52,7% da38,4%. respodentTa is raode­ eT ramodenime hipoTezis formulieba. noba, romelTac arasdros ar yofniT dro gacilebiT maRalia saxelmwifo seqtorSi, kvlevis analizi kerZo seqtorTan SedarebiT (61,6% da 38,4%). kvlevam aCvena, rom mTlianad yofnis dro sainteresoa, ratom aqvT drois deficitis respodentTa 45,5% saxelmwifo seqtoridan mwvave problema saxelmwifo universitetis da 54,5% kerZo seqtoridan.zogjer da aras­ respodentebs . am sakiTxs mogvianebiT gavceT ros ar yofniT dro daasaxela Sesabamisad sax­ pasuxs. ix. diagrama 1

swavlis paralelurad muSaoba daafiq­ studentebi . bunebrivia gacilebiT didi sira saxelmwifo seqtoris 74,1% da kerZo raodenobiT saqarTveloSi dasaqmebulni ar­ seqtoris 25,9%. amgvari mkveTri sxvaoba ga­ ian magistrantebi, radgan leqcia-seminarebi mowveulia im faqtiT, rom kerZo seqtoridan saRamos saaTebSi samuSaos dasrulebis Sem­ ZiriTadad gamokiTxuli iqna bakalavriatis deg aqvT ix. diagrama 2

dRis manZilze leqcia -seminarebze dax­ saxelmwifo universitetebsSi , kerZod59,0% arjuli dro gansxvavebulia. erTi saaTi xolo kerZo seqtorSi ki 41,0%. 9%-iT metia miuTiTa saxelmwifo seqtoris respodenTa im studentebis raodenoba, romlebisTvisac 45,5% da kerZo seqtoris ki-54,5%-ma. kate­ swavla aris mniSvnelovani da drois biujet­ goria, romlebmac 2-3 saaTi miTiTes, kerZo idan met dros uTmoben. (ix. diagrama 3) Tu seqtoris wili aris 51,3% da saxelmwifo se­ gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saxelmwifo universi­ qtoris-48,7%, rac Seexeba im respodentebs, tetis studentebis gacilebiT didi raodeno­ romlebic swavlas 3 saaTze mets andomeben, ba aris dasaqmebuli, am fonze misasalmebelia, aRniSnuli maCvenebeli sagrZnoblad maRalia rom respodentebi dasaqmebis paralelurad

inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 153 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING swavlis procesac pasuxismgeblobiT ekidebi­ damatebiTi saxelmZRvaneloebiT saxelmwi­ an. aRniSnuli monacemebi saxelmwifo univer­ fo seqtorze modis-47,1%, xolo kerZo se­ sitetebis dadebiT Sefasebas imsaxurebs. qtorze-52,9%. (ix. diagrama 4) damatebiTi respodentebi, romlebmac gasces pasuxi, saxelmZRvaneloebis gamoyenebis kuTxiT ver rom xSirad sargebloben damatebiTi saxelmZ­ vityviT, rom romelime seqtori mowinavea, RvaneloebiT saxelmwifo seqtorze modis Tumca saerTo . rom TiTqmis yoveli meore re­ 45,4%, xolo kerZo seqtorze ki-54,6%, kiTx­ spodenti xSirad iyenebs damatebiT saxelmZ­ vaze pasuxi, rom arasodes ar sargebloben Rvanelos ar aris cudi maCvenebeli.

respodentebi, romlebmac upasuxes, rom gegmaven Tu ara samuSao kviras dadebiTi xSirad gegmaven samuSao dRes saxelmwifo se­ pasuxebidan , kerZod xSirad gegmaven modioda qtorze modis 64,1%, xolo kerZo seqtorze saxelmwifo seqtorize-76,8% xolo kerZo se­ -35,9%, arasdros ar gegmaven samuSao dRes sax­ qtorze 23,2%,pasuxi zogjer gegmaven samuSao elmwifo seqtoris -72,4% da kerZo seqtoris kviras saxelmwifo seqtorze modioda 37,8%, ki-27,6%.(ix. diagrama 6) saxelmwifo seqtoris xolo kerZo seqtorze ki-62,2% rac Seexeba respodentebis wili maRalia kerZosTan Se­ radikalurad uaryofiT pasuxs, rom arasodes darebiT vinc xSirad gegmavs dRes da es dadeb­ ar gegmaven samuSao kviras gacemul pasuxebSi iTi maCvenebelia, ,Tumca amavdroulad kerZo saxelmwifo seqtorze modioda 45,2% da ker­ seqtoris pespodentebSi sagrZnoblad mcirea Zo seqtorze ki -54,8%.(ix. diagrama 7) drois im respodentebis raodenoba, romlebic ar­ SedarebiT grZelvadiani periodis dagegvis asdros ar gegmaven samuSao dRes, rac kerZo dros saxelmwifo seqtoris respodentTa seqtoris studentebis dadebiT tendenciaze pasuxebi damakmayofilebelia kerZo seqtor­ miuTiTebs . Tan SedarebiT

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saintereso suraTi dafiqsirda erTTviani seqtoris -45,5%, rac Seexeba mkveTrad uary­ periodis dagegmvisas. respodentebma, rom­ ofiT pasuxs, rom arasodes ar gegmaven Tves, lebmac upasuxes, rom xSirad gegmaven erT­ aRniSnul pasuxSi saxelmwifo universitetb­ Tvian periods saxelmwifo seqtorze modis Si respodenTa wili iyo 36,0 % xolo kerZo 81,9% xolo kerZo seqtorze ki 18,1%, pasuxze seqtoris ki 64.0%. (ix.diagrama 8) erTTviani -zogjer gegmaven Tves saxelmwifo seqtorze periodis dagegmvisas saxelmwifo universite­ modioda respodentebis 54,5%, xolo kerZo tis studentebi bevrad mobilizebulni arian .

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kidev ufro damajereblad dadebiTi maCve­ teresoa, ramdenad axerxeben studentebi neblebi­ dafiqsirda erTwliani periodis mis dagegmvas. aRmoCnda, rom im studenteb­ dagegmvisas saxelmwifo seqtorSi, kerZod is ricxvi, romlebic xSirad axerxeben dRis pasuxze, rom xSirad gegmaven samuSao wels manZilze dasvenebas saxelmwifo seqtoris saxelmwifo seqtoris wili iyo -90.6% xolo respodentebze modioda 74,6%, xolo kerZo kerZo seqtorze-9,4%. pasuxi -arasodes ar geg­ seqtorze-25,4%, zogjer aqvT dasasveneblad maven wels saxelmwifo seqtoris respodent­ gamoyofili dro. aRniSnul pasuxSi saxelm­ Ta wili iyo-37,2%, xolo kerZo seqtoris ki- wifo seqtoris wili iyo 35,5%, xolo kerZoze 62,8%. (ix. diagrama 9) ki-64,5%. TiTqmis arasdros ar aqvT dro ga­ sabolood SegviZlia gavakeToT daskvna, moyofili dasasveneblad, aRniSnul pasuxSi rom drois sxvadasxva periodis gdagegmvas saxelmwifo universitetis respodentTa wili rogorc moklevadian ,ise grZelvadian peri­ iyo 77,4%, xolo kerZo seqtoris ki-22.6%. (ix. odSi met yuradRebas aqceven saxelmwifo uni­ diagrama 10) dRis manZilze dasvenebis dagegm­ versiteteis pespodentebi, kerZo universite­ vis tendencia gacilebiT maRalia saxelmwifo tis respodentebTan SedarebiT. seqtorSi da es kidev erTi dadebiTi maxasi­ dRis manZilze gantvirTva mniSvnelova­ aTebelia saxelmwifo universitetis studen­ nia yvela adamianisaTvis da Sesabamisad sain­ tebisTvis

respodentTa pasuxebSi, rom xSirad axde­ arasdros ar aZleven Tavs uflebas, rom Sa­ nen SabaT-kviras gantvirTvas sxvadasxva saxis baT-kvira gantvirTvas moaxmaron, saxelm­ aqtivobebiT, saxelmwifo seqtorze modio­ wifo universitetebis respodentTa wili da pasuxebis 64,6%, xolo kerZo seqtorze ki iyo -63,5% xolo kerZo universitetebis re­ -35,4%, zogjer axdebnen SabaT-kviras gant­ spodntTa wili ki 36,5%. SabaT -kviris dagegm­ virTvas pasuxze saxelmwifo seqtoris re­ vis kuTxiT kvlavac saxemwifo universitetis spodentTa wili iyo 41,9% xolo kerZo seqto­ studentebis aqtiuroba aris maRali.(ix. dia­ ris-58,1%, rac Seexeba pasuxs, rom TiTqmis grama 11)

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saintereso ra iwvevs drois araswor mene­ -38,1%.(ix. diagrama 12) savaraudod sakuTari jments kerZo universitetebis stuentebSi. drois biujetis gadanawileba da Tavisufali erT-erT mizezad SeiZleba miviCnioT daojax­ drois dagegmva kerZo universitetis studen­ ebulebis statusi tebs uWirT radgan isisni arian daojaxebule­ kvlevis Sedegad kiTxvaze arian Tu ara bi da did dros uTmoben ojaxs. Tumca ar aris daojaxebulebi, dadebiTi pasuxi gadanawil­ es mizezi misaRebi, radgan yoveli adamini sa­ da saxelmwifo universitetis studentebze kuTar dros ise unda gegmavdes, rom moaxerx­ 22,9% xolo kerZo seqtorze ki -77,1%, xolo os Tundac SabaT-kvira ojaxTan erTad gaata­ ar varT daojaxebulebi aRniSnul pasuxSi sax­ elmwifo universitetebis respodentTa wili ros. ojaxi ar unda warmoadgendes tvirTs iyo 61,9% xolo kerZo universitetbis wili adamianis cxovrebaSi.

socoaluri qseli aris, rogorc dadami­ da kerZo-59,4% xolo pasuxSi, rom socialur anis „mokavSire“, saidanac SeuZlia miiRos saW­ qselSi atareben sam saaTze mets saxelmwifo iro informacia mokle droSi da ganviTardes, seqtorze modis 100% da kerZo seqtoridan am aseve mowinaaRmdege da drois mtacebeli, am­ droiT aravin ar aris socialur qselSi. unda denad rogr, ra droiT da risTvis gamoiyeneba aRiniSnos rom jamSi sam saaTze mets mxolod socialri qseli, amas aqvs didi mniSvneloba. respodentTa 82 atarebda, rac ar aris maRali kvlevam daadgina, rom is respodentebi rom­ raodenoba, radgan mTlianad 1043 respoden­ lebic socilur qselSi erT saTs atareben tia, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi maRa­ saxelmwifo universitetbis respodentebze li doziT socialur qselTan mijaWuloba modis 72,8%, xolo kerZo seqtorze 27,2%, re­ saxelmwifo universitetebis respodentebma spodentebi, romlebic socialur qselSi ori daafisires. samwuxarod ar gvaqvs informacia saaTi arian, monacemebi ase gadanawilda, sax­ es 82 respodenti ra mizniT iyenebs socialur elmwifo universiteti=30,8% da kerZo-69,2%. qsels. imeds vitovebT, rom didi nawili saW­ saami saaTi dafisirda respodentebze, iro saqmisTvis aris dakavebuli socialur romelTagan saxelmwifo seqtorze iyo-40,6% qselebSi da ara TamaSebiT.(ix.diagrama 13) inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 157 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

pirad higienaze dReSi naxevar saaTs xar­ mobs 369 respodenti, romelTagan saxelmwi­ javs jamSi 146 respodenti, romelTagan sax­ fo seqtorze modis 59,1% da kerZo seqtorze elmwifo seqtorze modis53,4% xolo kerZo ki - 40,9%. drois biujetinad pirad higienaze seqtorzeki-46,6%, erT saaTamde dros xar­ ar aris didi dro daxarjuli da Sesabamisad javs 528 respodenti, romelTagan saxelmwi­ fo seqtorze modis 43,0% da kerZo seqtorze orive seqtorisTvis SeiZleba dadebiTad Se­ ki-57,0% erT saaTze mets pirad higienas uT­ fasdes.(ix. diagrama 14. )

rogor axdenen drois sxvadasxva periodis da kerZo seqtorze ki 51,9% xolo arasdros dagegmvas respodentebi, gavlena unda iqonios ar uwevT gegemebis cvlileba 131 respodents, dagegmili sakiTxebis Sesrulebaze, Sesabamis­ aqedan saxelmwifo seqtorze modis 68,7% da ad sainteresoa ramdenad xSirad uwevT gegme­ kerZoze ki-31,3%.ix.(diagrama 15) respodentTa bis Secvla. kvlevam aCvena, rom xSirad cvlis mcire raodenoba, magram mainc am raodenobaSi gegmas 114 respodenti da aqedan saxelmwifo didi wili modis saxelmwifo universitetis seqtorze modis 43.0% da kerZoze-57.0%,zog­ respodentebze, romlebsac ar uwevT dagegmi­ jer axdens gegmis cvlilebas 798 rspodenti li aqtivobebis Secvla, rac dadebiTad axasi­ da aqedan saxelmwifo seqtorze modis 48,1% aTebs saxelmwifo seqtoris respodentebs

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erT saaTamde dro exarjema transportSi dentebi ki 58,9% sam -oTx saTs da met dros 269 respodents, romelTagan saxelmwifo uni­ jamSi mxolod 114 studenti xarjavs. yvelaze versitetbis studentebi arian 63,9% da kerZo meti raodenobis respodenti transportze universitetebis studentebi ki -36,1%.erT- 1-2 saaTs xarjavs da maRali maCvenebelia ker­ or saaTs xarjavs 660 respodenti, romelT­ Zo seqtoris studentebSi, rac mniSvnelovan agan saxelmwifo universitetis studentebi drois mtaceblad SeiZleba CavTvaloT.(ix. di­ arian 41,1% da kerZo universitetebis stu­ agrama16.)

arsebuli situaciis gaanalizebis gare­ seqtorze ki -70,9%. (ix. diagrama 17. )drois Se SeuZlebelia studentma moaxdinos drois danakargebis gaanalizeba kerZo seqtoris danakargebis Semcireba da prioritetebis studentebSi aris gacilebiT dabali. rac ar gansazRvra. analizi saSualebas iZleva ga­ iyo gasakviri im fonze, roca kerZo seqtorSi moikveTos drois mtaceblebi da Zvirfasi dafisirda drois sxvadasxva periodis dagegm­ resursi gadanawildes mniSvnelovani saqmeeb­ vis kursiT uaryofiTi tendencia is gasakeTeblad. amdenad mniSvnelovania ram­ drois araswori menejmenti saqmeebis moz­ deni studenti axdens drois danakargebis Rvavebas da gauTvaliswinebel problemebs analizs da rogori Tanafardobaa seqtorebis iwvevs,rac sadao ar aris . drois periodeb­ mixedviT. drois danakargebis analizs xSirad is daugegmaobam, drois danakargebis mize­ axdens 229 respodenti, aqedan saxelmwifo se­ zebis dadgenis ugulvebelyofa, momavalSi qtorze modis 77,3%, xolo kerZo seqtorze ki xeliscecebiT da facifucSi saqmis keTebas -22.7%, zogjer axdens drois danakargebis ana­ iwvevs. kvlevam aCvena, rom gauTvaliswinebel lizs 512 respodenti TiTqmis 50 % da aqedan saqmeebze erT saaTas kargavs dReSi 384 re­ saxelmwifo seqtorze modis 50,4% da kerZo spodenti,aqedan saxelmwifo seqtorze modis seqtorze ki -49,6%. arasdros ar axdens drois 59.6%, xolo kerZo seqtorze ki-40,4%. erT-or danakargebis analizs 302 respodenti, aqedan saaTs kargavs gauTvaliswinebel saqmeebze saxelnwifo seqtorze modis 29,1% da kerZo 581 respodenti, romelTagan saxelmwifo se­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 159 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING qtorze modis 42,9%, xolo kerZo seqtorze ki- cinis mier aris dadgenili, rom adamianis Tav­ 57,1%. orive jgufis pespodentebSi daugeg­ is tvinis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis mavi saqmeebze daxarjuli dro mniSvnelovnad mniSvnelovania 23 saaTamde moxdes daZineba, maRalia swored am periodSi aris SesaZlebeli daR­ fizikuri aqtivobiT gadaRlilobis da lilobis da daZubulobis efeqtiani moxsna. stresis moxsna aucilebelia nebismieri asakis 24 saaTamde daZinebas axdens 324 respodenti, adaminSi da gansakuTrebiT studentebisaTvis. sadac saxelmwifo universitetis studentTa gamudmebuli daZabuli reJimi iwvevs stresebs, wili aris 38,9%, xolo kerZo universitetebis romelic SesaZloa qronikulSi gadaizardos wili ki -61,1%. aseve maRalia im respodentTa da garTuldes masTan brZola da Sedegebi, raodenoba, romelebic daZinebas 01 saaTze ax­ romelsac stresi iwvevs. kvlevam aCvena, rom erxeben -489 respodenti, maTgan saxelmwifo 587 respodenti daaxloebiT naxevarze meti, universitetis studentTa wili aris 49,7%, sportul aqtivobas dReSi mxolod naxevar xolo kerZo universitetis studentTa wili saaTamde dros uTmobs da amaTgan saxelmwifo 50,3%. Zilis reJimis amgvari darRveva gansa­ seqtorze modis 60.0%, xolo kerZo seqtorze kuTrebiT mZime iqneba saxelmwifo universi­ ki 40%. erT saaTamde dros fizikur atvivoba­ tetis studentebisTvis, radgan swored es ze xarjavs 283 respodenti, romelTagan sax­ kategoria aqtiurad aris dakavebuli gone­ elmwifo seqtorze modis 38,5%, xolo kerZo brivi SromiT seqtorze ki -61,5 %. erT saaTze mets fizikur studentur aqtivobebSi xSirad arian Car­ aqtivobaze xarjavs 125 respodenti, romelT­ Tulni 97 respodenti aqedan saxelmwifo uni­ agan saxelmwifo seqtoris studentebis wili versitetis studentebze modis 32.0%, xolo aris 35,2%, xolo kerZo seqtoris studenteb­ kerZo seqtorze ki -68,0%, zogjer axerxebs is wili ki 64,8%, or saaTze mets mxolod 48 re­ studentur aqtivobebSi monawileobas 382 re­ spodenti uTmobs fizikur aqtivobas da maT­ spodenti, aqedan saxelmwifo seqtorze modis gan saxelmwifo seqtorze modis 37,5%, xolo 38,7%, xolo kerZo seqtorze ki 61,3%, aras­ kerZo seqtorze ki 62,5%. sportuli aqtivo­ dros aris CarTuli studentur aqtivobebSi bis TvalsazrisiT ukeTesi mdgomareoba dafi­ 564 respodenti, aqedan saxelmwifo seqtorze sirda kerZo seqtoris studentebSi. Tu gaviT­ modis 61,0%, xolo kerZo seqtorze ki-39.0%. valiswinebT rom maTi leqciebze daswreba universitetis mier dagegmil RonisZiebeb­ gacilebiT dabali iyo saxelmwifo seqtoris Si studentTa CarTulobis maCvenebeli gac­ studentebTan SedarebiT, sportuli aqtivo­ ilebiT maRalia kerZo universitetSi ba da gantvirTva metad sWirdebaT saxelmwi­ dReSi erTxel ikvebeba 130 respodenti, fo universitetis studentebs, Tumca suraTi romelTagan saxelmwifo seqtoris studen­ sawinaaRmdegos gveubneba. tebze modis 93,1%, xolo kerZo seqtorze ki Zilis reJimi mniSvnelovania energiis aR­ 6,9% , orjer kvebas axerxrebs 455 respodenti, sadgenad . kvlevam Cvena, rom xuT saaTze nak­ aqedan saxelmwifo sqoris studentebze modis lebi sZinavs mxolod 57 respodents, aqedan 55,6 %, xolo kerZo seqtorze ki -44,4%, sam­ saxelmwifo universitetis studenti aris 43 jer ikvebeba 425 studenti, aqedan saxelmwifo da kerZosi ki14,rac Seexeba normis fargleb­ seqtorze modis 32,0% xolo kerZo seqtorze Si Zils axerxebs 716 respodenti da aqedan ki68,0% , oTxjer ki mxolod33 respodenti ax­ saxelmwifo universitetis studentia 48,9%, erxebs kvebas, rac sagangaSo maCvenebelia. 2 da xolo kerZo universitetis ki 51.1%. 8-9 saaTi 3 jer kvebas gacilebiT metjer axerxeben ker­ ZilisTvis gamoyofili aqvT 260 respodents, Zo universitetis studentebi. SesaZloa vi­ aqedan saxelmwifo seqtorze modis 47,3%, varaudoT, rom kerZo universitetSi materia­ xolo kerZoze-52,7%. metnaklebad Zilis xan­ luri SesaZleblobis mqone studentTa raode­ grZlivoba umravlesobas aqvs normis far­ noba aris maRali da amiT aris ganpirobebuli. glebSi, magram aseve sainteresoa drois ra pe­ drois swori gamoyeneba da rekomendacieb­ riodSi axerxeben respodentebi daZinebas is gaTvaliswineba xels uwyobs studentebis kvlevam Cven,a rom sakmaod gvian axerxebs personalur ganviTarebas (Gulua, Ekaterine; Kha­ daZinebas respodentTa naxevarze meti. medi­ radze, Natalia;, 2018) gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelova­

160 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING nia genderuli problemebis mogvareba da qal­ Si savaraudod kerZo universitetebis Ta personaluri ganviTarebisaTvis bariereb­ mimarT „xibli“ am aqtivobebiT aris ga­ is daZleva (Kharadze & Gulua, 2018) mowveuli; l kerZo Tu saxelmwifo universiteti, ori­ daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi: en­tirebulia sakadro politikis for­ miuxedavad imis, rom sazogadoebaSi gavr­ mirebaze da saxelmwifos awvdian SromiT celebulia Sexeduleba, TiTqos kerZo uni­ resurs, amitom mniSvnelovania erTo­ versitetebSi maRalia ganaTlebis standarti, blivi ZalebiT uzrunvelyon imgvari saxelmwifo universitetebTan SedarebiT, kv­ marTvis sistemis Camoyalibeba, romelic levam sruliad sawinaaRmdego Sdegi gviCvena. axlgazrda Taobas miscems saSualebas l saxelmwifo universitetis studentTa sworad dagegmon dro da uzrunvelyon drois biujetis marTva drois nebismier potenciuri SesaZlebobebis efeqtiani SualedisTvis ufro maRalia; gamoyeneba . l saxelmwifo universitetebis studentTa l SeZlebisdagvarad mniSvnelovania uni­ leqcia-seminarebze daswrebis sixSire versitetebs gaaCndes, saerTo sacxovre­ aris maRali; beli, sadac Camosuli studentebi Se­ l saxelmwifo universitetebis studente­ Zleben cxovrebas da am gziT dazogaven bi, gacilebiT xSirad iyeneben damatebiT transportirebaze gaweul xarjebs saxelmZRvaneloebs codnis gaRrmavebis l aseve mniSvnelovania saerTo sacxovrebl­ mizniT; ebSi kvebis problemis mogvarebac, rac sa­ l saxelmwifo universitetis studentebi gangaSo maCvenebeli aRmoCnda kvlevebSi. ukeT axdenen drois danakargebis mizeze­ l universitetebis mier sworad Sedgeni­ bis analizs; li muSaobis grafiki saSualebas miscevs l kerZo universitetis studentTa maRa­ students dazogos dro. SesaZlebeli li maCvenebeli dafiqsirda sportul unda iyos (gansakuTrebiT magistrantebi­ aqtivobebsa da studentur cxovrebaSi. saTvis) leqciebis audi Tu video masalis kulturul RonisZiebebSi CarTuloba­ xelmisawvdomoba.

REFERENCES [1] Amyoladze, Gocha; Gabrichidze, Amiran; Giorgobiani, Maia; Lomsadze-Kuchava, Maia; Kharadze, Natalia. (2014). Globalization and research of success factors of Georgian business leaders. Modern issues of Medicine and Maagement, 145- 151. [2] Amyoladze, Gocha; Gabrichidze, Amiran; Giorgobiani, Maia; Zedgenidze, Merab; Kharadze, Natalia. (2014). Char­ acteristics of development of leadership in the environment of global economy. Modern issues of Medicine and Maagement, 141-144. [3] Ekaterine, Gulua; Natalia, Kharadze. (2017). Impact of Time Management on Personal Development of Master’s Degree Students. ICSS XXIII, (pp. 110-118). Vienna. [4] Gulua, Ekaterine; Kharadze, Natalia. (2014). Knowledge-Based Organizational Culture Development Challenges in Small and Medium Sized Enterprises of Post-Soviet Georgia. 3rd International Symposium: “Advances in Busines Manage­ ment Towards Systemic Approach” (pp. 93-96). Perugia: Business Systems Laboratory. [5] Gulua, Ekaterine; Kharadze, Natalia;. (2018). Employed Students’ Development Challenges in Georgia. European Jour­ nal of Interdisciplinary Studies, p. 188-208. [6] Gulua, Ekaterine; Kharadze, Natalia;. (2018). Organization Culture Management Challenges. European Journal of Inter­ disciplinary Studies, 67-79. [7] Kharadze, n., & Amyoladze, G. (2014). Globalizationof reserch of factorsof success of Georgianbusiness leaders“. Modern issues of Medicine and Maagement, 146-151. [8] Kharadze, N., & Dugladze, D. (2018). TIME MANAGEMENT OF PRIVATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. INNOVA­ TIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT, 126-137. [9] KHARADZE, N., & DUGLADZE, D. (2018). TIME MANAGEMENT OF PRIVATE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS. INNO­ VATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT, 126-137. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 161 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

[10] Kharadze, N., & Gulua, E. (2018). Personal Development Peculiarities on Gender Perspective in Georgia. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, p. 111-123. [11] Kharadze, Natalia; Dugladze, Davit. (2017). time management issues foryoung Masters. Globalization and current chel­ lenges in businees, (p. 220). tbilisi. [12] Kharadze, Natalia; Gulua, Ekaterine. (2016). Self Management Peculiarities of Master’s Students in Georgia. CHAL­ LENGES OF GLOBALIZATION IN ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS (gv. 613-616). Tbilisi: Universal. [13] Kharadze, Natalia; Gulua, Ekaterine. (2017). Time Management Pecularities of Shota Rustaveli State University MA Students. Innovative Economics and Management, 20-25. [14] Kharadze, Natalia; Gulua, Ekaterine. (2017). Time Management Peculiarities Based on Gender. I International Scientific and Practical Conference: Forsight-management: best world practice of development and integration of education, science and business (pp. 39-42). Kyiv-Tbilisi: Vyshemyrkyi. [15] Kharadze, Natalia; Gulua, Ekaterine; Duglaze, Davit. (2017). Free-Time Management among Master’s Degree Students of Georgia. ICSS XXIII, (pp. 24-33). Vienna. [16] Meskhia, I., & Shaburishvili, S. (2015). Basics of researcheof the technological environment of business. Zeszyty Naukowe UNIWERSYTETU PRZYRODNICZO-HUMANISTYCZNEGO w SIEDLCACH Seria: Administracja i Zarządzanie, 117- 124. [17] Paresashvili, Nino; Maisuradze, Teona;. (2017). Mechanisms of organization conflict resolution in Georgia. Economics. Business& Finance, (pp. 69-76). Jurmala. [18] Shaburishvili, S., & Chania, M. (2017). Global Innovation Trends and Georgia. European Journal of Economcs and Busi­ ness Studies, 94-99. [19] nikvaSvili, m. (20017). organizaciuli kultura rogorc sameurneo praqtikis ganuyofeli nawili. globalizaciis gamowvevebi ekonomikasa da biznesSi (pp. 363-367). Tbilisi: Tsu. [20] nikvaSvili, m. (2012). konfliqtebis regulirebis humanuri meTodebi. ekonomika da biznesi. [21] nikvaSvili, m. (2016). konstruqciuli qcevis stimulireba konlfliqtur situaciaSi. global­ izaciis gamowvevebi ekonomikasa da biznesSi (pp. 398-402). Tbilisi: universali. [22] xaraZe, n., & duglaZe, d. (2018). kerZo universitetis studentTa drois menejmenti. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva, 56.

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Sromis sferoSi Tanamedrove trendebis gavlena sawarmos sakadro potencialis formirebaze

THE INFLUENCE OF MODERN TRENDS IN LABOR ON THE FORMA- TION OF WORKFORCE CAPACITY OF THE ENTERPRISES liudmila kaliniCenko, LIUDMILA KALINІCHENKO, e.m.d., profesori Doctor of Science (Economics), Professor, Head of Department of Economics valentina smaCilo, VALENTYNA SMACHYLO, e.m.k., docenti Candidate of Sciences (Economics), Associate Professor taras nalivaiko, Professor of Department of Economics aspiranti xarkovis mSeneblobisa TARAS NALYVAIKO, da arqiteqturis erovnuli universiteti, Applicant of degree “Doctor of Philosophy” xarkovi, ukraina Kharkiv National University of Civil Engineering and Architecture Kharkiv, Ukraine

ABSTRACT sakvanZo sityvebi: trendi, faqtori, sawar­ The study summarizes the main trends that have shaped mos sakadro potenciali, transporti, korel­ at different levels in the area of labor – from global to in­ aciur - regresiuli analizi, strategia. dustry; the features and directions of transformation of the characteristics of workers as agents of the workforce capacity INTRODUCTION. of enterprises are defined; the factors and the force of influ­ Globalization processes in all areas of life have had a significant impact on economic relations. Their transition ence on the workforce capacity of transport enterprises and to a higher level is noted – the formation of the knowledge their effect on the trends of workforce capacity development economy, which requires consolidation of role of the per­ are determined, as well as the forecast model is developed; son who represents knowledge and acts as its agent. the problem points of formation of the workforce capacity of Due to the essential differences between the knowl­ transport enterprises are explained. edge economy and the traditional economy, to ensure its effective functioning it is necessary to transform the Key words. trend, factor, workforce capacity of the enter­ principles and models of personnel management of en­ prises, transport, сorrelation and regression analysis, strategy terprises, which is impossible without the search for new concepts, theories, methods, mechanisms of workforce anotacia capacity formation. And that is why the definition of the impact of modern trends in the area of labor determines kvlevaSi ganzogadebulia ZiriTadi tren­ the topicality of this paper. debi, romlebic Camoyalibda Sromis sferos sx­ The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of vadasxva doneebze - globaluridan dargobri­ modern trends on the formation of the workforce capacity vamde, gansazRvrulia TanamSromlebis, rogorc of enterprises. The achievement of this goal provides for sawarmos sakadro potencialis matareblebis, the statement and solution of the main tasks: to identify maxasiaTeblebis transformaciis Taviseburebe­ the main trends in the labor market at different levels; to bi da mimarTulebebi, gansazRvrulia faqtorebi determine the current trends in the system of development da maTi zemoqmedebis Zala satransporto sawar­ of workforce capacity of enterprises; to identify the fac­ mos sakadro potencialze da maTi zemoqmedeba tors affecting the workforce capacity of the enterprise and sakadro potencialis ganviTarebis tendencieb­ their impact on the trends in the development of workforce ze, aseve agebulia saprognozo modeli,gamovle­ capacity; to cover this issue both for the general labor mar­ ket of the country and in the priority sectors of the national nilia satransporto sawarmoebis sakadro po­ economy. tencialis formirebis problemuri momentebi. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 163 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

Research methods: time series are applied to identify spirituality. In addition, each enterprise, as an open, dy­ trends; regression and correlation analysis is used to iden­ namic system, is also characterized by specific features: tify the impact of factors and build a forecast model, min­ management style, mission, goals, values, production imax normalization ensures statistical data normalization. capacity, organizational and legal form, etc., which will Main part. Based on the system approach, the work­ determine workforce capacity at all stages of the existence force capacity of the enterprise (WCE) is a complex so­ of the enterprise. Inside the enterprise – in the domestic cio-economic dynamic system, which is represented by labor market – one may also identify a number of factors the set of abilities and capabilities of the enterprise per­ affecting the value of its workforce capacity: sonnel, having quantitative and qualitative characteristics - social mobility in the domestic labor market, which necessary for the enterprise to ensure its sustainable de­ is expressed in the educational, qualification and profes­ sional, that is, quality, changes in the characteristics of velopment [1]. personnel; WCE logically interacts as a microsystem with the - the compensation rate that has shaped at the enter­ macrosystem and is subject to a set of factors that can be prise in comparison with the compensation rate in the classified as internal and external to it. It is the influence country, sector, region or in comparison with the previous of factors that determine the quantitative and qualitative period, which would encourage changes in the quantita­ characteristics of the workforce capacity of the enterprise tive and qualitative characteristics of workforce capacity. in any field of activity. In addition to the grouping of factors according to the The author finds it is reasonable to single out exter­ criterion of relationship to the WCE (internal/external) nal factors of macroeconomic (megaglobal and national) grouping according to the essential criterion is suggested, and mesoeconomic (sectoral and regional) levels. The first with the emphasis on quality factors, which determine the group of external factors is formed globally as a whole and qualitative characteristics of WCE and their changes, and is reflected at the national level from the perspective of quantitative, defining the quantitative characteristics of state and national specifics. The second group of external WCE and their changes. factors is formed under the influence of macroeconomic There is a mutual influence between groups of factors, factors, but taking into account sectoral and regional spe­ both external and internal, which can be direct or indirect, cific features. strong or not, but it exists in any case. Internal factors of influence on the workforce capacity The action of factors with a certain frequency and of the enterprise are also divided into two groups: person­ force of influence determines the trends in the develop­ al and microeconomic levels. Since WCE is a living so­ ment of the object (WCE); therefore, to assess the strength cio-economic system, it will be influenced by the personal of the influence of factors, one should determine the exist­ qualities of employees of the enterprise, their mentality, ing trends in the economy. They should also be considered education, religious and cultural principles, morality and at different levels of the socio-economic system (fig. 1).

Fig.1 Hierarchy of trends in the system of formation of workforce capacity of the enterprises (developed by the authors)

164 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

The global trends of social and economic systems are agement [2]. The modern generation of workers aims to the following: try themselves in different industries and areas of activity, - succession of generations. Another change of techno­ provokes frequent changes in the workplace, the desire to logical structures is underway, which changes the charac­ have flexible work schedule and work from different plac­ teristics of the people themselves – in the near future peo­ es in the world, which requires the HR services of enter­ ple who cannot imagine life without computers, and the prises to find non-standard solutions for staffing. That is Internet, will reach the working age; which must be taken why the concept of “blended workforce” appears – when into account for their management. This is also important not only full-time employees, but also external industry in the view of a significant transformation in the labor experts, freelancers, etc. are engaged in the implementa­ market, which occurs due to the succession of generations. tion of business tasks of the company. It provides for the division of all people, depending on the The national level of the labor market is also under age of birth, into generations X, Y and Z, which have spe­ their influence and, therefore, the current trends of the cific behavioral characteristics that determine their behav­ labor market of Ukraine indicate an imbalance between ior in the labor market. For instance, generation Y (Mil­ the need for workers of a certain profession and qualifi­ lennials) until 2030 will amount to approximately 75% of cation and the available labor potential, forming its labor the global labour market [2]. According to the same source shortage situation. This is based on the officially defined [8], the peculiarities of working with generation Y were problems of the labor market of Ukraine [3], where one identified as the main factors that make it difficult to ­en should note a significant employee turnover in high-prior­ gage and retain talent (recruitment management). ity economic activities, migration abroad of highly quali­ - increasing the level of automation, and robotic appli­ fied personnel (especially young people), the imbalance in cation work. It is predicted that by 2025 smart machines the professional qualification section due to the inadequate and programs will be able to replace 33% of professions response of the educational market to the needs of the la­ [2]. That is, the feature of the future requirements of em­ bor market. ployers to employees will be the ability to perform not The main trends of the domestic labor market include: routine work, but creative, which, in turn, will change the - a high level of migration processes, in which Ukraine management methods for such a workforce. In the words is considered as a transit country, which causes the deple­ of Jack Ma, founder of the largest e-commerce platform tion of qualified personnel, while 30% have higher educa­ AliBaba, which he said at the World Economic Forum in tion, which is paid from the budget [4]; Davos (2018) - in the future, most of the processes will be - increase in the proportion of the population engaged automated and it is only the uniqueness, and creativity of in the informal employment sector from 22.9% to 26.2% the human that machine will not be able to repeat. for the period 2010-2015 [4]; - population growth and aging [2]. By 2030, the world - the emergence of new forms of non-standard labor, population will increase by 13% to 8.4 billion people, and which at present are almost not regulated by the current the average age of the population will increase to 34 years, national labor legislation, among which remote employ­ which is four years more than now; ment (telework) and agency work should be mentioned - activation of migration processes [2]. Globalization [4]. Its negative impact also manifests itself in the fact that facilitates the free movement of labour and capital to more the most qualified personnel work for foreign employers, favourable locations and has created new ways of inter­ that is, the domestic workforce capacity is used for the acting. As a result, it is becoming increasingly difficult for development of foreign economies, not domestic; the companies to engage and retain talented employees. - reduction of the employed population in Ukraine (for An increase in the share of migrants by 5% leads to an example, in 2012, the number of employed was 19,621 increase in world income by 1%; thousand people, and in 2015, 16443.2 thousand people; in - increasing flexibility and adaptability of manage­ 2017, 16156.4 thousand people), which is due not only to ment processes. Dynamic transformations of economic the annexation of territories, but also other factors, mainly processes, and globalization require changes to be made economic ones (according to figures provided by [5]); in approaches to the formation of labor collectives in - instability in the area of wages and its low level: de­ general. Organizational structures should be flexible and spite the growth of its nominal level (from 2010 to 2017, adaptive to the rapid disruption of the external environ­ we note the positive dynamics of the average wage, which ment, updated requirements and needs. The concept of a increased by 4495 UAH, or 171.63%.) against the back­ “company employee” widens - blending workforce man­ ground of the large-scale devaluation of the national cur­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 165 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING rency, the average wage in foreign equivalent is decreas­ ities of all other sectors of the economy and contributes ing rapidly. Thus, in 2017, this figure was $ 263, which to the economic development of the country, creating ad­ is $ 64, or 24.33% less than in 2010. This indicates a de­ ditional cost, by providing transport services, which in­ crease in the social standard of living, an increase in social clude [6]: direct transportation of passengers and goods; tension in society and contributes to the labor migration of loading and unloading; storage of goods at the warehouses skilled workers at working age [4]. of stations; maintenance and preparation of rolling stock - increase in the number of vacant jobs (by 3.7% for for transportation; provision of means of transportation for the period from 2012 to 2017) while reducing the weight rent or lease; other services. by registered unemployed. Naturally, the development of transport infrastructure Let us consider the impact of certain trends on the provides for its reform, which is enshrined in the “Trans­ transport sector in Ukraine. It should be noted that the port Strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2020”, ap­ transport industry has an important place in the economy proved in 2010, “Updated Transport Strategy of Ukraine: of Ukraine, based on the structure of gross value added Policies” and “National Transport Strategy for the period for the first quarter of 2018 its share was 8.2% (for com­ up to 2030 “Drive Ukraine 2030”, which was approved on parison: construction – only 2.2%, agriculture – 4.0%, al­ 30.05.2018 [7]. though lower than in industry – 27.7% and trade – 17.5%) National Transport Strategy for the period up to 2030 (according to figures provided by [5]). takes into account the global trends inherent in the trans­ It is the transport infrastructure that ensures the activ­ port sector (Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. Global trends in the transport sector (developed by the authors based on [7])

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Taking into account these trends, a Strategy has been As one can see, the transport sector reform involves sig­ developed, which identifies 4 main directions of transport nificant transformations in this direction. They take into reform. Fig. 3 shows only the problems, objectives, and account global, national and industry trends. intended outcomes that are directly related to the labor.

Fig. 3 Directions and expected results of reforming the transport sector (developed by the authors based on [7]) inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 167 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

Therefore, the study of trends and factors affecting ity of the enterprises ensuring the activity of the transport the formation and development of workforce capacity is a system of Ukraine remains pressing issues. necessary and important research task. Consequently, it is necessary to analyze the current Such global changes require changes in management trends of the industry labor market, which, to some extent, principles and training of relevant personnel who could determine the processes of formation of workforce capac­ manage infrastructure projects in the area of transport ac­ ity of the transport industry. Let us consider the dynamics cording to European standards and regulations. Therefore, of full-time employees in 2017 at the transport enterprises the preservation, renewal, formation of workforce capac­ in the context of its types (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Number of full-time employees, thousand people and their change in % to the same period (developed by the authors based on [5])

Fig. 4. shows that the overall dynamics of full-time in general for Ukraine, and in the area of transport, in the employees in the transport sector meets the all-Ukraini­ area of road transport and additional activities. At the same an trend and is characterized by a slight reduction. At the time, we may note the revival of air and water transport. same time, in the sectors of air and water transport, a slight Common for all industries are the following trends: positive growth should be noted. In addition, additional - reducing the number of employees from 1150.9 activities related to logistic support have slightly less drop thousand persons in 2012 to 991.6 thousand persons in than road transport. 2017. (according to figures provided by [5]); Studying the dynamics of the coefficients of move­ - wage growth in the industry over the analysis period ment of workers (Fig. 5) for 2017, we may note that the from 2012 to 2017 is from 3,405 UAH to 7,688 UAH. At engagement turnover rate is lower than for the departure the same time, in comparison with the national level, the

Fig. 5. The coefficients of movement of workersfor 2017 (developed by the authors based on [5])

168 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING wages of the industry were lower in 2012, and in 2017, it of transport ( y ) is influenced both by factors character­ exceeded the national level by 8.2% (according to figures izing economic activity in the industry and motivational provided by [5]); factors that make it attractive for employment. These fac­ - increase in the number of vacant jobs from 4.4 tors are: - cargo turnover; - passenger turnover; thousand to 5.4 thousand for the period from 2012 to x1 x2 x3 2017. (according to figures provided by [3,5]). - average monthly salary translated into the US dollar. It is Since the number of employees is the basis for the advisable to identify the impact of these factors and build formation of the workforce capacity of enterprises, it is a forecast model using regression and correlation analysis. necessary to determine the factors affecting it. The order and results of the regression-correlation We believe that the number of employees in the field analysis are shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 6. Steps and the results of correlation and regression analysis (developed by the authors) inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 169 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING

The calculated coefficients of the arguments show that transformation of the characteristics of workers as agents when the variable x increases by one, the average value of the workforce capacity of enterprises are defined; the increases by the corresponding value of the coefficient. y factors and the force of influence on the workforce capac­ The “+” sign near the coefficient shows a direct correla­ ity of transport enterprises and their effect on the trends of tion between the corresponding arguments and the value workforce capacity development are determined, as well of the employed, the “-” sign shows the inverse one. The as the forecast model is developed; the problem points of factor with the most direct impact is: X - with an increase 2 formation of the workforce capacity of transport enterpris­ in passenger traffic by 1 billion.pass.km, the number of es are explained. employees in this area increases by 13.941 thousand peo­ Therefore, the above evidences the significant trans­ ple. The negative coefficient 1.133 near x indicates the 3 formations in the area of human resources management insufficiency of the level of wages in the industry and its at the enterprises both due to external factors and changes value contributes to the depletion of the workforce capac­ in the object of management, which requires the develop­ ity of enterprises and the impossibility to remain in the ment of new systems, forms and methods of management industry. Conclusion. The study summarizes the main trends that could be adapted very quickly to dynamic changes, that have shaped at different levels in the area of labor and these are the issues the authors intend to consider in – from global to industry; the features and directions of further research.

REFERENCES [1] Smachylo, V.V. & Korpan, M.V. (2017). Analiz determinantiv vplyvu na kadrovyi potentsial pidpryemstva [Analysis of determinants of influence on personnel potential of enterprise]. Molodyi vchenyi – Young Scientist, 4.4 (44.4) [in Ukrainian]. [2] Galuzevi trendy Novi trendy u sferi upravlinnia personalom: yak pobuduvaty organizatsiiu maibutnoho [Sectoral trends New trends in personnel resource management: how to build the organization of the future]. Retrieved from https://www.ey.com/ Publication/vwLUAssets/ey-kbd-trends-2018-09/$FILE/ey-kbd-trends-2018-09.pdf [in Ukrainian]. [3] Ofitsiinyi sait Derzhavnoi sluzhby zainiatosti. [Official Website of the State Employment Service]. Retrieved from https:// www.dcz.gov.ua/storinka/analityka-ta-statystyka [in Ukrainian]. [4] Smachylo, V.V. & Lutsenko, N.O. (2018). Suchasni tendentsii v sferi zainiatosti: Vitchyznianyi ta mizhnarodnyi aspekty. [Current trends in employment: Domestic and international aspects]. Sotsialno-trudovi vidnosyny: teoriia ta praktyka – So­ cial-Labor Relations: Theory and Practice, 1(15), 207-217 [in Ukrainian]. [5] Ofitsiinyi sait Derzhavnoi sluzhby statystyky Ukrainy [Official site of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine]. – Retrieved from http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/menu/menu_u/tr.htm [in Ukrainian]. [6] Bychikova, L.A. Tendentsii rozvytku sfery transportnykh posluh [Trends in the development of transport services]. Visnyk Khmelnitskoho natsionalnoho universytetu – Herald of Khmelnytskyi national university, Vol. 6, 2, 33-36. Retrieved from http://journals.khnu.km.ua/vestnik/pdf/ekon/2011_6_2/033-036.pdf [in Ukrainian]. [7] Nacional`na transportna strategiya Ukrayiny` na period do 2030 roku [National transport strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030]. Retrieved from: http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/430-2018-%D1%80 [in Ukrainian].

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CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY: MYTH OR REALITY liudmila petraSko, LIUDMYLA PETRASHKO, e.m.d., profesori, kievis erovnuli Kyiv National Economic University ekonomikuri universiteti Professor pavlo petraSko, PAVLO PETRASHKO, proeqtis kvleviTi jgufis wevri Research team member of project

ABSTRACT darebulia aRniSnuli kompaniebis Tanamedrove The research presents a comparative evaluation of mod­ saqmiani praqtika korporatiuli socialuri ern CSR business-practices of companies: Nestlé and Roshen. pasuxismgeblobis kuTxiT diagnostikuri para­ In this study, we will compare the CSR of the two companies metrebis SefasebisaTvis: ekonomikuri, ekolo­ in the confectionery sector of the economy from the point of giuri, socialuri, eTikuri, sainformacio da view of its practical implementation, that is, CSR is a myth or sammarTvelo. reality. As the objects of the research, a well-known transna­ tional corporation Nestlé and a Ukrainian corporation Roshen sakvanZo sityvebi: korporatiuli socia­ were chosen. These companies have been chosen by the au­ luri pasuxismgebloban(ksp), ksp-s biznes praq­ thor due to multiple similarities (sector, business model, size, tika, ksp-s Sefaseba, kompaniis ksp-s Sefasebis etc.) but for the key difference in origin, i.e. Nestle being an diagnostikuri parametrebi. international corporation and Roshen being a regional leader in a CIS country. We compare modern business practices of INTRODUCTION CSRs of these companies for the evaluations diagnostic pa­ The definition of corporate social responsibility con­ rameters: economic, ecological, social, ethical, information cept (CSR) remains one of the important tasks for many and managers. academic (i.e. research institutes of Columbia University) and business (i.e. ICCA, Egypt CSR forum, etc.) socie­ Keywords: corporate social responsibility (CSR), CSR ties around the world and is closely followed by the CSR business practices, CSR evaluation, diagnostic parameters of measurement. A number of fundamental CSR researchers e.g. Caroll the company’s CSR evaluation (1991, 1999) [2,3], Grayson & Hodges (2014) [9], Husted & Allen (2007) [11], Porter & Kramer (2006) [21] creat­ anotacia ed a broad conceptual framework to solve this problem. kvlevaSi warmodgenilia korporatiuli so­ In the business environment there are opponents of this cialuri pasuxismgeblobis SedarebiTi Sefaseba concept (i.e. Friedman, 1970) [6]. He is not arguing that biznes praqtikaSi arsebuli kompaniebis Nestlé businesses should never engage in activities that increase da Roshen - is magaliTze. kvlevaSi Sedarebulia the social welfare; in fact, he argues that free-market cap­ ekonomikis sakonditro dargis ori kompaniis italism itself increases social welfare. korporatiuli socialuri pasuxismgeblobis The world’s first complete reference on CSR was (ksp-s) Sedareba maTi praqtikuli realizaci­ compiled by the Institute for Corporate Cultural Affairs is kuTxiT, anu ksp - miTia Tu realoba. kvlevis (the ICCA) according to Visser, Matten, Pohl & Tolhurst obieqtebad SerCeuli iqna cnobili transna­ (2007) [30]. The entries have been written by leading ex­ cionaluri korporacia „nestle“ da ukrainuli perts, global thinkers and CSR practitioners. korporacia „roSen“. avtoris mier aRniSnuli The CSR concept according to Kibert, Thiele, Peter­ kompaniebi SerCeuli iqna mniSvnelovani msgavse­ son & Monroe (2011) means that companies, in addition bebis gamo (seqtori, biznes-modeli, zoma da a.S.). to complying with the laws, voluntarily assume addition­ da aseve gansxvavebis gamo warmoSobaSi - „nestle“ al obligations to society in the sphere of ecology, social warmoadgens saerTaSoriso korporacias, xolo justice and equality to ensure a dignified life on Earth for „roSeni“ sng-s qveynebSi regionuli lideria. Se­ future generations.

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In order for CSR to be accepted by a conscientious The maximum final score of the course (К) that the business person, it must be framed in such a way that it respondent company can receive is 100 points with the would cover the full range of business responsibilities. distribution of the groups of criteria: economic - 20, envi­ Therefore, after examining multiple points of view (in­ ronmental - 20, social - 20, ethical - 10, information - 20, cluding Caroll (1991,1999), Grayson & Hodges (2014) managerial - 10 points (in Table 2). and others) on the CSR concept a common CSR may con­ The distribution of scores within the group of evalu­ stitute six types of social responsibilities: economic, envi­ ation criteria is carried out in accordance with their im­ ronmental, social, ethical, information and management. portance from the point of view of the author. It should Today, CSR tools are used by business companies to be noted that depending on the assessment, the respond­ form their image, competitive advantages, and to increase their investment attractiveness. As never before, investors ent company can be classified as “A”, “B”, “C”, “D”, praise the reports of companies and the form of their sub­ “E” depending on the rating, and depending on the score mission. obtained for each group of criteria, with low, medium / The desire of investors to receive data in a transpar­ satisfactory, high or very high level of economic efficien­ ent and understandable way expressed daily in interviews, cy, environmental / social responsibility, corporate ethics, investor relation presentations, and business news (i.e. information openness, corporate governance (in Table 2). Nestle investor relation presentations), together with the In this study, we will compare the CSR of the two com­ growth of social consciousness, served as an impetus to panies in the confectionery sector of the economy from the the beginning of the transformation of business reporting point of view of its practical implementation, that is, CSR forms. Now it is not enough for the investors to see only is a myth or reality [13-20, 23-29]. As the objects of the financial indicators, they need to know how the company’s research, a well-known transnational corporation Nestlé activities affect the environment and the climate, whether it respects human rights, whether there are no loopholes and a Ukrainian corporation Roshen were chosen. These for corrupt schemes, etc. Information is a necessity, but companies have been chosen by the author due to multiple it appears to be extremely difficult to accurately estimate similarities (sector, business model, size, etc.) but for the it. The response to the demands of stakeholders was the key difference in origin, i.e. The assessed two companies emergence of reports on sustainable development, those are Nestle and Roshen, which operate in the confection­ are, the non-financial reports (Global Reporting Initiative, ery industry and both of them do business internationally. 2017) [8]. Nestle is an international company which has a branch in Ukraine, while Roshen is a Ukrainian company which METHODOLOGY works both in Ukraine and internationally, but mostly in The results of the analysis and generalization of in­ the CIS region. We intend to compare their corporate so­ ternational experience in the assessment of corporate so­ cial responsibility efforts and investigate whether it’s a cial responsibility of companies (i.e. Global Reporting Initiative,2017,Robeco SAM’s Corporate Sustainabili­ myth or reality. ty Assessment Methodology, 2014,MSCI ESG Impact The respondent companies’ choice has been made to Monitor, 2014) have allowed to substantiate and develop Nestle and Roshen to emphasize the potential differences the diagnostic parameters on the basis of which the au­ in approached to CSR practices in developed and devel­ thor’s assessment of CSR of companies will be conducted oping countries. Thus, both companies are chosen to be [4,5,7,8,10,12].Its key goal is to assess the level of respon­ mostly similar but for their geographical origins. These sibility of companies based on diagnostic parameters in origins may have a substantial impact on CSR practices. terms of six groups of evaluation criteria: economic, en­ For the study, the time period chosen for the assessment vironmental, social, ethical, informational and managerial was chosen as 2016-2017. The decision regarding the lat­ [Table1]. ter of the above mentioned years is based on two main ar­ Although there are several scales of CSR assessment guments. On the one hand, there is a need to use the most developed by international organizations, none of those in­ up-to-date data in the research process to argue the current corporate all six groups of factors. Author’s Development on the basis of GRI (2017), MSCI ESG Impact Mon­ state of CSR practices within the companies, but on the itor (2014) and Robeco SAM’s (2014) methodologies other hand there is a lack of data available that limits the [4,7,8,12,]. latest date to 2017.

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DATA origins may have a substantial impact on CSR practices. The data set is based on information provided by the For the study, the time period chosen for the assess­ official websites of Nestle and Roshen, as well as data ment was chosen as 2016-2017. The decision regarding from their non-financial reports available publicly. the latter of the above mentioned years is based on two The respondent companies’ choice has been made to main arguments. On the one hand, there is a need to use Nestle and Roshen to emphasize the potential differences the most up-to-date data in the research process to argue in approached to CSR practices in developed and devel­ the current state of CSR practices within the companies, oping countries. Thus, both companies are chosen to be but on the other hand there is a lack of data availabile that mostly similar but for their geographical origins. These limits the latest date to 2017.

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EMPIRICAL RESULTS The overall scores of the respondent companies are The author’s technique of integrated assessment of shown in the Table 3 above. Nestle lacks 6 points it lost corporate social responsibility of companies and the scale in ecological (environmental fines) and social (traumatism are presented in Table 1. As a result of the assessment of cases) to get to the maximum score of 100. The Ukrainian companies’ CSRs for the specified parameters of the sys­ company Roshen was able to get some points in every cat­ tem of economic, environmental, social, ethical, informa­ egory (most of them being in economical one), but it clear­ tion and management criteria, based on the analysis of fi­ ly lacks a complex approach towards the CSR practices. nancial and non-financial reporting of respondent compa­ Concluding the empirical findings of the respondent nies posted on official sites, the final estimate of CSR (K) companies comparison we can confirm the key role of cor­ is calculated as the sum of assessments of the company’s porate social responsibility of companies, the peculiarities activity for each of the specified groups of criteria [6-18]. of which differ for developed market and emerging market The choice of indicators and the assessment of the countries. boundaries of their values are​​ carried out in accordance The comparative assessment of corporate social re­ with the actual content of Nestlé’s non-financial reports, sponsibility of Nestlé and Roshen allowed to clarify the which are compiled in accordance with the Guidelines of range of variational differences and peculiarities of their the Global Reporting Initiative [8]. implementation in the system of criteria: economic, envi­ The most used in the world - the Global Reporting In­ ronmental, social, ethical, informational and managerial. itiative (GRI), about 80% of the world’s public non-finan­ cial reports are compiled with their use. They include such CONCLUSION important concepts as materiality-that is, the definition of Concluding the empirical findings of the respondent which transactions to consider essential and mandatory companies comparison we can confirm the key role of cor­ for disclosure in the report, and also take into account the porate social responsibility of companies, the peculiarities interests of not only shareholders, but also all interested of which differ for developed market and emerging market parties. In the 20 years since the 90s, the company has countries. earned the status of an expert in this field, which has raised To date, corporate social responsibility was defined as a the value of its recommendations to a high standard. strategic direction of company’s activities, aimed at achieving

a financial result with the provision of economic, environmen­ The comparative assessment of corporate social responsi­ tal, social, ethical, informational and managerial effects (Viss­ bility of Nestlé and Roshen allowed to clarify the range of var­ er, Matten, Pohl, and Tolhurst, 2007). The author’s tool for iational differences and peculiarities of their implementation in assessing corporate social responsibility is designed around the system of criteria: economic, environmental, social, ethical, the respondent companies’ responsibility indicators based on a informational and managerial. set of diagnostic parameters: economic, environmental, social, According to the results, Nestlé’s CSR has a high CSR rate ethical, informational and managerial, and fully reflects the of 94 points. In the context of all groups of evaluation crite­ CSR indicators provided by the Global Reporting Initiative. ria, Nestlé has a very high level of economic, environmental, inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 175 menejmenti da marketingi - MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING social, ethical, informational responsibility and corporate gov­ need for tools for sustainable development of society, and the ernance. aspiration for solving a number of economic, social and en­ According to the CSR rating scale, the Ukrainian compa­ vironmental problems. While the dynamic development of ny Roshen has a below low level of final CSR score, namely corporate social responsibility models in the developed 34 points. In addition, the group of economic evaluation is the countries of continental Europe (i.e. multiple initiatives: only group in which Roshen has achieved a high score (15 GRI, 2017, Robeco SAM’s, 2014, MSCI ESG, 2014, etc.), points out of 20). In the group of environmental criteria for takes place under the implementation of sustainable devel­ assessing CSR Roshen has an average level (8 out of 20), and opment initiatives aimed at providing a decent future for in the social, ethical information and management groups - the future generations. lowest level. This means that in reality, the high economic per­ Concluding the results of the study, it has been proven formance of the company yields revenue mainly to its own­ that CSR implementation in a Ukrainian based company ers and the company’s executives poorly consider their social Roshen are far less developed and, what is more impor­ responsibility. According to the Ukrainian company’s non-fi­ tant, far less addressed in the non-financial reporting. On nancial reports, Roshen has demonstrated a lack of orientation the other hand, an international corporation Nestle has al­ towards developing a CSR strategy by simply not mentioning ready addressed most of the CSR factors. Therefore, fur­ any clear steps towards its development. It is at the stage of ther research may use the results of this study to argue for passive compliance with national legislation and the imple­ lower level of CSR development in developing countries mentation of some local charitable projects of a conjunctural in comparison with the developed ones. Moreover, the ini­ nature, aimed at building its brand image. Therefore, we may argue for local companies to perceive the CSR initiatives as a tial analysis in this paper may contribute towards a broad­ marketing tool. er discussion on the gradual integration of CSR principles It might be the case that in emerging markets corporate into business strategies of companies taking into account social responsibility is on the stage of formation. The emer­ the best international experience in this field and existing gence and further development of CSR is conditioned by the European standards.

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[16] Nestle, (2016), Nestlé in society Creating Shared Value and meeting our commitments [online] Avalilable from: http:// www.nestle.com/asset-library/documents/library/documents/corporate_social_responsibility/nestle-in-society-summary-re­ port-2016-en.pdf [17] Nestle, (2017), Nestlé Annual Review 2016 [online] Avalilable from: http://www.nestle.com/asset-library/documents/library/ documents/annual_reports/2016-annual-review-en.pdf [18] Nestle, (2017), Nestlé Group 2016 Quick Facts [online] Avalilable from: http://www.nestle.com/asset-library/documents/ library/documents/about_us/quick-facts-2016-en.pdf [19] Nestle, (2017), Nestle Ukraine Report on Sustainable Development and Creation of Common Values in 2016 [online] Avalil­ able from: http://www.nestle.ua/asset-library/documents/csv_report_nestle_ukraine_2016.pdf [20] Nestle, (2017), Official website Nestle Ukraine [online] Avalilable from: http://www.nestle.ua/ [21] Porter M., Kramer M., (2006), Strategy and society: link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibil­ ity, Harvard Business Review, 84 (12), 78-92 [22] RobecoSAM AG, (2014), Measuring Intangibles : RobecoSAM’s Corporate Sustainability Assessment Methodology [on­ line] Avalilable from: http://www.robecosam.com/images/Measuring_Intangibles_CSA_methodology.pdf [23] Roshen, (2017), Official website Corporation ROSHEN Global [online]Avalilable from: https://www.roshen.com/en/ [24] Roshen, (2017), Official website Corporation ROSHEN in Ukraine [online] Avalilable from: https://www.roshen.com/ua/en/ [25] Roshen, (2017), Official website Public Joint Stock Company “Kiev Confectionery Factory “Roshen” [online] Avalilable from: http://kcf.roshen.com/ [26] Roshen, (2017), Report on charitable and cultural-social ROSHEN corporation projects in 2014-2016 [online] Avalilable from:https://www.roshen.com/uploads/Ukr_DDD.pdf [27] Roshen, (2017), Video-report on charitable and cultural-social ROSHEN corporation projects in 2014-2016 [online] Avalil­ able from:https://www.roshen.com/en/social-projects [28] StockWorld, (2016), Notes to the Financial Statements prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Stan­ dards Public Joint Stock Company “Kiev Confectionery Factory “Roshen” in 2015 [online] Avalilable from: https://www. stockworld.com.ua/ru/analytics/emitent/template/70473/162 [29] Transparency International Ukraine, (2017), Transparency of corporate reporting: estimation of the largest private and state companies of Ukraine in 2016 [online] Avalilable from:https://ti-ukraine.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/ti_rating_ukr_fi­ nal_web.pdf [30] Visser W., Matten D., Pohl M., and Tolhurst N., (2007), The A to Z of corporate social responsibility: a complete reference quide to concepts, codes and organizations, John Willey & Sons Ltd.: Chichester

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fiskaluri mdgradobis Sefaseba da fiskaluri riskebis marTva saqarTveloSi

ASSESSMENT OF FISCAL SUSTAINABILITY AND MANAGEMENT OF FISCAL RISKS IN GEORGIA

marina muCiaSvili, MARINA MUCHIASHVILI, iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo Assoc. Professor Ivane Javakhishvili universitetis asocirebuli profesori. Tbilisi State University. saqarTvelo, Tbilisi Georgia, Tbilisi maia giorgobiani, MAIA GIORGOBIANI, iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo uni­ Assist. Prof. Ivane Javakhishvili versitetis asistent profesori. Tbilisi State University saqarTvelo, Tbilisi Georgia, Tbilisi zamira Sonia ZAMIRA SHONIA, iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis Assist. Prof. Ivane Javakhishvili saxelmwifo universitetis asistent profesori. Tbilisi State University saqarTvelo, Tbilisi Georgia, Tbilisi

anotacia ABSTRACT 2012 wlis Semdgomi periodi saqarTveloSi The decrease of economic growth rates in Georgia and dabali ekonomikuri zrdis tempebiT, biujetis increased primary fiscal deficit and state debt (both, foreign permanentuli deficitebiTa da saxelmwifo va­ and internal) of the country in 2012-2018 have made it actual lis (rogorc sagareo, ise saSinao) moculobis to assess the fiscal sustainability of the country. mniSvnelovani zomiT zrdiT xasiaTdeboda. Sesa­ The analysis evidenced that by 2018, the marginal indi­ bamisad,bolo wlebSi gansakuTrebuli aqtualo­ cators of public debt sustainability (public debt/ GDP, state ba SeiZina saSualovadian da grZelvadian peri­ debt/budget revenue and public debt/export) of Georgia re­ odebSi saxelmwifo valis mdgradobis Sefaseb­ mained below the thresholds. Despite this, the fiscal sus­ is, fiskaluri riskebis gamovlenisa da marTvis tainability of Georgia may be threatened in the long-term sakiTxebma. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo valis perspective due to the different shocks (severe currency de­ mdgradobis analizi 2019-2029 ww-Si gviCvenebs, valuation being an important factor among them), significant rom saxelmwifo valis mdgradobis TiTqmis yve­ growth of the future social liabilities, growing scales of sub­ la indikatori zomieri riskebis zemoqmedebis sidies for different branches of economy and increasing gross SemTxvevebSi saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis external debt of Georgia (which already exceeds 100% of mier dadgenil e.w. „Werebs“ uaxlovdeba, Tumca, GDP). Without urgent adjustments in the fiscal policy, disclo­ jer kidev rCeba kritikul zRvars qvemoT. miuxe­ sures and management of fiscal risks, in the medium-term and davad amisa, zogierTi saxis Sokis zemoqmedebis long term, the government of Georgia may find it necessary to zomis (maTgan gamoiyofa valutis mkveTri dace­ drastically cut the budgetary expenses. misa da ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis Senelebis The article emphasizes that the macroeconomic stability Sokebi) gaZlierebis, aseve, saxelmwifo valis and stable economic growth of Georgia in the medium-term struqturaSi sagareo valis maRali xvedriTi perspective needs gradual adjustments of the fiscal policy. wilis SenarCunebis pirobebSi qveynis fiskalur mdgradoba grZelvadian periodSi SesaZloa sa­ Keywords: Public finance, Public debt sustainability, frTxis winaSe dadges. Sesabamisad, qveynis kredi­ Fiscal policy. tuunarobis problemis Tavidan acilebis mizniT arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba biujetis xarjvi­ Sesavali Ti politikis koreqtirebas uaxloes periodSi. 2008 wlis msoflio ekonomikurma krizis­ ma mnSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdina bevri sakvanZo sityvebi: fiskaluri mdgradoba, qveynis, maT Soris, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo fiskaluri riskebis gamovlena da marTva da naerTi biujetebis deficitebsa da Sede­

178 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 finansebi, sabanko da sabuRaltro saqme - FINANCE, BANKING AND ACCOUNTING gad, saxelmwifo valis moculobis zrdaze. es lis sididem dReisaTvis istoriul maqsimums procesi kidev ufro gaaRmava 2012 wlis Sem­ 19 miliard lars miaRwia. rac magaliTad, 2014 dgom periodSi qveynis fiskaluri politikis wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT gazrdilia 8,5 xasiaTis mkveTrma cvlilebebis Sedegad, rac miliardi lariT ( 55%-iT). ZiriTadad gamoixata biujetis xarjebis ori­ saxelmwifo valis portfelis zrda ga­ entaciis SecvlaSi, rac gamoixata saxelm­ mowveulia rogorc sagareo, aseve, saSinao va­ wifo biujetis xarjebSi socialuri sferos lis moculobebis zrdiT. Tumca, saxelmwifo dargebis dafinansebis moculobebis mveTr valis nazrdSi sagareo valis wili gacilebiT zrdaSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am periodSi mkveT­ maRalia (84%). Sesabamisad, kidev ufro izrde­ rad gazrdili saxelmwifo biujetis gadasax­ ba sesxis am wyaros wili mTlian valSi. aqedan delebis dafinansebaSi saxelmwofo valis gamomdinare, 2015-2017 wlebis msgavsad, sav­ wilad yovelwliurad saSualod 15 %-ze meti aluro riski rCeba saxelmwifo valis mdgra­ modioda. fiskalur politikaSi am arsebiTi dobis mTavar risk faqtorad. laris kursis xasiaTis cvlilebama, sxva negatiurSokebTan dacema moqmedebs rogorc saxelmwifo valis erTad, qveynis ekonomikis zrdis tempebis naSTze, aseve, sabiujeto wlis ganmavlobaSi Senelebaze mniSvnelovani zegavlena moaxdi­ sagareo valis momsaxurebis xarjebis (ZiriT­ na. ad Tanxas plius procenti) sidideze. kerZod, dReisaTvis saxelmwifo valis miRweuli 2018 wlis gegmis Sesabamisad, gaTvaliswinebu­ donidan, misi struqturis Taviseburebebidan lia saxelmwifo valis momsaxurebis xarjebis gamomdinare, fiskaluri mdgradobis Sefase­ 2015 wlis 1,2 miliardi laridan 2,4 miliard ba, fiskalur mdgradobaze moqmedi riskebis laramde (200%-iT) gazrda. finansTa saminis­ gamovlena da marTva qveynis makroekonomi­ tros prognozebis Sesabamisad, es maCvenebeli kuri mdgradobis ganmsazRvrel faqtorad ga­ 2021 wels 2,7 miliard lars miaRwevs, Tumca, nixileba. Semdgom periodSi is TandaTanobiT Semcird­ eba da 2025 wlisaTvis mosalodnelia, rom 1 fiskaluri mdgradobis miliard lars gautoldeba. Sefaseba da fiskaluri riskebis saxelmwifo valis moculobebis zrda Se­ marTva saqarTveloSi sabamisad aisaxa savale indikatorebis zrda­ warsulSi saxelmwifo valis zrdasTn da­ Si. kerZod, gegmis mixedviT 2018 wlis bolos kavSirebuli safrTxeebisa da riskebis aras­ saxelmwifo vali/mSp-Si 46,4%-s gadaaWarbebs, aTanadod Sefasebam msoflios bevri qveyana saxelmwifo vali/eqsportTan- 99%-s, saxelm­ bevrjer savalo krizisamde miiyvana. prob­ wifo vali/ biujetis SemosavlebTan- 183%-s, lemis aqtualobidan gamomdinare, dReisaT­ sagareo valis momsaxureba /SemosavlebTan- vis saqarTvelos saxelmwifo valis efeqtiani 10,5%-s, sagareo valis momsaxureba/ eqsport­ marTva fiskaluri politikis mniSvnelovan Tan ki -5,2%-s (2017 wlis 3,6%-Tan SedarebiT). prioritetad ganixileba. saxelmwifo valis valutis kursis ryevebis uaryofiTi zemoq­ aRebiT biujetis sxvadasxva programebis da­ medebis zomis Semcirebis mizniT gasaTval­ finanseba warmoadgens mTavrobis erT-erT iswinebelia saerTaSoriso savaluto fondis fiskalur instruments. biujetis deficitis rekomendacia [1] romlis mixedviTac sagareo Sevsebis sxva alternatiul wyaroebTan: saga­ vali/mTlian valSi ar unda aRematebodes 60%- dasaxado ganakveTebis zrdasa da fulis beWd­ s, rac saqarTveloSi 80%-s aRwevs da sagangaSo vasTan SedarebiT, aRniSnul instruments up­ signals warmoadgens saSualovadian periodSi iratesoba gaaCnia, Tumca, am berketis gamoy­ fiskaluri mdgradobis SenarCunebis Tval­ enebiT ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyobisaTvis sazrisiT. saxelmwifo valis wilis Semcireb­ mniSvnelovania moziduli finansuri resurse­ isaTvis mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo auditis bis efeqtianad warmarTvis mimarTulebebis samsaxuris rekomendaciis gaTvaliswineba qve­ zusti gansazRvra. y­anaSi saSinao ganviTarebuli sakredito baz­ saqarTveloSi 2012 wlis Semdgomi periodi ris formirebisaTvis xelSewyobis Sesaxeb [2]. xasiaTdeba saxelmwifo valis moculobebis fiskaluri politikis mdgradobis uzrun­ uwyveti zrdiT. ris gamoc aRniSnuli maCveneb­ velsayofad grZelvadian periodSi saqarT­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 179 finansebi, sabanko da sabuRaltro saqme - FINANCE, BANKING AND ACCOUNTING veloSi miRebulia organuli kanoni „ekono­ ri riskebis zemoqmedebis SemTxvevaSi saer­ mikuri Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb“. Tumca, 2014- TaSoriso savaluto fondis mier dadgenil 2017 wlebSi saqarTveloSi darRveuli iqna e.w. „Werebs“ qvemoT saSualovadian periodSi gadasaxdelebis wesiT da biujetis balansis rCeba, Tumca, savaluto riskis pirbebSi uax­ wesiT dadgenili zRvruli normebi. aseve, lovdeba kritikul zRvars. aseve, saxelmwi­ darRveuli „saqarTvelos socialur-ekono­ fo valis struqturaSi sagareo valis maRa­ mikuri ganviTarebis strategia 2020-iT“ li xvedriTi wilis SenarCuneba seriozul gansazRvruli saxelmwifo vali/mSp-Tan Tana­ safrTxes Seuqmnis qveynis fiskalur mdgra­ fardobis maCvenebelic. dobas grZelvadian periodSi. Sesabamisad, „2018 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb“ qveynis krdituunarobis mwvave problemis kanoniT gansazRvruli iyo sagareo wyaroe­ Tavidan acilebis mizniT arsebiTi mniSvnelo­ bidan misaRebi finansuri resursebis 80 %-mde ba eniWeba biujetis xarjviTi politikis ko­ sainvesticio proeqtebis dafinansebisaken reqtirebas uaxloes wlebSi. warmarTva. Tumca, wlis bolomde darCenil grZelvadian periodSi saqarTvelos sax­ mokle periodSi asaTvisebeli darCa am sfero­ elmwifo valis mdgradobis uzrunvelyofa saTvis gamoyofili kreditebid mniSvnelovani moiTxovs vali/ mSp trendis Secvlas, valis nawili. kreditis saxiT gamoyofili saxsrebis „zrdadi bilikidan“ qveynis gadasvlas valis dagvianebiT aTviseba iwvevs sesxis momsaxure­ Semcirebis bilikze, rac gulisxmobs am Tana­ bis xarjebis zrdas, radgan kontraqtebis naw­ fardobis ara marto Semcirebas, aramed am Se­ ili iTvaliswinebs valdebulebis gadasaxadis fardebis dayvanas gonivrulad rac SeiZleba dakisrebas sesxis auTvisbel nawilze, ris ga­ dabal donemde. moc aRniSnuli miznis miRweva moiTxovs sax­ elmwifo biujetis xarjebis mniSvnelovani uaresdeba likvidobis zomiT droul koreqtirebas (kerZod, saW­ riskis indikatori-saxelmwifo iroa saqarTveloSi sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT valis momsaxurebis maRali mmarTvelobiTi aparatis xarjebisa xarji/ biujetis SemosavlebSi [3] kerZod, da „sxva xarjebis“ wilis Semcireba, aseve, wlis bolos mosalodnelia, rom igi wina wlis ssip-isaTvis gamoyofili Tanxebis Semcire­ 20%-dan 25%-mde gaizrdeba da savaluto fon­ ba-optimizacia). mniSvnelovania saxelmwifo dis dadgenil limits (22%) 3%-iT gadaaWar­ biujetis finansuri resursebis upiratesad bebs, rac valis mdgradobis TvalsazrisiT ekonomikur zrdaze orientirebuli sferoe­ arasaurvel cvlilebad SeiZleba Sefasdes. . bis (ganaTleba, mecniereba, sayovelTao saqarTveloSi sajaro finansebis marTvisa jandacvis nacvlad, miznobrivi socialuri da fiskaluri mdgradobis uzrunvelsayofad jgufebis jandacvisa da infrastruqturu­ mniSvnelovania fiskaluri riskebis gamov­ li proeqtebis) dafinanebisaken warmarT­ lena da marTva.rniSvnis Rirsia, rom saqarT­ va [5] gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom 2014 wlidan velos finansTa saministros“ fiskaluri se­ dRemde qveynis fiskalur mdgradobas se­ qtoris makroekonomikuri riskebis analizis riozul problemas uqmnis sabiujeto wlis Sesaxeb“ momzadebul dokumentSi (2017 weli) ganmavlobaSi biujetis deficitis araTana­ Seswavlilia da Sefasebulia sxvadasxva saxis barzomieri ganawilebac, rac mniSvnelovan fiskaluri riskis zegavlena sxvadasxva mak­ zegavlenas axdens valutis kursis mkveTr roekonomikur maCvenebelze da warmodgenil­ meryeobaze. ia fiskaluri politikis sxvadasxva variante­ bi uaryofiTi riskebis zegavlenis Sesustebis daskvna mizniT [4]. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetebis ana­ Cvens mier saqarTvelos finansTa saminis­ lizidan irkveva, rom 2012 wlis Semdgom peri­ tros monacemebis safuZvelze Catarebuli odSi saxelmwifo biujetis xarjebi Zirida­ saxelmwifo valis mdgradobis analizi 2019- dad socialuri orientaciis sferoebis dain­ 2029 ww-Si gviCvenebs, rom saxelmwifo valis ansebisaken warimarTeba. Sesabamisad, SezRud­ mdgradobis TiTqmis yvela indikatori zomie­ uli finansuri rsursebis pirobebSi arasak­

180 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 finansebi, sabanko da sabuRaltro saqme - FINANCE, BANKING AND ACCOUNTING marisi saxsrebi rCeba ekonomikuri zrdisaken sxva xarjebis Semcireba) da biujetis fi­ orientirebuli sferoebis: ganaTlebis, mec­ nansuri resursebis upiratesi warmarTva nierebis, jandacvisa da infrastruqturis ekonomikur zrdaze orientirebuli sferoe­ dasafinanseblad. bis dafinanebisaken. 2014 wlidan dRemde kvlevam aCvena, rom bolo wlebSi biujet­ qveynis fiskalur mdgradobis SenarCunebas idan ganxorcielebul gadasaxdelebSi 15 problemas aseve, uqmnis biujetis defici­ %-ze meti kreditebis wilad modis, rac zrdis tis permanentuli zrda da sabiujeto wlis saxelmwifo valis moculobebsa da Sesabamis­ ganmavlobaSi biujetis deficitis araTana­ ad, maTi momsaxurebis xarjebis wils biujet­ barzomieri ganawilebac. saSualovadian pe­ is mTlian xarjebSi. saxelmwifo valis „zrdad bilikze“ dadgomis Tavidan asacileblad da riodSi valis mdgradobis uzrunvelsayofad, Sesabamisad, qveynis fiskaluri mdgradobisa uaryofiTi Sokebis zegavlenis SesustebisaT­ da kreditunarianobis SesanarCuneblad mi­ vis mniSvnelovanad migvaCnia saqarTvelos zanSewonilad migvaCia saxelmwifo biujetis finansTa saministros mier sxvadasxva saxis xarjebis mniSvnelovani zomiT koreqtireba fiskaluri riskebis yovelwliuri drouli (mmarTvelobiTi aparatis xarjebis, ssip-s da gamovlena da riskebis marTva.

REFERENCES [1] parlamentis sabiujeto ofisi. (2015). saxelmwifo valis mdgradobis analizi. Tbilisi. [2] saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri. ( 2015). saxelmwifo valis marTvis efeqtianobis auditis angariSi. Tbilisi,. [3] saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri. (2018.). daskvna 2018 wlis saxelmwio biujetis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis proeqtze. Tbilisi. [4] saqarTvelos finansTa saministro. (2017). „saqarTvelos 2018 wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesaxeb kanoni“. Tbilisi. [5] M. Muchiashvili, Z. Shonia, M.Giorgobiani . (2016). Fiscal sustainability Analysis (republic of Georgia). Economis, 79-88

inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 181 ekonomikuri Teoria - ECONOMIC THEORY

moqmedi savaWro strategiebi: maTi gamoyeneba da rekomendaciebi efeqtianobis donis gaumjobesebis mizniT

EFFECTIVE TRADING STRATEGIES: ITS IMPLEMENTATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING EFFECIENCY

nadeJda reznik, NADIIA REZNIK, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori, Doctor of Economic Science, Professor sabirJo saqmis da vaWrobis kaTedris xelmZRvaneli, Head, department of stock exchange activity garemosa da sicocxlis Semswavlel mecnierebaTa and trade National University of Life and erovnuli universiteti, ukraina Environmental Science anna slobodianik, ANNA SLOBODYANIK, ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, PhD. In Economics, Senior lector sabirJo saqmis da vaWrobis kaTedris ufrosi mas­ National University of Life and wavlebeli, garemosa da sicocxlis Semswavlel Environmental Sciences mecnierebaTa erovnuli universiteti, ukraina Ukraine giorgi abuseliZe, GEORGE ABUSELIDZE, ekonomikis doqtori, asocirebuli profesori Doctor of Economics, Professor, safinanso, sabanko da sadazRvevo saqmis Head, department of Finance, Banking and departamentis xelmZRvaneli, Insurance Batumi Shota Rustaveli State baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti, University, Georgia, Batumi baTumi, saqarTvelo

anotacia ofisaTvis. SemuSavebulia biznes strategiis Tanamedrove periodis ekonomikaSi, arsebobs SerCevis matrica romelic xels Seuwyobs savaW­ mravali savaWro strategia. maT Soris swori ro strategiis arCevas biznes subieqtis ganvi­ arCevanis gakeTeba kompaniisTvis ar aris advi­ Tarebis Sesabamisad. bazris tendenciebis ZiriT­ li, amitom umjobesia mas gaaCndes moqmedebis adi maCveneblebis Sesabamisad savaWro strategi­ algoriTmi. ekonomikur saqmianobaSi subieq­ is efeqturobis gaumjobesebis SemoTavazebuli tur-obieqturi faqtorebis gamo riskebis Tav­ meTodebi xels Seuwyobs sasurveli donis momge­ idan acileba SeuZlebelia, is nebismier sferoSi bianobis miRwevas. mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens. amitomac nebi­ winamdebare naSromi xels Seuwyobs trei­ smierma subieqtma sabazro urTierTobebSi au­ derebsa da kompaniebs gansazRvron metnaklebad cileblad unda gamoiyenos savaWro strategia efeqturi strategia bazarze arsebuli rTuli romelsac mkveTrad gamoxatuli mimarTuleba an misaRebi viTarebis dros, aseve daexmareba Tu eqneba riskebis Tavidan acilebisa da mogebis rogor airCion konkretuli kompaniisTvis yve­ miRebisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania laze Sesaferisi strategia da efeqturobis ga­ savaWro strategiebis gamoyeneba sabirJo saqme­ saumjobeseblad saWiro gzebi. Si romelic xasiaTdeba maRali riskiT vidre sxva ekonomikuri aqtivoba. metnaklebad efeqturi sakvanZo sityvebi: savaWro strategiebi, savaWro strategiis Sesaqmnelad, birJis movaW­ biznes strategia, standartuli strategia, efe­ rem sistematurad (TveSi erTxel mainc) unda qtu­roba, gaumjobeseba, bazari, matrica. akontrolos Tavisi strategia, raTa droulad gamoavlinos bazris cvlilebebi da ganaxor­ ABSTRACT cielos reagireba. SemuSavebuli strategiis There are many trading strategies in modern economy. It klasifikacia xels Seuwyobs sabazro situaci­ is not simple to choose right direction when company needs aSi gazrdili arastabilurobis dros mkafiod to use some strategy. There is better to have algorithm of gansazRvros amaTuim savaWro strategiis miz­ actions. There is impossible to avoid risks due to the objec­ anSewoniloba riskis acilebis an ugulebely­ tive-subjective nature in economic activity. Risks have a sig­

182 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 ekonomikuri Teoria - ECONOMIC THEORY nificant influence on all areas of economic activity. Therefore, ификации для записей о торговле, включая торговые any market participant needs to use a certain trading strate­ фильтры и триггеры, а также правила для торговых gy that will define a clear direction of action to avoid risks выходов, управление деньгами, временные рамки, and generate profits. Especially important is to use trading типы заказов и другую соответствующую информа­ strategies for those engaged in stock market activities that are цию. Торговая стратегия, если она основывается на characterized by higher risk in comparison with other types of количественных спецификациях, может быть проана­ economic activity. After all, the stock market is considered to лизирована на основе исторических данных для буду­ be an organized market for the accumulation of a large num­ щих показателей проекта. ber of risks. Торговая стратегия определяет спецификации для The trader has to systematically (at least once per month) осуществления торгов, включая правила для вступле­ control his trading strategy and respond quickly to changes in ния в торговых операций, торговых выходов и управ­ the market in order to create the most effective trading strat­ ления деньгами. При надлежащем исследовании и egy in the market. The developed classification will help to выполнении торговая стратегия может обеспечить ма­ clearly define which trading strategy is more appropriate to тематическое ожидание по указанным правилам, по­ use for a particular type of economic activity and to avoid могает трейдерам и инвесторам определять, идея тор­ or eliminate the risks arising from the increased instability говли потенциально прибыльной. Инвесторы должны, of the market situation. The developed business strategy ma­ как правило, рассмотреть вопрос об использовании trix helps in choosing a trading strategy that is most suitable систематизированной торговой стратегии, но осоз­ for use at certain rates of growth and market share that are навать его многочисленные ограничения. Торговые appropriate at this stage of the development of a business стратегии не является гарантией успеха, но они могут entity. The offered methods for increasing the effectiveness быть эффективными для увеличения прибыли, скор­ of trading strategies will help to achieve the desired level of ректированного по существующим риском. profitability in accordance with the general market trends by Они являются прекрасным способом предотвра­ the main indicators. This paper helps to define the most ef­ тить предупреждению поведенческих финансов и обе­ fective strategies in the market for traders and companies, its спечивать последовательные результаты со временем. advantages and disadvantages, prepares to be ready for dif­ Например, торговцы с определенным набором правил, ferent consequences of existing strategies, to define the most регулирующих время выхода из торговли, менее веро­ appropriate strategy for certain company and offers the ways ятно, подвергаются эффекта диспозиции, что застав­ to improve its effectiveness. ляет инвесторов сохранять акции, потеряли ценность, и продают те, что поднимают стоимость. Торговые Keywords: trading strategies, business-strategies, stand­ стратегии можно проверить при различных рыночных ard strategies, effectiveness, improvement, market, matrix. условий для обеспечения последовательности. Недостатком является то, что выгодные стратегии Товаропроизводители и трейдеры не имеют до­ торговли трудно развить, и легко стать чрезмерно за­ статочных механизмов для влияния на процессы ры­ висимыми от стратегии. Например, возможно подгон ночного ценообразования. Ведь многие фундамен­ торговой стратегии до конкретных данных, подтверж­ тальных факторов, в частности изменение структуры дающих тестирования, может привести к ошибочной производства, потребительских доходов, усиление доверие. Не существует гарантии что стратегия, осно­ или ослабление экономики оказывают значительное ванная на большом количестве исторических данных, влияние на формирование спроса и предложения, а будет работать с использованием реальных данных также рыночное ценообразование. Актуальность темы рынка, поскольку условия могут быть разными. исследования обусловлена тем, что несостоятельность Объектом исследования является наиболее эффек­ воздействовать на внешнюю среду требует искать ме­ тивные торговые стратегии на рынке. Выбор страте­ тоды совершенствования рыночных стратегий, кото­ гии является сложным процессом, поскольку она до­ рые помогают приспосабливаться к уже существую­ лжна учитывать любые изменения и особенности су­ щим условиям рынка. бъекта, будет придерживаться данной стратегии. Су­ Совокупность объективных правил, определяю­ бъективность мышления каждого отдельного человека щих условия, что необходимо выполнить для вступле­ дает «жизнь» множества видов торговых стратегий. ния и выхода на рынок представляют собой торговые Но эмоциональная составляющая может негативно стратегии. Торговые стратегии включают в себя спец­ повлиять на процесс ее реализации. Именно поэтому inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 183 ekonomikuri Teoria - ECONOMIC THEORY

надо четко определить себя как участника рыночных гия имеет целью заранее формализованный алгоритм отношений и выбрать лучшую стратегию для дальней­ действий на рынке, результат которого определено для шей успешной деятельности на рынке. любого сценария развития событий. В данном опреде­ Цель исследования - разработать матрицу выбора лении стратегии отмечены ее три важнейшие черты, максимально эффективной стратегии для определен­ которые стоит прокомментировать дополнительно: ной компании и предложить методы ее улучшения. - преднамеренность действий. Стратегия должна Для определения этих стратегий нужно решить быть преднамеренной (прописана, продуманная) следующие задачи: заранее. Именно это придает ей продуманность, 1. Выделить наиболее эффективные рыночные осознанность. Именно с преднамеренностью действий стратегии для трейдеров и компаний. возникает ответственность трейдера за принесенный 2. Определить их преимущества и недостатки. результат. Преднамеренность действий также 3. Выявить возможные препятствия для применения представляет собой внутреннюю практику трейдера или последствия от использования стратегий. над самим собой. Предпринимательство определяется комплексной - формализованность действий. Действия в и разнообразной системой факторов в конкурентной ходе стратегии должны быть формализованы среде, среди которых ключевую роль играет процесс (четко определены) для любого сценария развития формирования целей и выбора торговой стратегии. событий на рынке. Вы должны знать, что вам делать Значительный вклад в исследование стратегичес­ в том или ином случае. Помните, что именно Ваши кого управления относятся таким ученым как Ансофф действия определят Ваш результат. Отсутствие Х.И. (1965), Портер М. Е. (1985), Дэвид Э.Р. (1999) и формализованных действий для того или иного другие. Торговые риски предприятий изучали Грант развития событий внесут элемент «зависания» в Ваши Л. Кеннет. (2014), Руснакова М. (2016). Проблемы действия при том или ином развитии событий на торговых стратегий отражены в исследованиях Ченд­ рынке. лера А.Д. (1962), Андрефф Владимира (2000), Монкса - определенность результата. В результате А. (2007), Вачала Дж., Вочозка М. (2013), Резник Н. преднамеренности действия для любого сценария (2016) и др. Теоретические основы, зарубежный опыт развития событий, возникает преднамеренность и возможные внешние проблемы были рассмотрены получаемого трейдером результата. Трейдер должен Резник Н. (2008), Квашой С. (2008), Макнамарой С. знать все возможные последствия эксперимента (2015). именно для того, чтобы принимать ответственность В процессе исследования применялись как обще­ за свои действия. Кроме этого любая стратегия может научные, так и специальные методы научного позна­ быть определена как бессрочная, так и с некоторым ния. Среди общенаучных были использованы методы установленным сроком. Например, если стратегия анализа, синтеза и моделирования. Для исследования определяется сроком на 1 год, то это означает, что существующей законодательной базы по регулирова­ трейдер действует по стратегии в течение 1 года, а нию торговых стратегий применялись методы срав­ затем анализирует полученные результаты, после чего нительного анализа, экспертных оценок. При обосно­ либо оставляет стратегию как есть, или меняет ее. вании предложений по совершенствованию торговых Существует много различных типов торговых стратегий и использования мирового опыта консоли­ стратегий для инвесторов и торговцев, которые могут дации метод прогнозирования. быть разделены на технические и фундаментальные Понятие «торговая стратегия» имеет множество стратегии торговли. Общая ветвь между этими двумя различных определений, но в статье рассмотрим ее типами стратегий заключается в том, что они обе как обобщающую модель действий, необходимых для зависят от количественной информации, которую достижения поставленных долгосрочных целей, при­ можно проверить на точность. меняется в определенных рыночных обстоятельствах Наиболее распространенным разделением путем координации и распределения ресурсов, ин­ торговых стратегий является классификация за: струментов анализа и правил. • методами торговли; В процессе научного познания важная роль при­ o ручной трейдинг; надлежит стратегиям, то есть набора действий, правил o алгоритмический трейдинг; поведения исследователя по исследуемой системы, с • механизмом торговой стратегии (имеется помощью которого проводится эксперимент. Страте­ в виду алгоритмическая составляющая, согласно

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которой открываются и закрываются позиции, а также тие позиции. Однако при этом существуют достаточно отслеживается текущая ситуация по активам) большие риски. o фундаментальный анализ; Технические торговые стратегии полагаются на o технический анализ; технические показатели для создания торговых сиг­ • торговым периодом; налов. Трейдеры технического анализа убеждены, что o скальпинг; движение цены происходит строго по определенным o дейтрейдинг; закономерностям, а история этих движений склонна к o среднесрочный трейдинг; повторению. Ручной трейдинг. Вы сами открываете и закрыва­ Поскольку способов реализации технической ете соглашения, выставляете стоп-лосс и тейк-профи­ торговли достаточно много, возникла необходимость ты, делаете коррекцию. Для расчетов, отслеживание классифицировать ее на подгруппы: текущей ситуации и аналитики финансовый спекулянт - трейдинг по индикаторам (стохастический пользуется специализированным программным обе­ осциллятор (stochastic oscillator), скользящие спечением - торговым терминалом. Но и для ручной средние, др.); торговли потребуется четкий план действий и правила - трейдинг по каналам - за основу берутся каналы открытия или закрытия сделок. и трендовые линии; Ручная торговля привлекает контролем ситуации  - трейдинг по уровням поддержки и сопротивления; сидя за монитором, вы можете мгновенно реагировать - трейдинг по фигурам (определяются фигуры, на любые изменения графика и проводить коррекцию. например, голова и плечи, треугольник и т.п.); Но существуют определенные недостатки. Прежде - трейдинг по VSA (volume spread analysis) - в всего, большая психологическая нагрузка. По данным качестве ключевого показателя выступают исследований, потеря торгового депозита происходит объемы. именно из-за чрезмерных психологические нагрузки. Скальпинг является торговлей высокой инте­ Человек начинает в порыве эмоций хаотично откры­ нсивности, создает сильное психологическое напря­ вать сделки, пытаясь перекрыть минусы, что, конечно жение для многих людей. Характерные особенности: же, заканчивается очень печально. А вот работы (ал­ многочисленные соглашения; короткий период горитмическая торговля) лишены такого недостатка, содержание каждой из них; минимум ограничений как эмоции. в убыток и прибыль. Опытный скальпер иногда Алгоритмический трейдинг основывается на про­ проводит сотни сделок в течение дня. При грамотном граммировании специальных систем, которые при по­ подходе результат может быть впечатляющим. По явлении конкретных комбинаций будут автоматически сути, скальпинг предполагает попытки получить открывать и закрывать сделки. И присутствие трейде­ прибыль на самых незначительных движениях рынка. ра в это время за монитором совсем не обязательно - Но и недостатки подобной торговли очевидны: он может заниматься посторонними делами. высокая нагрузка на человека; потребность в огро­ Но в любой технической системы будут свои недо­ мном количестве времени; потребность в четкой статки, связанные со сбоями в работе, а современные концентрации и мгновенной реакции; высокий рынки очень изменчивы. И система алгоритмическо­ уровень риска. Основными временными графиками го трейдинга, приносящей доход сегодня, уже завтра для скальперов является 1- и 5-минутные таймфрейма. может оказаться неэффективной. Поэтому необходим Торговля внутри дня, дейтрейдинг, интрадей (intr­ регулярный контроль и коррекция. aday, daytrading). Данный вид торговли предполагает Торговец, ориентируется на фундаментальный открытие и закрытие сделок внутри 1 торгового анализ, строит свою систему на основе микро- и ма­ дня. При этом количество сделок будет небольшим, кропоказателей, важных экономических и политиче­ примерно 3-5 за сессию. Контрольное условие ских новостях. Он отслеживает отчеты и интервью - закрытие всех сделок до конца дня. Интрадей крупных корпораций. Одними из подвидов фунда­ поз­воляет избежать чрезмерного скальпинговой ментальной торговли является трейдинг на новостях напряжения, более четко выявлять движение графика. и торговля на IPO (первичное публичное предложе­ Как следствие - низкой уровень психологического ние, InitialPublicOffering). Трейдер ожидает выхода напряжения. новости, открывает непродолжительную соглашение, Среднесрочная торговля (свинг-трейдинг). Пок­ забирает быструю прибыль, после этого идет закры­ лонников данной категории интересуют большие inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 185 ekonomikuri Teoria - ECONOMIC THEORY

колебания цен, начиная от периода в несколько дней позиции, но и не улучшает. Такую стратегию и заканчивая несколькими неделями. Как правило, называют «стратегией ограниченного роста», свинг-трейдеры ограничиваются несколькими со­ которая характерна для зрелых отраслей, где глаше­ ­ниями в месяц, ориентируясь на дневные и скорость инновации и технологии невысока. недельные графики. б) Стратегия сокращения направлена на постепе­ Преимуществ у свинг трейдинга немало. Здесь нное уменьшение объемов производства. Так­ не нужно реагировать на весь поток новостей ую стратегию чаще называют «стратегией (исключение составляют масштабные события, последнего средства». в) Стратегия сокращения например, референдум в Великобритании о выходе применяется тогда, когда у предприятия просто из ЕС или избрания Дональда Трампа президентом не остается другого выхода: надо переждать США). Можно тщательно подготовиться к открытию нестабильный период, урезать расходы, прек­ очередной сделки. В распоряжении спекулянта много ратить убыточное производство, изменить дея­ времени для анализа ситуации на рынке. Дейтрейдинг тельность. не подразумевает сильных психологических нагрузок. г) Стратегия роста осуществляется путем еже­ А при значительных ценовых движениях и правильном годного значительного повышения уровня цел­ анализе можно получить хорошую прибыль. Для ев­ых показателей над уровнем предыдущего качественной среднесрочной торговли понадобится года. Бизнес-стратегия - менеджментом раз­ немалый депозит, если сравнивать с скальпинг или ра­батывается план управления одним под­ интрадеем. Иногда придется пересиживать несколько разделением для достижения оптимальной дней в убыточных позициях, но при должном произ­водительности. подходе убытки в среднесрочном трейдинге быстро 2. Однопрофильные компании, занимающиеся покрываются. только одним видом бизнеса, корпоративная и Позиционный трейдинг. Удержания позиций мо­ бизнес-стратегия совпадают. Иными словами, бизнес- жет длиться несколько месяцев, бывает до года и бо­ стратегия - это комплекс всех мероприятий и подходов, лее. Подобный подход уже можно приравнивать к которые руководство считает целесообразными в инв­естиционной деятельности. Депозит потребуется данной конкурентной ситуации, при существующих еще больше, чем в среднесрочном. Также необходимо тенденциях в экономике, уровне развития технологий, хорошо ориентироваться в фундаментальном анализе, демографическом составе и потребности покупателей, иметь большую силу воли и выдержку. В целом же, законодательной базе и других внешних факторах. плюсы и минусы позиционного трейдинга схожи со Иногда изменения внешней среды сильно затрудняют среднесрочной торговлей. По статистическим дан­ выработку надлежащей стратегии. ным, владельцы крупных депозитов отдают пре­ В сильной бизнес-стратегии заложена пос­ дпочтение именно этому виду торговли. Ведь при пра­ ледовательность действий, обеспечивающих устой­ вильном подходе и большом капитале результат будет чивое конкурентное преимущество, которое позволяет впечатляющим, а вот делать для этого нужно сов­сем компании получать прибыль выше среднего уровня и немного, разве что применить качественную ана­литику. занять лидирующее положение в отрасли. Наиболее На предприятиях понятие торговая стратегия распространенные стратегии развития бизнеса обычно может соответствовать стратегиям, которые форми­ называют базисными или эталонными. Они отражают руются на одном из уровней управления организацией. различные подходы к росту фирмы и связаны с В зависимости от размера организации изменяется изменением состояния одного или нескольких количество уровней управления. Рассмотрим стра­ следующих элементов: продукт, рынок, отрасль, тегии организации с четырьмя уровнями управ­ления положение фирмы внутри отрасли, технология. Но деятельностью. каждый из данных пяти элементов может находиться 1. Корпоративная стратегия - это общий план в одном из двух состояний: существующее состояние управления диверсифицированной компанией, опи­ или новое. сывает действия по достижению определенных пози­ Первую группу эталонных стратегий составляют ций в различных отраслях и подходы к управлению так называемые стратегии концентрированного роста. отдельными видами деятельности. Сюда попадают те стратегии, которые связаны с а) Стратегия поддержки направлена на сохранение изменением продукта и рынка. Конкретными типами стабильности, когда фирма не уступает свои стратегий первой группы являются следующие:

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стратегия усиления позиции на рынке, при которой рынке за счет новой продукции, требующей новой фирма делает все, чтобы с данным продуктом на технологии, отличной от используемой. При такой данном рынке завоевать лучшие позиции; стратегии фирма должна ориентироваться на про­ стратегия развития рынка, заключающаяся в поиске изводство таких технологически связанных продуктах, новых рынков для уже производимого продукта; которые использовали уже имеющиеся возможности стратегия развития продукта, предполагающая фирмы, например, в области поставок. Так как новый решение задачи по росту за счет производства нового продукт должен быть ориентирован на потребителя продукта, который будет реализовываться на уже основного продукта, то по своим качествам он должен освоенном фирмой рынке. быть сопутствующим уже производимому продукту. Ко второй группе эталонных стратегий относятся Важным условием реализации данной стратегии такие стратегии бизнеса, когда фирма расширяется является предварительная оценка фирмой собственной путем добавления новых структур. Эти стратегии компетентности в производстве нового продукта; называются стратегиями интегрированного роста. стратегия конгломератной диверсификации сос­ Фирма может осуществлять интегрированный рост, тоит в том, что фирма расширяется за счет прои­зводства как путем приобретения собственности (недвижи­ ­ новых продуктов, технологически не связанными с мость, ценные бумаги и др.), Так и путем расширения уже выработанными и их реализации на новых рынках. изнутри. При этом в обоих случаях происходит Это одна из самых сложных для внедрения стратегий изменение положения фирмы внутри отрасли. развития, так как ее успешное осуществление зависит Выделяют следующие типы стратегий интегри­ от многих факторов, в частности от компетентности рованного роста: имеющегося персонала, менеджеров, сезонности в стратегия вертикальной интеграции, направленная жизни рынка, наличия необходимых сумм денег и т.п. на рост фирмы за счет приобретения либо же усиления Четвертым типом эталонных стратегий разви­ контроля над поставщиками. тия бизнеса являются стратегии сокращения. Дан­ стратегия обратной вертикальной интеграции, ные стратегии реализуются тогда, когда фирма которая выражается в росте фирмы за счет прио­ нуждается в перегруппировке сил после длительного бретения либо же усиления контроля над структурами, периода роста или в связи с необходимостью находящимися между фирмой и конечным потр­ повышения эффективности, когда наблюдаются ебителем, а именно системами распределения и спады и кардинальные изменения в экономике. В продажи. этих случаях фирмы прибегают к использованию Третьей группой эталонных торговых стра­ стратегий целенаправленного или спланированного те­гий организации являются стратегии дивер­си­ сокращения производства. Реализация данных фицированного роста. Эти стратегии реализуются в стратегий зачастую проходит не безболезненно для том случае, если фирмы дальше не могут развиваться фирмы. Однако необходимо четко осознавать, что на данном рынке с данным продуктом в рамках данной это такие же стратегии развития фирмы, как и рас­ отрасли. смотренные стратегии роста, и при определенных Основными стратегиями диверсифицированного обстоятельствах их невозможно избежать. Более того, роста являются следующие: при определенных обстоятельствах это единственно стратегия концентрированной диверсификации возможные стратегии обновления бизнеса, так как базируется на поиске и использовании дополни­ в подавляющем большинстве случаев обновление и тельных возможностей производства новых про­ всеобщее ускорение - взаимоисключающие процессы дуктов, то есть существующее производство остается развития бизнеса. в центре бизнеса, а новое возникает, исходя из тех Выделяются четыре типа стратегий целена­прав­ возможностей,­ которые заключены в освоенном ленного сокращения бизнеса: рынке используемой технологии или в других стратегия ликвидации представляет собой пре­ сильных сторонах функционирования фирмы. Такими дельный случай стратегии сокращения и осущ­ возможностями, например, могут быть возможности ествляется тогда, когда фирма не может вести используемой специализированной системы расп­ дальнейший бизнес; ределения; стратегия сбора урожая «предполагает отказ от стратегия горизонтальной диверсификации предпо­ долгосрочного взгляда на бизнес в пользу макси­ лагает поиск возможностей роста на существующем мального получения доходов в краткосрочной inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 187 ekonomikuri Teoria - ECONOMIC THEORY

перспективе. Эта стратегия применяется по отно­ наличии взаимосвязанных обоснованных функци­ шению к перспективному бизнесу, который не может ональных стратегий) управляемость процессами быть прибыльно продан, но может принести доходы во выполнения общих стратегий и миссии фирмы; время «сбора урожая». Данная стратегия предполагает операционная стратегия - это более узкая стратегия сокращение затрат на закупки, на рабочую силу для основных структурных единиц, таких как завод, и максимальное получение дохода от распродажи отдел (внутри-функционального направления), торго­ имеющегося продуктута продолжает сокращать вое региональное представительство. Мероприятия, производство. Стратегия «сбора урожая» рассчитана характерные для этой стратегии - решение на то, чтобы при постепенном сокращении данного узкоспециальных вопросов и проблем, связанных с бизнеса до нуля добиться за период сокращения достижением целей отдельного подразделения; получить максимальный совокупный доход; потребительская и сбытовая стратегии составляют стратегия сокращения заключается в том, что фирма торговую стратегию промышленно-торгового хол­ закрывает или продает одно из своих подразделений динга. Стратегия представляет собой детальный, для того, чтобы осуществить долгосрочное изменение всесторонний, комплексный план, предназначенный границ ведения бизнеса. Часто эта стратегия реа­ для того, чтобы обеспечить осуществление миссии холдинга и достижения его целей. лизуется диверсифицированными фирмами тогда, ко­ Выбор торговой стратегии является сложным гда одно из производств плохо сочетается с другими. процессом, поскольку она должна учитывать любые Реа­лизуется данная стратегия и тогда, когда нужно изменения и особенности субъекта, будет прид­ получить средства для развития более перспективных, ерживаться данной стратегии. Субъективность мы­ либо же начала новых направлений, соответствующих ш­ления каждого отдельного человека дает «жи­ дол­госрочным целям фирмы. Могут быть и другие знь» множества видов торговых стратегий. Но эмо­ ситуации; циональная составляющая может негативно повлиять стратегия сокращения расходов достаточно близка на процесс ее реализации. Именно поэтому надо четко к стратегии сокращения, так как ее основной идеей определить себя как участника рыночных отношений является поиск возможностей уменьшения издержек и выбрать лучшую стратегию для дальнейшей и проведение соответствующих мероприятий. деятельности (табл. 1). Однако есть и отличия, которые заключаются в Поскольку холдинг торговой отрасли, как правило, том, что она больше ориентирована на устранение представляет собой совокупность хозяйствующих достаточно небольших источников затрат, а также субъектов, функционирующих в различных сферах в том, что ее реализация носит характер временных экономики, целесообразно структурировать подразд­ или краткосрочных мер. Реализация данной стратегии еления торгового холдинга по целям и задачам, связана со снижением производственных затрат, выполняемым ими в его рамках. На основании повышением производительности, сокращением такого распределения функций разработка торговой найма и даже увольнением персонала, прекращением стратегии основывается на совокупности торговых производства прибыльных товаров и закрытием функций подразделений. прибыльных мощностей. Можно считать, что Изменчивость рыночной среды является основной стратегия сокращения расходов начинается тогда, причиной необходимости контроля за использованием когда продается подразделение или в достаточно торговых стратегий. Торговая стратегия, которая была большом объеме основные фонды. разработана несколько лет назад может применяться Стратегии стабилизации применяются в насто­ только с обновленными корректировкой для совре­ ящее время наступления тяжелых времен для фир­ менного состояния. Участник рынка должен посто­ мы, требуют максимальных усилий для того, янно моделировать возможные последствия его чтобы удержать свою позицию на рынке. Наиболее действий в условиях неопределенности и конфликта, распространенными являются следующие виды: а также учитывать факторы, влияющие на уровень функциональная стратегия - определяет стра­ риска, оценивать их, выявлять связанные с ними тегическую ориентацию определенной функци­он­а­ возможные потери. льной подсистемы управления предприятием, кото­ К путей повышения эффективности торговых рая обеспечивает ей достижение целей, а также (при стратегий относятся:

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Таблица 1 МАТРИЦА ВЫБОРА БИЗНЕС-СТРАТЕГИИ

Источник: собственные разработки авторов

- Совершенствование процессов оценки торговых Поэтому любому субъекту рыночных отношений стратегий. необходимо использовать определенную торговую Для определения доходности торговой стратегии стратегию, которая будет определять четкое следует использовать коэффициент Шарпа или направление действий по избежание рисков и Сортино. получения прибыли. Особенно важно применять - Хеджирование как составляющая торговой торговые стратегии тем, кто занимается биржевой стратегии. деятельностью, которая характеризуется высокой Главной функцией хеджирования является обесп­ рискованности, по сравнению с другими видами ечение хеджеров адекватным страховым покрытием экономической активности. Ведь, биржевой рынок в случае негативных экономических последствий, принято рассматривать как организованный рынок вызванных отдельными рисками. Поэтому хеджи­ аккумуляции большого количества рисков. Для рования играет ключевую роль в обеспечении соци­ создания наиболее эффективной торговой стратегии на ального и экономического защиты и является важным рынке торговец имеет систематически (не реже 1 раза для повышения экономической стабильности в целом. в месяц) контролировать свою торговую стратегию и - оптимизация торговых стратегий. быстро реагировать на изменения рынка. Разработана После определения проблемы в торговой стратегии, классификация поможет четко определить, какую будет выбран способ ее решения - оптимизации: торговую стратегию более целесообразно использовать - оптимизировать или определить технические для того или иного вида экономической активности и параметры торговой стратегии (замена индикаторов, избежать или нивелировать риски, которые возникают средств анализа рынка и т.д.); в условиях повышенной нестабильности рыночной - добавить в торговую стратегию дополнительные обстановки. Разработана матрица выбора бизнес- фильтры для определения и контроля показателя стратегий облегчает процесс избрания торговой тенденции трен-флэт; стратегии, которая больше подходит для применения - проанализировать и пересмотреть набор при определенных темпах роста и доли рынка, индикаторов согласно основной концепцией торговой соответствующие на данном этапе развития субъекта стратегии. хозяйственной активности. Предложенные методы Итак, в современной экономической деятельности повышения эффективности торговых стратегий рисков избежать невозможно из-за объективно- помогут достичь желаемого уровня доходности субъективный­ характер. Риски достаточно весомо соответственно с общими тенденциями рынка по влияют на все сферы хозяйственной деятельности. основным показателям.

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ukrainis ekonomikaSi struqturuli transformaciis Tanamedrove tendenciebi

MODERN TENDENCIES OF STRUCTURAL TRANSFORMATION IN THE ECONOMY OF UKRAINE natalia vdovenko, VDOVENKO, e.m.d., profesori, ukrainis bioresursebisa da Doctor of Economics, professor, bunebaTsargeblobis erovnuli universitetis Head of the Global Economy Department globaluri ekonomikis kaTedris gamge kievi, National University of Bioresources and ukraina nature management of Ukraine, ekaterina nakoneCnaia, EKATERINA NAKONECHNAIA, e.m.k.,ukrainis bioresursebisa da bunebaTsarge­ Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate blobis erovnuli universitetis globaluri Professor Associate Professor of the Global ekonomikiskaTedris docenti Economy Department National University of kievi, ukraina Bioresources and nature management of Ukraine

ABSTRACT Key words: structure of the country’s economy, structur­ The problems of formation of an effective structural al changes, structural policy, effective structure of the econ­ policy are considered. An in-depth analysis of the economic omy. structure of Ukraine and the main economic indicators and the definition of the main directions of improving the struc­ anotacia tural policy of the state were carried out to implement recom­ statiaSi ganxilulia efeqturi struqturu­ mendations to ensure the effectiveness of the structure of the li politikis formirebis problemebi. Catare­ economy of the country and its regions. It was concluded that bulia ukrainis ekonomikuri struqturis, the main contribution is the promotion of competitiveness of ZiriTadi ekonomikuri maCveneblebisa Rrma ana­ domestic producers of goods and services in the domestic and lizi, gansazRvrulia saxelmwifos struqturu­ global markets and the provision of a structural maneuver li politikis gaumjobesebis ZiriTadi mimar­ to increase the share of industries producing products with Tulebebi im mizniT, raTa ganxorcielebuli a high degree of processing. We used the following research iqnas rekomendaciebi qveynisa da misi regionebis methods: system method, factor analysis, method of statis­ ekonomikis struqturis efeqtianobis amaRleb­ tical comparisons and generalizations, statistical yearbooks. isaTvis. gakeTebulia dakvna,ZiriTad faqtorad The essence of the concept of the structure of the economy gamodis samamulo mwarmoeblebis saqonlis da is highlighted, the concept of the effective structure of the momsaxurebis konkurentunarianobis amaRleb­ country’s economy is defined, it is said about the leading role isaTvis xelSewyoba msoflio da Sida bazrebze, of the state in balancing all sectors of the economy. The main aseve struqturuli manevris uzrunvelyofa criteria for the effectiveness of the structure of the nation­ im dargebis wilis gazrdis Sesaxeb, romlebic al economy are characterized. The main instruments of the awarmoeben produqcias gadamuSavebis maRali structural policy of the state are suggested. An algorithm for xarisxiT. naSromSi gamoyenebulia kvlevis Sem­ constructing a structural policy in Ukraine is proposed. The degi meTodebi: sistemuri meTodi, faqtoruli factors influencing the formation of the modern structure of analizi, statistikuri Sedarebis da ganzog­ the country’s economy are characterized, among which the adebis meTodi, statistikuri yovelwliuri an­ main factors were the dynamics of the conjuncture in the gariSebi. ganxilulia ekonomikuri struqturis world markets of traditional export products of Ukraine, arsis cneba, gansazRvrulia qveynis ekonomikis focusing on the short-term perspective and the changing na­ efeqturi struqturis arsi, saubaria saxelmwi­ ture of the situation. The comparison of the structure of the fos wamyvan rolze ekonomikis yvela seqtoris Ukrainian economy with the structure of developed countries dabalansebis saqmeSi. daxasiaTebulia qveynis is made. The program-target approach as the main method of ekonomikis struqturis efeqturobis Zirita­ the state structural policy is proposed. It has been concluded di kriteriumebi. gansazRvrulia saxelmwifos that a country can get the best chances in the conditions of struqturuli politikis gatarebis ZiriTa­ global competition only by developing both a raw materials di instrumentebi.SemoTavazebulia ukrainaSi and innovative economy. struqturuli politikis agebis algoriTmi. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 191 ekonomikuri Teoria - ECONOMIC THEORY daxasiaTebulia faqtorebi, romlebic moqmede­ ряд отечественных и зарубежных ученых, среди ben qveynis ekonomikis Tanamedrove struqturis которых В. Геец [2], И. Крючкова [7], Э. Ли­банова formirebaze, romelTa Sorisacaa msofli ba­ [9], Ф. Мельник [10], А. Павлюк [15], Л. Шинкарук­ zrebze tradiciuli ukrainuli saeqsporto [17] и другие ученые. Однако сегодня не существует produqciiskoniunqturis dinamika, orientire­ комплексного подхода к решению проблем именно ba moklevadian perspeqtivaze da cvlilebebis структурной несбалансированности. koniunqturul xasiaTze. ganxorcielebulia Целью исследования на данном этапе выступают ukrainis ekonomikis struqturis Sedareba ganvi­ процессы и возможности проведения анализа эконо­ Tarebuli qveynebis ekonomikis struqturasTan. мической структуры Украины и определение основных SemoTavazebulia programul-miznobrivi midgo­ направлений совершенствования структурной поли­ ma, rogorc qveynis struqturuli politikis тики государства, для осуществления рекомендаций­ ZiriTadi meTodi. gakeTebulia daskvnebi imis с целью обеспечения и повышения эффективности Sesaxeb,rom globaluri konkurenciis pirobebSi структуры экономики страны и ее регионов. qveyanas SeuZlia miiRos saukeTeso Sansi mxolod Изложение основного материала. Как показывает im SemTxvevaSi, Tu is erTdroulad ganaviTarebs исс­ледование, структура - (от латинского structu­ sanedleulo da inovaciur ekonomikas. ra - расположение, построение, порядок) - взаимо­ рас­по­ложение и связь составных частей чего-либо,­ построение. Это совокупность устойчивых свя­зей sakvanZo si tyvebi: qveynis ekonomikis stru­ объекта, обеспечивающих его целостность и тож­ qtura, struqturuli cvlilebebi, struq­ дественность самому себе, то есть сохранение ос­ turuli politika, ekonomikis efeqturi stru­ новных свойств при различных внешних и внут­ qtura. ре­нних изменениях. Структура экономики стра­ ны – это соотношение, отражающие взаимосвязи ВСТУПЛЕНИЕ. и взаимозависимости между отдельными частями На продолжении длительного периода неза­ экономики,­­ отдельными ее секторами, отраслями. висимости экономика Украины находится в состоянии Ры­ночная система способна эффективно функци­ глубокого финансово-экономического и социального они­ровать только при условии эффективной стру­ кризиса. Особое значение имеют исследования ктуры экономики страны, однако не в состоянии трансформационных преобразований структуры целенаправленно формировать именно эффективную эконо­ ­мики в экономической теории и практике, структуру экономики. Поэтому важно концентрировать так как они непосредственно влияют на темпы и рычаги влияния в руках государства как единого центра эффективность экономического развития государства и управления. являются определяющими факторами экономического Отсутствие структурной оптимальности вызы­ роста. Теоретическую и методологическую основу вает усиление признаков макроэкономической неста­ исследования составили научные исследования оте­­ бильности в стране, возникновение диспропорций­ чественных и зарубежных экономистов по воп­ на товарном и денежном рынках страны, развитие росам структурной политики и государственного инфляционных процессов, нарушение основных регулирования экономических процессов. Применен макроэкономических пропорций (между доходами системный метод, с помощью которого исследован и расходами на разных уровнях управления, механизм регулирования структурных изменений между доходами и расходами домохозяйств, между в экономике. Определение факторов, влияющих на производительностью труда и зарплатой, между характер и направленность структурных сдвигов в импортом и экспортом товаров и услуг (капитала). национальной экономике, осуществлено на основе Возникает дисбаланс на рынке человеческих ресурсов факторного анализа. Метод статистических сравнений (структурной и циклической безработицы). При и обобщений использовано для текущего состояния в этом наблюдается разбалансировка платежного целом структуры экономики Украины и в том числе баланса­ страны, что негативно влияет на валютные экономики ее регионов. резервы Национального банка страны, а значит и на Анализ последних исследований и публикаций. ситуацию на валютном рынке, переход капиталов Наши исследования дают основания утверждать, что из отрасли в отрасль, в зависимости от изменения исследованием экономической структуры и проблем уровня доходности, а следовательно к возникновению совершенствования структурной политики занимается кризисов пере- или недопроизводства [4].

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Основными критериями эффективности структуры Уменьшение объемов производства малорентабельных экономики страны является обеспечение эффективного крупяных культур, продукции животноводства создает распределения ограниченных экономических ресур­ предпосылки необходимости импорта этих видов сов, повышение основных экономических показ­ товаров, нарушает оптимальные пропорции отраслевой ателей, благосостояния населения. Распределительная структуры сельскохозяйственного производства. В эффективность отражает такое распределение имею­ промышленности негативной тенденцией является щихся экономических ресурсов, которое обесп­ увеличение доли добывающей промышленности с ечивает производство тех товаров и услуг, и в таком 5% до 5,5% и уменьшение валового выпуска группы их соотношении является наиболее желательным отраслей обрабатывающей промышленности с 37,5% для общества. Производственная эффективность в 2001 гг. до 34,1% в 2011 За исследуемый период достигается тогда, когда желательны для общества увеличения в сфере торговли произошло с 8,5% товары и услуги производятся с минимальными до 12,5%. По 2014-2015 гг. объемы производства затратами. Одновременное достижение как распре­ промышленности сократились на 50% вследствие делительной, так и производственной эффек­тивности нестабильной политической ситуации, произошел обеспечивает достижение максимального потребления отток инвестиционного капитала, наблюдалась ограниченных экономических ресурсов страны с неустойчивая экспортная динамикой, сокращением максимальным удовлетворением потребностей об­ объемов строительства, сужением внутреннего щества, и с минимальными производственными затра­ рынка, ухудшением ситуации на рынке труда и общим тами. Государственное регулирование структурной падением уровня доходов населения. В 2015 году перестройки в экономике определяется как выбор в большинстве регионов произошло сокращение целей и характера структурных преобразований, внешнеторговой активности. Если падение импорта определение комплекса мер по поддержке развития тех объясняется сужением покупательной способности элементов экономической системы, обеспечивающей населения Украины относительно потребительских экономический рост. товаров, то по экспорту стоит отметить то, что Среди основных форм механизма государственного региональные экспортеры пока не смогли в полной регулирования структурной перестройки в экономике мере компенсировать поставки на рынок продукции выделяют бюджетно-налоговое и денежно-кредитное в полном объеме. Кроме этого, наблюдается регулирование. Экономические и административные неоднозначная ситуация в сфере внешней торговли инструменты, которые составляют основу этих форм, со странами Евроейского Союза. Достигнутая дин­ обеспечивают стимулирующее влияние на рост объе­ амика не соответствует декларируемым в Соглашении мов производства и формирование оптимальной об ассоциации Украины и Эвропейского Союза структуры национальной экономики. Секторальная возможностям расширения отечественного экспорта структура национальной экономики по видам в Европу. Значительной проблемой остается пере­ экономической деятельности является обобщенной ход страны на технические стандарты ЕС, что характеристикой качественного уровня развития приводит к изменениям в товарной структуре экономической системы в целом. Современная украинского экспорта в пользу аграрного сырья и ситуация в экономике Украины характеризуется продовольственной продукции. Итак, изменения стремительным падением всех макроэкономических структурных отраслевых пропорций в экономике показателей при ВВП - 90 млрд долл. США. Украины отражают негативные тенденции, отражаются Происходит стремительное падение промышленного в увеличении добычи ресурсов и оживлением производства более чем на 50%. Только сельское торговли на фоне уменьшения объема выпуска хозяйство демонстрирует положительную динамику продукции в перерабатывающей промышленности и роста, однако показатели развития животноводства сельском хозяйстве. Такие тенденции характеризуют по сравнению с 1990 резко сократились. Однако, структуру экономики доминированием энергоемких, ориентация аграрных предприятий на выращивание материалоемких производств и зависят от импорта рентабельных зерновых и масличных культур не топливно-энергетических ресурсов. Структурные способствует сбалансированным поставкам на рынок изменения произошли под влиянием определенных безопасных и качественных продуктов питания. объективных факторов: динамики конъюнктуры inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 193 ekonomikuri Teoria - ECONOMIC THEORY

на мировых рынках традиционной экспортной пропорций. Цель структурной политики заключается продукции Украины (металлургия, машиностроение в том, чтобы обеспечить сбалансированное развитие и химическая промышленность); потребительского экономики, техническое совершенствование спроса; падения инвестиционной активности. производства на основе использования достижений Динамика структуры национальной экономики не науки и техники, социальной защите населения и рост соответствует общим закономерностям структурных его благосостояния. сдвигов, что происходят в экономических системах Структурная политика в странах с рыночной развитых стран мира на современном этапе и экономикой осуществляется государством путем заключаются в росте доли финансовых и деловых услуг, обоснования основной секторальной структуры в высокотехнологичных производств обрабатывающей соответствии с тенденциями мирового развития. промышленности, телекоммуникационных, а также В его основе есть модель из трех секторов. Среди социально ориентированных видов экономической них сельское хозяйство, промышленность, услуги. деятельности, что опережает развитие наукоемких, Кроме того, соответственно внедрение стратегии высокотехнологичных отраслей. экономического роста, что основана на стратегически Ориентированность на краткосрочную перс­ важных отраслях, от которых зависит развитие пективу и конъюнктурный характер изменений, технологии, динамика и эффекты роста в других что порождают мотивацию развивать те сектора, отраслях, инвестирование в масштабах всей экономики где получение прибыли является быстрым, важнейших проектов, поддержка инновационной тольк­о усиливают негативные тенденции с точки деятельности в фундаментальных науках, а также зрения долгосрочного периода. Структурные внедрение их достижений в производство. изменения осуществлялись стихийно и служили Важным направлением структурной политики скорее инструментом стабилизации ситуации, а госу­дарства является повышение конкурентных не ее изменении, сохранению «старой» структуры пре­им­уществ экономики страны через достиже­ производства. Кроме того, экспортозависимая модель ние четырех взаимосвязанных целей. Осн­ развития экономики Украины характеризуется овным выступает содействие повышению конку­ чувствительностью к внешним факторам, в частности рентоспособности отечественных производителей негативно повлияли на экономические преобразования товаров и услуг на внутреннем и мировом в украинской экономике [5]. По определению рынках и обеспечение структурного маневра Организации экономического сотрудничества и для повышения доли отраслей, производящих развития (ОЭСР) структурно устойчивая такая продукцию с высокой степенью переработки, и национальная экономика страны, в которой отрас­ отраслей сферы услуг, исправления накопленных левая структура соответствует технологической структурных деформаций – реструктуризация убы­ структуре. Современная «типичная» национальная точного сектора экономики, решение проблем технологическая структура оценивается по принятой монопофильних городов. Экономические реформы Европейским Союзом в 2007 г. классификации внедряются через государственное регулирование производственных структур. Она по технологической национальной экономики. Государство меняет структуре перерабатывающей промышленности внешнее экономическую среду, в которой сформирована из следующих блоков: около 50% - действуют субъекты экономической деятельности суммарная доля высокотехнологичных (20%) и средне и приспосабливаясь к таким изменениям, аграрные технологических (30%) производств. Примерно предприятия трансформируют свое экономическое 50% - суммарная доля низкотехнологических поведение и свое ожидание будущего [2]. Существует (30%) и середне и низкотехнологических (20%) разветвленный механизм воздействия государства производств [6]. Следовательно, указанный анализ на пропорции в экономике, позволяет осуществить свидетельствует о необходимости проведения выбранную структурную политику. В составе этого действ­енной структурной политики. Структурная механизма принято различать две подсистемы политика – это система мер, направленных на рычагов и инструментов – прямого и косвенного формирование необходимых общегосударственных, воздействия. Основу первой подсистемы прямо, а во внутриотраслевых, межотраслевых и региональных второй косвенно на современном этапе составляет

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программно-целевой подход, с которым связаны наци­ональных интересов. Решение о развитии государственные инвестиции, государственные заказы, приоритетных видов экономической деятельности льготы и преференции. Важнейшим путем реализации принимаются с учетом их роли в поддержании структурной политики государства является жизнедеятельности и безопасности общества. Важным непосредственное инвестирование в предприятия, является изучение опыта стран Европейского Союза находящиеся именно в государственной собственности по проведению структурной политики, целью которой и производят такую продукцию и услуги, производство является достижение экономической, социальной и и потребление которых благоприятно сказываются территориальной солидарности. Главным образом на процессе преобразования структуры экономики. это происходит путем стимулирования роста и Действенным инструментом реализации активной занятости в тех регионах, развитие которых отстает, структурной политики выступают закупки продукции то есть структурно слабые регионы, на которые для государственных нужд. Целенаправленное приходится треть государственного финансирования. размещение государственных заказов на определенные Структурная политика ЕС дополняет национальную виды продукции и услуг не только позволяют вовремя региональную политику. Она также является аналогом удовлетворять потребности общества и тем самым антициклической политикой. Антициклическая предотвращать возникновение диспропорций, но и политика связана с текущей политико-экономической влиять на установку между предприятиями новых ситуацией, то есть с циклическими колебаниями. хозяйственных связей. Это, в свою очередь, может Европейская структурная политика имеет ряд очень привести к образованию больших производственных практических последствий: помогает людям найти комплексов и кластеров технологических новшеств. работу, выбрать лучшие условия жизни в своих Появление последних в дальнейшем приводит к странах, регионах, городах, или в деревнях. Она также становлению новых секторов экономики. Процесс способствует развитию инвестиционной деятельности формирования структурной политики в рамках малых и средних предприятий (МСП). Региональные стратегического планирования осуществляется инновации совершенствуются при улучшении связей поэтапно в определенной последовательности: между научно-исследовательскими институтами и 1) установка целей; 2) диагностика, выявление и частным сектором, внедрением новых продуктов и анализ факторов; 3) формирование стратегических производственных процессов посредством передачи альтернатив; 4) обоснование выбора приоритетов; технологии. 5) установление приоритетов; 6) выбор приемлемой Выводы. Таким образом, мы можем прийти стратегии; 7) определение путей и средств реализации к выводу, что значение структурных реформ стратегии; 8) разработка программы мероприятий; 9) для модернизации украинской экономики формирование системы управления осуществлением заключается в том, что они призваны обеспечить мероприятий; формирование механизма реализации конкурентоспособность отраслей национальной программных мероприятий; 11) формирование системы экономики, особенно в сфере обрабатывающей мониторинга реализации мероприятий и достигнутых промышленности и инноваций, и развитие результатов; 12) разработка процедур корректировки финансовых и информационных услуг. Важно, исходя стратегии и программы мероприятий; 13) разработка из нынешних условий макроэкономической динамики, плана конкретных действий для правительственных улучшать базовые структурные параметры, внедрять структур и органов государственного управления по усовершенствованные и адаптированные к условиям вертикали [3]. По мнению ученых [3, с. 7], наилучшие страны институциональные, управленческие шансы в условиях глобальной конкуренции страна методы воздействия на отдельные сектора и виды может получить, только развивая одновременно и экономической деятельности. Указанное будет сырьевую и инновационную экономику. Конкретные способствовать формированию структурной политики пропорции между ними необходимо целенаправленно нового этапа развития украинской экономики, общей регулировать в процессе стратегического планирования стратегической целью которой станет противодействие структурных сдвигов с учетом долгосрочных сырьевой направленности экономики.

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REFERENCES [1] Kulish I. M. (2013). Providing of sustainable development of rural areas countries’ candidates for accession to the EU: the example of Poland. Regionalnaekonomika. #2. pp. 96-104. [2] Nakonechna K. V (2013). Substantiation of the basic directions of structural changes in agriculture. Naukovyvisnyk Nazio­ nalnogo Universytetu Bioresursiv I Pryrodokorustuvannya. V.181. p. 265. [3] Neshitoj A. S. (2012). Evolution of the change of the economic system of Russia. # 3-4. pp. 2-10. [4] Skirka N. Ya. (2013). The branch structure of the economy and areas of improvement. Efektyvnaekonomika. # 9. 2013. [5] PrytulaYa.Ya., Kuzenko N. V. (2013).The branch structure of the economy and areas of improvement.Regionalnaekono­ mika. # 3. pp. 7-166. [6] Pyrog O. V. (2011). Adapting of the structure of the national economy to the requirements of postindustrial society. Visnyk Nazionalnogo universytetu Lvivska politehnika. # 689. pp. 93-103. [7] Geyez V. M., Panchenko Ye. G.,Lianova Ye. M. (2003).Perehidnaekonomika.[Transition economy].Vyschashkola, Kyiv, Ukraine. [8] Poland. Agricultural Situation and Prospects in the Central and Eastern European Countries / European Commission.Direc­ torateGeneralforAgriculture.WorkingDocument. Brussels, 1998. 151 р.

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biznesis ganviTarebis potenciali imereTis regionSi

BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL IN IMERETI REGION

goderZi SaniZe, GODERDZI SHANIDZE biznesisa da marTvis doqtori, Doctor of Business and Management akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis Associate Professor of asocirebuli profesori, Akaki Tsereteli State University, Kutaisi, quTaisi, saqarTvelo Georgia

ABSTRACT anotacia Business development in a particular region depends on qveynis ama Tu im regionSi biznesis ganvi­ the combination of a number of objective and subjective fac­ Tareba damokidebulia mTeli rigi obieqturi tors. The most important among these factors is the existence da subieqturi faqtorebis erTobliobaze. aR­ and distribution of various economic (natural, human, invest­ niSnul faqtorTa Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovania ment) resources. Business development in Imereti region is sxvadasxva ekonomikuri (bunebrivi, adamianuri, mainly the result of these factors. sainvesticio) resursebis arseboba da ganaw­ In the framework of Internal Faculty Grant Project in ileba. imereTis regionSi biznesis ganviTarebac Akaki Tsereteli State University, in 2018 a research was ZiriTadad am faqtorTa moqmedebis Sedegia. conducted in Imereti region for the search of the ways of akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetSi development potential for the existed business. The survey Sida safakulteto sagranto proeqtis fargleb­ was aimed at assessing how much the products produced in Si 2018 wels ganxorcielda kvleva imereTis re­ Imereti region are used by Kutaisi and Batumi hotels in food gionSi arsebuli biznesisaTvis, ganviTarebis services. How well known and demanded are products pro­ potencialis gzebis Ziebis mimarTulebiT. kvle­ duced in Imereti Region in touristically active Batumi. In va Seexeboda imis dadgenas, Tu ramdenad moix­ order to find all this out, we first introduced the samples of the mars imereTis regionSi warmoebul produqcias products produced in Imereti Region and offered them to the q. baTumis da q.quTaisis sastumroebi kvebiTi hotels for the food service. momsaxurebisas. ramdenad cnobilia da moTxov­ While doing the research I used the following methods: nadia imereTis regionSi warmoebuli produqcia a field research, a study research, based on complex, inter­ turistulad aqtiur q. baTumSi da q. quTaisSi. disciplinary approaches, analysis and synthesis. The joint use yovelive amis dasadgenad Tavdapirvelad movax­ of these studies has enabled us to get more comprehensive dineT imereTis regionSi warmoebuli produqci­ information and to find ways to solve existing problems and is nimuSebis gacnoba da SevTavazeT sastumroebs to work out recommendations that will enable the region’s kvebiT momsaxurebisaTvis. enterprises to succeed in the future. kvlevisaTvis gamoviyeneT Semdegi meTode­ The study has shown that entrepreneurs are ready to pro­ bi: savele kvleva, kabineturi kvleva, romelic vide hotels with food in desired prices if they have a solid dafuZnebuli iyo kompleqsur, interdiscipli­ guarantee of mutual cooperation. narul midgomebze, analizi da sinTezi. aRniSnu­ In conclusion, we can say that in Imereti region, as well li kvlevebis erToblivma gamoyenebam saSualeba as in whole Georgia there are prospective opportunities for mogvca migveRo ufro amomwuravi informacia da dagvesaxa arsebuli problemebis gadaWris gze­ business development, it is necessary to react to new chal­ bi da SegvemuSavebina rekomendaciebi, romelTa lenges and take modern requirements into account to ensure ganxorcieleba daexmareba regionis sawarmoebs that all business opportunities are fully revealed and realized. momavalSi warmatebis miRwevaSi. kvlevam aCvena, rom mewarmeebi mzad arian sas­ Key words: Business; Research results; Imereti region; tumroebs kvebiTi momsaxureobisaTvis sasurvel Hotel; Business Development Potential. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 197 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP fasad miawodon produqcia Tuki maT eqnebaT a research was conducted in Imereti region for the search myari garantia urTierT TanamSromlobisa. of the ways of development potential for the existed busi­ daskvnis saxiT ki SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom im­ ness. The research was aimed at assessing how much the ereTis regionSi, iseve, rogorc mTlianad saqa­ products produced in Imereti region are used by Kutai­ rTveloSi arsebobs biznesis ganviTarebis po­ si and Batumi hotels in food services. How well known tenciuri SesaZleblobebi, aucilebelia axal and demanded are products produced in Imereti Region In gamowvevebze reagireba da Tanamedrove moTx­ Batumi In Kutaisi. In order to find all this out, we first ­in ovnebis gaTvaliswineba imisaTvis, rom biznesis troduced the samples of the products produced in Imereti ganviTarebis yvela SesaZlebloba srulyofi­ Region and offered them to the hotels for the food service. lad iqnes gamovlenili da realizebuli. While doing the research I used the following meth­ ods: a field research, a study research, based on complex, sakvanZo sityvebi: biznesi; kvlevis Sedege­ interdisciplinary approaches, analysis and synthesis. The bi; imereTis regioni; sastumro; biznesis ganvi­ joint use of these studies has enabled us to get more com­ Tarebis potenciali. prehensive information and to find ways to solve existing problems and to work out recommendations that will ena­ Business development in a particular region depends ble the region’s enterprises to succeed in the future. on the combination of a number of objective and subjec­ The study showed that the products produced in Im­ tive factors. The most important among these factors is the ereti region were of high quality and demanded. At this existence and distribution of various economic (natural, stage we will pay attention to the survey conducted in Ba­ human, investment) resources. Business development in tumi and focus on a number of products (The survey was Imereti region is mainly the result of these factors. conducted in 40 hotels in Batumi, it should be noted that However, at different stages of history, these factors the hotels in Batumi have not actively used the products did not have the same effect.This was largely due to the produced in Imereti region). The question was asked in current social and political situation, as well as the number the following way: How much do you pay for the produc­ of subjective factors. In the framework of Internal Faculty tion? At what price would you like to buy them or would Grant Project in Akaki Tsereteli State University, in 2018 you like to buy the products produced in Imereti Region?

Diagram 1

Source: Survey results of the project “the study of the potential of business development for business in Imereti region” 2018

198 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Diagram 2

Source: Survey results of the project “the study of the potential of business development for business in Imereti region” 2018

Diagram 3

Source: Survey results of the project “the study of the potential of business development for business in Imereti region” 2018

As we see in the diagram, 77.5% of the respondents with the farmers revealed that if the hotels are their per­ were buying cucumbers at 1,5-2 GEL, and 87.5% would manent customers they are ready to supply the products at be willing to buy them at 0.6 - 1 GEL. The conversation their preferred price (according to a season 0.6-1 GEL).

Diagram 4

Source: Survey results of the project “the study of the potential of business development for business in Imereti region” 2018 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 199 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Diagram 5

Source: Survey results of the project “the study of the potential of business development for business in Imereti region” 2018

Diagram 6

Source: Survey results of the project “the study of the potential of business development for business in Imereti region” 2018

As we see in the diagram, 92.5% of the respondents a desire to use them in more quantity in their food bought tomatoes for 2-3 GEL, and 87.5% are willing to services. buy them at 1 - 1,5 GEL The conversation with the farm­ 2. In order to provide the hotels with the products in ers revealed that if the hotels are their permanent custom­ desired prices, farmers need solid guarantees on the ers they are ready to supply the products at their preferred basis of a mutual cooperative contract. price (according to a season 1- 1.5 GEL). 3. In order to produce modern competitive products and provide the hotels it is necessary to use modern CONCLUSIONS AND technologies and modern approaches of marketing RECOMMENDATIONS: in the process of production and sales. 4 It is desirable that the programs promoting business development carried out by the state were more 1. The products produced in Imereti region are of high transparent and accessible to interested business quality, they are much liked and the hotels expressed subjects.

200 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Diagram 7

Source: Survey results of the project “the study of the potential of business development for business in Imereti region” 2018

Diagram 8

Source: Survey results of the project “the study of the potential of business development for business in Imereti region” 2018

inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 201 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Diagram 9

Source: Survey results of the project “the study of the potential of business development for business in Imereti region” 2018

REFERENCES [1] www.geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=241&lang=geo (National Statistics Office of Georgia) [2] The results of the research on the project “the study of Business Development Potential for Business in Imereti Region” im­ plemented within the framework of the Internal Faculty Grant of Akaki Tsereteli State University, Faculty of Business, Law and Social Sciences. 2018

202 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP imereTis regionSi wamoebuli produqcia konkurentunariania ukrainaSi

PRODUCTS PRODUCED IN IMERETI REGION ARE COMPETITIVE IN UKRAINE

goderZi SaniZe, GODERDZI SHANIDZE biznesisa da marTvis doqtori Doctor of Business and Management akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis Associate Professor of asocirebuli profesori, Akaki Tsereteli State University, Kutaisi, quTaisi, saqarTvelo Georgia

anotacia daskvnis saxiT ki SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom imere­ saqarTveloSi imereTis regioni erT-erTi Tis regionSi warmoebuli produqcia, sakmaod warmatebuli mxarea biznesis ganviTarebis mi­ konkurentunariania da SesaZlebelia ukrainaSi marTulebiT. imereTis regionSi warmoebul pro­ gatana, aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom aucilebe­ duqcias aqvs potenciuri SesaZlebloba, rom is lia warmoebuli produqciis cnobadobis gazr­ iyos konkurentunariani ucxour bazrebze, Tav­ da sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso gamofenebze monaw­ isi unikalurobidan gamomdinare. ileobis gziT. mniSvnelovania axal gamowvevebze akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetSi reagireba da Tanamedrove moTxovnebis gaTval­ Sida safakulteto sagranto proeqtis fargleb­ iswineba imisaTvis, rom saerTaSoriso konkuren­ Si 2018 wels ganxorcielda kvleva imereTis re­ tul garemoSi imereTis regionSi warmoebulma gionSi arsebuli biznesisaTvis, ganviTarebis produqciam Tavisi adgili daimkvidros. potencialis gzebis Ziebis mimarTulebiT. kvle­ va Seexeboda imis dadgenas, Tu ramdenad moix­ sakvanZo sityvebi: biznesi; konkurentunar­ mars imereTis regionSi warmoebul produqcias iani; sastumros kvebiTi momsaxureoba; kvlevis ukrainaSi q. zaporoJies sastumroebi kvebiTi Sedegebi; imereTis regioni; ukraina. momsaxurebisas. ramdenad cnobilia da moTxov­ nadia imereTis regionSi warmoebuli produq­ ABSTRACT cia q. zaporoJieSi. yovelive amis dasadgenad Imereti region in Georgia is one of the most successful Tavdapirvelad movaxdineT imereTis regionSi areas in business development. Products produced in Imereti warmoebuli produqciis nimuSebis gacnoba da region have a potential opportunity to be competitive in for­ SevTavazeT sastumroebs kvebiT momsaxurebi­ eign markets, based on their uniqueness. saTvis. In the framework of Internal Faculty Grant Project in kvlevisaTvis gamoviyeneT Semdegi meTode­ Akaki Tsereteli State University, in 2018 a research was con­ bi: savele kvleva, kabineturi kvleva, romelic ducted in Imereti region for the search of the ways of devel­ dafuZnebuli iyo kompleqsur, interdiscipli­ opment potential for the existed business. The research was narul midgomebze, analizi da sinTezi. aRniSnu­ li kvlevebis erToblivma gamoyenebam saSualeba aimed at assessing how much the products produced in Im­ mogvca migveRo ufro amomwuravi informacia da ereti region are used by the of Ukraine, Zaporozhye hotels in dagvesaxa arsebuli problemebis gadaWris gze­ food services. How well known and demanded are products bi da SegvemuSavebina rekomendaciebi, romelTa produced in Imereti Region in Zaporozhye. In order to find ganxorcieleba daexmareba regionis sawarmoebs all this out, we first introduced the samples of the products momavalSi warmatebis miRwevaSi. produced in Imereti Region and offered them to the hotels for kvlevebiT dadginda, rom TiTqmis yvela aR­ the food service. niSnul produqtze aris SesaZlebloba, q.zapor­ While doing the research I used the following methods: oJieSi arsebul sastumroebs sasurvel fasad a field research, a study research, based on complex, inter­ miewodos imereTis regionSi warmoebuli pro­ disciplinary approaches, analysis and synthesis. The joint use duqcia, Tuki maT eqnebaT myari garantia urTi­ of these studies has enabled us to get more comprehensive erT TanamSromlobisa. information and to find ways to solve existing problems and inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 203 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP to work out recommendations that will enable the region’s проведено исследование, на поиски потенциальных enterprises to succeed in the future. путей, для развития существующего бизнеса. Исс­ The researches have shown that it is possible to provide ледование хотело пояснить, как используют, Zaporozhye hotels with almost all the products in desirable произведенную в Имеретинском регионе продукцию, prices if they have a solid guarantee of mutual cooperation. в пищевых блоках гостиниц, в городе Запорожье In conclusion, we can say that the products produced in Украина. Для выяснения всего этого мы, в первую Imereti Region are quite competitive and can be taken to the очередь ознакомили гостиницы с продукцией, Republic of Ukraine, it should also be noted that it is neces­ произведенной в Имеретинском регионе. sary to increase the awareness of the products by participating Для исследований мы использовали следующие in various international exhibitions. it is necessary to react to методы: полевое исследование, кабинетное иссле­ new challenges and take modern requirements into account дование, которое основано на комплексном, инте­ so that the products produced in Imereti Region had its place рдисциплинарном подходе, анализ и синтез. Сов­ in the international competitive environment. местное использование данных исследований, дало воз­можность, получить более исчерпывающую Key words: business; competitive; hotel food service; re­ инфор­мацию, наметить пути решения существующих search results; Imereti region; The Republic of Ukraine. проблем и разработать рекомендации, осуществление которых, поможет предприятиям региона, в будущем, Имеретинский регион в Грузии, один из наиболее в достижении успеха. благоприятных регионов для развития бизнеса. Исследование показало, что произведенная в Реальный рынок ставит современные условия Имеретинском регионе продукция, стала качес­тве­ произведенной продукции, особенно тогда, когда она нной и потребляемой. Мы на этом этапе обратим выходит на международный рынок. У продукции, внимание на исследование, проведенное в Украинской произведенной в Имеретинском регионе, благодаря республике, и отделим несколько продуктов (иссле­ своей уникальности, существует потенциальная дование в основном, было проведено в 21_их г. возможность быть конкуретноспособной на между­ Запорожья , тут же следует отметить, что в г. Запорожье народном рынке. Соответственно, произведен­ная активно не пользуются продукцией, произведенной продукция, должна стать известной и соответствовать в Имеретинском регионе). Вопрос был поставлен международным стандартам, для повышения кон­ следующим образом: по какой цене приобретаете куретноспособности. данный продукт, по какой цене хотели бы приобрести В университете им. Акакия Церетели, в рамках и желаете ли приобрести продукцию, произведенную проекта на грант при факультете, в 2018 году, было в Имеретинском регионе.

ДИАГРАМА1

Источник: Результаты проекта “Изучение потенциала развития бизнеса для существующего бизнеса в Имеретинском регионе „. 2018 год

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ДИАГРАМА 2

Источник: Результаты проекта “Изучение потенциала развития бизнеса для существующего бизнеса в Имеретинском регионе „. 2018 год

ДИАГРАМА 3

Источник: Результаты проекта “Изучение потенциала развития бизнеса для существующего бизнеса в Имеретинском регионе „. 2018 год

Как видно из диаграмы, 71% опрошенных, гостиницы будут их постоянными потребителями, то приобретали минеральную воду по 10-20 гривне, а у они готовы предоставить им данную продукцию по 61% есть желание приобрести ее по 10-20 гривне. Во приемлемой цене. (10 гривень=0,35$=95 тетри). время разговора с компанией было отмечено, что если

ДИАГРАМА 4

Источник: Результаты проекта “Изучение потенциала развития бизнеса для существующего бизнеса в Имеретинском регионе „. 2018 год inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 205 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

ДИАГРАМА 5

Источник: Результаты проекта “Изучение потенциала развития бизнеса для существующего бизнеса в Имеретинском регионе „. 2018 год

ДИАГРАМА 6

Источник: Результаты проекта “Изучение потенциала развития бизнеса для существующего бизнеса в Имеретинском регионе „. 2018 год

Как видно из диаграмы,71%опрошенных, прио­ приемлемой цене, если у них будет гарантия крепкого бретали вино по 100-200 гривне, а у 66% есть желание сотрудничества. приобрести по 80-100 гривне. Во время разговора Представители бизнеса отмечают, что если со с компанией было отмечено, что если гостиницы стороны государства будет больше поддержки в будут их постоянными потребителями, то они готовы пользу бизнеса ( имеются ввиду доступные кредиты, предоставить им данную продукцию по 100-150 поддержка во внесение новых технологий , принятие гривне. (100гривень=3,57$=10 лари) участия произведенной продукции на международных Как видно из диаграмы,61% опрошенных прио­ выставках и т.д.), то они больше смогут удовлетворить, бретали чай по 30-60 гривне, а у 57% было желание существующие на международноаниям рынке, приобрести по 30-60 гривне. Во время разговора требования. с компанией, было отмечено, что если гостиницы Стоит отметить, что продвижению бизнеса в будут их постоянными потребителями, то они готовы Имеретинском регионе способствовали программы предоставит им данную продукцию по 40-50 гривень. ,со стороны государства (“Производи для Грузии”, (50 гривень=1,77$=5лари) “Поддержка микро и малого бизнеса”, “Гостиничная Анологичые результаты фиксируютя и на другие индустрия”, “Развитие сельского хозяйства” и продукты (мед. чурчхела, зелень и др.). Пред­ др. Стоит отметить, что Имеретинский регион в прени­матели готовы предоставить все продукты по этом направлении один из продвинутых , согласно

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ДИАГРАМА 7

Источник: Результаты проекта “Изучение потенциала развития бизнеса для существующего бизнеса в Имеретинском регионе „. 2018 год

ДИАГРАМА 8

Источник: Результаты проекта “Изучение потенциала развития бизнеса для существующего бизнеса в Имеретинском регионе „. 2018 год ДИАГРАМА 9

Источник: Результаты проекта “Изучение потенциала развития бизнеса для существующего бизнеса в Имеретинском регионе „. 2018 год inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 207 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

регистрации бизнес - субъектов (13,7%). Это впол­ гости­ н­ицы выразили желание больше применять не хороший результат, но с учетом потенциала ее в обслуживании питанием. Имеретинского региона, этот показатель далек от 2. Для того, чтобы фермеры предоставили гостин­ желаемых результатов. ицам продукцию по приемлемой цене, нужны В итоге можно сказать, что произведенная в крепкие гарантии сотрудничества, на основе Имеретинском регионе продукция, вполне конкуре­ договора. тноспособна и возможен ее вывоз в Украину , 3. Для того, чтобы фермеры производили конку­ тут же стоит отметить, что необходимо повысить рентноспособную продукцию и предоставляли рост ознакомления с продукцией, путем принятия ее гостиницам, необходимо испoльзовать в участия на международных выставках. Важны процессе производства современные технологии. также реагирования на новые предложения, учет 4. Со стороны государства желательно предос­ современных требований для того, чтобы на тавление таких программ, которые будут международном конкурентном рынке, произведенная в Имеретином регионе продукция, заняла свое место. доступны и которые более заинтересуют бизнес- субъектов. ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ И РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ: 5. Произведенная в Имеретинском регионе про­ 1. Произведенная в Имеретинском регионе проду­ дукция, с целью ее ознакомления, должна быть кция вполне качественна, заслужила похвалу и представлена на международных выставках.

ЛИТЕРАТУРА [1] Результаты исследований проекта, в рамках гранта факультета Бизнеса, Права и Социальных наук в Государственном университете им. Акакия Церетели “Изучение развития потенциала бизнеса, для существующего бизнеса в Имеретинском регионе”

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damwyeb mewarmeTa xelSemwyobi ekonomikuri politika saqarTveloSi

ECONOMIC POLICY FOR BEGINNER ENTREPRENEURS IN GEORGIA gulnaz erqomaiSvili, GULNAZ ERKOMAISHVILI, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis Doctor of Economics, Associate Professor saxelmwifo universitetis ekonomikisa da Department of Economic policy, Faculty of biznesis fakultetis ekonomikuri politikis Economics and Business Ivane Javakhishvili kaTedris asocirebuli profesori, Tbilisi State University Tbilisi, Georgia Tbilisi, saqarTvelo

ABSTRACT dasaxado SeRavaTebis da meore Sansis politikis Existing Policy for beginner entrepreneurs in Georgia, is gaumjobesebas. described in the article. Also there are provided descriptions gamokiTxvis Sedegebis analizis safuZvelze of current governmental programs. Conducted survey showed gamokvleulia yvelaze metad ra aferxebs saqa­ what reasons hinder the most, launching and development of rTveloSi mewarmeobis dawyebas da ganviTarebas. entrepreneurship. Based on survey these are the reasons: high kvlevam gviCvena, rom esaa: maRali sagadasaxado tax rates, insecurity of market from falsified and poor quality ganakveTebi, falsificirebuli an uxarisxo pro­ products, government is not protecting interest of businesses, duqtisagan bazris daucveloba, xelisufleb­ difficult accessibility of credit resources. There are provide is mxridan biznesis interesebis daucveloba, recommendations, conclusions and concrete measures to sakredito resursebis Znelad misawvdomoba. solve the problems. saqarTveloSi arsebobs resursi mcire mewarm­ eTa ricxvis gasazrdelad. Tumca, amisaTvis Keywords: beginner entrepreneurship, startup, entrepre­ saWiroa Sesabamisi ekosistemis Seqmna da masze neurial policy, governmental programs. zrunva.

anotaca sakvanZo sityvebi: damwyebi mewarmeoba, startapebisa da inovaciuri wamowyebebis ar­ startapi, samewarmeo politika, samTavrobo seboba Tanamedrove epoqaSi dRiTidRe sasico­ programebi. cxlo mniSvnelobas iZens, radgan inovacia aris is, rac pirdapir gansazRvravs qveynis konkuren­ The term startup is gaining more and more popularity tunarianobis dones. in Georgia. Startups are associated to beginner entrepre­ naSromSi gadmocemulia saqarTveloSi dam­ neurs in modern society, which are dreaming about big wyeb mewarmeTa arsebuli samewarmeo politika future and are innovators. Startups, in Georgia, are con­ bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi. warmodgenilia dRei­ sidered as beginner entrepreneurs, which are not innova­ saTvis moqmedi sxvadasxva samTavrobo programe­ tive and do not have ambition to become big corporation. bi, kerZod, programa „awarmoe saqarTveloSi“, ENPRD But Georgian economy needs such startups that stimulate soflis meurneobis saministrosTan TanamSrom­ economic growth. lobiT, teqnologiebisa da inovaciebis ganvi­ Beginner entrepreneurs are economic parties, which Tarebis saagento, startap saqarTvelo. moce­ form economic, social and even political environment in mulia saqarTveloSi arsebuli sazogadoebrivi the country. In many developed country, their contribution Rirebulebebi samewarmeo saqmianobis mimarT da in creation of GDP, is too high. Sedarebulia sxvadasxva qveyanas. aRniSnulia, In Georgia there are several governmental programs, rom samewarmeo aqtiurobis kuTxiT saqarTvelos which support beginner entrepreneurs: Enterprise in Geor­ arc Tu ise kargi mdgomareoba aqvs. zustad am gia, ENPRD with cooperation to Ministry of Agriculture, komponentSi sWirdeba qarTul samewarmeo eko­ Georgian Innovations and Technology Agency, Startup sistemas saxelmwifos daxmareba. mTavroba da sx­ Georgia. vadasxva institutebi unda Seecados finansuri Governmental program Enterprise in Georgia was es­ xelmisawvdomobis, sakanonmdeblo bazis, saga­ tablished in 2014. The aim pf the program is support of

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Georgian enterprises, increase of their incomes and com­ l By development of small farm cooperatives and petitiveness. The program consist of three element: acces­ provision accessibility to resources, increase rural sibility on financial resources, accessibility on real estate, employment and standards of living; In addition, technical support. skeptical attitude towards cooperatives is felt in the The program is very popular, by the end of 2015 decision making processes in the banks. Raising the was implemented 133 project, expected total investment lower limit of the loans in case of cooperation will reached 355.6 million GEL and created 6,759 new jobs. serve as a motivation for enlargement. Improving For 20 companies was implemented business administra­ the availability of financing will, in turn, reveal the tion mini project, export manager courses, agency sup­ importance of cooperation and encourage banks to ported Georgian companies to involve in “Fir for Part­ make affirmative decisions with respect to coopera­ nership with Germany” and etc. [1]. Investment amount, tives. In addition, it is essential to identify financial compared to previous year, was increased in 2016 and and non-financial needs of development of coopera­ reached 385 million GEL, number of employees exceeded tives based on the research [5]. 15,000 [2]. By the results of 2017 - was implemented 323 l Diversification of social and economic opportuni­ projects, total amount of investment was 786 million GEL ties, especially involvement of women and youth, and was created 13,000 new jobs [3]. protection environment and cultural heritage. Efficiency of the mentioned governmental program can ENPARD budget for 2013 – 2022 is 179.5 million eu­ be assessed as positive, because during last three years was ros [6]. created 30,000 new jobs. But the program has some defi­ The aim of the program is development efficiency ciencies too, for example high level of bureaucracy, which of agricultural institutions, cooperation of small farmers, is related to obtaining loan and several permits, it’s unclear performance improvement of small farmers, rise of em­ how monitoring is conducted and efficiency evaluated. ployment and standards of living in villages. Deficiencies of the program are not the only hindering It’s worth to mention following results achieved with­ factors for entrepreneurs. In 2016, Association of Young in the program: Long term agriculture development strat­ Georgian Economist conducted monitoring and evaluation egy was developed; personal involved in agriculture were of the Enterprise in Georgia program. According to evalu­ trained; 59 consulting centers were opened across Geor­ ation, entrepreneurs revealed several actual problems: gia; more than 1600 cooperatives were created; modern l Instable economic environment, unpredictable ex­ laboratories were built; the law about cooperatives was change rate; adopted. l Legislative changes – especially towards the tax re­ Georgian Innovations and Technology Agency sup­ duction; ports commercialization of innovations and stimulates use l Deficit of qualified work force. of innovations. Increase in innovations’ potential directly Mentioned problems emphasize poor development of the country’s economy and one governmental program is relates to the development of startup entrepreneurs. The not able to resolve them [4]. agency established Technology Park, which consist of During discussion startup entrepreneurs we should small incubators for businesses, study centers and labora­ emphasize role of agriculture sector. Georgian Govern­ tories, shared working spaces, recreational zone. ment developed document – Georgian Agriculture Devel­ By the decree of Georgian Government, from June opment Strategy 2015 – 2020. The aim of the strategy is 2016 venture investment program – Startup Georgia - was development of agriculture sector, by empowering small established, which is part of government plan. State pro­ farmers and support to production. In development of ag­ ject provided financial support to startup business ides, riculture sector vital role plays support from EU, which which covered several components: financing, simplify­ has implemented ENPARD program in the sector. ing law and tax procedures and also support to relevant ENPARD program started in 2013 and aim of it is re­ education. duction of poverty in rural areas. Program helps Georgian Project coordinators are Partnership Fund and Geor­ Government, local communities and non-governmental gian Innovations and Technology Agency. Agency pro­ sector. EU support, within the ENPARD project, covers vides financing for unique high-tech innovative ideas, following main topics: Partnership Fund – for innovative ideas. For the first phase l Improve efficiency of agriculture institutions and of the project 11 million GEL was provided, which was helping them to reform agriculture sector; increased to 35 million GEL.

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In case of high-tech projects, Georgian Innovations For entrepreneurial system development one of the and Technology Agency stays as a partner in enterprise main factors is tax environment. From2005, January 1, for 7 years and does not interfere in management. Innova­ new tax code was enforced. By old tax code there were 13 tive and high-tech startups got financing without property state taxes, 6 local and 1 cusoms tax, which was regulat­ pledge and collateral. Collateral was set only for assets ed by customs code, total of 20 taxes. From 2011, again, created within the project. new tax code was adopted, according to code 6 taxes were Venture investment projects are intended for high-tech defined – 5 of them are state taxes: Revenue Tax, Income filed startups, like are: aerospace production, automotive, Tax, VAT, Excise and Import Tax [7]. artificial intelligence, biotechnology, bioinformatics, com­ Although number of taxes were reduced, interviewed puter engineering, computer science, information technol­ entrepreneurs give the first place to the high tax rates ogy, nanotechnology, nuclear physics, electromagnetic 46.2%, from factors that are hampering entrepreneurial radiation, robotics, semiconductors and telecommunica­ development, see diagram 1. tions.

Diagram 1: Survey results

Next comes insecurity of the market from false and role of entrepreneurial activity in the economic growth. cheap products – 30.8%, government iis not lobbying the This index gives us opportunity to compare entrepreneuri­ businesses – 15.4%, difficult access to the credit resourc­ al activity level of different countries, which entrepreneur­ es7.6%. Majority of entrepreneurs think that, reformed tax ial activity defines economic growth of the country, identi­ system did not change the situation. Entrepreneurs con­ fies the factors which support or interrupts entrepreneurial sider system instability and lack of regulation, as the main development. In 2014 the research about Georgia was deficiency for tax system. Often there are law changes published for the first time [10]. The data was obtained during the financial year. from different sources from population, from experts and World Bank index – Doing Business is published other international institutions. every year and based on 10 indicators the index assesses GEM studies activity level of Entrepreneurship ac­ regulations that supports or hampers business activities. cording to three characteristics: society values, individual According to this index Georgia is on 9th position out of characteristics and level of entrepreneurial activity. 190 countries (2018 data) [8]. Mentioned study covers existing society values related There are some rating about Georgia according to sev­ to entrepreneurial activity in Georgia and is compared to eral other indexes: other countries (see table 1) Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), which is defined The data from Georgia by all three parameters are by World Economic Forum, measures quality of macro­ higher than averages of EU. We can conclude that social economics environment, condition of public sector and culture supports start of Entrepreneurship. level of technology development of the countries [9]. Ac­ As for individual parameters Georgia has more than cording to 2017-2018 data of the index, Georgia holds 67th average in case of three ones, out of four. Georgian pop­ place out of 137 country, compared to previous year, the ulation compared to EU citizens are not self-confident in position has decreased by 8. their own possibilities. Global Entrepreneurial Monitoring (GEM), first time The situation in Georgia is not so good when we study the research program was initiated in 1997 to study the entrepreneurial activity. Georgian entrepreneurship sys­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 211 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Table 1: COMPARISON OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY [10]

tem needs support exactly in this component. Government ment it’s hard to say what kind of results will have the and other institutions should try improve financial acces­ reform. sibility, legislative base, tax benefits and second chance In modern era existence of startups and innovative policies. initiatives have crucial role, because innovation is what High tax rates and insecurity of business interests are directly defines competitiveness of the country. directly responsibility of the state policy, which need lot of In order to start such kind of activities in the country, work for improvement. Insecurity of the market from false firstly, government should support popularization of edu­ products – under the DCFTA agreement Georgia has cation in technology sphere. No less importance has also an obligation of solving this problem. Difficult access to private initiatives. Financial institution should be more ac­ the credit resources was mentioned as the lowest problem, tively involved in financing startups, they should provide but this survey was done before Credit-Guarantee reform. relevant credit packages for startups. This will decrease Credit-Guarantee reform means, that commercial burden on the government. banks don’t have right to issue a credit without guarantee. As for situation in Georgia, there are several popular This step can be considered as hampering/disturbing fac­ programs and support policies. But we think that this is tor for small and startup businesses. But government plans not enough. Problem starts from educational system and to create credit-guarantee fund that will be guarantors for continues in tax policy, non-existence of standards creates entrepreneurs. Creation of relevant entity is also planned. feelings of insecurity, from false/falsified products. There Mentioned practice is appropriated in many countries, 1/3 are resources to increase number sustainable small entre­ of the fund will be financed by government, 1/3 by banks preneurs, but it need creation and proper management of and 1/3 by international financial institutions. At this mo­ relevant system.

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REFERENCES [1] Agency of Entrepreneurship Development; annual report; 2015 [2] Agency of Entrepreneurship Development; annual report; 2016 [3] Agency of Entrepreneurship Development; annual report; 2017 [4] Association of Young Economists of Georgia; Assessment report of industrial encouragement component of state program Enterprise in Georgia; 2016 [5] Kharaishvili, E., The Impact of Preferential Agro Credit on the Development of Agribusiness in Georgia, 2018. ECOFO­ RUM. Volume 7, Issue 1(14), 2018. [6] Enpard.ge [7] Priority direction of Georgian Economic Policy; Erkomaishvili G; Tbilisi, Georgia; page 62; 2016 [8-9] Economy.ge [10] Lobal Entrepreneurship Monitoring, Georgia report; Lezhava, Berikashvili, Melua; GIZ, Private Sector Development South Coucasus Program; Caucasus University; 2014

inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 213 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

socialuri mewarmeoba, rogorc evrosabWoSi socialuri ekonomikis realizaciis forma

SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP AS A FORM OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SOCIAL ECONOMY MODEL IN EUROPEAN UNION elene priatelCuki, OLENA PRYYATELCHUK, e.m.k., docenti, taras SevCenkos saxelobis PhD, Associate Professor, kievis erovnuli universiteti Institute of International Relations, Kyiv Taras saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis instituti Shevchenko National University

ABSTRACT ba rogorc socialuri dacvis, Tanadgomisa da The idea of developing a social economy on the territory ganviTarebis meqanizmi. Tanamedrove pirobebSi of the EU has long been the key vector of socio-economic de­ mTliani regionis CarCoebSi erTveqtoruli velopment of the region, as well as most of the leading coun­ midgoma socialuri mewarmeobis formirebasa da tries of the world. The European model of the social economy regulirebis sakiTxebisadmi, calkeuli qveyneb­ is implemented in the forms of corporate social responsibil­ is mowinave praqtikis gamoyeneba da region­ ity, social investment, social currencies, and the expansion aluri integraciis gaRrmaveba, gansazRvraven of social services infrastructure. But the most characteristic socialuri mewarmeobis Semdgomi ganviTarebis feature is the development of social entrepreneurship, which ZiriTad Taviseburebebs, rogorc mdgradi so­ both is at the heart of economic development, and is used cial-ekonomikuri zrdis miRwevis pirobas. as a mechanism for social protection, support and develop­ ment. At present, the common directed approach to the for­ sakvanZo sityvebi: socialuri ekonomi­ mation and regulation of the sphere of social entrepreneurship ka, socialuri mewarmeoba, mdgradi socia­ throughout the region, the use of best practices of individual lur-ekonomikuri ganvitareba, solidaruli national economies, and the deepening of regional integration ekonomika, saerTo ketildReoba, evropuli so­ determine the main features of further development of social cialur-ekonomikuri modeli. entrepreneurship as a condition for achieving sustainable so­ cio-economic growth. PROBLEM STATEMENT World experience demonstrates the existence of sev­ Keywords: social economy, social entrepreneurship, sus­ eral alternative options for constructing a social economy: tainable socio-economic growth, solidarity economy, general planned socialism, implemented by a number of commu­ welfare, European social economic model. nist countries in the middle of the twentieth century, a model of social partnership, common in some European anotacia countries by the end of the last century, the concept of wel­ evrokavSiris teritoriaze socialuri fare, is now common in the countries of the Nordic region. ekonomikis ganviTarebis idea, iseve rogorc Among the countries of the European Union, the preva­ msoflios sxva ganviTarebul qveynebSi, didi lent welfare model is currently widespread. The practical xania warmoadgens regionis socialur-ekonomi­ implementation of its individual elements began with the kuri ganviTarebis sakvanZo veqtors, socialuri adoption of a single Social European Charter. Nowadays ekonomikis evropuli modeli realizacias pou­ the EU has a number of commissions and committees that lobs korporatiuli socialuri pasuxismge­ develop and coordinate the implementation of the basic blobis socialuri investiciebis, socialuri mechanisms of the model of social economy. valutis danergvis da miwodebuli socialuri Analysis of researches and publications.Questions momsaxurebis infrastruqturis gafarToebis of the socialization of the state governance system, cre­ formaSi. gansakuTrebul maxasiaTebel Tavise­ ation the social economy on this basis, development of burebad iTvleba socialuri mewarmeobis gan­ social entrepreneurship and increasing of its effectiveness viTareba, romelic amavdroulad devs ekono­ both for economy and for sociaty were raised both by the mikuri ganviTarebis safuZvelSi da gamoiyene­ old economists and philosophers, are the main objects of

214 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP research by leading economists of our time, in particular The changing financial and economic situation has F. Fukuyama, Nobel Laureates E. Roth and L. Shapley,J. highlighted the important role in the system of effective Tirole, A. Deaton and economists who are specialized in state social and economic policy in the whole of the social European region. Almost all of them (Borzaga C., Galera economy and social enterprise as a guarantee of stability G., Nogales R., Noya, A. Clarence E., etc) are working and stability of national economies. Currently, there are under the guidance of profile organizations, departments, about 170,000 cooperative associations that provide near­ state and non-governmental groups. There are also private ly 6 million jobs and more than 1 million cooperatives initiatives for conducting scientific studies in the field of employing more than 100 million people (which is 20% social entrepreneurship and social economic, whose pur­ higher than the employment provided by MSCs in the pose is to increase the effectiveness of the practical imple­ EU). This makes social entrepreneurship a key element of mentation of individual measures to achieve sustainable the social economy, which provides employment for more socio-economic development, growth. than 50% of the EU’s population [1]. Research objective.The main objective of the study Social enterprises implement a number of key is to determine the priority of the implementation of the principles and initiatives in the context of the social social economic model of the EU within the framework economy, in particular: equal pay for equal work, gender of the modern concept of sustainable development and to balance of employment, adaptation programs and support analyze the practice of the subjects of social entrepreneur­ for young workers and elderly people, etc. In addition, ship as a priority form of the social economy in certain they are more stable in crisis situations. For example, countries of the Western European region. during the financial crisis of 2008-2011 in the EU, social Main material. In a social crisis, the social solidari­ enterprises, in particular, cooperative societies, exhibited ty economy and social entrepreneurship are an important a higher, versus traditional income business, resilience, source of inspiration for further economic growth and de­ elasticity, and the number of closed companies and velopment and a peculiar mechanism of anti-crisis meas­ reduced jobs was minimal. The additional effect would be ures. The state socially-oriented economic policy of the obtained by the entities of the CCE as a result of close EU countries is based on common principles and global cooperation between themselves, mutual assistance and goals of sustainable economic growth, comprehensive so­ support, as well as the long-term effect of investment in cial development and welfare, enshrined in the European human capital and social programs. As a result, the total 2020 strategy. turnover and the number of jobs in the crisis period among Social economic institutions in the EU are recognized the active counterparties of the CEE even increased, as as a separate entity, an integral element of the modern opposed to negative general market trends. However, the economic system. Over the past decades, social economic maintenance of positive trends is possible only with the institutions have played a significant role in the economic proper political will, support of national governments, and political aspects of development, both nationally and regional and international unity of the principles of socio- regionally and internationally. economic programs of sustainable development. The main purpose of the activities of the subjects of The general indicators of sustainable development in social economy, in contrast to traditional institutions, is to provide public benefits, to provide society with social the European region are achieved, first of all, by the active benefits. Services of a general public nature cover a wide realization of social programs through their entrepreneurial range of activities that have a direct impact on the level of activity. Economic and social sustainability is explained by welfare, quality of life, etc. They range from basic infra­ long-term strategic programs of economic development, structure (energy and water supply, transport, postal ser­ the social effect of which is constant, constant and becomes vices, waste management) to key sectors of the socio-eco­ significant. In the global aspect, such long-term economic nomic system (health care, education, social protection). programs with a social effect can reduce the vulnerability It is this segment of services that provides sustainable de­ of the national economy from financial crises, fluctuations velopment in terms of meeting basic needs, social integra­ and upheavals. tion, economic protection, public welfare, environmental Social entrepreneurship is an actual phenomenon protection, etc. They are social services, their availability of the modern European social economic model, which is identified with a “different” way of doing business in to all members of society is a basic principle of the so­ order to achieve social goals. The European Commission cio-economic model of the EU. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 215 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP defines a social enterprise as a modern operator of a so­ nomic development, the general social responsibility of cial economy whose primary purpose is to exercise social every member of this process. influence rather than increase the yield of its own shares. In general, the practice of implementing social entre­ Enterprises of this category, like other business entities, preneurship in some EU countries is somewhat different. receive profits, implement programs and development For example, in the United Kingdom, companies strategies to increase their own profitability, but the main representing the interests of the community (Commu­ amount of income is spent on achieving social goals, the nity Interest Companies) are the main subjects of social implementation of social programs, which they define as enterprise. The organizational form of a limited liability an innovative aspect of development. company, which is legally enshrined in them, allows en­ In accordance with the legal framework of the EU trepreneurship to be carried out in such important areas countries, a social enterprise is a business entity of any for the society as: child care, social housing construction, ownership (association, cooperative, charitable founda­ public transport, leisure. Such organizations can be chari­ tion, private enterprise, etc.), the overwhelming share of table activities or be registered as non-profit organizations, its income (from business practice, at least 50%, but given as well as conduct traditional commercial activities, pro­ the share is not fixed by law) is derived from business ac­ vided that they benefit society. These organizations pass tivity, and is not attracted through grants and donor pro­ an annual Community Impact Test and submit a report to grams. the communities that they are conducting a Community Social entrepreneurship maintains a balance between Interest Report. The regulation of activities in this area is social and economic dimensions. Commercialization of carried out in accordance with the Law on Social Entre­ the solution of social problems actualizes social entrepre­ preneurship, adopted in 2007. This law does not provide neurship, makes it more interesting and extends, increas­ any fiscal benefits for social business entities, however, es the turnover and raises the level of achieved economic unlike charitable organizations, there is no strictly re- effects. Currently, social enterprises are widely involved gauged their organizational structure, a permit to issue in traditionally public sectors, whose commercialization shares is allowed, which allows indirectly to attract capital through social enterprises can increase the efficiency, for the implementation of community efforts and support quality of satisfaction of social services, while maintain­ of local communities. ing their reliability and security as an integral element of In Italy, the key form of social entrepreneurship is social protection of the EU. While traditional forms of the social cooperatives that combine business activities with social economy (associations, cooperatives) are oriented the achievement of social goals. The main purpose of the on meeting the needs of a limited circle of community activity of cooperatives in the legislative acts is to provide members’ common goals, social enterprises have an ad­ general benefits to the regions and social integration of ditional positive influence, usually solving the urgent is­ citizens (type A social cooperatives provide social, medi­ sues of certain communities, regions, including the least cal and educational services, type B - carry out integration protected groups of the population by providing targeted into the labor market of people with disabilities, which assistance to them. includes people with physical and psychological illness­ In almost all EU countries, social assets typically have es, invalids, persons with alcohol and drug dependence, a “lockout” - a limitation on the distribution of profits and developmental disorders and those who have problems assets. As a rule, in the event of the closure of a social with the law). Co-op members can be hired workers, ben­ enterprise, the bulk of its assets is transferred to another eficiaries, volunteers (up to 50%), financial investors and social enterprise in order to maintain the continuity and government agencies. This practice is also widespread in reliability of the provision of social services and ensure a Spain and France. sustainable level of welfare. A characteristic feature of the In France, the Cooperative Company of Collective European social economic model is the use of the insti­ Interest is a widespread form of social entrepreneurship. tutional mechanism of organizational structures of social Companies of this type combine contractors of at least entrepreneurship, based on a strong team, close relation­ three types (hired workers, volunteers, consumers, state ships with public organizations, the personal division of bodies, associations and private individuals) and produce management and owners of these forms of business with goods and/or services in all socially useful areas (those the same ideas of the social economy, a combination of that meet the urgent needs of local communities) provid­ interests and roles (workers, users, volunteers, etc.) per­ ed that the economic and social resources are mobilized formed by such contractors in the direction of socio-eco­ within individual regions. Combining the efforts of coun­

216 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP terparties in one region, this form of social entrepreneur­ comprehensive human resources market work. The exper­ ship allows actively mobilizing the necessary resources, iment proved last significant shifts and positive effects of ensuring the sustainable economic development of the re­ the involvement of social enterprises in social partnership, gion simultaneously with the acquisition of positive social which operates in the labor market, as opposed to an ac­ effects at the local level. tive position only state to support the passive population The diversity of forms of social entrepreneurship var­ and attract these human resources to work. There are also ies depending on the development of civil society, the a socially oriented areas (waste reclamation, renovation, social security system, the social finance market and the construction, gardening, facility management, etc.) in­ state social and economic policies of individual countries. volved and traditional forms of business, conducting its For example, the main social sectors of enterprises in activities in this area, get social features. According to Romania and Hungary are healthcare social work, educa­ the weighted average of the SELUSI research project, the tion, Sweden and the UK - almost all areas in Italy and main areas of activity of social enterprises in the EU are Spain - the provision of social services and integration of defined (Table 1).

Table 1. AREAS OF SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN THE EU1

The main sources of financing and scope of activities range of services, in particular social, as well as the social are also different. If the capital of social enterprises in effect of their provision - ensuring economic stability, high Sweden, the United Kingdom and Spain involve direct quality of services provided, comprehensive provision operations, then in Romania they are grants and private of consumer needs. The activation of these processes is donations. In some areas, there are mostly small businesses, provided by the European Social Franchising Network while other social businesses create networks or consortia and the International Center for Social Franchising, to centralize services and economize on a scale. which involve investments in the development of social The tendency to expand the geography of activity is franchising models, exchange knowledge, identify promising enough to expand business opportunities and business models, develop a code the behavior of social social benefits. In addition to the economies of scale, franchisors and promote the practical implementation of participants in this process have the opportunity to share achievements, know-how, experience in the field of SSE. proven business models. As a result, over the past 10 years The latest form of such cooperation is social franchising. in the territory of Europe, social franchises have created The main subject of the franchise agreement is a wide more than 10,000 jobs.

1 Resource: SELUSI data including all observations across all countries inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 217 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Another mechanism for increasing the efficiency of cial economy due to the lack of complete unification and social entrepreneurship was transnational education, in standardization of the types and forms of the SSE, as well which the transfer and adaptation of classical forms and as, as a rule, insignificant attention to their activities on the models of the SSE were carried out within the framework part of state statistical bodies. of specific conditions for the development of national The subjects of the social economy are based on the and regional economies. Within the framework of these principle of interaction (while in the market conditions, projects, awareness of the public and business contractors contracting parties exchange, and under the condition of with existing social needs and ways of their solution state regulation, the basic principle is coordination on the increases, additional sources of attraction of finances and basis of rule of law and bureaucratic procedures). At the investments are sought for the purpose of realization of same time, the subjects of the social economy have a sig­ specific social business projects, distribution of risks of nificant social and economic impact. Based on the coop­ this type of activity is carried out. The forum that took eration and commonality of interests, such enterprises en­ place in Ireland in 2012 was a positive example of this joy the trust of members of society, which facilitates their project. More than 1000 representatives from different engagement with the general population, thus accumulat­ spheres of power, business and the public were involved ing significant amounts of social capital. The economic in discussing the pressing issues in education, health, impact is due to the expansion of activities, the increase environment, economic development, and the welfare in the profitability of these companies, and, consequently, of communities. As a result, at the end of 2014 social increased competition in the market and the creation of enterprises successfully implemented 42 innovative more favorable conditions for consumers - a greater sup­ projects financed mainly by corporate sponsors, and ply, higher quality, lower retail prices, active introduction supervision of their implementation was carried out by the in the production of innovation, the creation of new jobs, appointed coordinators accordingly. The state government antitrust measures, limitation of asymmetry of informa­ took on technical support, consulting, communications, tion. and coverage of the processes of implementing these Social entrepreneurship is an important stabilizing initiatives in the media legislative initiative .. function of the economy, especially in industries char­ In general, the legal basis for activities of social acterized by uncertainty and instability of prices, such as entrepreneurship is in all EU countries, and the finance and agriculture. The availability of an alternative, development and expansion of their activities have social economy allows society to react to uncertain chang­ become key principles of the state social and economic es, lowering volatility of prices and / or stabilizing certain policy of the development of the countries of the region. spheres of the economy (such as the stabilizing effect of Recent trends indicate the expansion of social en­ credit unions on the banking system of North American terprises. In particular, they are actively involved in the countries in 2011-12). sphere of production, distribution and consumption of By implementing resources of strategic importance food products. In general, being quite versatile and ver­ from government quotas and producing social goods / satile, sustainably implementing innovations in their own services, the activities of social economy actors increase activities and with strong community support, social en­ the supply of social goods and services, provide these sec­ trepreneurship is a balanced alternative to entrepreneurial tors with the public sector, create new jobs, and employ activity that combines private life, income generation, cre­ low-competitive labor market segments (women, young ation of additional values ​​/ benefits and the implementa­ people, poor people, etc.), contributes to the growth of in­ tion of socially useful ideas. comes and welfare. About 15 million workers are involved in the so­ The positive economic effect of social entrepreneur­ cial economy, representing 6.5% of the total number of ship is particularly noticeable in connection with crisis EU-employed. The structure of social entrepreneurship phenomena. Thus, cooperative banking institutions are is dominated by associations and foundations (92%). The more stable than commercial ones, since they focus on the largest share of the employed population in the overall real sectors of the economy, avoiding investing in spec­ structure of employment of the country falls on the Scan­ ulative financial products, refraining from risky financial dinavian regoin countries (more than 11%). the United activity. This difference in the mechanisms of activity is Kingdom, Germany, Spain, France and Finland domi­ explained, first of all, by different strategic goals and mis­ nate by the number of registered social entrepreneurship. sions of the institutions: yes, cooperative banks are created However, it is difficult to obtain accurate data on the so­ to provide financial services to their members, and com­

218 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP mercial ones - in order to maximize the profit of their own the activities of traditional business institutes. In particu­ shareholders. lar, commercial banks are developing special programs for Social business is also involved in setting up re­ lending to small and medium-sized enterprises, which is a source-saving, low-carbon economic processes in the EU. less lucrative, but rather promising area of ​​development, The use of renewable energy sources, such as sunlight, and is currently mainly covered by cooperative banks (for wind, water, biomass, is carried out in accordance with the example, in Italy, the share of co-operative banks is only principles of centralization within the framework of EU 7%, but they provide more than 1/5 small business lend­ programs. A more efficient way to use renewable energy ing). The expansion of lending, in turn, promotes the de­ sources is relatively small investment in different regions velopment of small and medium enterprises. For example, of the countries. Thus, with the dispersion of assets and such an effect is especially noticeable in the agricultural the use of a variety of sources of funding, the joint efforts sector in Germany, the main part of which is the produc­ of a large number of counteragents will produce a positive tion of small family farms. And the principle of a network environmental, economic and, at the same time, social im­ management system at once by many small social enter­ pact - sustainable development of the region is ensured. prises in one region allows them to maintain their overall In addition, in a number of regions, social wind and solar competitiveness at a rather high level. An example of such cooperatives create regional networks, whose revenue is a network system is created within the framework of the distributed among members of a local community or re­ state program “Big Society” in the UK educational facili­ gional community. Thus over the last decade in Germany ties. Such experience has been successfully implemented private investors (citizens) have invested more than 1 bil­ in the field of provision of social services (Sweden) and lion euro into newly established local energy cooperatives. the use of renewable energy (Belgium). Participation in these cooperatives provides a number of The practice of social entrepreneurship is ideally suit­ social and economic benefits: the impact on local develop­ ed for prompt response to the emerging local demand for ment, the supply of electricity produced from renewable certain social innovations aimed at creating economic energy sources, reducing its value, environmental protec­ mechanisms for solving urgent social problems (at this tion, ensuring the reliability of investments, developing stage, primarily in the areas of education, renewable ener­ know-how, capacity building, adapting the latest business gy and the integration of migrants). models, state support. However, despite the well-defined positive impact of The huge proportion of social entrepreneurship in the the social economy on the development of the economy general economic system allows for high-quality systemic and society of the EU countries, there are significant barri­ changes, introduction of new business models, changing ers to further expansion of this sector. In particular, this is the value chain, activating unused labor potential, and ef­ still a low level of public awareness of the socio-economic fectively exploiting untapped resources. values of​​ these processes (primarily due to the lack of me­ The socialization of entrepreneurial activity brings dia attention to these processes). And although the subject a number of positive effects to the general directions of of social economy, now the state initiative is included in socio-economic development. In particular, socially-ori­ educational programs by the majority of EU countries, ented entrepreneurship promotes the development of eco­ there is a lack of employees and managers with knowl­ nomically backward regions, where too high profitability edge of the specifics of social entrepreneurship. reduces the overall volume of business returns. An exam­ Another problem is the need to build the appropriate ple can be agricultural activity in mountainous terrain; infrastructure and set up information and logistics pro­ creation of consumer cooperatives and banks in geograph­ cesses with their own efforts. And if for large companies ically remote, hard-to-reach areas. In addition, entrepre­ - traditional market players to do this much easier, small neurship is been developing in the traditionally so-called social business needs state support and subsidies in these “Social umbrellas”model (providing social, medical and areas, which is not always implemented in practice. educational services), which broadens the employment The practice of the last decades has identified the fol­ opportunities of the poorly protected population and im­ lowing key strategies for cooperation between the public proves the infrastructure for providing such services. The sector and the social economy actors: deepening of this trend is due to the growing demand from - support strategy (subsidizing private providers of the population for social and public services, which cannot social services with the principle of precise targeting be fully satisfied with existing private and state enterpris­ of these subventions; for example, creating a new es. Such demand leads, moreover, to the socialization of enterprise); inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 219 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

- incentive strategy (state aid provided that the prob­ young people in these processes (certain social economy lems that are urgent for a given region are resolved; issues are included in basic and vocational education for example, compensation for remuneration in the programs, vocational guidance programs for adolescents employment of vulnerable groups of the population); and young people are being implemented, conferences, - contract strategy (government order of a specific seminars and thematic round tables are held); range of services providing social business, satis­ support for social startups (legal consulting, business fying the demand in the given region, for example, planning, market research and market conditions help to provision of social services); create social enterprises and help to anticipate and avoid - voucher strategy (state financing of services through potential business risks). Participation in such support the issuance of certain categories of citizens vouch­ is accepted not only by the state, but also by innovation ers for their receipt, for example, vouchers for cer­ parks and incubators; tain food products or medical, social services, the ensuring stable financing of the social economy (state cost of which is compensated by presenting the en­ assistance to the development of the social finance market terprise vouchers received from individuals). This in order to capitalize on social enterprises; common strategy is distributed in France, Italy, Belgium, investment schemes for financing social economy from where certain categories of citizens receive vouchers the private and public sectors); for housekeeping (for the elderly) or child care (for access of social business to the public procurement single and/or younger mothers), and these services sector through the introduction of certain social are provided mainly by social entrepreneurs. requirements (for example, the proportion of the employed However, the use of such strategies is more likely to disabled or the unemployed on the submission of the state support social entrepreneurship rather than stimulate its employment services) to the local government bodies for development, restraining the possibility of using innova­ the tenders; tions (in determining a clear range of services and goods) establishing a proper legal framework and fiscal and attracting investment (subject only to the voucher standards to improve the efficiency of social business method of payment for services / goods). (tax regulation, transparency of activities, open access Particular attention should be paid to the lack of a to the public procurement market will create a favorable common approach to the development of mechanisms for business environment, provide long-term sustainability of regulating social entrepreneurship, which creates signifi­ social enterprises, in contrast to the short-term effect of cant obstacles to the transnational dissemination of their fiscal aid, charitable and sponsorship grants, tax breaks); activities, and thus eliminates the possibility of obtaining perfect management and strategy will enable partners traditional effects for international activities. This is due to to engage in specific projects, get synergistic effect the different stages of development, the widespread forms of social entrepreneurship, and the different structure of of cooperation, make more transparent the results of public demand for social services in certain EU countries. monitoring the social impact of economic mechanisms of National programs for the development of the social the state policy of stimulating social entrepreneurship [2]. economy are based on the main strategic principles Under the modern architecture of the international presented by the Regional Economic Development economic system, the social solidarity economy and social Program «Social Entrepreneurship» developed by the enterprise are assessed by the international community Organization for Economic and Social Development: as an innovative alternative tool, a way of development encouraging, attracting and expanding social that can overcome the negative social and environmental entrepreneurship by raising awareness and involving effects on the path of sustainable economic growth.

REFERENCES [1] CIRIEC (ed by Avila R.C., Monzon Campos J.L.) (2016), The social economy in the European Union, Report for the Euro­ pean Economic and Social Committee, Bruxelles. [2] Social Business Initiative Creating a favourable climate for social enterprises, key stakeholders in the socialeconomy and innovation, Brussels, 25.10.2011 COM(2011) 682 final.

220 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

globalizaciis problemebi da msoflio ekonomikis gadaxra (struqturul-funqcionaluri midgoma)

CHALLENGES OF GLOBALIZATION AND OFFSHORIZATION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY (STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL APPROACH) natalia mudraki, NATALIIA MUDRAK, saerTaSoriso biznesis kaTedris aspiranti, post-graduate student, Department of taras SevCenkos saxelobis kievis erovnuli International Business Institute of International universitetis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Relations of Taras Shevchenko National instituti, kievi, ukraina University of Kyiv

ANNOTATION dasaxado darRvevebis CadenisaTvis erTnairia, The article analyzes the approaches to the definition of an axlos dganan erTmaneTTan. statiaSi ganx­ offshore jurisdictions, the reasons for their occurrence and the orcielebulia gansazRvrebebis „ofSori’-s, main characteristics. The most typical motives for the use of „ofSoris iurisdiqciis“, „ofSoruli kompaniis“ offshore and the economic effects of their operation in the sistematizacia struqturul - funqcionaluri conditions of globalization are considered. The reasons of midgomis gamoyenebis . using offshore by companies, turnover dynamics and main sakvanZo sityvebi: ofSori, ekonomikis of­ directions of genesis of offshore business are analyzed. On So­rizacia, ofSoruli politika, dabegvris op­ the basis of the structural-functional approach, the classifi­ timizacia, dabregvris minimizacia, kapitalis cation of subjects of offshore business was proposed, which gadineba, saeWvo operaciebi. made it possible to determine the positive synergetic effect of combining traditional and offshore tax optimization schemes. INTRODUCTION The concept of the development of an international Keywords: offshore, economy offshorization, offshore “offshore industry” was traditionally based on differences policy, tax optimization, tax minimization, double tax avoid­ in territorial and resident tax approaches; moreover, these ance agreement, capital flight, suspicious transactions. differences allowed countries that apply different tax re­ gimes to receive real benefits. With the development of the anotacia global offshorization of the world economy, and in par­ statiaSi gaanalizebulia im kompaniebis allel with it, the regulation of offshore entrepreneurship saqmianoba, romlebic ofSorul iurisdiqciebSi evolved at the level of both developed countries and in­ daregistrirebuli arian rogorc arareziden­ ternational organizations. The versatility of economy off­ tebi, aseve im afilirebuli (kontrolirebadi) shorization is due to the complexity of obtaining specific ofSoruli kompaniebis funqcionirebis princi­ results in the medium-term perspective, while, according pebi, romlebic gardaiqmnen efeqturi samewarmeo to existing publications of specialists working in this area, saqmianobis warmarTvis mniSvnelovan instrumen­ many provisions and proposals raise doubts about the tad. dasabuTebulia, rom rom bevri kompanias, possibility of their practical implementation. In the mod­ romelTac aqvT urTierToba ofSorul iuris­ ern domestic and Western theory and practice, the use of diqciebTan da cdiloben Tavi aaridon maT xelT preferential regimes of economic activity lacks a unified arsebuli msxvili ofSoruli aqtivebis flo­ approach to the definition of offshore jurisdictions; there bis gaxmaurebas ama Tu im sameurneo saqmiano­ are numerous differences in the terminology used both in bidan, sagadasaxado optimizaciis gamoyenebiT, scientific literature and in normative legal acts. In addi­ ofSorul iurisdiqciebs borotad iyeneben. tion, the principled methods of using offshore jurisdictions naCvenebia, rom gadasaxadebze arakanonierad for tax planning purposes and for tax evasion are similar Tavis arideba sagadasaxado optimizaciidan ga­ or identical. momdinare, sakmaod rTulia, vinaidan ofSoruli LiteratureReview. Among the studies of Ukrainian iurisdiqciis principuli sqemebis gamoyeneba scientists in this area, we will note developments of I. sagadasaxado dagegmvis miznebisaTvis da saga­ Burakovsky, V. Dergachev, O. Plotnikov, A. Filippenko, inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 221 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP which are devoted to theoretical issues of offshore busi­ in this offshore jurisdiction and using offshore legislation, ness organization, peculiarities of regulatory of offshore the attention of national and international regulators is companies and tax optimization, problems of counteract­ highlighted. ing abuses carried out using offshore companies. From The term “offshore” includes not only legal but also Western authors, it should be noted works of T. Neal [1], economic and geographical concepts, since it first ­ap H. McCann [2] and A. Zomer [3], in which authors assess peared in one of the publications in the United States in the impact of offshore business on the countries of origin the late 50’s of the XX century, devoted to a fundamen­ of investments and explore the benefits of using offshore tally new financial organization, which contributed to the for the investor, as well as work J. Henry [4], who em­ avoidance of government control by geographic selectivi­ phasize the quantitative assessment of the role of offshore ty. Gradually offshore jurisdictions were transformed into in the global financial system. Despite the existence of a more complex forms (offshore centers) due to the follow­ large number of scientific works, there is no clear idea of​​ ing main factors. First one is proximity to the centers of the economic substance of offshore jurisdictions and their business activity in the industrialized countries - the USA, impact on macroeconomic stability. Canada, the UK, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Singapore, The purpose of the article is to analyze the modern etc. The other one is the lack of internal resources for de­ characteristics of offshore processes in the globalized velopment in the island states of the Atlantic and Pacific economy in the context of the formation of modern world Ocean, which deliberately went for the adoption of leg­ financial architecture. islative acts promoting the attraction of foreign capital. The Research Objective and Results. The term “off­ In addition, for some countries (Cyprus, Virgin Islands, shore” is a symbolically simplified interpretation of the Vanuatu, etc.) the incomes from offshore business are the phenomenon that appeared in the early 2000’s in the re­ main source of financial resources in the context of the ports of international organizations such as the OECD, the introduction of the latest information technology that al­ IMF, the FATF, the Forum for Financial Stability [5; 6; 7; lows to establish and maintain a 24-hour real-time con­ 8]. In the scientific literature, the terms “offshore zone”, nection between the leading financial centers of the world. “offshore jurisdiction”, “offshore business”, “offshore fi­ The main customers of the financial industry of offshore nancial center”, “tax haven”, “tax paradise”, “tax oasis” centers are TNCs and TNBs, investment funds, insurance and others were used. However, in this article, in the anal­ companies, trusts, legal, consulting and accounting firms ysis of offshore jurisdictions as a financial instrument for in almost all countries [9]. international tax optimization, the author will not combine, The mentioned indicators represent a significant off­ firstly, the categories “offshore” and “offshore zone”, since shorization of the world economy at the present stage of it is customary to call offshore companies operating out­ its development. So today, according to the OECD, 1/3 side the country of registration - in offshore zones, that of world’s bank deposits are kept in the largest centers of is, countries with zero or simplified taxation for business offshore business, even though capital flight does not stop, entities registered in these states. Secondly, the definition and a significant part of it comes back from offshore as of “offshore” as a legal and economic entity with “offshor­ “foreign” investments (for example, about 40% of capital ing” as a process of transferring production abroad in or­ assets from Russia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan are kept in der to increase profits by cutting taxes, using cheaper labor offshore and “reinvested” in the indicated form, while in force, approximation of production to the consumer, and the USA and Japan this share does not exceed 2%, and overcoming high import duties on finished products. in the EU - 10%). [10]. According to the estimates of the Therefore, in our opinion, only certain criteria (the leading non-governmental organizations of the United ability to significantly reduce tax and other payments, a States - Center for Tax Justice and the US Public Interest comfortable legal environment for the organization and Research Group Education Fund, ¾ from the list S & P doing business, including simplified administrative and 500 largest US corporations have subsidiaries in offshore financial supervision, the ability to anonymously­ con areas in the Bermuda, Ireland, Luxembourg and the Neth­ duct financial transactions, hiding the real beneficiaries erlands and are stored on offshore accounts more than of offshore companies) are the basis for the formation of $2.1 trillion. Using such a scheme, they pay only 6% of various offshore jurisdictions. Moreover, to the latter, as tax revenues abroad, whereas in the United States they well as to specific corporate structures (companies, banks, would have had to pay 35% [11]. funds, trusts, etc.) created by foreign investors, receive The main advantages of registering a business in off­ income from abroad, carrying out commercial activities shore jurisdictions are: a) low tax rates and a minimum

222 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP amount of taxes; b) transparency and simplified reporting, The second stage (the end of the 1950s - the begin­ absence of various kinds of fines, penalties and other ac­ ning of the 1980s) is the stage of the offshore business in counting accruals; c) rapid access to cross-border invest­ its classical form. Offshore jurisdictions have developed ment, international capital markets, as well as to targeted significantly and expanded their functions. High growth assets in which the offshore company owner is interested rates in the number of offshore countries and companies (through purchase / sale, outsourcing, transfer of owner­ registered in them were accompanied by the use of high­ ship and inheritance, including cross-ownership, etc.); d) ly specialized and individually designed for the needs of international legal protection against corruption and raid­ an individual client, “offshoring” methods (most often ing (including judicial in accordance with international TNCs). More than 70 offshore companies emerged: in rules and norms of international justice); e) the inability South America - 19 Europe - 17, in Asia - 12, in Oceania to find out the final beneficiaries or a complex system of - 7, in North America - 5, in Africa - 4, in Africa - 1, with obtaining data on the final beneficiaries; f) low cost of off­ 75% of all offshore jurisdictions created in developing shore jurisdiction maintenance.As for shortcomings, this countries, the rest - in industrialized countries. The main is a special “system of restrictions” applied by individual factors were the accelerated process of internationaliza­ countries to offshore companies in national markets: a) re­ tion of the world economy, the intensification of integra­ strictions on obtaining certain licenses, access to privatiza­ tion interaction (primarily in Europe), the rapid growth of tion of state-owned objects, budget tenders, state lending, world trade and development of international markets for preferential taxation, mining operations, land lease, etc.; financial (especially loan) and industrial capital. The re­ b) restrictions on the admission to the national financial turn of funds from tax-attractive jurisdictions in the form market, on the national currency market, to participate in of foreign investments was widely supported by the gov­ the purchase of government securities; c) restriction to the ernments of economically developed countries interested admission to the national security and military-industrial in their growth (residents enjoyed the benefits and advan­ complex; d) restrictions on the full and effective defense tages that were offered to foreign investors). However, at of their rights in a particular country, in accordance with that time the possibilities of offshore jurisdictions were the rule of law on the advantages of national legislation rather limited compared to modern ones. over international law enshrined in the Constitution. In ad­ The third stage (late 1980s - mid 1990s) is associat­ dition, the subject of offshore jurisdictions is heightened ed with the accelerated growth of offshore jurisdictions. by the attention of national law enforcement and fiscal During this period, the method of offshore tax optimiza­ authorities (it must prove that the capital it owns is not tion was widely recognized, classical schemes of using acquired by criminal means), not to mention the low im­ tax-free companies, which did not need high-quality eco­ age and trust in a business structure owned by unknown nomic consulting, but only legal (attorney) services, were offshore structures and final beneficiaries. created. In addition, a new stage of development of tech­ In the literature on the periodization of the develop­ nological revolution began - the introduction of advanced ment of offshore business, there are different points of information technologies and communications, the spread view [12; 13], but the author, on the basis of a retrospec­ of international protection of intellectual property rights tive analysis of the genesis of international economic rela­ and the use of privileges of low-tax and tax-free offshore tions and world economic relations, suggests the following “enclaves” by individual states. This stimulated the pro­ periodization. The first stage (until the end of the 1950s) cess of structuring “classic” offshore companies into off­ is the stage of forming an offshore business through the shore financial centers (OFCs), territories with a­ devel creation of autonomous entities that enjoy various benefits oped capital market, liberal tax and currency regimes. At in comparison with other state territories and is the “proto­ the national level, restrictive measures have been taken on type” of future offshore jurisdictions. This period is char­ the use of offshore companies in the process of hiding tax­ acterized by an increase in tax rates on incomes of citizens es and illegal incomes. of industrialized countries, including income from foreign The fourth stage (late 1990s – mid 2000s) is the trans­ investments. For nearly thirty years, under conditions of formation of OFCs into a specific tool for stimulating in­ increasing currency control, the process of adapting the vestment activity, minimizing the tax burden for non-res­ established offshore jurisdictions (the Channel and Baha­ idents due to partial or full removal of customs and trade mas, Panama) to the needs of the world market in order restrictions, low or completely canceled accounting re­ to conceal the incomes of individuals and legal entities quirements and auditing, the availability of bank and trade through the use of intermediaries has taken place. secrets. The functional component of offshore was signif­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 223 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP icantly expanded - real estate and other types of proper­ a significant limitation of anonymous offshore banking ty transactions, purchase / sale of copyright, payment of operations. foreign exchange contracts, transfer of industrial equip­ With regard to the criteria for classifying offshore ju­ ment in leasing, supply of raw materials, hiring staff, spec­ risdictions, there is a wide range of points of view among ulative operations in global financial and stock markets, domestic economists, but all of them are based either ex­ offshore programming, the creation of “virtual casinos” clusively on the types of offshore zones [15; 16; 17], or (in connection with the development of the Internet), etc. on certain characteristics of offshore jurisdictions [18, At the same time, the introduction of anti-offshore regu­ 19; 20] or on the peculiarities of the forms and the list of lations and requirements for greater transparency in the privileges established for taxpayers [21; 22]. Indeed, there offshore business have been launched, and information se­ are offshore jurisdictions with “zero” income taxation (in­ crecy is perceived as ignoring the recommendations of in­ cluding for certain types of activities and companies), with ternational financial organizations to regulate and control special preferential tax treatment for holding companies, banking and monetary and financial systems of offshore using the territorial principle of taxation, etc. However, jurisdictions [14, p. 56-84]. despite the wide variety of views of Ukrainian and foreign The most interesting, from the point of view of this specialists in the field of offshore business, the author sup­ study, is the current fifth stage (2000s - modern time), ports the classification developed by the FSF (Financial which is characterized by the following four common fea­ Stability Forum), the criteria of which are: tures: 1) the transformation and adaptation of the offshore l low taxation of income from entrepreneurial or in­ business to the state control systems that are gradually be­ vestment activities; ing formed; 2) the complication and lengthening of the l lack of taxes on repatriation of income; “old” and the introduction of new offshore schemes; 3) l simple and flexible rules for incorporation, licensing modification of the organizational and legal forms of the and supervision; offshore business; 4) attempts to create an effective inter­ l simple and flexible rules for using trusts and other national system to combat illegal offshore schemes. corporate structures; Indeed, in recent years there has been a decrease in l optional physical presence for financial institutions the number of offshore zones and jurisdictions that have and / or corporate structures; not accepted international standards of transparency and l high level of confidentiality of the client based on continue to use anonymous tools of the offshore business. strict domestic legislation; Some countries are leaving the offshore “industry” mar­ l lack of access to similar benefits for residents [23]. ket, others are looking for new niches for using offshore In this regard, the author proposes the division of all mechanisms (for example, offshore outsourcing services, offshore jurisdictions into the following four groups operations in the information and communication tech­ (Table 1). nology markets, organizing online gambling, captive in­ In addition, depending on the specifics of the privi­ surance, etc.), third countries enter the offshore business leges established for taxpayers, offshore jurisdictions are market for the first time. However, in general, the ten­ divided into those that: a) tax foreign income at reduced dency of increasing control over the business structures rates; b) tax only income received in the country, while of affiliated offshore companies by international ­organ exempting foreign incomes from taxes; c) tax foreign in­ izations (OECD, UN, IMF and others), whose activities come, while income received in the country is not taxed; extends not only to the offshore jurisdiction itself, but also d) tax savings, while current income is not taxed. There­ to onshore, preferential tax regimes industrialized devel­ fore, the author proposes to distinguish three groups of oped countries, has been clearly defined. By implementing offshore jurisdictions by method of taxation: international standards for offshore regulation, which in with a fixed fee for exemption from taxation (in the practice is carried out in two directions (combating un­ form of a fee, duty, fixed tax - “classical” offshore juris­ fair tax competition and counteracting the financing of dictions); criminal activities), the main means of strengthening the with a moderate taxation (fixed fee plus the established state and international regulation of global offshore busi­ percentage of income - zones of territorial taxation); ness have changed: reducing the level of banking secre­ with non-taxation of certain types of commercial ac­ cy, increasing access of authorities to information on real tivity (special list / register). owners of offshore tools, restrictions on the use of bearer Offshore companies are created primarily to help the shares, expansion of information exchange about taxation, owners of the company to minimize the cost of taxation.

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Table 1 GROUPS OF OFFSHORE JURISDICTIONS AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS

Source: compiled by the author according to [24; 25, p. 10-29; 26, p. 33-54]

In modern conditions, according to UN estimates, about l forinsuranceandreinsurance; 90 states practice, in one way or another, the development l to create trusts and transfer them a property to pro­ of the offshore industry on their territory. At the same tect against the use of penalties; time, although the industrialized countries themselves suf­ l to use agency and commission schemes; fer losses from offshore companies, receive less taxes, the l for leasing operations; offshore business has been developing at a rapid pace in l to provide transportation services; recent decades, including in the United States, Great Brit­ l for the possession of commercial vehicles and pri­ ain and the EU. That is, the damage from offshore compa­ vate yachts; nies is compensated by the benefits provided by offshore l to participatein construction; to these countries. The system of offshore business tools l for production on the basis of raw materials; was created not by the governments of “microscopic” qua­ l for possession of intellectual property and payment si-states providing tax privileges to companies registered of royalties. in them, but by economically developed states (first of all, According to the OECD definition, it is necessary to Great Britain and the USA), which means, that it was cre­ distinguish nine main forms of offshore activities: (1) in­ ated not spontaneously, but purposefully. surance, (2) finance and leasing, (3) fund management, (4) The current practice of using offshore companies is banking, (5) mode for headquarters companies, (6) mode quite diverse - there are several dozens of tax optimization of distribution centers, (7) mode of distribution centers, schemes (including investment and corporate). Inthefieldo (8) mode for shipping companies, (9) mixed activities. fcommercialactivitiesoffshoreareused: On the basis of combining the concepts of “offshore l for price manipulations in transfer transactions; jurisdiction” and “offshore company”, the author suggests l tocreateholdingstructures; using the broader concept of “offshore business” as a set l toavoidprofittaxation; of all participants in the offshore services market and the l for investment and lending, including self-invest­ financial instruments offered by them, management and ment and self-lending; organizational and legal solutions. In this regard, all the inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 225 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP subjects of offshore entrepreneurship can be classified by investment and finance (61%), the banking sector (57%), structural and functional basis in the following way. enterprises of the fuel and energy complex (49%). ), en­ Offshore jurisdictions (macro level). At the macro terprises of telecommunications services (44%) and retail level, there is a restructuring of offshore jurisdictions by (43%) [27]. geographic structure - from two global (Caribbean and One of the consequences of the rapid development of European) and two regional (Middle East and Asian) off­ the offshore sector of the world economy was the creation shore business centers, groups of countries that leave the of new opportunities for countries of the so-called world world’s offshore services industry (unable to adapt to the periphery (or “small island states and territories with a new, more rigorous international regulation) and those vulnerable economy”) through the formation of offshore that are just entering the global offshore industry, having jurisdictions of “attractive” low tax orientation, away from the potential of adapting to the conditions for international world financial centers. They have their own specifics and control are formed. distinctive features compared to offshore industrialized Offshore companies (meso level). At the meso-level, countries (despite the tendency towards universalization). the goal of creating offshore companies is not so much re­ They are characterized by the dependence on the import ducing tax payments as preventing political and econom­ of infrastructure elements required for the development ic risks, using jurisdictions that create the most favorable of offshore business, borrowing competencies in working conditions for doing a particular business, and modern in­ with capital (both developed and developing countries) formation technologies and communication tools allow to and activities to expand the list of services provided. The carry out this activity from any continent (offshore hold­ funds from the registration of offshore companies, the ing and insurance companies, offshore companies in the annual tax deductions of operating organizations and en­ field of gaming business, programming, education, etc.). terprises, and the annual payment of licenses form about Offshore outsourcing services (micro level). At the 80% of the income of such countries. micro level, the trend towards an increasingly widespread The development of the offshore industry, which has offshore provision of services in the area of consulting and become a significant dominant of the economic systems offshore outsourcing operations (especially IT services, of these countries, the outsiders of the world economy, communications and satellite technologies) is rapidly de­ brought them, deprived of traditional resources and es­ veloping. At the same time, offshore outsourcing is carried pecially vulnerable by numerous external factors, to the out in two ways: within the company through the creation first positions among the world’s developing countries ac­ of foreign affiliates (“intra-corporate offshore”) or through cording to such indicators as GDP, level of social security, the transfer of one or another service to any third party that level of technological equipment, level of development of is a service provider (“offshore contract”). the service sector, etc. For the economies of these coun­ In connection with such a classification it is neces­ tries, the movement of financial flows in the offshore is sary to emphasize one more important feature. Today, as natural as the transfer of industrial production from de­ offshore jurisdictions use a certain type of tax policy-fis­ veloped countries (US and EU) to Asian countries. The cally-competing, as an offshore area regulation tool that data eloquently indicates that up to 50% of the modern coincides with the model of minimum taxes, stimulating world capital flow is served through offshore centers, total the involvement of economic actors under their own fis­ deposits of offshore centers exceed deposits of the three cal jurisdiction by creating tax preferences in comparison modern “giants” of the world economy (US, Japan and with other countries. The purpose of the tax policy model the EU) combined, and ½ of the world fleet is registered of fiscal-competing type is to stimulate not so much the under the flags of offshore ship-owners, such as Panama, development of national production, but the redeployment Cyprus, Liberia, Mauritius, Seychelles, and the Bahamas of foreign economic agents (first of all, TNCs) to the juris­ [28, pp. 21-23]. diction of government bodies, for the placement of man­ In this context, offshore jurisdictions often use the agement bodies and final transformation into national tax concept of “locational competition” as a form of competi­ residents, competes a number of other fiscal jurisdictions. tion for attracting production factors (technology, capital, In addition, they compete for attracting investments of intellectual property), as one of the ways of which is the non-residents and transfer management of their financial tax policy. According to this concept, if the state provides flows to the territory of jurisdiction. So, today, according an effective infrastructure, economic and political stabil­ to some estimates, offshore companies are most used in ity, as well as the inviolability of private property, then such sectors as real estate (79.5% of all industry sectors), quite comfortable conditions for the capital will be creat­

226 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP ed, even if the tax rate will not be the most attractive [29, CONCLUSIONS p. 9-19]. Moreover, the governments of offshore jurisdic­ Existing offshore tendencies lead to increased vol­ tions reasonably believe that there is no legitimate reason atility in the financial and investment markets, as well for world’s national tax systems to include the same or as the emergence of international financial centers and comparable levels of taxation. Developed countries also peripheries, an increase in the gap between industrial­ ignore the fact that offshore zones are primarily places for ized and emerging markets. In the current conditions of the accumulation of capital, which is invested in the West­ capital migration to offshore jurisdictions, a number of ern developed (onshore) countries. countries, competing for investors and business entities, The peculiarity of the process of world economy began programs of substantial reduction of business taxes offshorization today is that there is a rapid growth of so- with a reorientation of their main burden on individuals called “mid-shores” jurisdictions, which contain elements and rent payments in raw material-oriented areas. That is, of both offshore and onshore jurisdictions. The secrecy the leading condition for combating capital outflow from and zero tax become less important criteria for choosing the country should not be indicators of this outflow, but jurisdiction, while the quality of service and the proxim­ growth of residents’ foreign assets, reduction of internal ity to strategic markets become more important factors. risks for the functioning and development of business The advantage of mid-shores jurisdictions (or the “golden structures, and creation of a favorable investment cli­ middle way” jurisdictions) is that they are constantly at­ mate. Indeed, re-registration of business in offshore juris­ tracting new financial institutions, investment funds and dictions has a number of advantages and disadvantages, trust companies, especially due to their financial potential but national state authorities need to consider and use all and the number of well-to-do private individuals who are available instruments for legalization and return of capital served by them and redirecting their capital to mid-shores. for investing in the country. Offshorization is an objec­ Mid-Shore jurisdictions such as Mauritius, Singapore, tive manifestation of modern globalization and interna­ Malta have not only offshore signs (low tax), but also tionalization of world economic processes, therefore, the powerful legal systems, strong trade relations, numerous national governing bodies of countries that are integrated double tax avoidance agreements (DTA) and skilled la­ into the world financial-investment and trade relations, it bor. In addition, they are in a unique position, which helps is necessary to build an optimal strategy for integrating them to take advantage of the new international regulato­ business structures into world economic processes by us­ ry framework, flexible tax systems, and reliable financial ing offshore as branches of financial and investment flows services. aimed at conquering highly competitive foreign markets.

REFERENCES [1] Neal T. (1998): The Offshore Advantage: Privacy, AssetProtection, TaxShelters, Offshore Banking&Investing / T. Neal. – Master Media PublishingCorp., USA, 267 p. [2] Mccann H. (2006): Offshore Finance / H. Mccann. – Cambridge University Press, 564 p. [3] Zorome A. (2007): Concep to Offshore Financial Centers: in Search of an Operational Definition / A. Zorome - IMF, 33 p. [4] James T. Henry. (2012): The Price of Offshore Revisited / T.H. James. – Tax Justice Network, 36 p. [5] Offshore Financial Centers. (2000): IMF Back ground Paper. – Availableat: http://www.imf.org/external/np/mae/oshore/2000/ eng/back.htm [6] Reporton Non-Cooperative Countries and Territories. (2000): FATF. – Availableat: http://www.fatf-gafi.org/ dataoecd/57/22/33921735.pdf [7] Harmful Tax Competition. An Emerging Global Issue. Paris: OECD, 1998. – Availableat: http://www.uniset.ca/microstates/ oecd_44430243.pdf [8] Report of the Working Group on Offshore Centers. Financial Stability Forum, 2000. – Availableat: http://www.fsforum.org [9] Dronov S. V. History and Reasons of the Offshore Jurisdictions Development. – Availableat:http://www.citizenship.ru/ index.php?art=157&no=6 [10] Dergachev B. А. ОffshoreGeopolicy. Series of Articles. – Availableat: http://dergachev.ru/geop_events/211211-01.html [11] Major US Corporations Keeps in Offshores More Then $2,1bil. – Availableat: http://hvylya.net/news/digest/krupneyshie- korporatsii-ssha-derzhat-v-offshorah-bolee-2-1-trln.html inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 227 saerTaSoriso biznesi da mewarmeoba - INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP

[12] Shaxson N. (2011): TreasureIslands: TaxHavensandtheMenwhoStoletheWorld / N. Shaxson– Penguin Random House, UK, 361 p. [13] Palan R. (2016): TheOffshoreWorld: Sovereign Markets, Virtual Places, and Nomad Millionaires / R. Palan – CornellUniversityPress, N.Y., 225 p. [14] Shaxson N. (2016): Treasure Islands: Uncovering the Damage of Offshore Banking and Tax Havens / N. Shaxson – St. Martin’s Griffin, N.Y., 264 p. [15] Baymuratov М. О. (2010): Оffshore Zones in Modern World: The oryand Practice Problems / М. О. Baymuratov, О. І. Zorina. – Оdesa: Fenix, 174 p. [16] Zheleznyak V. U., ОstropolskaE. V. (2011): Development Тrands of the Investment Realations Between Ukraine and Off­ shore Zones / V. U. Zheleznyak, E. V. Оstropolska // Vіsnyk МNТU «SeriyaEkonomika». 2(5): 5–57. [17] YamkoP. U. (2012): Offshore Countries Tax Mechanism: Essence, Functions, Instruments / P. U. Yamko // ExternalTrade: еconomy, finance, right. 4: 135–140. [18] Umantsiv U. М.,Shved U. А. (2004): ОffshoreBusinessinModernEconomy: Моnography. – К.: Аtika, 144 с. [10] UdodovaV. І. (2010): Оffshore Business in the Conditions of Economic Internationalization / V. І. Udodova В. І. // Visnyko­ ftheUniversityofBankingBusinessNBU. 1(7): 15–18. [20] Коbushko І. М. (2011): Оffshore Zones as a Method of Rising the Investment Potential / І. М. Коbushko // Меchanism of Economy Regulation. 1: 182–187. [21] Suprun L. (2011): Оffshore Campanies in Modern Business Practice / L. Suprun // JuridicalJournal. 1: 55–57. [22] Leshchenko R. М. (2014): OffshoreJurisdictions: HistoryofAppearance, NotionandClassification // R. М. Leshchenko Р. М. / Chasopys of the Kiyv University of right. 1: 148-154. [23] Report of the Working Group on Offshore Centers: Financial Stability Board, 5 April, 2000. – Availableat: http://www. financialstabilityboard.org/publications/r0004b.pdf [24] Brittain-Catlin W. (2006): Offshore: The Dark Side of the Global Economy / W. Brittain-Catlin. – Picador, N.Y., 288 p. [25] Randolph M., Gourvenec S. (2011): Offshore Geotechnical Engineering / M. Randolph, S. Gourvenec. – SponPress, N.Y., 532 p. [26] Zucman G.(2015): The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens / G. Zucman. – UniversityofChicagoPress, 214 p. [27] What Were the Industries Using the Offshores Most of All. – Availableat: http://www.vestifinance.ru/infographics/2984 [28] Harrington B. (2016): Capital With out Borders / B. Harrington. – Cambridge: HarvardUniversityPress, 394 p. [29] Siebert H. (2005): Locational Competition – A Neglected Paradigm in the International Division of Labour / H. Siebert. – Germany: KielInstituteforWorldEconomics, KielWorkingPaper No.1258, 35 p.

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mecxoveleobis ganviTarebis tendenciebi da perspeqtivebi aWaris regionSi

TENDENCIES AND PROSPECTS FOR CATTLE-BREEDING DEVELOP- MENT IN ADJARA REGION

mirza suqniSvili, MIRZA SUKNISHVILI, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo PhD Students of Batumi universitetis, ekonomikisa da Shota Rustaveli State University, biznesis fakultetis doqtoranti Economics and Business Faculty

anotacia gaumjobesebisa da produqtiulobis amaRlebis statiaSi dasabuTebulia mecxoveleobis mizniT saWirod aris miCneuli sanaSene saqmis da­r­gis ganviTarebis mniSvneloba aWaris re­ srulyofa. aseve, aucilebelia kvebiTi racion­ gionisTvis, gaanalizebulia dargSi mimdinare is karatinis saWiro raodenobis dacvisaTvis tendenciebi da gamovlenilia misi ganviTareb­ bunebrivi saTib-saZovrebis produqtiulobis is Semaferxebeli faqtorebi. dadgenilia, rom amaRleba maTSi mravalwliani parkosani da Tav­ mecxoveleobas erT-erTi mniSvnelovani adgili Taviani balaxebis SeTesvis gazrdiT. statiaSi uWiravs mosaxleobis srulfasovani sakvebi pro­ SemoTavazebulia aWaraSi mecxoveleobis dargis duqtebiT uzrunvelyofaSi. soflad mcxovreb­ ganviTarebis rekomendaciebi. Ta naxevars sakuTrebaSi yavs Tundac TiTo suli msxvilfexa pirutyvi da aRiniSneba suladobis sakvanZo sityvebi: agrosasursaTo pro­ zrdis tendencia. duqtebi, mecxoveleoba, sasursaTo usafrTxoe­ aWaris regionisa da statistikis erovnuli ba, ganviTarebis tendenciebi, produqtiuloba. samsaxuris monacemebis analizis safuZvelze dadgenilia, rom regionSi arsebuli msxvil­ ABSTRACT fexa rqosani pirutyvis produqtiuloba bevrad The importance of cattle-breeding field in Adjara region CamorCeba maT fiziologiur SesaZleblobebs, is explained in the given work. The tendencies in the field dabalia erTi mewveli Zroxidan dRe-Ramuri are analyzed and the factors hindering the development are Camonawveli da axalSobil mozardebSi dRe-Ra­ revealed. It is identified that cattle-breeding has got one of muri mateba wonamati. naSromSi Tvisebrivi kv­ the significant places in providing the population with healthy levis safuZvelze gamovlenilia mecxoveleo­ food; the half of rural inhabitants have at least one cattle and bis dargSi dabali produqtiulobis gamomwvevi the growing tendency in this aspect is noted in rural areas. mizezebimaT Soris ganixileba jogis jiSobri­ Based on analysis of data from Adjara A.R. and National vi Semadgenloba, veterinaruli momsaxureb­ Service of Statistics it is identified that productivity of cattle is dabali done, araracionaluri kveba, bazris existing in the region is far behind their physiological abili­ sainformacio monacemebsa da resursul poten­ ties, the 24 hour product received from one cow is low and 24 cialze dabali xelmisawvdomoba da sxv., monace­ hour increase in newborn adult cows is surplus weight. The mebze dayrdnobiT dadgenilia, rom pirutyvis reasons causing low productivity in cattle-breeding are re­ sadgomebi umetes SemTxvevaSi ar Seesabameba Tan­ vealed based on qualitative research including breed consist­ amedrove sanitarul-higienur moTxovnebs. kveb­ ency of herd, low quality of vet services, irrational nutritious, is racioni arasrulfasovania da igi Sedgenil­ poor accessibility to market data and resource potential, etc. ia umeteswilad sakvebi elementebis mixedviT according to the mentioned data it was identified that the cat­ gaangariSebis gareSe. Sedegad dabalia miRebuli tle dwelling places are not in full compliance with the modern produqciis raodenoba da xarisxobrivi maCven­ sanitation-hygienic standards. The food ration is not healthy eblebi, mcirea Semosavlebic. jogis jiSobrivi and mostly it is made according to nutritious elements with­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 229 agraruli mecnierebebi - AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES out considering calculation. Therefore the received products rigebloba, produqtiulobis dabali done, are low and their qualitative parameters are poor as well as kvalificiuri kadrebis nakleboba, bundo­ incomes. For the purpose of breed, improvement of herd and vani da gaumarTavi sakanonmdeblo baza da sxv. increasing productivity it is necessary to improve breeding dRes saqarTveloSi fermerul meurneobebi process. As well as it is necessary to increase productivity of wvrilmasStaaburia [1], maTi udidesi nawili natural grasslands for setting needed amount of food ration naturaluri meurneobis tipisaa da produqts by the method of cultivating legumes and cereals. the given ZiriTadad sakuTari moxmarebisTvis awarmoe­ work offers recommendations for cattle-breeding field devel­ bs. soflad dabali mwarmoebluroba uaryof­ opment in Adjara region. iTad moqmedebs mosaxleobis keTildReobis maCveneblebze da wlebis ganmavlobaSi dar­ Key Words: agricultural products, cattle-breeding, food gis ganviTarebis tempi sagrZnoblad CamorCe­ safety, development tendencies, productivity. ba ekonomikis sxva seqtorebis ganviTarebis maCveneblebs [2]. Tanamedrove etapze sasursaTo usafrTx­ problemebis mogvarebis SemTxvevaSi, saqa­ oeba msoflios mravali qveynis mTavari saz­ rTvelos, maT Soris aWaris avtonomiur res­ runavia, radgan agrosasursaTo produqteb­ publikasac, Tavisi geografiul-klimatu­ is warmoebis done ver uzrunvelyofs maTze ri pirobebis gamo SeuZlia awarmoos saWiro mosaxleobis gazrdil moTxovnebs. raodenobisa da ekologiurad sufTa sasur­ saerTaSoriso organizaciebis oficia­ saTo produqtebi im moculobiT, rom gad­ luri monacemebiT msoflioSi xuT milionze awyvitos erTi mxriv, Tavisi mosaxleobis sur­ meti adamiani sanaxevrodac ver ikvebeba, 2-2,5 saTiT dakmayofilebis problema, meore mxriv, milioni SimSilobs, xolo da weliwadSi 2 Seqmnas nameti msoflio sasursaTo usafrTx­ milionamde adamiani SimSiliT iRupeba. aR­ oebis uzrunvelsayofad [3]. am TvalsazrisiT niSnulis gamo, gasuli saukunis 90-ian wleb­ mniSvnelovania warmoebis ganviTarebis ten­ Si msoflios wamyvanma saxelmwifoebma miiRes denciebis Sefaseba da im faqtorebis gamov­ deklaracia sasursaTo uzrunvelyofis Ses­ lena, romlebic arsebiT gavlenas axdenen sas­ axeb, romliTac nebismier saxelmwifos, maT ursaTo usafrTxoebaze. Soris saqarTvelos, gaaCnia valdebuleba mecxoveleobis dargis ganviTarebas mniS­ msoflio sasursaTo bazis ganmtkicebaSi. sam­ vnelovani­ rolis Sesruleba SeuZlia saqarT­ wuxarod, saqarTveloSi es saerTaSoriso val­ velos mosaxleobis keTildReobis amaRleba­ debuleba saTanadod ver sruldeba, kerZod sa da sursaTiT TviTuzrunvelyofis maCvene­ qveyana monawileobas ver iRebs agrosasursa­ blebis gaumjobesebaSi. To produqtebis saerTaSoriso maragebis Se­ aWaris regionSi am dargSi ganviTarebis qmnaSi, aseve, sakmaod dabalia am produqtebiT miRweuli done sakmarisi ar aris sasursaTo TviTuzrunvelyofis maCveneblebi. Sesabamis­ usafrTxoebis problemis gasaWrelad, ufro ad, saqarTvelo agrosasursaTo produqtebis metic ganviTarebis tendencia gasuli sauku­ momxmarebel qveyanaTa CamonaTvalSia Seyvani­ nis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT klebadia. Tu li. gasuli saukunis bolos aWaris yvela kate­ bolo wlebSi Camoyalibebuli tendencieb­ goriis meurneobebSi aRricxuli iyo 200 aTa­ is mixedviT saqarTveloSi ZiriTadi agrosas­ si msxvilfexa pirutyvi, dRes es maCvenebeli ursaTo produqtebis importma, gamonakli­ 80 aTasidan mewveli Zroxa 65-70 aTasi sulia sis garda (Rvino, Rvinomasalebi, mineraluri . regionSi dabalia wveladoba (ar aRemateba wylebi da sxva), 80-85%-s gadaaWarba. ro­ 8-10kg-s). mecxoveleobis dargi regionisTvis gorc mTlianad qveyanaSi, ise aWaris region­ tradiciulia, aseve, am dargis ganviTareba Sic, agrosasursaTo produqtebis warmoebisa aucilebelia mzardi turistuli seqtoris da moxmarebis done ar Seesabameba msoflio momsaxurebisa da zogadad mosaxleobis keT­ jandacvis organizaciebis mier dadgenil ildReobis gaumjobesebisaTvis. miuxedavad standartebs. aRniSnulis ZiriTadi mizezia imisa, rom mecxoveleobis dargis aqtualur soflad danawevrebuli miwis nakveTebis arse­ problemebze calkeuli kvlevebia Catare­ boba da sakuTrebiTi urTierTobebis mouwes­ buli, dargis ganviTarebis tendenciebi Tan­

230 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 agraruli mecnierebebi - AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES amedrove sabazro teqnologiebis pirobebSi misaRebad gaanalizda regionSi bolo wlebSi kompleqsurad ar aris Seswavlili da Sesa­ ganxorcielebuli erTi miznobrivi programis bamisad, arc dargis samomavlo startegiebzea Sedegebi. am mizniT SeirCa 2017 wels ganxor­ SemuSavebuli rekomendaciebi. cielebuli saerTaSoriso programa „cxovel­ kvlevis mizania aWaraSi mecxoveleobis Ta janmrTelobis dacva saqarTveloSi faza- dargis ganviTarebis tendenciebis Sefasebis 2.“ dakvirveba warmoebda regionis sxvadasxva safuZvelze dargis ganviTarebis Semaferx­ municipalitetSi. ebeli faqtorebis gamovlena da misi ganvi­ saqarTveloSi mecxoveleoba tradiciulad Tarebis peqspeqtivebis dadgena. soflis meurneobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kvlevis procesSi gamoyenebulia anali­ dargia. 2017 wlis monacemebiT qveyanaSi sof­ zis, sinTezis, induqciis, Sedarebisa da lis meurneobis produqciis gamoSvebis Rire­ sxva meTodebi, aseve, dargis fermerTan da bulebam 3,9 mlrd lari Seadgina. mecxoveleo­ eqspertebTan Catarda CaRrmavebuli intervi­ bis wilad modis 49.5% (1 942.0 mln lari), xolo uebi, riTac gamovlinda mecxoveleobaSi dab­ memcenareobaze 44.8% (1755.1 mln lari), saso­ ali produqtiulobis gamomwvevi ZiriTadi flo-sameurneo momsaxurebaze 5.71% (224.8 faqtorebi. amasTan, logikuri daskvnebis mln lari).

cxrili 1. soflis meurneobis produqciis mTliani gamoSvebis dinamika saqarTveloSi 2010-2017 wlebSi [4] (mln lari)

zemoT motanili monacemebis mixedviT Tu oveleobis dargis zrdis tendencia. aRsaniS­ vimsjelebT, RirebulebiT gamosaxulebaSi so­ navia isic, rom mecxoveleobis produqciis flis meurneobis produqciis gamoSveba zr­ warmoebaSi maRalia ojaxuri meurneobebisa dadi tendenciiT xasiaTdeba, rac ZiriTadad da sasoflo-sameurneo sawarmoebis wilebi. ganpirobebulia sasoflo-sameurneo momsax­ 2014 wels ojaxuri meurneobebis wilad modio­ urebis zrdiT, kerZod aRniSnuli maCvenebe­ da xorcis warmoebis 62.6%, xolo 2017 wels am li 2016 wels 2015 welTan SedarebiT gaizarda maCvenebelma 42.5% Seadgina; maTgan gansaku­ 10.1%-iT, xolo 2017 wels 2016 welTan Sedare­ TrebiT maRalia msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis biT 5.3%-iT aris gazrdili. mecxoveleobis xorcis wili - Sesabamisad 95.8% da 95.5%. sa­ wili amave periodSi saSualod 2,1 %-iT aris soflo-sameurneo sawarmoebis wilad modioda Semcirebuli, Tumca memcenareobis dargi zr­ 2014 wels 37.4%, xolo 2017 wels 57.5% [6]. dadi tendenciiT gamoirCeva (ix. diagrama 1) aWaris regionis agrosasursaTo seqtoris monacemebis analizi aCvenebs, rom soflis erT-erTi ZiriTadi dargia merZeuli mecx­ meurneobis produqciis mTliani gamoSveba 2017 oveleoba. ufro metic mosaxleobis umete­ wels wina welTan SedarebiT mxolod 1.8%-iT si nawilisaTvis am dargs kvlavac saarsebo aris gazrdili, maT Soris arasakmarisia mecx­ mniSvneloba aqvs. regionSi xorcis warmoebis inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 231 agraruli mecnierebebi - AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

diagrama 1. memcenareobisa da mecxoveleobis ganviTarebis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi 2010- 2017 wlebSi [5] (mln lari)

maCveneblebi klebadi tendenciisaa, kerZod sakontrolo wvelasa da xboebis wona-matze, 2017 wels am maCvenebelma 1.9 aTasi tona Sead­ aseve sakvebis rolsa da mniSvnelobaze mecx­ gina, 2016 wels ki 2.3 aTasi tona iyo. rac Se­ oveleobis dargSi. exeba msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis xorcis miRebuli monacemebis gaanalizebis Sede­ warmoebas, es maCveneblebic klebadia. Tu 2016 gad aRmoCnda, rom calkeul SemTxvevaSi wels regionSi iwarmoeboda 2.0 aTasi tona msx­ dRe-Ramurma Camonawvelma 14-16 kg-sac miaR­ vilfexa rqosani pirutyvis xorci, 2017 wels wia, nacvlad 8-10 kg-sa sakontrolo jgufebSi, man mxolod 1.6 aTasi tona Seadgina [7]. igive gaizarda xboebis wonamatic. tendenciaa rZis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT. Tu kvlevis miznebisTvis regionSi msxvilfexa 2014 wels aWaraSi iwarmoeboda 44.3 mln litri rqosani pirutyvis suladobis Sesaxeb yvelaze rZe, 2017 wels es maCvenebeli 11.9 aTasi li­ dazustebul da sando informaciad miCneuli triT Semcirda da 32.4 mln litri Seadgina [8]. iqna aWaris soflis meurneobis saministros aWaris regionSi mecxoveleobis dargis mier mowodebuli ssip sursaTis erovnuli ganviTarebis tendenciebis Sesafaseblad da saagentos cxovelTa identifikacia-regis­ dargis ganviTarebis Semaferxebeli faqtore­ traciis reestris Sesabamisad damuSavebuli bis gamosavlenad, Catarda am dargis erT-er­ monacemebi, maT Soris informacia msxvilfexa Ti proeqtis monitoringi, ZiriTadad sakvebi rqosani pirutyvis suladobis Sesaxeb. Tum­ racionis srulyofisa da mwarmoeblurobis ca, zogadi tendenciebis gasaanalizeblad, zrdisTvis. eqspertuli Sefaseba mimdinare­ kvlevaSi, aseve, gamoyenebulia saqarTvelos obda im fermerTa mimarT, romelTac 16 suli statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebi. mewveli furisaTvis gadaecaT xarisxiani qar­ saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli Tuli warmoebis sakvebi da vitaminizirebuli samsaxuris informaciis Tanaxmad sul saqa­ loki-bloki, aseve, xboebis civi meTodiT ga­ rTveloSi aRwerili msxvilfexa rqosani mozrdisaTvis 6 cali galia, saTib-saZovre­ pirutyvis daaxloebiT 7%-ia aWaraSi, rac bis balaxnarevebis gaumjobesebisaTis 50 kg mniSvnelovnad Camouvardeba dargSi wamyvani samyuras saTesle masala. regionebis (samegrelo-zemo svaneTis, imere­ proeqtis ganxorcielebis mTel periodSi Tis, samcxe-javaxeTis) Sesabamis maCveneblebs periodulad Catarda monitoringi, furebis (ix. diagrama 2).

232 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 agraruli mecnierebebi - AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

diagrama 2. msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis suladoba kameCis CaTvliT) saqarTvelos regionebis mixedviT, 2016 weli [9]

mecxoveleobis dargis ganviTarebis tendenciis Sefasebam gviCvena, rom aWaris regionSi msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis suladoba, maT Soris furisa da furkameCis raodenoba, 2013 wlis Semdeg klebiT xa­ siaTdeba. 2016 wels wina welTan SedarebiT regionSi 11%-iT naklebi pirutyvia.

Tvisebrivi kvlevis SedegebiT irkveva, rom izacio fasebs. respondentebis gamokiTxvam aRniSnuli tendencia gamowveulia pirutyvis gviCvena, rom xarisxiani nedli rZis warmoebis movlasa da Senaxvaze gaweuli daxarjebis SemTxvevaSi fermerisTvis naturaluri pro­ zrdiT. aseve, erT-erTi mizezia is, rom bazari duqtebis warmoeba aramomgebiania. gajerebulia rZis fxvnilisgan warmoebuli aWaraSi msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi so­ produqtebiT, rac Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs flad mcxovrebi Sinameurneobebis 51%-s rZisa da rZis produqtebis dabal sareal­ yavs [11]. Tvisebrivi kvlevis Sedegebma, aseve,

diagrama 3. aWaris regionSi msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvis, maT Soris furisa da furkameCis, suladoba [10]

wyaro: sursaTis uvneblobis saagento gviCvena, rom realurad regionSi gacilebiT valiswinebuli fuladi Semweoba. udavoa rom meti saqonelia, Tumca, rigi mizezebis gamo aWaraSi, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos sxva re­ mosaxleoba ar aRricxavs maT mflobelobaSi gionebSi (gansakuTrebiT maRalmTiani sof­ arsebul saqonels. ZiriTad mizezad dasax­ lebSi), Sinameurneobebis umetesoba damok­ elda saxelmwifo fuladi socialuri dax­ idebulia mesaqonleobidan miRebul Semosav­ marebis saarsebo Semweobis programa, rom alze. saqonlis identificirebis SemTxvevaSi, ojaxs aWaris regionSi yvelaze maRali sulado­ SeiZleba moexsnas aRniSnuli programiT gaT­ bis maCvenebliT gamoirCeva xulos municipal­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 233 agraruli mecnierebebi - AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES iteti, sadac sul regionSi Zroxebis 37%-ia, vnelovani sxvaoba bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi qobuleTis municipalitetSi 21%-ia, Suax­ ar dafiqsirebula. evis municipalitetSi 20%. yvelaze naklebi CaRrmavebuli interviuebis respond­ suladoba dafiqsirda qedaSi, xelvaCaursa entebi asaxelebdnen rom gavrcelebuli jiSe­ da baTumSi, rac logikuricaa da ZiriTad ga­ bis wveladoba sezonze (gazafxuli, zafxuli) mowveulia saZovrebisa da dargis ganviTare­ saSualod Seadgens 8-10 litrs dReSi, maSin bisTvis saWiro Sesabamisi pirobebis naklebo­ rodesac Semodgoma-zamTris periodSi wve­ biT. ladoba dReSi 3-5 litramde mcirdeba. fokus aWaris regionSi, sursaTis erovnuli saa­ jgufis monawileebi aWaris fermerebi daax­ gentos monacemebis Tanaxmad, 21 196 Sinameur­ loebiT igive maCvenebels asaxelebdnen, zogi­ neobas yavs saqoneli, maTgan 11 Sinameur­ erT SemTxvevaSi am maCvenebelma dReSi saSual­ neobaSi 50-ze meti suli Zroxaa. municipal­ od 10-12 litri Seadgina aqtiur periodSi. itetebis mixedviT suladoba Semdegnairad aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT kvlevis miz­ aris gadanawilebuli: nebisTvis da mwarmoeblurobis dasaangar­ 1. qobuleTis municipaliteti - 5 Sinameur­ iSeblad, aWaris regionSi arsebuli jiSebis neoba (yvelaze mravalricxovani gvxvdeba saSualo dRiuri wveladoba 4 litriT iqna sofel saCinoSi - 154 suli Zroxa da q. qob­ gansazRvruli. Tu CavTvliT, rom sursaTis uleTSi - 71 suli Zroxa); erovnuli saagentos monacemebiT aWaris re­ 2. xelvaCauris municipaliteti - 4 Sinameur­ gionSi sul 75 559 suli msxvilfexa rqosani neoba (aRsaniSnavia rom sofel skurdidSi pirutyvia, romelTagan furebis raodeno­ aris 70 suliani fermeri); ba Seadgens 63 475-s, furebis raodenobidan 3. xulos municipaliteti - 1 Sinameurneoba mewvelad miCneul iqna 44 433 suli, maSin aR­ (sofel adaZeebSi- 55 suli Zroxa); niSnuli monacemebiT gamodis, rom dRiuri 4. baTumis municipaliteti - 1 Sinameurneo­ saSualo wveladoba regionSi Seadgens 177 ba (adliis dasaxlebaSi - 51 suli Zroxa). 730 litr rZes (4 litri/dRe), xolo saSualo pirutyvis wveladobis Sesaxeb informa­ wliuri wveladoba (1460 litri/weliwadi) (12 cia mopovebuli iqna sxvadasxva wyarodan. Tveze gadaangariSebiT) iqneba 64,871 tona rZe. Sesabamisad, realuri maCveneblebis dasad­ aRniSnul monacemebis analizze dayrdno­ genad da mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad Tvise­ biT aWaraSi rZis warmoebis maCvenebeli sak­ brivma kvlevam am TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi maod dabalia, rasac ganapirobebs regionSi mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula. saqonlis saSualo wveladobis dabali maCven­ saqonlis wveladoba, jiSebis garda, damok­ ebeli saqarTvelos da sxva regionebTan Se­ idebulia garemo pirobebze, kvebasa da umetes darebiT. miuxedavad aRniSnulisa, Tvisebrivi SemTxvevaSi sezonurobaze. saqarTvelos sta­ kvlevis respondentebi upiratesobebad miiC­ tistikis erovnuli samsaxuris informaciis nevdnen regionSi warmoebuli rZis gansaku­ Tanaxmad furisa da furkameCis saSualo wve­ ladoba 2016 wels aWaris regionSi 1 189 litri TrebiT maRali xarisxs gemovnur Tvisebebsa iyo weliwadSi (saSualod 325 dReze gadaan­ da cximianobas sxva regionebSi warmoebul gariSebiT), rac daaxloebiT 16%-iT Camou­ rZesTan SedarebiT. vardeba saqarTvelos saSualo wveladobis saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli maCvenebels imave wels. es kidev erTxel cxa­ samsaxuris informaciiT aWaris regionSi 2017 dyofs aWaraSi dargis ganviTarebisTvis jiSo­ wels 8 rZis gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoa regis­ brivi da movlasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis trirebuli, romelTagan 2 nayinis mwarmoebe­ gaumjobesebis saWiroebas. lia. Tumca, rodesac am informaciis gadamow­ wlebis mixedviT analizisas, 2016 wels wina mebam statistikuri biznes registris bazebSi, welTan SedarebiT, aWaris regionSi saSualo gviCvena, rom mocemul etapze regionSi mx­ wliuri wveladoba gaizarda, Tumca, mniS­ olod oTxi aqtiuri sawarmoa (ix. sqema 1).

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sqema 1. aWaris regionSi aqtiuri sawarmoebi [12]

kvlevis procesSi informaciis dazusteb­ axali jiSebi. maRali standartebis adgilo­ isas aRmoCnda, rom rZis Sekrebasa da gada­ brivi warmoebis saqonlis xorcis umTavr­ muSavebas axorcielebs mxolod ori sawarmo esi dadebiTi mxarea is, rom adgilobriv da - „cezari“ da „sufTa saqme“. sxva sawarmoebs an saeqsporto bazrebze (umTavresad azerbaija­ muSaoba aqvT Sewyvetili an gaurkveveli miz­ ni) sakmaod maRali moTxovnilebaa axal saqon­ ezebiT ar operireben bazarze. amave WrilSi lis xorcze. regionSi ukve funqcionireben saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsax­ mexorculi fermisaTvis saWiro nedleulis uris informacia ver iqneba sando, radgan mimwodeblebi, meqanizaciis servis centri da realuri da mocemuli monacemebi ar emTxve­ veterinaluri servisebi, amave dros aRsaniS­ va erTmaneTs. gamokiTxvisas sawarmoebma aR­ navia, rom fermas eqneba sakmaod dabali fiq­ niSnes, rom maRali wveladobis dros maT Seu­ sirebuli xarjebi. am droisaTvis regionSi ZliaT 12 tona nedli rZis gadamuSaveba yovel­ funqcionirebs 4 sertificirebuli sasaklao, dRiurad, daaxloebiT 14 tona yvelis gatana romlebic dainteresebuli arian saqonlis bazarze kviraSi erTxel, xolo maTi momwode­ xorcis (cocxali saqonlis) SesyidviT an Se­ bel fermerTa raodenoba saSualod Seadgens sabamisi momsaxureobiT (dakvlis servisi). 350-600-s. saSualod ki maTi simZlavre kvira­ maRalteqnologiur da intensiuri tipis me­ Si 9 tona produqcias Seadgens. Tumca, fer­ saqonleobis (mexorculi) fermas SesaZle­ merebisgan rZis Cabarebis raodenobis mateb­ bloba eqneba adgilzeve SeiZinos regionSi is SemTxvevaSi maT SeuZliaT es moculoba 15 arsebuli adgilobrivi jiSebis mozvrebi an tonamde gazardon. TviTon iyolios maRalproduqtiuli sax­ am problemis gadawyveta SeiZleba jogis orce jiSebis sanaSne birTvi, saidanac miRe­ jiSobrivi gaumjobesebiT da produqtiulo­ bul xborebs daayenebs Semdgom suqebaze. rac bis amaRlebiT, am mxriv regionSi muSaoba 5 Seexeba uaryofiT mxareebs, aq pirvel rigSi, welia dawyebulia da xelovnuri ganayofiere­ aRsaniSnavia Semdegi faqtorebi: bis gziT ukve miRebulia jersis jiSis me-2-me-3 1. gaumarTavi infrastruqtura, gansaku­ Taobac. es jiSi SerCeulia yvela fiziologi­ TrebiT maRalmTaini soflebis da sazafxulo ur-biologiuri monacemebiT da dadarebulia saZovrebze misasvleli saavtomobilo gavrcelebul adgilobriv jiSebTan. aseve, gzebi, rac mTlianobaSi arTulebs cocxali aucilebelia regionSi Seiqmnas mZlavri san­ saqonlis sarealizacio bazrebze transpor­ aSene ferma, romelic uzrunvelyofs region­ tirebas. meore mxriv ki Znelad SesaZlebels is fermerebs merZeuli da mexorculi piru­ xdis saxorce pirutyvis suqebisaTvis saWiro tyviT momaragebaSi. nedleulis (Tiva, konc. sakvebi, veterinaluri xorcisa da xorcproduqtebze mzardi da meqanizaciis servisebi) miwodebas; moTxovnilebidan gamomdinare saWiroa re­ 2. maRali konkurencia xorcis importio­ gionSi Semovides mexorculi mimarTulebis rebis saxiT; inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 235 agraruli mecnierebebi - AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

3. saxorce sqonlis warmoebis sfero­ ZiriTadi upiratesobaa mcire danaxarjebi Si erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semaferxebeli arc Tu mcire Semosavlebis fonze. miuxeda­ faqtoria mcire da saSualo fermerebis sak­ vad amisa, fermerebi iZulebuli arian moaxdi­ maod mwiri codna saxorce saqonlis movla non warmoebis intensifikacia, an wavidnen am Senaxva, suqebis da realizaciis Tanamdrove biznesidan, vinaidan rZis warmoeba da bazri­ meTodebSi, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia kve­ saTvis miwodeba uaxlovdeba masze moTxovnas, basTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis, daavadeba­ msoflio fasebi klebadia, mTavroba gamk­ Ta prevenciisa da diagnozis dasmis dabali acrebul moTxovnebs uyenebs rZisa da rZis codna; produqtebis usafrTxoebas, xolo fermere­ 4. sakvebmwarmoebeli manqana danadgarebis bi uaxlovdebian TavianTi SesaZleblobebis deficiti; zRvars samuSao Zalis, miwisa da sxva resurse­ 5. aresbuli pirutyvis jiSebis dabali sax­ bis mxriv. orce produqtiuloba; aRsaniSnavia, rom rom zogierTi ferma Se­ 6.saqonlis xorcis gaumarTavi realizaci­ Zlebs sakuTari warmoebis ganviTarebas mniS­ is arxebi da misi Semdgomi gadamuSavebis Sesa­ vn­elovani xarjebis gareSe, Tu gaaumjobesebs Zleblobebis nakleboba; marTvas, kvebas, wvelas da sxva procesebs. aWaris teritoriaze alternatiuli en­ es ZiriTadad is fermebia, romelTa mflo­ ergiis wyarod SesaZlebelia regionSi mecx­ belobaSic Zveli tipis sadgomebia, romel­ oveleobis ganviTarebis ganviTarebasTan er­ Ta modernizebac SesaZlebelia. fermerebs, Tad - biogazis gamoyenebac. am mxriv gansaku­ romelTac ar gaaCniaT Sesaferisi Senobe­ TrebiT didi potencialia xulosa da Suaxevis bi, mxolod nawilobriv SeuZliaT warmoebis municipalitetebSi. energiis miRebis es meTo­ gaumjobeseba da meurneobis intensiur tip­ di ukve danergilia aWaris zogierT sofelSi. ze gadasvlisas maT Tanamedrove sadgomebSi regionSi arsebuli alternatiuli energopo­ didi kapitaluri xarjebis gaweva mouwevT. tencialis gamoyeneba xels Seuwyobs mosaxle­ rZisa da xorcis gadamamuSavebeli mrew­ obis mier moxmarebul eleqtroenergiaze da velobis ganviTareba regionSi perspeqti­ gazze danaxarjebis Semcirebas. ulia, Tumca, rig gamowvevebTan da proble­ Catarebuli dakvirvebisa da Seswavlis mebTan aris dakavSirebuli, kerZod mizanSe­ Sedegad SeiZleba davaskvnaT: wonilia garkveuli RonisZiebebis gatareba: aWaraSi mecxoveleobis dargis ganviTare­ 1. aucilebelia regionSi srulfasovnad bas xels uwyobs qveynis ekonomikuri zrdis ganxorcieldes jiSganaxlebis programa; fonze rZis, rZis nawarmsa da xorcze maRa­ 2. saWiroa gaixnas rZis Semkrebi da gadamam­ li fasebi da produqtebze maRali moTxovna. auSavebeli sawarmoebi; fermerebi Semosavlis zrdis mxolod erT-er­ 3. aucilebelia Sesabamisi ganaTlebis mqone Ti ZiriTadi gzaa pirutyvis suladobis gazr­ pirebis momzadeba (vet-eqimebi, ferSle­ da, Tumca, es ukanaskneli SezRudulia miwisa bi, zoo-inJinrebi); da samuSao Zalis naklebobiT. mocemul etapze 4. aucilebelia fermerTa kvalifikaciis warmoebis efeqtianobis amaRleba da codnis amaRlebis mizniT Seiqnmas specialuri gaRrmaveba Semosavlebis zrdis yvelaze re­ gadamzadebis kursebi; aluri saSualebaa. 5. mniSvnelovania gaizardos xelmisawvdo­ mecxoveleobis dargis ganviTarebis ten­ moba finansur institutebsa da donor denciis SeswavliT gamovlinda, rom dargis organizaciebTan.

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literatura/REFERENCES [1] Kharaishvili E., Small Farm Diversification Opportunities in Viticulture-Winemaking Sector of Georgia World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering Vol:10, No:5, 2016. [2] Kharaishvili, E., The Impact of Preferential Agro Credit on the Development of Agribusiness in Georgia, 2018. ECOFO­ RUM. Volume 7, Issue 1(14), 2018. [3] Kharishvili E., Gechbaia B., Tsiklashvili N., Priorities of socio-economic development of Georgia and Ukraine: inno­ vative approaches and perspectives /International collective monograph, Chapter 2/in STRATEGIC PRIORITIES FOR DEVELOPING UKRAINE AND GEORGIA: INNOVATION AND PARTNERSHIP. p. 90. BATUMI 2018. [4] statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebi [5] saqarTvelos soflis meurneoba 2017, statistikuri publikacia, Tbilisi 2018, gv. 78. [6] iqve, gv. 79. [7] iqve, gv. 82 [8] sursaTis erovnuli saagentos cxovelTa identifikaciis da saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris monacemebi. [9] Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebi; saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris mo­ nacemebi. [10] aWaris soflis meurneobis saministros 2016-2021 wlis strategiuli ganviTarebis gegma. [11] aWara cifrebSi, aWaris statistikis sammarTvelo, baTumi 1986 gv 50-51. [12] https://www.worldhunger.org/

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mcenareuli kulturis warmoebis ekonomikuri efeqtianoba ukrainaSi

EFFECTIVE TRADING STRATEGIES: ITS IMPLEMENTATION AND RECOMMEN- DATIONS FOR IMPROVING EFFECIENCY

anna slobodianik ANNA SLOBODYANIK ekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati, PhD. In Economics, Senior lector sabirJo saqmis da vaWrobis kaTedris ufrosi mas­ National University of Life and wavlebeli, garemosa da sicocxlis Semswavlel Environmental Sciences mecnierebaTa erovnuli universiteti, ukraina Ukraine

anotacia Постановка проблемы в общем виде. За годы statiaSi gamokvleulia 2015-2017 wlebis sa­ ре­ф­ормирования сельскохозяйственные товаро­ soflo-sameurneo kulturis warmoebis efeq­ про­и­зводители постоянно сталкивались с неопре­ tianobis dinamika ukrainis sawarmoebSi, konk­ деленностью относительно стратегии развития retulad mcenareuli zeTis SemTxvevaSi. dadge­ агра­рного сектора экономики и соответственно nilia, rom fasebis arastabiluroba xels uSlis невозможностью разработать собственную стратегию cximovani kulturis warmoebis zrdis intensi­ с системой хозяйственных решений. Следствием fikacias, Tumca riskis donis zrda imavdrou­ этого была быстрая ликвидация капиталоемких lad amcirebs fasebs da warmoebuli produqciis и интенсивных отраслей, для обеспечения своего TviTRirebulebas. функционирования требуют постоянного поступления gakeTebulia daskvnebi, rom mcenareuli ze­ кредитных и материальных ресурсов. В мире постоянно Tis industriis SesaZleblobebis potencials имеют место структурные изменения и региональные unda gaaCndes zRvrebi, romlis mecnieruli перемещения производства сельскохозяйственной dasabuTebac aucilebelia. продукции в зависимости от природно-климатических и социально-экономических условий, и в частности, sakvanZo sityvebi: mcenareuli zeTi, bio­ от уровней доходов населения и обеспеченности dizeli, warmoebis donis optimizacia, wonas­ земельными ресурсами. Каждая страна постоянно woruli fasi, ekonomikuri da garemosdacviTi адаптируется к окружающей среде и занимает свою kriteriumebi. рыночную нишу и в первую очередь четко определяется относительно рынков сбыта сельскохозяйственной продукции. Именно отсутствие усилий аграрной ABSTRACT экономической науки и правительства в направлении In the article the dynamics of relative efficiency of pro­ поиска стабильных рынков сбыта, а не владельцев duction of main crops in enterprises of Ukraine for 2015- земельных долей (паев), и стало основанной причиной 2017 years, in particular sunflower seeds, is investigated. катастрофических последствий реформирования - It was found that price instability constrains intensification, ликвидации значительного количества предприятий which increases the yield of oilseeds, but the degree of risk и уничтожения материально-технической базы increases due to the simultaneous tendency of convergence of аграрного сектора экономики. prices and production costs. It is concluded that the capacity Анализ последних исследований и публикаций. building of the oil and fat industry should have boundaries Про­блемы эффективности функционирования мас­ that need to be scientifically substantiated. ло­жировой отрасли Украины рассматриваются мно­гими учеными. Основное направление в иссл­ Keywords: oil crops, vegetable oil, biodiesel, inter-in­ едованиях­ - видмичення тенденции растущей dustry balance, optimization of plant size, equilibrium prices, эффективности отрасли и увлеченность результатам economic and ecological criterion внешнеэкономической деятельности, действительно

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впечатляющими. Наиболее системно экономику мас­ кохозяйственных предприятиях, сократилась почти в ложировой отрасли анализирует и прогнозирует 8 раз, количество поголовья крупного рогатого скота тенденции ее развития генеральный директор в целом по Украине уменьшено более чем в 5 раз (в ассоциации «Укролияпром» С. Капшук [1]. Отдельные т. ч. коров - в 3 раза ), свиней - более чем в 2,5 раза, аспекты развития этого комплекса освещаются в тракторов - почти в 3 раза и тому подобное. Ежегодно диссертационных исследованиях, охватывающих товаропроизводители меняли структуру посевных проблемы формирования и функционирования площадей в условиях полной неопределенности. рын­ка семян подсолнечника [2], семеноводства Сельскохозяйственные товаропроизводители [3], прогнозирования экономического риска [4], ок­а­за­­лись один на один с рыночной стихией и совершенствование экономических взаимоотношений не все смогли выстоять даже с помощью бизнес- [5; 6], размещения масложирового комплекса Украины струк­тур, которые выступили как кредиторы по [7] и т. Однако недостаточно исследованы вопросы обеспечению выполнения технологий и в первую адаптации отечественного масложирового комплекса очередь - посевной кампании. В условиях динамично в мировой рыночной среды. растущего спроса на мировых рынках производители Формулировка целей статьи. Целью статьи нашли свой путь экономического развития - резко является анализ относительных преимуществ увеличили производство продукции масличных по экономической эффективности производства культур, кукурузы на зерно, продовольственное основных сельскохозяйственных культур в пред­ зерно. Принятие решений по увеличению посевных приятиях Украины за 2015-2017 годы, мировых площадей масличных культур имеет экономическое тенденций в производстве масличных культур, цен объяснение. реализации и расходов в зависимости от степени Данные свидетельствуют, что в среднем за интенсификации производства и на этой основе - последние три года стабильный доход в расчете на 1 га установление причин существующих экономических площади посева получают товаропроизводители при преимуществ масличных культур по сравнению с выращивании рапса озимого (1248 грн / га), семена другими сельскохозяйственными культурами по подсолнечника (1069 грн / га), кукурузы на зерно (845 эффективности их производства и тенденций в грн / га) , сои (602 грн / га) и озимой пшеницы (288 грн приспособлении к мировому рыночной среды. / га). При производстве этих культур в среднем за три Изложение основного материала исследования. года удельный вес убыточных предприятий составила Принятие управленческих решений на макроуровне соответственно 23,7%, 20,4, 41,6, 32,6 и 35,9%. То есть, формируется на основе четко определенных среди этих культур низкий экономический риск имеет существующих проблем. В Украине не учли основной место при производстве семян подсолнечника (за 2010 проблемы о необходимости адаптации к мировому г.. удельный вес количества убыточных предприятий рынку с его растущим спросом на продукты составляла всего 7,5%) и высокий - при производстве питания за ограниченных в некоторых странах кукурузы на зерно. производственных ресурсов, особенно земельных. По другим культурами в целом по предприятиям Вместо исследования спроса на продукты питания Украины получено ниже прибыль, а удельный вес в отдельных странах со значительным плотностью количества убыточных предприятий - выше. Мировые населения и ограниченными земельными и водными структурные сдвиги в производстве масличных ресурсами и разработкой соответствующих предло­ культур и перемещения площадей посева между жений по структурным изменениям в посевных государствами позволили Украине занять свободные площадях, регионального размещения и построения рыночные ниши на этом рыночном сегменте (табл. 1). системы логистики, в Украине приняли решение Итак, по 2007-2017 гг. В мире посевные площади ликвидировать крупнотоварные предприятия. Такое подсолнечника сократились всего на 0,4% и составили решение оформлено в виде цели реформирования, на в 2017 г.. 23700000 га. Однако произошел структурный основе которого стартовала земельная реформа. перераспределение площадей посева подсолнечника Негативные последствия принятия управ­ между различными регионами и странами. Так, лен­­ч­еских решений без системного анализа, по­­ удельный вес посевных площадей в странах Европы с­троения межотраслевых моделей и их опти­ми­ за этот период выросла с 52,7 до 59,5% (в Украине - от зации не замедлили. Так, за 1997-2017 гг. сред­ 11,8 до 17,7%, в Болгарии - от 2,5 до 2,9%), Азии - от негодовое количество работников занятых в сельс­ 16,6 до 21,3% (в Индии - от 5,4 до 6,2%, в Республике inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 239 agraruli mecnierebebi - AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

Таблица 2 ПОСЕВНЫЕ ПЛОЩАДИ И ВАЛОВОЕ ПРОИЗВОДСТВО СЕМЯН ПОДСОЛНЕЧНИКА ПО РЕГИОНАМ И ОСНОВНЫХ СТРАНАХ

Источник: рассчитано автором по данным http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1151798/icode/

Союз Мьянма (до 1989 - Бирма) - от 1,4 до 3,5%, в по производству семян подсолнечника по сравнению Казахстане - от 0,9 до 2,7%), Африке - от 5,3 до 5,7% с удельным весом площадей посева в таких странах и сократилась в странах Америки - от 24,7 до 13,2% (в как Казахстан, Индия и в Республике Союз Мьянма Аргентине - от 17,1 до 7 7%, в США - от 5,8 до 3,3%). из-за относительно низкого уровня урожайности этой В основном развитые страны мира сократили культуры. посевные площади подсолнечника из-за истощения В Украине за 10 лет площадь посева подсолнечника этой культурой почв, но при этом возросла ее увеличились почти в 1,5 раза, урожайность возросла на урожайность. В целом в мире урожайность семян 52%, в результате чего производство семян увеличилось подсолнечника по 2007-2017 гг. Выросла на 11,6% в 2,28 раза. Тогда как основной производитель семян и составила в 2017 13,7 ц / га. Урожайность семян подсолнечника - Аргентина сократила производство подсолнечника в странах Европы за этот период семян подсолнечника почти в 3 раза, а в США - на выросла с 10,9 до 14,6 ц / га (в Украине - от 10 до 15,2 30%. Увеличение производства семян подсолнечника ц / га, в Болгарии - от 10,2 до 19,3 ц / га) , Азии - от 10,3 объясняется факторами, основными из которых до 11,3 ц / га (в Индии - от 5,4 до 6,1 ц / га, в Республике являются относительные преимущества по доходности Союз Мьянма - от 5,8 до 9,1 ц / га, в Казахстане - от и практически отсутствие экономического риска из-за 4,9 до 5,7 ц / га), и снизилась в странах Америки - от постоянно растущего спроса на подсолнечное масло 16,4 до 14,7 ц / га (в Аргентине - от 17,5 до 13,6 ц / и шрот. га, в США выросла - от 14,1 до 17,4 ц / га) и Африки Во многих странах наблюдается увеличение - от 11,9 до 10,7 ц / га). Обращает на себя внимание посевных площадей рапса. В таких странах как Канада, значительно более низкий уровень удельного веса Китай и Индия площади посева рапса достигли 2/3 от

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мировой ее площади, а производство семян - более С экспортом объемов семян подсолнечника, сои и 53%. В целом же в 2009 году. Производство семян в рапса ежегодно вывозится за границу более одного мире достигло 61700000 тонн. За счет значительного миллиона тонн питательных веществ. увеличения урожайности рапса Германия и Франция Сельскохозяйственные предприятия, чтобы увеличили его производство и достигли 20% мирового держаться на плаву, вынуждены выращивать интен­ производства, тогда как площадь занимает всего сивные масличные культуры и одновременно истощать 9,5%. Украина также увеличила производство этой почвы. Все другие культуры дают значительно культуры почти в 13 раз, в том числе в 2,8 раза за счет ниже прибыли в расчете на 1 га посевной площади роста урожайности и в 4,5 раза - за счет расширения и одновременно степень экономического риска площадей его ее посева. значительно выше. Так, в 2/3 сельскохозяйственных Что касается еще одной масличной культуры - сои, предприятий затраты на 1 га посева пшеницы то производство ее в 2017 достигло в мире 223 200 озимой не превышали 2,2 тыс. Грн за нормативных 000. Т, что в 2,4 раза больше, чем вместе объемы семян - более 5 тыс грн. [9]. Причиной невыполнения всех рапса и подсолнечника. Более 85% производства сои технологических операций в надежде получить сосредоточено в Америке (в США - 41, в Аргентине значительные прибыли есть большие колебания - 13,9, Бразилии - 25,7%) и 12,5% - в Азии (в Китае цен реализации пшеницы товаропроизводителями. - 6,7, Индии - 4,5%) . В Украине за 2007-2017 гг. И хотя с ростом технологических затрат прибыль Производство сои возросло в 23,2 раза и в 2017 на 1 га увеличивался, однако соотношение между достигло 1 млн. Т. Однако для продовольственного ценой и себестоимостью сокращалось, что даже питания в Украине традиционно используется масло при незначительном падении цен предприятия подсолнечное, а потому соевое и рапсовое не нашли оказывались в зоне убыточности. При производстве распространения. Одновременно из-за практически семян подсолнечника и рапса колебания цен уничтоженного животноводства отечественные несколько ниже, чем при выращивании пшеницы, предприятия вынуждены экспортировать сырье - а потому уровень интенсификации производства семена подсолнечника, рапса, сои, а также шроты этих культур по сравнению выше. Причем по годам и жмыхи семян подсолнечника. А из-за отсутствия тенденция колебания цен реализации и себестоимости достаточного количества технических средств для производства семян подсолнечника одинакова. производства соевых шротов (жмыхов с низким Однако разница между реализационной ценой и содержанием жира) и пригодных к длительному себестоимостью в процентном отношении практически хранению Украина их импортирует в 50-160 тыс. не меняется из-за одинаково направленных по годам Т ежегодно. Одновременно экспортирует ежегодно тенденций их изменений. Если в динамике за 2007- до 300 тыс. Т семян подсолнечника, к 2500000. Т 2017рр. вариация цены и себестоимости производства - рапса и до 350 тыс. Т - сои. В результате объемы 1 т семян подсолнечника составляла 48,5-50%, то в экспорта превышают 50% валового производства последнем году для различных по интенсификацией продукции этих культур. То есть, имеем сырьевую предприятий - соответственно 13 и 30%. Видимо специализацию с формированием незначительной поэтому 95,3% предприятий тратили на 1 га до 5,5 тыс. величины добавленной стоимости вместо организации Грн, то есть достигали точки с высокой доходностью. собственной переработки и экспорта готовой продукции Самый высокий уровень доходности достигается или, в крайнем случае, полуфабрикатов. Хотя, кроме при 5-5,5 тыс. Грн. затрат ресурсов на 1 га посева экспорта семян, украинские перерабатывающие семян подсолнечника (на уровне нормативных затрат) предприятия ежегодно экспортируют от 2 до 2600000. и урожайности 22 ц / га (на 18% ниже нормативного Т подсолнечного масла (свыше 80% от объемов ее уровня). Однако в отличие от зерновых культур кривые производства) [8], или до 65% от объемов мирового зависимости цен и себестоимости производства 1 т ее экспорта [1]. В последние годы эти три масличные семян подсолнечника от роста технологических затрат, культуры (подсолнечник, рапс, соя) занимали в среднем хотя и сближаются, но обеспечивают достаточно около 22% в структуре посевных площадей выходит высокий уровень прибыли. Даже снижение цен до за научно обоснованные пределы насыщенности 20% при высоком уровне интенсификации не создаст севооборотов этими культурами. Такие культуры для группы этих предприятий убыточного среды. наиболее прибыльные, но они выносят до 3-10 раз Несколько иная зависимость эффективности больше питательных веществ, чем кукуруза на зерно. от технологических затрат наблюдается по рапсу. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 241 agraruli mecnierebebi - AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES

РИС. 1. ДИНАМИКА ОТКЛОНЕНИЕ ОТ ТРЕНДА ЦЕН И СЕБЕСТОИМОСТИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА 1 Т СЕМЯН ПОДСОЛНЕЧНИКА ПО 2007-2017 ГГ. Источник: собственные расчеты автора

Самая высокая доходность обеспечивается при Украине отмечено, что основной фактор, который 3 тыс. грн технологических затрат на 1 га посева обусловливает низкую урожайность данной культуры (средняя урожайность - 18 ц / га), что ниже в стране - несоблюдение комплекса элементов нормативных затрат на 30% (урожайность - 28%). технологий выращивания, в основе которого лежит Последующее увеличение затрат хотя и приводит неудовлетворительное материально-техническое обе­ к росту урожайности рапса озимого до 25-35 ц / га, сп­ечение товаропроизводителей. Действительно, но при этом растет себестоимость его производства, в развитых странах каждый фермер выполняет вследствие чего прибыль на 1 га посева снижается. И тех­нологические операции по рекомендациям в если при производстве семян подсолнечника лишь 7% определенные сроки. При этом растет себестоимость произведено его объема с затратами, превышающими производства, но за счет высокой урожайности наиболее рациональный их уровень, то при достигается максимальная доходность производства производстве рапса озимого - более 60%. в расчете на 1 га посевов с уровнем рентабельности При производстве рапса ярового высокий уровень 3-5%. прибыли на 1 га посева достигается за 1750 грн расходов Выводы. Соблюдение технологий и высокая на его производство, а кривые цены и себестоимости интенсификация производства является следствием­ пересекаются (точка безубыточности) на уровне обеспечения гарантированных цен на сельскох­ технологических расходов, не превышающий 3 тыс. озяйственную продукцию. В основу механизма грн. (урожайность - 15 ц / га). Предприятия, в которых достижения гарантированных цен положено уровень расходов превышает рациональный (1750 грн), согласования спроса и предложения еще на этапе в 2017 произвели 92% всего объема рапса ярового, с планирования производства. В условиях Украины, расходами, более 3 тыс. грн (зона убыточности) - 61% как видим, возрастающий риск из-за значительного этой продукции. К сожалению, основным фактором колебания цен сдерживает интенсификацию эффективности производства масличных культур производства масличных культур и поэтому основная считают соблюдение технологий их выращивания. доля продукции производится практически в Так, даже в Программе развития рапсоводства в безрисковой зоне - низкими затратами и высоким

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уровнем рентабельности. Но такая стратегия прис­ по переработке и экспорт продукции - семена, масла и пособления к рыночной среды не позволяет получать шрота, а с ними питательных веществ и в первую очередь высокие прибыли в расчете на 1 га посева масличных - фосфора. В британской газете The Times отмечалось, культур из-за низкой их урожайность. что глобальный продовольственный промышленность Мировые тенденции роста спроса на масло и шрот вскоре может столкнуться с катастрофической и возникновения дефицита предложения позволили нехваткой фосфора, который добывают, используют Украине занять соответствующий сегмент на рынке и тратят невиданными темпами. Неудивительно, что продукции масличных культур и в основном - семена в течение прошедших 14 месяцев цена на фосфорную подсолнечника, рапса. Зарубежные и иностранные сырье - фосфаты - выросла более чем на 700% - до инвесторы стали наращивать производственные 367 долл. / Т. Поэтому, в Украине должна быть мощности по переработке масличных культур и только системная оценка сельскохозяйственной деятельности в последние годы они выросли на 2/3 и составляют и ее влияние на баланс питательных веществ в 10300000 тонн. По сообщению генерального почве. Экспортировать продукцию животноводства и директора ассоциации «Укролияпром» С. Капшук, Минагрополиты Украины предусматривает в будущем оставлять для растениеводства питательные вещества, увеличить производство масличных культур в 15 млн или экспортировать продукцию, особенно масличных тонн (сои - 5 млн тонн, рапса - 3 млн, подсолнечника - культур, и обеднять отечественные почвы ради пока 7 млн тонн) [1]. Соответственно возрастут мощности относительно высоких доходов.

REFERENCES [1] Oliino-zhyrova haluz Ukrainy. Pokaznyky roboty za 2015 rik, 2015/16 MR: Informatsiino-analitychnyi biuleten oliino- zhyrovoi haluzi Ukrainy ta Rosiiskoi Federatsii [Fat-and-Oil industry of Ukraine. Performance for 2015, 2015/16 MY: Informational and analytical bulletin fat-and-oil industry of Ukraine and Russia]. (2016). Kharkiv: FOP Rodak L.V. [in Ukrainian]. [2] Tkachuk, V. I. (2014). Tendentsii rozvytku rynku oliinykh kultur v Ukraini [Trends in the market of oilseeds in Ukraine]. Visnyk ZhNAEU - Bulletin ZHNAEU, 1–2 (43), (Vols. 2), 87-93 [in Ukrainian]. [3] Chekhova, I.V., & Chekhov, S.A. (2014). Osnovni tendentsii rozvytku rynku oliinykh kultur v Ukraini [Major trends in the market of oilseeds in Ukraine]. Produktyvnist ahropromyslovoho vyrobnytstva. Ekonomichni nauky - Productivity of agricultural production. Economics, 25, 71-78 [in Ukrainian]. [4] Osnovni ekonomichni pokaznyky vyrobnytstva produktsii silskoho hospodarstva v silskohospodarskykh pidpryiemstvakh za 2012-2017 roky: statystychni biuleteni [Key economic indicators of agricultural production in the agricultural enterprises for 2010-2015: Statistical bulletin]. (2012-2017). Retrieved from http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua [in Ukrainian]. [5] Ofitsiinyi sait Instytutu roslynnytstva im. V. Ya. Yurieva Natsionalnoi akademii ahrarnykh nauk. [The official website of the Institute of Plant named after Yuriev National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]. www.yuriev.com.ua. Retrieved from http://www.yuriev.com.ua [in Ukrainian]. [6] Ofitsiinyi sait TOV «Limahrein Ukraina» [The official website of limited liability «Limagrain Ukraine»]. lgseeds.com.ua. Retrieved from http://www.lgseeds.com.ua [in Ukrainian]. [7] Fininstrumenty ta perspektyvy kredytuvannia APK [Financial instruments and prospects for agribusiness lending]. (n.d.). agroconf.org. Retrieved from http://agroconf.org/content/fininstrumenti-taperspektivi-kredituvannya-apk [in Ukrainian]. [8] List, Gary R., & Orthoefer, Frank T. (Eds). (2015). Trait-Modified Oils in Foods. July 2015, Wiley-Blackwell, 264 p. [in English]. [9] Brümmer, B., Korn, O., Schlüßler, K., & Jamali Jaghdani, T. (2016). Volatility in Oilseeds and Vegetable Oils Markets: Drivers and Spillovers. Journal of Agricultural Economics. Vol. 67, No. 3, 685–705 [in English].

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multimodaluri da intermodaluri gadazidvebi satransporto sistemebSi

MULTIMODAL AND INTERMODAL TRANSPORTATION IN TRANSPORT SYSTEMS valentina kuxarCik, VALENTYNA KUKHARCHYK, e.m.k., docenti, satransporto momsaxurebis bazris Senior researcher, ganyofilebis ufrosi mecnier TanamSromeli Department of the market of transport services aleqsei kuxarCik, OLEKSII KUKHARCHYK, aspiranti, bazris problemebis da ekonomi­ graduate student Institute of Market Problems kur-ekologiuri kvlevebis instituti and Economic&Ecological Research of the odesa, ukraina National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Odessa, Ukraine

ABSTRACT gamoiyeneba tvirTebis Sereuli gadazidvebis The article clarifies the conceptual apparatus for multi­ dros. gansazRvrulia ukrainis satransporto modal and intermodal transport. Article considered the dif­ kompleqsis ganviTarebis amocanebi. gamoyofil­ ference between them. It is shown that the development of ia ukrainis sazRvao portebis saqmianobis pri­ the intermodal system of cargo delivery is associated with oritetuli mimarTulebebi. the creation of operators of integrated transport systems. The stages of transportation containerization are given and sakvanZo sityvebi: satransporto sistemebi, characterized. Presented terminology used in the transport of satransporto kompleqsi, multimodaluri ga­ goods in transport systems. There are international conven­ dazidvebi, intermodaluri gadazidvebi, Sereu­ tions and other legal documents regulating the work of differ­ li gadazidvebi. ent types of transport. Considered international agreements and rules applicable to the carriage of goods in mixed traffic. INTRODUCTION Defined tasks for the development of the transport complex of The globalization of the economy and the develop­ Ukraine. Highlighted priority activities of seaports of Ukraine ment of modern supply chains demanded the creation of a transport product that would combine services of different Keywords: transport systems, transport complex., mul­ types of transport in the most efficient and convenient way timodal transports, intermodal transportation, multimodal for shippers and was formed, first of all, based on the in­ transport. terests of the cargo, rather than individual participants in the process of transportation. Such product is multimodal anotacia transportation. statiaSi dazustebulia cnobiTi aparati The task of accelerating the economic development of multimodaluri­ da intermodaluri gadazid­ Ukraine can only be achieved through the effective use vebis Sesaxeb. ganxilulia gansxvaveba maT Soris. of transport infrastructure and its dynamic development, naCvenebia, rom tvirTrebis miwodebis inter­ especially in terms of realizing the potential of our coun­ modaluri sistemis ganviTareba dakavSirebulia try’s membership in the WTO. Problems of efficiency integrirebuli satransporto sistemis opera­ of different types of transport, efficiency of organization torebis SeqmnasTan. moyvanili da daxasiaTebu­ of mixed transportation were considered in their works lia gadazidvebis konteinerizaciis etapebi. war­ by the following authors: А.М. Kotlubay; V. Shiryaeva; modgenilia terminologia, romelic gamoiyeneba A.L.Drozhzhin [4], Yu.I.Kirilov [6] and others. Issues of satransporto sistemebSi tvirTebis transpor­ the formation of a transport logistics network in Ukraine tirebis dros. moyvnilia saerTaSoriso kon­ venciebi da sxva samarTlebrivi dokumentebi, on the basis of transport and logistics centers were devoted romlebic axdenen sxvadasxva saxis transpor­ to their work by such scientists: E.L.Limonov [12], O.S. tis saqmianobis reglamentirebas. ganxilulia Kaspruk [13], A.G. Kal’pin [14], Sobkevich O., Yemely­ saerTaSoriso nSeTanxmebebida wesebi, romlebic anova O. [15] et al.

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DATA built. This process has spread not only to developed coun­ The term multimodal transportation, as the transpor­ tries of Europe and the USA, but also to developing coun­ tation of goods by various modes of transport, appeared tries of the Pacific region of Asia. New types of container in the late 1960s. The basis of this transportation was the equipment for a wide range of goods are created. A system idea of increasing​​ freight units and transportation using of marine container consortia is being formed. Container­ different types of transport. ization includes all types of transport. The process of real Multimodal transportation is the transportation of integration of different types of transport begins with the goods by two or more modes of transport. delivery of goods from the manufacturer to the consumer Before the emergence of modern container equipment, “from door to door”. In 1982, the world’s container fleet in the 1950s, piggyback was used in the United States, was 3.5 million TEU. The development of an intermod­ that is, combined with rail transport - carriage of trailers, al delivery system involves the creation of operators of semi-trailers, trailers (trailers for heavyweight cargoes) or integrated transport systems (primarily technologically removable bodies on railroad platforms. interconnected), within which the goods are transported The technology of car transportation on a lowered rail­ in standard freight areas (containers and trailers of the road platform is called the “running highway”. ISO standard) in mixed traffic involving different modes Since 1957, the first specialized container vessel of transport, whose work coordinated and interconnected. “Gaterway City” [1] began to operate on a regular basis, it became obvious that the carriage of finished goods in EMPIRICAL RESULTS container equipment significantly reduced the cost of de­ Intermodal transportation involves not only the wide­ livering goods from producers to consumers. In 1961 The spread introduction of increased standard cargo spaces Technical Committee of the International Organization and the specific process of transportation, but also a fun­ for Standardization (ISO) has developed standards for damentally new technology. containers and now they are the norm that sets the basic Containers are therefore a key element in intermod­ parameters and requirements for a system of large-capaci­ al transportation, and vehicles and handling equipment at ty containers. Recommended ISO dimensions and weight terminals are the basis for their widespread implementa­ of containers are the basis of an international container tion. transport system, which consists not only of containers, Intermodal transportation is a special case of multi­ but also of ships, railroad platforms and chassis of wag­ modal transportation. It represents the consistent transport ons, transport equipment of gripping mechanisms, as well of goods by two or more modes of transport in the same as container terminals. Information about the containers, cargo unit or vehicle without overloading the load itself its owner, formed the basis of the international container when changing the transport. In a broader sense, the term registration system, as well as national and international intermodal transportation is used to describe a transport information systems for tracking them. Universal Con­ system that includes: tainers are in operation weighing 5; 3 and 1.5 t. Dimen­ use of the same unit or cargo unit within the complex sions of 5 and 3-ton containers were multiple. The late transport chain (from door to door) without handling op­ 1950s and early 1970s were the first stage of containeri­ erations. [5]. zation. The stage of industrial production of containers of In the subsystem of intermodal transportation: the international standard began, during this period, 270 - operate not with cargo at all, as in multimodal trans­ thousand containers were produced, converted to a 20- port, but only with means of transport and intermodal foot equivalent. [2] transport units, in which (or on which) consolidated goods By the end of 1970, after the completion of the first in a certain mass, volume or artificial form; stage of containerization, the global container fleet was is used without reloading technology, under which the 976,000 in a 20-foot equivalent, and by 1974 it was about overload of the cargo itself when changing the mode of 400 thousand TEU, container lines supported the world­ transport is not possible. [6]. wide connection [3]. The second stage of the development Combined transportation is a transportation, in which of containerization (the beginning of the 1970s and ear­ all intermodal and multimodal features are inherent. This ly 1980s) is characterized by a significant increase and is an intermodal transportation of all types of transport, production of large-capacity containers, the rapid growth in which much of the European voyage falls on rail, in­ of specialized tonnage and other vehicles. At this time, a land waterway, river or sea transport, minimally used road large number of specialized container terminals are being transport in the initial and final segment of the road. [4] inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 245 transporti - TRANSPORT

Mixed traffic (more often mixed traffic), depending on the Warsaw Convention (air transport). Convention on the organizational and legal aspects, can be both multimodal Unification of Certain Rules Relating to Air Transport. and segmented. [4] Date of adoption: 12 October 1929. Date of entry into In the case of segmented transportation, the tariff rate force: February 13, 1933. Prepared for adoption: Interna­ for transportation is presented separately for each mode tional Technical Committee of Aviation Experts-Lawyers, of transport. which became part of the International Civil Aviation Or­ Depending on the technological features, mixed traffic ganization. World Document. may be divided into intermodal and combined traffic. A The Convention applies to any international transpor­ distinctive feature of intermodal transportation is the ob­ tation of persons, baggage or cargo, payable by aircraft. ligatory participation of both sea and land transport. The carriage to be performed by several successive carri­ Intermodal transportation is connected with the con­ ers shall, from the point of view of the application of this tainerization of cargoes, and the client is offered through Convention, be considered as a single carriage if it was the intermodal tariff. considered by the parties as one operation, regardless of whether they were executed in the form of one contract METHODOLOGY or several contracts, and it does not lose its international International conventions in the field of intermodal character solely because one or more contracts must be and multimodal transport, their ratification and implemen­ executed entirely within the territory of the same state. tation in the practice of national transport. The Warsaw Convention is the basis of the legal reg­ International treaties are divided into two main ulation of international air transportation. The agreements groups: covering several modes of transport (sea and air supplementing the Warsaw Convention: the Hague Proto­ and others) and relate to one type of transport (rail, road col (1955) (an integral part of the Warsaw Convention), and others). the Guatemalan Protocol on the Amendment to the War­ Hague rules (maritime transport). International Con­ saw Convention (1971), the Guadalajara Convention on vention on the Unification of Certain Provisions of Law the Unification of Certain Rules Relating to International Relating to Bills of Lading. Date of adoption: August 25, Carriage by Air (1961), the Montreal Protocols (1975), 1924. Date of entry into force June 2, 1931. Prepared for Montreal Airline Temporary Agreement (1966), Maltese adoption: International Maritime Committee. World Doc­ Temporary Airline Agreement (1974). These documents ument. constitute the “Warsaw Air Contractual System”. Summary of rules, provisions, defining the amount of The Hague Protocol (Air Transport). Date of adoption: liability of shipowners in the transport of goods by bill of September 25, 1975. Date of entry into force: June 14, lading. 1998. Prepared for adoption: ICAO. World Document. Hamburg Rules (Maritime Transport). United Na­ A new legal model of modern international air traffic tions Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea, 1978 has been developed, which should offset the actual seventy Date of adoption: 31 May 1978 Date of entry into force: years of the so-called Warsaw air carrier liability system. 1 November 1992. Prepared for adoption: United Nations Montreal Protocol No. 4 (Air Transport). Date of Commission on International Trade Law - UNCITRAL. adoption: September 28, 1955. Date of entry into force World Document. on August 1, 1963. Prepared for adoption: ICAO. World Agreements and rules of sea freight are established. Document. Rotterdam Rules (Maritime Transport). United Na­ The development of computer technology and the tions Convention on the Contract for the International emergence of its use in the registration of transport docu­ Carriage of Goods by Sea, in whole or in part. Date of ments have become one of the reasons for the adoption of adoption: 11 December 2008 Date of entry into force: Not September 25, 1975. Montreal Protocol No. 4, which in­ yet in force. Prepared for adoption: UN Commission on troduced some amendments and supplements to the War­ International Trade Law - UNCITRAL. World Document. saw Convention of 1929. (CIM) International Convention Item - Definition. Establishes the same modern legal on the International Carriage of Goods by Rail (rail trans­ regime that regulates the rights and obligations of ship­ port). Date of adoption: February 7, 1970 Date of entry pers, carriers and consignees in accordance with the door- into force: January 1, 1975 Prepared for adoption: Central to-door cargo transportation agreement, which includes Bureau of International Carriage by Rail (Bern). Europe, the stage of international maritime cargo transportation. North Africa, West Asia.

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According to COTIF, international rail connections The only rule of law is the system of uniform (uni­ and the admission of railway equipment for use in interna­ form, identical) legal norms in different states. tional traffic are determined by: Convention on the Contract for the International Car­ “The Uniform Rules to the Agreement on International riage of Goods by Road (CED) (road transport). Date of Carriage of Passengers by Rail (CIV)” (Annex A to the adoption: May 19, 1956 Date of entry into force: July 2, Convention) 1961. Prepared for adoption: UN Economic Commission “The Uniform Rules for the Contract for the Interna­ for Europe. Europe. tional Carriage of Goods by Rail (CIM)” (Annex B to the Standardization of conditions governing the interna­ Convention) tional carriage of goods by road, in particular as regards “Regulation on the International Carriage of Danger­ the documents used during such carriage and the carrier’s ous Goods (RID)” (Annex C to the Convention) liability. “The Uniform Rules for the Treaties Concerning the United Nations Convention on International Com­ Use of Railways in International Railways” (Appendix D bined Transport of Goods (All Transport). Date of adop­ to the Convention) tion: May 24, 1980. It has not yet entered into force. Pre­ “The only rules for the contract on the use of infra­ pared for adoption: United Nations Conference on Trade structure in international rail (CUI)” (Annex E to the Con­ and Development (UNCTAD). World Document. vention) United Nations Convention on the Liability of Opera­ tors of Transport Terminals in International Trade. Date of “Uniform Rules for the Approval of Technical Stand­ adoption: April 19, 1991. It has not yet entered into force. ards and the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions Prepared for adoption. International Institute for the Unifi­ for Railway Equipment For Use in International Commu­ cation of Private Law. World Document. nications (APTU)” (Annex F to the Convention). The convention has consolidated the legal status of the “Uniform Rules for the Approval of Railway Equip­ operator of mixed transport. It may be any person who has ment Used in International Telecommunication (ATMF)” entered into a mixed transportation agreement, acts on his (Annex G to the Convention). own behalf and is responsible for the execution of the con­ Convention on International Carriage by Rail (COTIF) tract. The operator concludes a contract of mixed trans­ Annex B (CIM) (rail transport). Date of adoption: May portation with the cargo owner. This contract covers the 9, 1980. Date of entry into force: May 1, 1985 Prepared whole process of transportation - from the receipt of cargo for adoption: Central Bureau for International Carriage by by the operator to send it to its delivery to the recipient. Rail (Berne). Europe, North Africa, West Asia. According to him, transport operations can be performed Agreement Concerning International Freight Forward­ both by the operator himself and by the carrier appointed ing on Railways (SMGS) (rail transport). Date of adop­ by him. Thus, under a mixed transport contract, the cargo tion: November 1, 1951. Date of entry into force: July 1, owner is in legal relationships with the operator, and not 1966. Prepared for adoption: Organization of railway co­ with a specific carrier. operation. Eastern Europe, East Asia. The Convention focuses on the responsibilities of the In accordance with the Convention on International mixed carrier operator. Carriage by Rail (COTIF) -Convention relative interna­ Forwarder-operator of cargo transportation in inter­ tional rail transport (COTIF) - dated May 9, 1980, which modal communication becomes a general distribution op­ came into force on May 1, 1985, the Intergovernmental erator (GDO). Organization for International Carriage by Rail (OTIF) GDO becomes the center of the logistics system, -l’Organisation intergouvernementale pour les transports which is designed to ensure the response of the production internationaux ferroviaires (OTIF). OTIF is a legal entity and transport sector to market requirements, forecasting both at the level of public international law and within the and planning of transportation, tracking of vehicles, con­ framework of the national legal systems of the member tainers and the term of delivery of goods, optimization states of this organization. of movement and storage of raw materials, semi-finished The main goal of OITF is to establish a unified law and products and finished products. order for the transport of passengers, baggage and cargo Freight delivery operations are performed by GDO in­ in the international direct rail link between the member dependently, through their subsidiaries and affiliates, or on states, as well as to promote the application and develop­ the basis of a contract with other specialized companies: ment of this rule of law. (COTIF, Article 2, §1). shipowners; railways; motor transport; aviation; inland inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 247 transporti - TRANSPORT water transport; operators of container terminals; port for­ Intermodal transportation is not regulated internation­ warding companies that deal with customs clearance and ally by any single document, but comprehensive agree­ clearance of shipping documents; warehousing companies ments and conventions regulate transportation on various that provide cargo storage and overload. types of transport. Draft Convention on the Contract for the Carriage of Goods by Inland Waterway (CEDAW) (inland waterway). CONCLUSION. Project 1973 Prepared for adoption. International Institute Conclusions Tasks for the development of the trans­ for the Unification of Private Law. UN Economic Com­ port complex of Ukraine: creation of a common market mission for Europe. Europe. for transport services; adoption of concerted measures The need and desirability of establishing, with the help to ensure general advantages in the field of transport and of a general agreement, some uniform rules concerning implementation of best practices; integration of transport the contract for the carriage of goods by inland waterways. systems of member states into the world transport system; Budapest Convention on the Contract for the Carriage effective use of transit potential of Ukraine; improving the of Inland Waterways (CMNI / CMNI) (inland waterway). quality of transport services; safety of transport; reduction Date of adoption: June 22, 2001. Date of entry into force of the harmful impact of transport on the environment and on April 1, 2005. Prepared for adoption: Central Commis­ human health; the formation of a favorable investment cli­ sion for the Navigation of the Rhine, Danube Commis­ mate. sion, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. Priorities for the development of the transport complex Europe. of Ukraine: formation of a single transport space; creation Coherence of legal approaches to inland waterways and development of transport corridors; realization and transport with those covered by the regime of sea trans­ development of transit potential; coordination of transport portations. The Convention established the existing prac­ infrastructure development; creation of logistics centers tice and extended all provisions regarding the rights and and transport organizations providing optimization of obligations of the shipper to the carrier and the actual transportation processes; creating conditions for attracting carrier. A flexible approach to transport documents is ap­ and using personnel potential of Ukraine; development of plied. The Convention provides for the possibility of such science and innovations in the field of transport. carriage by the actual carrier. In accordance with its provi­ Development of sea ports of Ukraine. The Administra­ sions, subject to international carriage of goods by inland tion of Sea Ports of Ukraine (AMPU) allocates for itself waterways, the carrier remains responsible for all carriage five priority directions of activity in 2018: improvement in accordance with the provisions of this Convention. In of enterprise management system; creation of conditions those cases, and to the extent that the carrier and the actual and mechanisms for attraction of investments; ensuring carrier are liable, their liability is solidary. The act also equal and competitive conditions for business in seaports; contains regulations on dangerous goods and polluting the modernization and development of infrastructure at ports environment. A few articles are devoted to transportation and activation of work on improvement of legislation in documents, their contents and the order of drafting. the transport sector

REFERENCES [1] Box Boats: How Сontainer Ships Changed the World.Brian J. Cudah. Fordham University Press, 2006. [2] Container transport: a Handbook / DT Andreev, MD Erlich. Moscow: Transport, 1969.-230s. [3] Elements of Shippinng: 7th Edition. Branch, Mr. Alan Edward; Branch, Alan E. Published by Routledge. [4] Drozhzhin A.L. Introduction to intermodal transportation: Study Guide.-Odessa: “WWII”, 2016.-184с. [5] Terminology of combined transport (Terminology on combined transport) ./ United Nations. -New York and Geneva, 2001. [6] Kirilov Yu.I. Multimodal transportations in the conditions of integration of transport communications: problems of terminol­ ogy / Yu.I. Kirilov, E.V.Kirilova // Methodology of control of the development of transport systems: zb. sciences. Prats.-Odes: ONMU, 2011.-Vip7.7.-C.64-96. [7] White Paper - European Transport Policy until 2010-M.: Polygraph, 2003.-192s.

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[8] Power management: word.-dovd. / way of life V. D. Bakumenko; for the zag. ed. V. M. Kniazov, V. D. Bakumenka. - K.: Type UADU, 2002. - 228 p. [9] EU transport strategy until 2050 [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http: //www.chas-daily.com [10] Transport strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2020 [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http: // zakon0.rada.gov.ua/laws/ show/2174-2010-%D1%80. [11] Transport strategy of Ukraine for the period up to 2030 [Electronic resource] - Access mode: http: //publications.chamber. ua/2017/Infrastructure/UDD/National_Transport_Strategy_2030.pdf Literature [12] Lemons E.L. Foreign trade operations of sea transport and multimodal transportation. SPb .: Choice, 2000. 416 p. [13] Kaspruk O.S. Problems of legal regulation of international multimodal transport. Actual problems of international affairs. Kiev, 2015. Vip.126 (part.I). Pp. 93-100. [14] A. Kalpin. UN Convention on Contracts for the Fully or Partly Carriage of Goods by Sea (Rotterdam Rules). Right. 2010. No. 4. P. 40-57. [15] Sobkevich O., Єmelyanova O. Schodo shlyakh_v rozvitku multimodal (kombіnovanih) transported to Ukraine. Analytical note: web site. URL: http://www.niss.gov.ua/articles/599 (date of the beast: 19.04. 2018).

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saqarTvelos sazRvao sanaosnos istoria da misi roli qveynis sazRvao industriis ganviTarebaSi

THE HISTORY SHIPPING COMPANYOF GEORGIA AND ITS ROLE IN THE MARINE INDUSTRY DEVELOPMENT

nugzar zosiZe, ZOSIDZE, istoriis doqtori, Doctor of History, baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universiteti, Batumi Shota Rustaveli State University. mowveuli specialisti. saqarTvelo, baTumi Georgia, Batumi

ABSTRACT ba mxolod sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi Historically, Georgia is a maritime state of the Mediter­ yofnis dros mieqca. ranean and Black Sea basins, due to its geographical features XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi ssr kavSiris and the role of international relations. On January 20, 1967, sazRvao flotis saministroSi gaimarTa aq­ the foundation of the Georgian shipping company was laid. tiuri msjeloba, raTa sakavSiro mTavrobis The headquarters of the shipping company were housed winaSe dasmuliyo sakiTxi saqarTveloSi saz­ in Batumi where the hotel “Leo Grand” is built today. Clear­ Rvao sanaosnos daarsebis Taobaze. rogorc ly the main material-technical base of the shipping company cnobilia, gasuli saukunis Sua xanebSi Sav was the fleet. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, zRvaze sabWoTa kavSirs gaaCnda mxolod erTi Georgia had an ocean fishing fleet, fishing farms in Poti and sanaosno qalaq odesaSi. masze modioda imJa­ Sokhumi; And most importantly, Georgia’s shipping com­ mindeli sabWoTa kavSiris samoqalaqo flotis pany, which included about 60 different tones of dry trucks, naxevarze meti [1. gv., 13]. swored mis bazaze tankers and cruise ships - were worth hundreds of millions gaCnda sami axali sanaosno. of dollars including floating means. In the case of the right 1967 wels qveynisaTvis umniSvnel¬ovan­ management of the maritime service, Georgia’s budget will esi siaxle iyo is, rom 20 ianvars safuZveli have only a few billion dollars in earnings from this direction. Caeyara saqarTvelos sazRvao sanaosnos. pir­ Today, this huge property is destroyed. veli mciretonaJiani 13 gemi, romelTa saer­ How can this be corrected? Georgia is the owner of an To tvirTamweoba 87 000 tonas ar aRemateboda international transport corridor and can obtain the right of saqarTvelos sazRvao sanaosnos balansze no­ transferring 50% of the freight cargo in its territory, which vorosiiskis portidan gadmovida [2. gv., 8]. will in turn lead to the necessity of establishing a trade fleet. sanaosnos daqvemdebarebaSi gadavida ba­ There are specialized maritime funds, which are funded to Tumis, soxumisa da foTis navsadgurebi, build ships with preferential conditions. After 5-6 years the gagrisa da axali aTonis sanavsadguro pun­ ship will redeem itself and remain in state ownership, and its qtebi, satankero floti; agreTve saxvadasxva operation period is 20-22 years. Thus, with the help of inter­ strategiuli obieqtebi- gemTsaSeni da gemT­ national financial institutions, Georgia’s own trade fleet will SemkeTebeli qarxnebis saxiT; baTumis sazRvao be created that will serve transportation of transit cargo. saswavlebeli, baTumis sazRvao teqnikumi da sxva daniSnulebis dawesebulebebi. sanaosnos Keywords: Georgia, Historically, Shipping Stab - bina ganTavsda qalaq baTumSi, kerZod iq, sadac amJamad sastumro ,,leo grandia’’ istoriulad saqarTvelo, misi geografiu­ aSenebuli. li Taviseburebebisa da saerTaSoriso urTi­ sanaosnos Camoyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi erTobis mixedviT xmelTaSua da Savi zRvis au­ gansakuTrebuli wvlili miuZRvoda Soreu­ zebis sazRvao saxelmwifoa. saqarTvelos is­ li naosnobis kapitans anatoli kaWaravas. igi toriis manZilze, ramdenadac paradoqsuli ar 1967-1979 wlebSi am organizaciis xelmZRvane­ unda iyos, qveynisTvis am mniSvnelovani dar­ li iyo. Tavis maRalprofesiul ganaTlebasa gis ganviTarebas gansakuTrebuli yuradRe­ da did gamocdilebas uSurvelad axarjavda

250 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 transporti - TRANSPORT axalad Seqmnil dawesebulebas. misi xelmZ­ damkveTs warmoadgenda sakavSiro mTavrobis RvanelobiT Seiqmna sanaosnos materialur - (ssrk-n.z.) Sesabamisi saministro. teqnikuri baza, radiokavSirebi, flotis ele­ am tipis tankerebs saerTo maxasiaTebeli qtro radio navigaciuri sistema, sainforma­ gaaCndaT. sigrZe 105 metri, sigane 15 metri, wy­ cio gamoTvlTi centri, momaragebis samsax­ alwyva 64 800 tona. ukve 70-ian wlebSi sanaos­ uri, stamba da sxv. TandaTanobiT Camoyalibda nos satankero flotis ganviTarebaSi mTavari sanaosnos mravalricxovani koleqtivi maRa­ yuradReba mieqca tvirTamweobis gazrdas. li profesiuli niSniT. daarsda gazeTi ,,saqa­ gemebis sigrZe 140-150 metrs, xolo wyalwyva rTvelos mezRvauri’’. 117-120 000 tonas aRwevda. axali tipis tank­ cxadia, sanaosnos ZiriTad materialur-te­ erebs ganekuTvneboda ,,zugdidi’’, ,,foTi’’ da qnikur bazas floti warmoadgenda. mas yovel­ sxvebi. es xomaldebi aRWurvili iyo uaxlesi wliurad emateboda rogorc sabWoTa kavSiris sanavigacio da tvirTis miRebisa da daclis gemTsaSen qarxnebSi agebuli, aseve ucxouri aparaturiT. maRali klasisa da tonaJobis xomaldebi. tankerTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda ,,borjomi’’, pirveli tankeri, romelic sanaosnos mie­ ,,nikoloz baraTaSvili’’, ,,qerCi’’, ,,baTumi’’ kuTvna iyo “alagiri”. aqedan iRebs saTaves da sxvebi. qarTuli floti¬. igi TandaTan ivseboda. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, saqarT­ 1970 wels sanaosnos balansze iricxeboda velos gaaCnda saokeano TevzsaWeri floti, 35 tankeri, saerTo tvirTamweobiT 265 000 TevzWeris meurneobebi foTSi da soxumSi; da toniT [3. gv., 305]. 1983 wels maTi raodeno­ rac mTavaria, saqarTvelos sazRvao sanaosno, ba 37-mde gaizarda. imavdroulad sanaosnos romlis balansze iricxeboda 60-mde sxvadasx­ kuTvnileba iyo 12 samSvraltvirTo gemic [4. va tonaJis mSraltvirTa mzidi, tankerebi gv., 190]. 1990 wels sanaosnos droSiT msof­ da sakruizo gemebi - mTliani qoneba mcuravi lio okeaneebs seravda 53 gemi(37 tankeri da 17 saSualebebis CaTvliT aseulobiT milioni samSraltvirTo). maTi jamuri tvirTamweoba 1 dolaris Rirebulebisa iyo. sazRvao samsax­ 000 000 tonas aRemateboda [4]. sanaosnos pro­ uris swori menejmentis SemTxvevaSi, saqarT­ gresulad ganviTarebis naTel dadasturebas velos biujets stabilurad mxolod am mimar­ warmoadgens isic, rom 1968 wlidan 1989 wlam­ Tulebidan ramodenime miliardi dolaris de ZiriTadi saSualebebis maCvenebeli 9-jer Semosavali eqneboda. samwuxarod, imJaminde­ gaizarda da miaRwia 891 milion maneTs [5]. li xelisuflebis gadawyvetilebiT (mxed­ gasuli saukunis 70-90-ian wlebSi sanaos­ velobaSi gvaqs saqarTvelos prezidentis nos gemebi Sediodnen 55 qveynis 130 navsad­ eduard SevardnaZis 1996 wlis brZanebuleba gurSi. 900 kaciani koleqtivis didi nawili ga­ №541, n.z.), romelic iTvaliswinebda Zveli ge­ moirCeoda maRali profesionalzmiT. Sroma­ mebis gayidvis xarjZe satvirTo xomaldebis Si TvalsaCino miRwevebisaTvis sanaosnos ZiriTadi birTvis SenarCunebasa da mis mov­ Tbomaval ,, aleqseevskis’’ bocmans k. osaZes las. moxda piriqiT, saqarTvelos sazRvao socialisturi Sromis gmiris wodeba mieniWa sanaosno da TevzsaWeri floti sruliad iqna [6]; [7. gv., 32. ganadgurebuli. sanaosno rentabelur organizacias war­ saqarTvelos flotis daSla-danawevreba moadgenda. me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebSi misi araerTxel gamxdara sazogadoebis gansjis sa­ Semosavali 200 milion maneTs aRwevda. am Tanx­ gani. Tumca, cotam Tu icis, ra bedia ewia ge­ is didi nawili arsebuli wesis mixedviT saka­ mebs, romlebsac didi qarTvelebis: “daviT aR­ vSiro biujetSi iricxeboda (mogebis 87 pro­ maSeneblis”, “akaki wereTlis”, “ilia WavWava­ centi!!) [8]. Zis”, “akademikos uznaZis”, “nodar dumbaZis” sanaosnos satankero floti ZiriTa­ da sxvaTa saxelebi erqva. zogi jarTad dai­ dad axal agebuli gemebiT ivseboda. aseTebi Wra, zogi ki ucxo qveynis droSiT dacuravs. iyo-,,aqsai’’, ,,aleqsini’’, ,,anapa’’, ,,adigeni’’, mas Semdeg, rac saqarTvelom dam¬oukideblo­ ,,aqtau’’, da sxvebi. am tipis tankerebs awvdi­ ba moipova, dagvrCa ori uzarmazari gemi - “aka­ da fineTis gemTsaSeni qarxana- saaqcienero ki wereTeli” da “daviT aRmaSenebeli”. rasak­ sazogadoeba ,,raumarepola’’ [1. gv.,15]. cxadia virvelia, maT saxelebi Seucvales da bolo inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 251 transporti - TRANSPORT dromde TurqeTis droSiT dacuravdnen. Sem­ gamavali tvirTebis 50 procentis gadazidvis deg orive xelaxla gaiyida. aseve gvyavda geme­ ufleba, rac TavisTavad gamoiwvevs savaW­ bi “akademikosi vekua”, “nodar dumbaZe”, “ilia ro flotis Seqmnis aucileblobas, Tanac, es WavaWavaZe”, “akademikosi uznaZe” , “nato vaC­ aranairad ar aris dakavSirebuli qveynis bi­ naZe” da sxvebi. ujetTan da sabiujeto saxsrebTan. vinaidan dReisaTvis SemorCenili samsaxurebi da sazRvao biznesi saerTaSorisoa, arsebobs obieqtebi, romlebic warsuls gvaxsenebs da specializebuli sazRvao fondebi, romlebic momavlis imeds gvitovebs, sul gvafiqre­ gemebis aSenebas afinanseben SeRavaTiani binebs rom saqarTvelo iyo da aris sazRvao pirobebiT. 5-6 wlis Semdeg gemi sakuTar Tavs qveyana, warmoadgens saqarTvelos samxedro gamoisyidis da rCeba saxelmwifos sakuTre­ sazRvao Zalebi, sanapiro dacvis samsaxuri, baSi, Tanac misi eqspluataciis vada Seadgens baTumisa da foTis portebi da baTumis saz­ 20-22 wels. amgvarad, arasabiujeto saxsre­ Rvao akademia. biT movaxerxebT qarTuli savaWro flotis da bolos, rogor SeiZleba am saqmis ga­ aSenebas, romelic datvirTuli iqneba garan­ mosworeba?! Cven viziarebT sanaosno kompania tirebuli tvirTiT, anu im tvirTiT, romelic ,,Sps ligas’’ damfuZneblis daviT gogitiZis saqarTvelos teritoriis gavliT gadis msof­ mosazrebas, rom am problemis gadaWra marT­ lio bazarze. swored es qmnis winapirobas, rom lac SeiZleba: sazRvao-savaWro floti seri­ saerTaSoriso safinanso instit¬utebis dax­ ozuli finansuri danaxarjebis gareSe Sesa­ marebiT SevqmnaT sakuTari savaWro floti, Zlebelia aRorZindes. saqarTvelo aris saer­ romelic satranzito tvirTebis gadazidvas TaSoriso satransporto derefnis mflobeli moemsaxureba. qveyana da SeuZlia moipovos mis teritoriaze

literatura [1] a. sarjvelaZe, saqarTvelos sazRvao sanaosno. baT. 1972; [2] j. nakaSiZe, vaxtzea saqarTvelos sanaosno, baT. 1977; [3] samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi,,,aWara’’, t. IV, baT. 2012; [4] o.TurmaniZe, socialur-ekonomikuri viTareba aWaraSi omisSemdgom periodSi(1946-1990 ww.), baT. 2005; [5] saqarTvelos sanaosnos departamentis mimdinare arqivi; [6] gaz. sabWoTa aWara, 1971 w., 6 maisi; [7] acsa, f. 1, anaw. 73, s. 34, furc. 32; [8] s aqarTvelos sanaosnos departamentis mimdinare arqivi;

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adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebis uzenaesobis uzrunvelyofa

SUSTAINMENT OF THE HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS siuzana paseCniki, SUZANNA PASICHNYK, saxelmwifo marTvis mecnierebaTa kandidati, PhD, Candidate of Public Administration, ucxo enebisa da samxedro saqmis Professor of Foreign Languages and Military kaTedris docenti, Translation Department viaCeslav nagaCevski, VIACHESLAV NAGACHEVSKYI, teqnikis mecnierebaTa kandidati, PhD, Candidate of Technical Sciences sainJinro teqnikis kaTedris Senior Lecturer of the Department of ufrosi maswavlebeli Engineering Technology roman nanivski, ROMAN NANIVSKYI, sainJinro teqnikis kaTedris PhD, Candidate of Technical Sciences ufrosi maswavlebeli Senior Lecturer of the Department of Engineering Technology getman petre sagaidaCnis saxelobis Lviv, Ukraine saxmeleTo jarebis erovnuli akademia National army academy named after hetman lvovi, ukraina Petro Sahaidachnyi

ABSTRACT mTlianobis dacvasTan, Tavdacvasa da erovnul The paper touches upon crucial factors of the democratic usafrTxoebasTan, ganixileba iseve, rogorc development of human rights and freedoms for the Ukrainian adamianebTan, moqalaqeebTan mimarTebaSi - maTi state, which are defined as principals of its European orien­ uflebebiTa da TavisuflebiT, moicavs aseve sa­ tation. Issues related to execution of laws regarding constitu­ zogadoebas maTi sulieri, moraluri, eTikuri, tional government, sovereignty, territorial integrity, defense kulturuli, istoriuli, inteleqtualuri, ma­ and national security of Ukraine are put on a par with a hu­ terialuri faseulobebit, aseve sainformacio man being as well as a citizen - their rights and freedoms garemos. avtorebis jgufi aanlizebs evropuli including a society with its spiritual, moral, ethical, cultural, saxelmwifoebis gamocdilebas, rac iZleva imis historic, intellectual, material values along with informational saSualebas, rom es procesi ganvixiloT rogorc and natural environment as well as resources are extensively evropuli saxelmwifoebis institucionaluri covered. The team of authors analyses experience of the Eu­ safuZvelis gaTvaliswinebiT, aseve maTi progre­ ropean states, which gives us the prospect of consideration sis mecnieruli tendenciebiT. this process taking into account both an institutional basis of the European states and particular scientific tendencies of sakvanZo sityvebi: ufleba, Tavisufleba, their progress. kanonis uzenaesoba, konstitucia, sazogadoeba, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. Key words: rights, freedoms, rule of law, constitution, society, crime, executive power INTRODUCTION. The fact is that Ukraine’s policy toward rights and anotacia freedoms of the human being were, are and will be fun­ statiaSi ganxilulia ukrainis saxelm­ damental principals for democratic development in the wifosaTvis adamianis uflebebsa da Tavisu­ context of the European orientation. Actually the most flebis demokratiul ganvitarebaze moqmedi visible and actual spheres of implementation of the prima­ umniSvnelovanesi faqtorebi, romlebic gan­ ry law of Ukraine art. 3 concerning ground fundamentals isazRvreba rogorc misi evropuli orientaciis of establishment and sustainment of the human rights and principebi. sakiTxebi, romlebic dakavSirebu­ freedoms under current circumstances is confirmation by lia konstituciuri mTavrobis mier kanonebis President of Ukraine a list of strategies altogether with aRsrulebasTan, uverenitetis da teritoriuli other significant decrees, which specifically define em­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 253 socialuri mecnierebebi - SOCIAL SCIENCES bodiment methods of principal responsibilities of the state scientists and international experts is bound to design and according to the Constitution. validate the three-month plan of actions to accomplish Purpose of the paper is to determine the compre­ constituents of the National Treaty in the spectrum of hensiveness of the realization by the Ukrainian state human rights by the end of 2020 as well as to deliver government the rights and freedoms of a person as well as annual report for publicity by November 1st of current a citizen in contemporary conditions of the state evolution. year , by December 10th, to arrange public discussion It would be desirable to emphasize the focus on the of the report with representatives of the state agencies, National Strategy in the field of human rights [1]. Approval bodies of the local self-government, institutes of the civil by the President of Ukraine of the mentioned strategy society, international organizations as a consequence to is stimulated not only by recommendations of the UN, update the report keeping in mind outcomes of the discus­ European Council, OSCE, other international agencies sion. It should be noted the meticulous course of actions in the context of the Implementation of the Association to implement the National Strategy related to the human of Ukraine with the European Union, on the other hand rights by 2020 was absolutely successfully elaborated and the nowadays challenges for both the state and the public confirmed by resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers in society including Ukrainian citizens in conditions of 23.11. 2015, № 1393 [4]. In respect of measures taken by combat actions in the East of our motherland. That’s the President on the report and its public discussion there why an issue of the guarantee of the people’s rights and is no announcement as for today. To certain extent the civil freedoms these days in the Ukrainian state and society has community is expected to be satisfied with the report on become apparent both as a matter of course and as a fact. implementation of the National Strategy of Human Rights In this respect, the National Strategy for Civil Socie­ in the 1st quarter of 2016 from 14.06.2016, which was ty Development in Ukraine (promote the development of held by the Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union [5], civil society in Ukraine in 2016 – 2020) [2] along with on the other hand, with the annual, specified reports of the the Sustainable Development Strategy “Ukraine – 2020” Advocate of the Sustainability and Protection of Human [3] deserve to be honored. The necessity to accept these Rights and Freedoms [6]. However, it is evident that the principal decrees, in accordance with the authors’ opinion, sense as well as the focus are not the ones to display the stimulated by a need of more efficient implementation execution of the course of action on the National Strategy of the human rights and freedoms , as far as it is hard of the human rights. to claim the judicial embodiment mechanism of the Reflecting on the issues regarding the implementation state responsibilities is perfect, taking into consideration of the human rights and freedoms, let us turn our attention current challenges. to another course of this process, namely to the Law of The actuality is manifested in combat actions in Ukraine “On the Fundamentals of National Security of the Eastern Ukraine, where the citizens as military Ukraine” that by defining the objects of national security, servicemen, as well as civilian population, survive. Con­ absolutely justified puts on a par a man and a citizen with sequently therefore, precise attention is drawn to these their rights and freedoms, including the society with its issues in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in the field of human rights as well as other above-mentioned society with its spiritual, moral, ethical, cultural, historic, documents. The Ukrainian society really needs an oper­ intellectual, material values along with informational and ational discretion of the relevant questions, moreover to natural environment as well as resources , the state along be aware of this sort of information from experts of the with its constitutional government, sovereignty, territorial legislative power. Apparently, considering this fact in integrity and inviolability. the Decree of the President of Ukraine, that approved To be more specific, the value of these legally the Strategies in the field of human rights, as well as determined entities of the national security and their com­ analogical programs for confirmation of the mentioned ponents on the national, strategic, security level has been strategies, the necessity of notification pertaining to the equilibrated. The further implementation of this citation execution of the course of actions in order to implement was adopted in the National Security Strategy of Ukraine, entries of the strategy is vital. 2016. Its new edition also contains the precious attributes Additionally, according to text of the document, the of the human being such as rights and freedoms in regard Cabinet of Ministers in cooperation with representatives to independence, territorial integrity and sovereignty, of the state leadership as well as bodies of local self- dignity, democracy, supremacy of law, prosperity, peace government, institutes of civil society, prominent national and security.

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Though, from the authors’ prospective, it would be restriction of the law. If to depart from the society and the logical to depict in the new edition of the main law, con­ people, or study the power structures of other states that sidering the Constitutional Reform in Ukraine as well as are not allowed to realize the occurrence of a sovereign emphasizing on human significance, human rights and power of another state. As a matter of fact, the matter, freedoms, reciprocally to assert the significance of the so­ that is considered to be inadequate by the wide-ranging ciety with its values, relatively the state aspects such as the organization, is a direct and unannounced introduction by constitutional government, sovereignty, territorial integri­ other government officials of the other states in the territory ty and inviolability. In due course, adjustment of the bal­ of the Ukrainian Republics to ensure the repossession of ance concerning interests of a person, promoting success­ private property from the Ukrainian lands occurred. Such ful and effective sustainment of the rights and interests of sort of manifestations, even in the interests of protecting people from the state and society as subjects of the process the citizens’ rights either of own state or other states, it is are performed at the appropriate level. Actually, the state perceived not as an evidence of the weakness of the law is supposed to be a responsible body for maintenance of enforcement agencies, but actually, as the state itself, thus, the human rights. its inability to perform its direct functions properly. The European experience provides grounds to con­ Manifestations of vulnerability of state institutions sider it as an institutional basis as well as the specified inevitably entail the «overturning» of certain state op­ scientific tendencies. In the Constitution of Poland, this erational functions pertaining social institutions, as aspect refers only to guarantee of civil rights, respect of existing ones, in the elemental, spontaneous forms. As a liberty, maintenance of the human rights and freedoms constituency, the establishment of full-time battles with altogether with security of people. [7, vol. 2, p. 686-687]. the protection of the state administration at the Ukrainian Under the terms provided in the Constitution of Spain, the command or whether there are some serious problems country endeavors to ensure the implementation of the with the exploitation of Ukrainian hostages with the human rights. The fundamental principals of the Spanish above-mentioned stubbing by the state agencies, which legislation as a judicial, democratic, social state are rec­ are functionally responsible for these issues. It’s not so ognized as the following ones: the prudence, equality, and much a matter as volunteer battalions or rescue of the political pluralism [7, vol. 2, p. 50]. In the main law of prisoners, however, performing the function of the na­ Germany the human dignity is determined to be an invi­ tional enforcement body, it is an informal , specific, civil olable property that must be respected and protected by structure , which systematically took upon itself the role any state authority [7, v. 1, p. 580]. In the Constitution of of revealing the drivers, who are driving either in an in­ France, adherence and commitment to the human rights adequate condition, or under the influence of alcohol, are proclaimed [7, vol. 3, p. 411]. drugs. The statistical information on the increasing of the As far as a person is defined the highest priority of criminal level, due to scientific and experts’ evaluation the legislation in the Constitutions of Bilorussia and threatens the public order as well as the national security, Moldova, the scientists, predominantly, the experts at confirms the discerned tendencies [8, 9]. Unluckily, the certain deliberations in resolving the problems of the analogical or similar cases are spotted frequently. constitutional reform in Ukraine have emerged. As a matter of fact some Ukrainians are suffering The European scientific community distinguishes from severe malocclusion, in the context of pros and both simply positive perception of human rights in their cons of the human rights, it is not necessary to deal with inherent variety and critical enough attitude towards the scientists, who pay attention to the social-economic ideology of the human rights, or even tending to the eastern problems of nowadays in our country, and the inability to philosophy, where interests of a man submit interests of increase the prospect of the collapse of resignation and collective, association and introduction as an alternative the strengthening of the conventional criminal-law mech­ of individual right to people rights. anisms. It deals with the predominance of the spheres of The tremendous glimpse of the security and the exe­ the specialties connected with the primary and technical cution of state power and the human rights is their state- forces, and reasons for the preliminary, provisional, inves­ of-the-art criminal-law enforcement. At that, the most tigative, controversial and other types of special activities, important is the fact that the transgression of the fictitious as well as in the criminal-procedural activity of the state, exaltation is a monopoly function of the contemporary first of all, in the course of judicial review. In this regard, state, which constitutes the exclusive right to reduce there is a rationale for those who characterize the domestic the force to the disputants and their application to the operating crime procedural law that is valid for a stable, inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 255 socialuri mecnierebebi - SOCIAL SCIENCES democratic society, nevertheless, in current realia it needs Therefore, it is important to highlight the thesis pre­ to be regulated [10]. However, it is worth admitting that sented by the author in publications repeatedly, the neces­ for recent few years, there have been several prerequisite, sity of observing the proper balance of interests of all sub­ preventive and practical approaches when the state of af­ jects of national human security, society and the state, both fairs, not only the state, has exploited the social function, in the interests of the human rights and freedoms, as well supported by the society. as the state and the society. The state itself, its sovereignty, The well-known and authoritative modern western territorial integrity, inviolability of the borders, altogether, European criminologist N. Kristie in his writings “Caus­ the image of a man for his state, corresponds to a man as ing pain” [11],”The Consistency of the Society” [12], a citizen, first and foremost, displaying a certain level of while depicting the current criminal policy of West and respect for the rights and freedoms. With this cluster, it is focusing on the USA, comes to the conclusion it is based hard to say that it is not a question of restraining the merits on the intention of hurting a human being who has caused of the embodiment mechanism for the rights and interests pain tentative to another person. of citizens of Ukraine moreover, they are not sort of vio­ Reducing the effectiveness of these methods of in­ lations in comparison with a precursor of action. fluence and the global non-elimination of the premise However, the signs of the development of the state, of falseness in the contemporary world is becoming in­ particularly of its influence, as distinguished by the west­ creasingly apparent. Indeed, it is true that the penitentia­ ern scientist, ingrained in modern developed, strong states. ry system, which is based on a criminal offense for the Thus, M. Kreveld, in his solid groundbreaking “Prosper­ wrongdoing, does not always succeed once and for all. ity and recession of the state” [13], S. Khuntington in the The hideous psychological and other strongholds of Nel­ book “Clash of civilizations” [14], depicting this tendency son Mandela, M. Khodorkovsky, in particular, were not at diverse angles , draw attention to the impact of globali­ of any kind whatsoever, as it came to the criminal affairs zation processes in the world, which entail the recession of in the commonplace of the abolition of all irrelevant from the national government as the state body. the state of self-reliance. Thus, it seems that it has a long- Thus, globalization, as an inherent process in the term prospect of establishing an association of people and priority of the western civilization, which is evoked by knowledge of the interests of other people, the people of the market standards, not the state ones, additionally, it God, as well as the society and the state. To solve these is characterized by an availability of social-economic, in­ problems in the interests of the person, its interests and vestment links and progressive evolution of scientific and interests, the actual replacement of the structure of the information technologies encourages the development structure of the transfer of offenses from the government of multicultural integration, the population migration, as a whole and the state. nevertheless, it is spontaneously induced as a general To begin with, the Ukrainian state and society has not planetary phenomenon, moreover, it chaotically entails yet succeeded in securing a level of self-organization and civilizational polarization and even international conflicts a proliferation of democratic institutions. The news of the [15], consequently vulnerable states have no chance to current state of the Ukrainian community suggests that avoid the effect, unfortunately, Ukraine is not an excep­ the people of Ukraine should think about the revolution in tion. Ukraine since the beginning of the 20th centuries. The fer­ vor of the recognition of the level of the return of Ukraine CONCLUSIONS: and of other non-negative tendencies is evident. The rea­ Hence, the fact of implementation by the Ukrainian sons for these tendencies, which the petitioners claim to state of the human rights and freedoms as well as the support the development of state-owned enterprises and citizen in contemporary development conditions of their separate institutes, are now considered to be objec­ Ukraine has to be ascertained. In order to resolve these tive as subjective ones, and now they are congregational. issues, there is a need to testify significance of the society In such skills, the preservation of the Ukrainian state is as well as the individual, that is the main subject to sustain becoming more and more evident in the obvious issue, the rights and interests of a person. which requires recourse and resolution.

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REFERENCES [1] Decree of the President of Ukraine on August 25, 2015, № 501/2015 For Approval of the National Strategy in the Field of Human Rights // Electron Resources. [Advance mode]: http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/501/2015. [2] Decree of the President of Ukraine on February 26, 2016, № 68/2016, For Approval of the National Strategy for Civil Society Development in Ukraine 2016-2020 // Electron Resources. [Advance mode]: http://zakon3. rada.gov.ua/laws/show/68/2016. [3] Decree of the President of Ukraine on January 12, 2015, № 5/2015, For Approval of he Sustainable Development Strate­ gy “Ukraine – 2020” // Electron Resources. [Advance mode]: http://zakon4.rada.gov.Ua/laws/show/5/2015. [4] Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers on November 23, 2015, № 1393,2015, For Approval Ukraine National Action Plan on Human Rights by 2020 // Electron Resources. [Advance mode]: http://www.kmu.gov.ua/ control/uk/cardnpd?docid =248740679. [5] The Report on Implementation of the National Strategy of Human Rights in the 1st quarter of 2016 from 14.06.2016, the Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union // Electron Resources. [Advance mode]: http://helsinki.org.ua/. [6] Annual and Specified Reports of the Advocate of the Sustainability and Protection of Human Rights and Freedoms // Electron Resources. [Advance mode]: http://www.ombudsman.gov.ua/ua/page/secretariat/docs/presentations/. [7] Constitutions of the European States / in 3 vol.; Ed. L. A. Okunkova. - M .: Norma, 2001. - Vol. 1. - p.824 ; Vol. 2. - p.840 s .; Vol. 3. - p.792. [8] Bandurka O. M. Factors of influence on the state of criminality in Ukraine. Counteraction criminality: theory and practice: Materials of the VIIth Ukrainian Scientific-Practical conference (October, 19, 2016). — K.: National Academy of the Public Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine, 2016. — p. 25-28. [9] Yarmysh O. N. Contemporary Ukrainian criminology as sciences of special period. / Counteraction criminality: theory and practice: Materials the VIIth Ukrainian Scientific-Practical conference (October, 19, 2016). — K.: National Academy of the Public Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine, 2016. — p. 51-53. [10] Malyarenko V. T. Responsibility of the state to the citizens on the uncontrolled territories: modern challenges and methods of solution. / Peculiarities of the Processional Procurement of Crimes, Committed on the Temporally Occupied Territories: materials of the round table ( July 26, 2016). — К.: National Academy of the Public Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine, 2016. — p. 73-77. [11] Kristi N. Causing pain. The role of punishment in the criminal policy / Transfer from the Engl. SPb.: Aleteya, 2011. - p.164 [12] Kristi N. The Consistency of Society / Trans. From Norway .. SPb .: Aletheia, 2014. - 152 p. [13] Kreveld M.V. Prosperity and recession of the state / Tran. from Eng.; FROM ed. Yu. Kuznetsova and A. Makayeva. - M .: IRISSEN, 2006. - p.544 [14] Khuntington S. Clash of Civilizations / Trans. from English T. Velimeev, Y. Novikova. - M.: AST, 2003. - p.571 [15] Military experts announced the terms of the next world war // Electron Resources. [Advance mode]: http://znaj.ua/news/ world/86868/vijskovi-eksperti-nazvali-termini-chergovoyi-svitovoyi-vijni.html.

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pasuxismgebliani midgomis formireba student axalgazrdobis mimarT, rogorc socialur - pedagogiuri problema

THE FORMATION OF RESPONSIBLE RELATIONS TO HEALTH OFSTUDENT YOUTH AS A SOCIO-PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEM

svetlana furdui, SVETLANA FURDUY, e.m.k., docenti, socialuri samuSaoebis, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, Associate socialuri pedagogikis da fizikuri Professor, Head of the Social Work Department kulturis kaTedris gamge, social pedagogy and physical education izmailis saxelmwifo universiteti, Izmail State University of Humanities izmaili, ukraina Ismail, Ukraine

ABSTRACT ovnuli aRzrdis tradiciebTan erTad aqtua­ In the conditions of sociopolitical transformation of soci­ luri xdeba axali Taobis sulieri da fizikuri ety, development and strengthening of statehood, the revival ganviTareba, rogorc aucilebeli piroba misi of deep cultural and historical experience and traditions of janmrTelobis SenarCunebisa da gaZlierebis national education, the problem of the spiritual and physical saqmeSi. development of the young generation is extremely urgent, statiis mizans warmoadgens studenturi ax­ and as a precondition for this is strengthening and preserv­ algazrdebis janmrTelobisadmi, rogorc so­ ing its health, it investigates the motivation of modern young cialur - pedagogiuri problemisadmi, sapasux­ people to a healthy lifestyle, analyzes the factors affecting the ismgeblo damokidebulebis formirebisaTvis Se­ lifestyle and health of people, in particular students. sabamisi midgomebis formireba. socialur - ped­ The purpose of the article is to study approaches to the agogiuri teqnologiebis arsisadmi sxvadasxva formation of a responsible attitude to health in students as midgomebis analizi da sistematizacia saSuale­ a socio-educational problem. Analysis and systematization bas gvaZlevs davaskvaT, rom: pirveli - eyrdno­ of various approaches to the essence of socio-pedagogical ba teqnologiis, rogorc mecnierebis gagebas technology allows us to talk about two main approaches: the ostatobis, praqtikuli saqmianobis xelovneb­ first, based on the understanding of technology as a science is Sesaxeb, gvkarnaxobs mas, rogorc codnisa da of craftsmanship, the art of practical activity, treats it as a socialur - pedagogiuri problemebis gadaWris body of knowledge about the most optimal methods, tools gansakuTrebiT optimaluri xerxebis, saSuale­ and techniques for solving social - pedagogical problems; the bebisa da meTodebis erTobliobas; meore midgo­ second approach is based on the understanding of technology as the practice of algorithmic application of optimal ways of ma efuZneba teqnologiis gagebas, rogorc so­ solving social and pedagogical problems, defines it as a way cialur - pedagogiuri problemebis gadaWris of carrying out social and pedagogical activity. It is obvious optimaluri xerxebis gamoyenebis algoriTmul that a real idea of health as well-being of students is still being gamoyenebas, gvkarnaxobs mas rogorc socialur - formed, therefore it is necessary to conduct activities aimed at pedagogiuri saqmianobis ganxorcielebis xerxs. forming their motivation to maintain a healthy lifestyle. rvlevis procesSi dadgenili iqna, rom miuxeda­ vad dadebiTi damokidebulebisa sakuTari jan­ Key words: health, formation of the position of student mrTelobis mimarT, es aris cxovrebis janmrTe­ youth, social and pedagogical technology, technology of li wesis dacvis survili, vinaidan maTi cxovre­ forming a responsible attitude to health. bis wesi ar Seesabameba cxovrebis ganmrTel wess. cxadia, studentebs mxolod exla uyalibdebaT anotacia warmodgena janmrTelobaze, rogorc keTildRe­ saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebasa da ga­ obaze, amitom, aucilebelia iseTi RonisZiebebis Zlierebis pirobebSi, sazogadoebis socialur gatareba, romelic mimarTuli iqneba maTTvis - ekonomikuri transformaciis da kulturul cxovrebis janmrTeli wesis Camoyalibebis moti­ - istoriuli gamocdilebis pirobebTan da er­ vaciaze.

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sakvanZo sityvebi: janmrTeloba, studentu­ same time physical disabilities, serious diseases (especial­ ri axalgazrdobis poziciis formireba, socia­ ly long-lasting) can lead to social exclusion and mental lur - pedagogiuri teqnologia, janmrTelo­ disorders. The harmonizationof the components of health bis mimart pasuxismgebeli damokidebulebis is one of the main factors in the harmony of a person’s formirebis teqnologia. individualand social life, and any disorders indicate the presence of the disease and the violation of the integrity of Formulation of the problem. In the scientific circula­ the personality [p.2; 17]. tion alongsidea large number of definitions of “health” Analysis of recent research and publications. Changes coexist, differing in theoretical and methodological ap­ that occur in all spheres of society, require new approaches proaches to the definition of a concept. However, most to socialization and upbringingof the younger generation. of them are severely constrained and are not able to ful­ Of specialimportance is the formation of a harmonious­ ly reveal the essence of such a complicatedphenomenon. ly developed, socially active, physically perfect, healthy According to the classification of P. I. Kalju, the existing personality. health assessment options are represented by four main N. Zaveriko, A. Stoyko, L. Sushchenko devoted their models: medical, the content of which focuses on med­ researches to the development of effective social-peda­ ical parameters and characteristics; biomedical, which gogical technologies for the formation of a healthy life­ represents the signs of the absence of subjective feelings style and health-saving technologies. of illnessand organic disorders; biosocial, which combines However, according to the researchers of Prikhodko medical and social definitions, although the latter are pri­ S., Sapozhnik O., attitude to health is not yet an object ority ones; value-social, in which health is considered as a of conscious formation, but it isa spontaneous process, value and a necessary condition for a fullfilledlife of a per­ the result of the collaborationof a complex set of factors. son. The latter model includes the definition, which is used Analysis of the presentstate of social and pedagogical in the documents of the World Health Organization (WHO activity on the identified problem revealed a number of Constitution (Constitution), signed by representatives of contradictions that require their decision on the implemen­ 61 countries), and, in our opinion, the most substantive - tation of an effective process of forming a responsible at­ “health” is defined as a state of complete physical, mental titude to health among student youth. and social well-being, and not only as the absence of dis­ Analysis and systematization of various approaches (T. ease and physical defects. Alekseenko, N. Zaveriko, I. Lipsky, V. Lyuty, L. Marda­ State target programs for the development of health haev, V. Nikitin, S. Kharchenko, etc.). The understanding care are an instrument for the implementation of the pri­ of the essence of socio-pedagogical technology allows us mary public policyobjectives in the relevant area. At the to talk about two main approaches: the first, based on the same time, they make it possible to increase management understanding of technology as a science of prowess , the efficiency at the expense of cost savings, their concentra­ art ofpractical activity; this approach treats it as a body tion on the most pressing healthcareproblems, and to im­ of knowledge about the most optimal methods, tools and prove the transparency and reasonableness of government techniques for solving social and pedagogical problems; spending. the second approach is basedon understanding technology The purpose of the article is to study approaches to as a practice algorithmic application of the best ways to the formation of a responsible treatmentto health atstudent solvethe socio-pedagogical problems, it treats it as a meth­ youth as a social and pedagogical problem.The physical od for implementingsocial and educational activities. characteristicsof human health determine the indicators of According to N.V. Zimivets: “The formation of a re­ the biological state of the body, necessary for life. Men­ sponsible attitude to health is a targeted systemic activity, tal (spiritual) health captures the significance of real and focused on the development and identification of an indi­ ideal personal phenomena, allowing a person to be a full- vidual’s position on health in specially created conditions” fledged member of society. Social health is characterized [p.3; ten]. by the ability of a person to support social connections, A detailed review of the scientific literature shows fulfill social roles, solve social problems, and participate that, starting from the second half of the twentieth cen­ in the realization of public interests [1]. tury, philosophers, sociologists, psychologists, educators, All these components are closely linked to each oth­ in particular R. Berezovskaya, S. Deriabo, L. Vodogree­ er - mental disorders significantly impactthe physical va, I. Zhuravleva, V. Kagan,V. Kogan, D. Loransky, V. well-being and social relations of a person, and at the Yasvin address the problem of attitudes towards health. inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 259 socialuri mecnierebebi - SOCIAL SCIENCES

The value dimentionof the formation of attitudes towards ment of the personality , but researchesfrom year to year health, taking into account age characteristics, is investi­ show a deterioration ofthe health indicators of the young­ gated by T. Andryushchenko, andVershinina, S. Belova, er generation. There is a lack of an established system of G. Zaitsev, V. Kabaeva, S. Sviridenko. The works of M. moral principles and values in the state when the con­ Amosov, G. Apanasenko, I. Brehman, V. Gorashchuk, A. sciousness of citizens is increasingly shaped through the Dubogai, V. Kaznacheyeva, Yu. Lisitsina, V. Lishchuk, V. media, and traditional family and school educationrapidly Petlenko are dedicated to the issues of formation, preser­ departsinto the background [5]. vation, strengthening and reproduction of health. Works Today, when Ukrainian education stands in the way­ by A. Balakirevoy, A. Vakulenko, L. Vashchenko, L. Zhal­ of integration into the European space, the pedagogical ilo, N. Komarova, R. Levina, A. Yaremenko, in which community has been faceda numberof questions on edu­ the international conceptual framework for promoting cating the basics of a healthy lifestyle ofthe younger gen­ healthadapted to the Ukrainian context as the theoretical eration. It became necessary to conducta radical reform of basis for healthy lifestyle were publishedat the end of the the physical education system of the younger generation, twentieth century. V. Bespalko, N. Zaveriko, V. Petrovich, which requires adherence to state policy in the develop­ L. Sushchenko, A. Stoyko, V. Shkurkina appealedto the ment of new approaches to the physical education of chil­ search for new social-pedagogical technologies of form­ dren and young people. ing a healthy lifestyle among students. The researchesof The structure of the socio-pedagogical technology of G. Latyshev, B. Miller, M. Orlova, S. Titova washighlight­ forming a responsible attitude to health in young people ed for the first time the experience of using peer education contains several essential components such as : goal, aims in preventive work. However, the problem of forming a , algorithm (sequence of actions), principles, necessary responsible attitude to the health of the individual as a and sufficient socio-pedagogical conditions, expected re­ whole, and of young students in particular, was not the sult [6]. object and subject of a special study of scientists. Mainstreamingcomponent that relates to skills and The structure of a responsible attitude to health is a abilities is also very important for success in social and unity of such components as cognitive-gnostic(obtaining educational activities aimed at promoting a healthy life­ information forrealizationthe value of health and personal style. A healthy lifestyle requires a significant amount responsibility for its condition), emotional and evaluative of cognitive, social and behavioral skills. The skills and (mastering the skills of self-assessment of health, personal abilities that contribute to a healthy lifestyle also include capabilities and opportunities of the environment contrib­ suchinterpersonal communication skillsas decision-mak­ uting to its development) , need-value (development of a ing and critical thinking skills, problem-solving skills, and stable system of personal values and the formation of a hi­ self-organization. erarchy of terminal values), motivational-strong-willed(­ In the introductionand implementation of socio-ped­ formation of significant, sustainable motivations that give agogical technologies for the formation of a responsible meaning to the activities carried out, education of the attitude to health in students, we define the following prin­ strong-willed qualities of the individual), practical (pro­ ciples: voluntariness, “teaching — learning”, the subject ductive life skills and skills conducive to success, support — subject communication. of wellfare) and reflexively- effective (formulation­ of Voluntary approach implies the free choice of the par­ skills to evaluate their activities) [р.4; 53]. ticipants (both specialists and ordinary young people) of Today, in the context of the development of Ukrainian their participation in training and conducting further edu­ society, the problem of the physical and mental health of cational work in the field of health promotion. the younger generation becomesparticularly acute, since The driving force of learning should be its own mo­ the current situation is characterized by high rates of child tive, which determines a person’s interest in learning ac­ morbidity, reduced quality of medical care, environmental tivities. It opens the motive of understanding for young degradation, moral and spiritual crisis, and so on . people of importance, the need for new knowledge, the Analysis of recent researchesand publications of the formation of new skills and their own role in this process. effectiveness of traditional approaches to the preservation The conceptof “teaching - learning” provides for the of health shows their declarative nature, does not concern creation of conditions so that participants not only receive the means of organizing and carrying out educational and the necessary information, but also have the opportunity cognitive activity. Almost inevery textbook on psycholo­ to play the role of a teacher, which increases the degree of gy and pedagogy is writtenabout the harmonious develop­ assimilation and awareness of knowledge.

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The concept of subject-subject communication mean­ healthy lifestyle as a special form of vital activity outside sthat in the educational process and interpersonal commu­ the lifestyle as a whole. nication the interests and feelings of all its subjects are A healthy lifestyle reflects the generalized typical constantly taken into account ; impliesthe recognition of structure of student life form. Amida healthy lifestyle, re­ the value of the personality of another person, itsthoughts, sponsibility for health is formed by the student as apart of experience. the overall cultural development, manifested in the unity The conceptsof implementation is the foundation, the of the stylistic characteristics of behavior, the ability to basisthat support technology as a socio-pedagogical sys­ develop oneself as a person in accordance with his own tem [7]. ideas about a full spiritual, moral and physical life. It should be noted on conditionsthat the choice and The aim of our research is to find out the attitude to application of socio-pedagogical technology depends on the healthy lifestyle of modern youth on the example of the creation of necessary and sufficient conditions, and the students of Izmail State Humanitarian University. technology itself helps to create new favorable conditions. Aquestionnaire of first-year students ofIzmail State The problem of forming a healthy lifestyle is rather University of Humanities at the age from 17 to 19 years thoroughly highlightedin many socio-philosophical, ped­ (N = 98) was conducted . According to the questionnaire agogical, psychological, sociological, and medical studies , 44% believe that a healthy lifestyle is the absence of bad . This problematic has become especially actuall in the habits, 15% adhere to the position that a healthy lifestyle second half of the twentieth century, both throughout the consists of a healthy and balanced dietary ,17% of re­ world as a whole, and, in particular, in Ukraine. The anal­ spondents believe that a healthy lifestyle is possible only ysis of statistical data and the results of various studies if you observe the correct daily regimen, and 16% consid­ show that the age of children who begin to smoke, con­ er sports as one of the most important aspects of a healthy sume alcohol and other narcotic substances, and begin sex lifestyle. life early decreases . Meanwhile , 39% of respondents already lead a healthy According to official statistics, 128 thousand­ peo lifestyle, 42% tend to this, but 19% of respondents, unfor­ ple use drugs in Ukraine today, among them- 60% are tunately, do not think about it. young people and teenagers, 13% are children from11 Describing their morning, 16% of respondents indicat­ to14 years old ; one in two teenager smokes, and one in ed that they are ready to wake up early and do exercises, three - has experienceof drinking alcohol. The sexual cul­ 19% used tostudy in the morning, but the majority of 65% ture of young people remains poor and negatively affects prefer to sleep a little longer. their reproductive health. Irremediable harm to the health Sport is one of the components of a healthy lifestyle. of children and young people is caused by sexually trans­ Among all the respondents, only 35% do sports regularly, mitted diseases. Their prevalence is growing every year. 20% of them do it for pleasure, 17% of respondents want The HIV / AIDS epidemic continues to worsen, affecting to look good and have a beautiful body, more than halfof primarily young people. According to official data,more respondents are lazy to do it, 14% do not like to do sports than 91 thousand HIV-infected people were registered in in general. Ukraine inApril 2016: the number of HIV-infected people Compliance with the daily regimen contributes to increased fourfold compared to 2010. Television, video health promotion, but only 12% of the respondents do it, production, computer games with the demonstration of 35% tend to this, but the majority of modern students 53% horror, violence, sexual debauchery cause a devastating do not have a healthy lifestyle. impact on the psyche of the younger generation . As a re­ Student youth considers the presence or absence of sult of various life circumstances, each person falls under bad habits to be the most important feature characterizing the influence of the information environment thatexistsa­ their attitude to their health. The most common among round it , and itssocial morality, attitude, beliefs, attitudes, bad habits that harm human health are the use of alcohol, and behavior do not always form usefully for the society. cigarettes and energy drinks, overeating, etc. Students are In recent years, attention to a healthy lifestyle of stu­ convinced that in small doses they will not cause harm, dents has been stepped up, this happenddue to public con­ and, starting to use something, a person will have enough cern about the health of specialists graduated from higher willpower, then quit it. During the survey, 13% admit­ education, the increase in morbidity in the process of vo­ ted that they often drink alcohol, 23% of those surveyed cational training, and the consequent decrease in efficien­ smoke, 64% of respondents claimthat they have no bad cy. It is necessary to clearly understand that there is no habits. At the same time 75% sleep less than 8 hours, 25% inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 261 socialuri mecnierebebi - SOCIAL SCIENCES of respondents averagely sleep for8 to 9 hours. conduct activities aimed at formingmotivation of students The respondents named the main reasons for not ad­ to maintain a healthy lifestyle. hering to a healthy lifestyle: disrupted daily routine, smok­ Conclusion. The formation of an educated, physically ing, constant physical and emotional stress, lack of time, and socially healthy, creative person is an actual problem and the inability tomanage their time properly. Neverthe­ of modern society. Socio-pedagogical technologies of less, 70% of respondents noted that it is useful for students forming a responsible attitude to health in students make to lead a healthy lifestyle, only 30% believe that this is not it possible for teachers to carry out this process purpose­ necessary. fully, with certain conceptual foundations, concepts , Thus, in the course of the study it was determined that, activity content, according to a certain algorithm, a high despite the positive attitude of the student youth towards probability of achieving the final result. We can draw as their health, there is no desire to observe a healthy lifestyle. a conclusion that the formation of the direction of social This is confirmed by the unwillingnessof the majority of work involves primarily preventive and educational work. respondents to do morning exercises, go in for sports, ob­ It is also important to note that the specificity of this type serve dailyand sleeproutine, and give up bad habits. This of work is that a person cannot be forced to lead a healthy is primarily connected withthe workload of students, lack lifestyle - he can onlybe motivated. That is why it can be of free time, laziness and the inability to properly make up provedthat the socio-pedagogical work ata healthy life­ their daily routine. It is obvious that a real idea of health as style is, first of all, work atthe formation of motivation for well-beingis still being formed, therefore it is necessary to a healthy lifestyle.

REFERENCES [1] Vashchenko, L., Boychenko, T., Health basics, The book for the teacher, Genesis, (2005); [2] Sokolenko, L., Pedagogical conditions for the formation of a culture of healthy lifestyles for students, Native school, #7,(2006), рp. 29-31; [3] Zimivets, N., Socio-pedagogical technologies of forming a responsible attitude to health among students, Author’s abstract, Dis., Cand., Ped.,Sciences, 13.00.05. Social pedagogics, Lugansk,(2008); [4] Zimivets, N., Technological support of the process of forming a responsible attitude to health among students, Bulletin of Zaporizhzhya National University, Pedagogical sciences, #1, ( 2009), pp. 52-57; [5] Zimovets, N., Concept of formation of a healthy way of life, Social, pedagogical and psycho-corrective work with juveniles convicted of non-prison sentences: method. manual on social rehabilitation in juvenile convicts in the community, Science, World, (2006), рр. 138-148; [6] Zhuravel, T., Problems of HIV prevention among children and adolescents at high risk,Electronic resource: Category, Conference materials Current issues of social and pedagogical work in secondary schools, accessedFebruary 9, 2010,http:// www.psyh.kiev.ua/PSYH.KIEV.UA/; [7] Zaveriko, N., Theoretical Foundations of Socio-Pedagogical Technology of Work with Adolescents, Scientific Journal of NPU named after MP Dragomanov Zb., nauk, Ave, NPU named after Dragomanov, M., Sociology, Social work, Control, Series 11, #2, (2004), pp. 80-86; [8] Prikhodko, S., Influence of the educational process on the level of physical health and the incidence of schoolchildren and students, Theory and methods of physical education and sport, #2, (2010),рp. 81-83; [9] Sapozhnik, A., Features of the motivation of female students of universities to exercise, Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sport), Izd-in NPU them, Dragomanova, M., #13,(2011), рp. 554-557.

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umaRlesi ganaTlebis erovnuli sistemis modernizaciiT pozitiuri sinergiuli efeqtis miRwevis modeli

MODEL OF ACHIEVEMENT OF POSITIVE SYNERGY EFFECTS OF MODERNIZATION OF NATIONAL HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM natalia xoliavko, NATALIYA KHOLIAVKO, ekonomikis mecnierebaTa kandidati, asocirebuli Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate profesori, Cernigovis erovnuli teqnologiuri Professor Ukraine, Chernihiv, Chernihiv universiteti, Cernogovi, ukraina National University of Technology

ABSTRACT ganaTlebis erovnuli sistemis modernizaciis The modernization of higher education system is brings integraluri sinergiuli efeqtebi. numerous positive synergistic effects to subjects of Quad­ avtoris mier SemoTavazebulia umaRlesi ruple Helix model (government sector – business enterprise ganaTlebis modernizaciiT dadebiTi sinergiu­ sector - higher education sector – private non-profit sector). li efeqtis miRwevis modeli, romelic agebulia Is becoming urgent a task of developing a model of achieving mizanmimarTulobis, kompleqsurobis, Riaobis positive synergistic effects based on multidimensional inter­ da adeqvaturobis principebze, aseve sinergiu­ ests of all actors. The article analyzes the main types of syn­ lobis principebis kompleqsurobaze. ergistic effects obtained by different subjects within the inter­ action areas (Personnel, Science, Innovation, Management, sakvanZo sityvebi: umaRlesi ganaTlebis sis­ Social area); it made possible to identify the integral synergis­ tema, sinergiulobis principebi, “Quadruple Helix“ tic effects of modernization of higher education system. The modeli, universiteti, sainformacio ekonomika, author proposes a model for achieving positive synergistic urTierTmoqmedebis sibrtyeebi. effects of modernization of higher education system, which was developed on the principles of purposefulness, complex­ АКТУАЛЬНОСТЬ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. ity, openness, adequacy, as well as principles of synergetics. Достижение функционально-целевого согласия субъек­ ­тов модернизации системы высшего обра­ Keywords: higher education system; principles of syner­ зования закладывает почву для развития их долго­ getics; synergistic effect; Quadruple Helix model; university; срочного взаимовыгодного партнерства с генерацией information economy; interaction areas. ряда позитивных синергических эффектов. Ориен­ тированность модернизационных процессов в сфере anotacia высшего образования на повышение конкурентоспо­ umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis moderniza­ собности отечественных университетов на националь­ cias SeuZlia garkveuli pozitiuri sinergiuli ном и международном рынках образовательных услуг efeqtebis motana modeliT “Quadruple Helix“ обусловливает необходимость усиления их потенци­ monawile - subieqtisaTvis (saxelmwifo seqtori ала. Одним из перспективных направлений при этом - samewarmeo seqtori - umaRlesi ganaTlebis se­ может быть оптимизация сети заведений высшего qtori - sazogadoebrivi seqtori). aqtualobas образования с тем, чтобы сформировать мощные уни­ iZens yvela subieqtis mravalaspeqtiani inter­ верситетские структуры, состоятельные в конкурен­ esebis aRricxvis safuZvelze pozitiuri siner­ ции на мировом уровне. giuli efeqtebis miRwevis modelis SemuSavebis Получаемые в ходе модернизации синергиче­ davaleba. statiaSi gaanalizebulia sinergiuli ские эффекты от взаимодействия субъектов модели efeqtebis ZiriTadi saxeebi, romlebic miiReba Quadruple Helix (государственный сектор – предпри­ sxvadasxva subieqtebisagan maTi urTierTmoqme­ нимательский сектор – сектор высшего образования – debebis sibrtyeebis WrilSi ( kadrebi, mecnier­ общественный сектор) могут носить как позитивный, eba, inovacia, menejmenti, socialuri sibrtye), так и негативный характер. Последние приводят к де­ ris safuZvelzec formulirebulia umaRlesi зорганизации системы, нарушению устоявшихся свя­ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 263 socialuri mecnierebebi - SOCIAL SCIENCES

зей с внешней средой, углублению асимметрии в раз­ и синергия инвестирования, выделенные С. Ищенко витии высших учебных заведений в разрезе регионов, и И.Ивашковськой [2-3]. Собственно, эти эффекты обострению их финансово-экономических проблем, можно экстраполировать в плоскость взаимодействию интеллектуальной миграции, потере конкурентных субъектов модели Quadruple Helix в ходе модерниза­ позиций украинских вузов. ции высшего образования. В частности, синергия сбы­ Постановка задания. Учитывая это, актуализиру­ та может находить свое проявление: в росте числен­ ется задание разработки модели достижения позитив­ ности студентов, увеличении притока иностранных ных синергических эффектов на основе учета много­ студентов (система высшего образования); и в нара­ аспектности интересов всех субъектов модернизации щивании объемов сбыта продукции бизнес-партнеров системы высшего образования. Формирование такой (предпринимательский сектор). Это является резуль­ модели требует решения двух заданий: во-первых, ис­ татом производственной синергии от взаимодействия: следование механизма возникновения синергических в первом случае – как следствие рост качества образо­ эффектов; во-вторых, разработка алгоритма генерации вательных услуг благодаря приведению их в соответ­ эффектов синергии в ходе взаимодействия субъектов ствие с запросами рынка труда; во втором – в резуль­ модернизации. Такая модель должна, с одной сторо­ тате коммерциализации и внедрения в производствен­ ны, адекватно реагировать на внешние вызовы, прису­ ный процесс ресурсо- и энергоэкономных технологий, щие этапу становления информационной экономики; инноваций и современных информационно-комму­ с другой стороны - глобальные тренды развития обра­ никационных технологий. При этом эффекты синер­ зовательной среды. гии получают также и субъекты государственного Анализ исследований и публикаций. В научной (прирост налоговых поступлений; сбалансирование литературе эффекты синергии исследуются рядом рыночных отношений; активизация научно-техниче­ ученых, среди которых: Е. Кемпбелл, Ж. Поплавская, ского и инновационного развития национальной эко­ О. Гулин, С. Ищенко, О.Лысенко, В. Щедров и др. Для номики) и общественный (наращивание масштабов нашего исследования наиболее примененным являет­ реализации государственных социальных программ; ся подход Гонты О.И., которая предлагает синергиче­ увеличения объемов средств партиципаторных бюд­ ский эффект рассматривать как повышение эффектив­ жетов) секторы. ности деятельности партнеров благодаря интеграции Синергия управления проявляется в трансфор­ отдельных направлений их функционирования в еди­ мации подходов к менеджменту: как на макроуров­ ную систему, способную приносить эффекты общего не (отдельные субъекты взаимодействия), так и на действия [1, с. 367]. Синергические эффекты возника­ уровне партнерства в целом. В частности, это поиск ют в системах с нелинейной динамикой развития. К новых подходов к мотивации, идентификация общих таким синергическим системам, способным к самоор­ интересов, организация взаимовыгодного сотрудниче­ ганизации, мы относим и систему высшего образова­ ства, координации совместной деятельности, включая ния в условиях ее модернизации в контексте перехода ее планирование, оценку и контроль. Управление на национальной экономики на функционирование на таком уровне открывает возможности для совершен­ принципах информационности. Следует отметить, что ствования менеджмента на уровне отдельных органи­ получаемые при этом синергические эффекты распро­ заций. страняются на другие системы, в том числе имеющие В контексте нашего исследования особенный инте­ линейный характер развития. рес представляет синергия инвестирования. Этот вид синергии стоит рассматривать как мультипликатив­ ИЗЛОЖЕНИЕ ОСНОВНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА. ный эффект от задействования инвестиционных воз­ Виды синергетических эффектов модернизации можностей всех стейкхолдеров. Кроме этого, синер­ системы высшего образования гия проявляется в увеличении доходов и оптимизации Функционирование большинства экономических денежных потоков организаций. Именно в получении систем сопровождается получением таких эффектов системой высшего образования синергических эффек­ синергии: эффекты масштаба, интеграции, комплекс­ тов инвестиционного характера от сотрудничества с ных преимуществ. Сотрудничество же нескольких бизнес-сектором мы видим один из весомых ожидае­ социально-экономических систем приносит допол­ мых результатов модернизации. Причем акцент дела­ нительные эффекты. Это может быть синергия сбы­ ем на мультивекторности их сотрудничества (образо­ та, производственная синергия, синергия управления вательная, научно-исследовательская, инновационная,

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консалтинговая, инжиниринговая, экспертная и др.) с государственное регулирование модернизационных целью расширения направлений привлечения допол­ процессов позволяет минимизировать эти трудно­ нительных средств в бюджеты заведений высшего об­ сти благодаря оптимизированному прогнозированию разования. различных комбинаций факторов усиления синер­ Количественное измерение эффектов синергии гических эффектов. Приоритеты государственной Достаточно проблематичным является количе­ политики в сфере высшего образования должны со­ ственное измерение эффекта синергии через преиму­ ответствовать запросам информационной экономики щественно качественный характер получаемых ре­ и глобализированного образовательного простран­ зультатов, а также несовершенство имеющейся стати­ ства. Это должно дополняться применением подхода стической и отчетной базы, которая значительно огра­ «bottom-up» – учет инициатив отдельных университе­ ничивает возможности такой оценки. Однако, вместе тов обеспечит обновление локального образователь­ с этим, в пределах предпринимательского сектора в ного пространства и создание предпосылок для дивер­ научной литературе проработаны некоторые методи­ сификации финансовых источников и стимулов для ческие подходы в этом направлении. Например, И.И­ привлечения инвестиций. Именно при такой органи­ вашковськая предложила проводить оценку эффекта зации процессов стратегирования при модернизации и синергии по методу дисконтирования денежных пото­ развитии высшего образования университеты перехо­ ков (1-2): дят от пассивной позиции ожидания государственного финансирования к активной позиции инвестиционно (1) привлекательного экономического субъекта. Интеграционные синергические эффекты от взаи­

∆FCFE = ∆S – ∆C – ∆T – ∆NWC – ∆Capex + ∆Debt, (2) модействия субъектов модели Quadruple Helix прояв­ ляются в получении больших эффектов от сотрудниче­ где ∆FCFE – поток денежных средств; ства партнеров в ходе общей реализации мероприятий ∆S – прирост выручки; по модернизации системы высшего образования, чем ∆C – экономия расходов; от их автономного, несогласованного функциониро­ ∆T – экономия на налогах; вания. В формализированном виде оценка синергиче­ ∆NWC – экономия на расходах на оборотный ка­ ских эффектов от взаимосогласованного сотрудниче­ питал; ства субъектов модели Quadruple Helix представлена

∆Capex – экономия на капиталовложениях; в (3) и (4) : ∆Debt – изменение чистого долга;

re – доходность акционерного капитала. EG + EE + Eb + Ep < ES, (4.3)

Использование описанного формулами (1-2) алго­ где EG – эффект от автономного функционирования ритма количественной оценки эффекта синергии по­ субъектов государственного сектора;

зволяет вести учет выгод предпринимательских струк­ EE – эффект от автономного функционирования тур от взаимодействия с субъектами государственного субъектов сектора высшего образования;

и образовательного секторов по модели Quadruple Eb – эффект от автономного функционирования Helix. Однако он является практически непримени­ субъектов предпринимательского сектора;

мым относительно эффектов, получаемых от такого Ep – эффект от автономного функционирования партнерства системой высшего образования. общественного сектора;

По нашему мнению, при оценке синергических ES – эффект от совместной деятельности субъектов. эффектов модернизации системы высшего образова­ ния целесообразно структурировать саму синергию, рассматривая каждый из источников в соответствии с главными плоскостями взаимодействия субъектов модели Quadruple Helix. Причем стоит принять во внимание, что идентифицировать наличие синергии сотрудничества субъектов модернизации достаточно легко. Трудности заключаются в планировании и ре­ ализации синергических эффектов [4]. Взвешенное inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 265 socialuri mecnierebebi - SOCIAL SCIENCES

где SE – синергетический эффект; Таким образом, сотрудничество субъектов модели n – количество субъектов сектора, задействован­ Quadruple Helix позволяет дополнить эффекты от их ных в модернизационных процессах; основной деятельности позитивными синергически­

EGS, EbS, EES, EpS – эффект от совместной деятельно­ ми эффектами от взаимодействия. При этом необхо­ сти, получаемый субъектами государственного, пред­ димо комплексно подходить к анализу синергического

принимательского, образовательного и общественно­ эффекта SEQH, учитывая как экономические (количе­ го секторов соответственно. ственно измеримые), так и социальные (преимуще­ ственно качественные) эффекты. Последние подда­ Использование описанного выше экономико-мате­ ются экспертной оценке. В частности, сложно количе­ матического алгоритма (3-4) позволит оценить форми­ ственно измерить эффекты в образовательной сфере рование синергических эффектов, учитывая следую­ (качество образовательных услуг, их соответствие щие аспекты: запросам работодателей, динамичность обновления если SE<0, то экономическое взаимодействие меж­ образовательного контента, инновационность педаго­ ду субъектами отсутствует; гических методов и технологий и пр.), а также эффек­ если SE>0, то есть синергическое взаимодействие ты, получаемые общественным сектором (удовлетво­

между партнерами. Чем большее значение SE, тем бо­ ренность потребителей образовательными услугами, лее стойким и глубоким является партнерство между престижность профессий преподавателя и ученого, экономическими субъектами с перспективами его про­ общественное признание роли образования в социаль­ лонгации в долгосрочном периоде. но-экономическом развитии страны и др.). Поскольку перспективным направлением модер­ Стойкость позитивных синергических эффектов и низации национальной системы высшего образования тенденция к их наращиванию делает перспективу раз­ в современных условиях становления информацион­ вития сотрудничества на долгосрочной основе более ной экономики мы видим налаживание эффективного реальной, способствует расширению плоскостей об­ взаимодействия стейкхолдеров в соответствии с моде­ щих интересов стейкхолдеров. Долгосрочный харак­ лью Quadruple Helix, представленные выше формулы тер сотрудничества субъектов модели Quadruple Helix, можно модифицировать следующим образом (5-6): по нашему убеждению, является одной из определяю­ щих вех построения стратегий модернизации системы

∑ EQH ≤ ES (5) высшего образования. Недопустимым считаем ориентированность на си­ SE = ES – EQH, (6) туационные преимущества и краткосрочные выгоды. Рядом с этим, мы отмечаем то, что современные заве­ где EQH – эффект от совместной деятельности субъектов модели Quadruple Helix в ходе модернизации дения высшего образования должны быть высокоди­ системы высшего образования намичными и способными к импульсной ситуативной реакции. В частности, имеем в виду их возможность Соответственно, получаемый от сотрудничества импульсной адаптации к условиям переменчивой эк­ синергический эффект должен распределяться зогенной среды. Обеспечением этого должно зани­ между всеми привлеченными субъектами с целью маться профильное структурное подразделение уни­ обеспечения их заинтересованности в продолжении верситета, эксперты которого (высококвалифициро­ сотрудничества: ванные экономисты, политологи, социологи, юристы и др.) на основе анализа текущей ситуации развития

SE = ∑SEQH = ∑( SEG + SEE + SEb + SEp), (7) экономики разрабатывают альтернативные сценарии и генерируют для ученых предложения относительно

где SEQH – синергический эффект для субъектов векторов приоритетных исследований в соответствии модели Quadruple Helix; с наиболее актуальными внешними вызовами. Разра­

SEG, SEE, SEb, SEp – синергические эффекты от ботку концептуальных принципов импульсной адап­ взаимодействия при модернизации системы высшего тации системы высшего образования к потребностям образования, получаемые соответственно субъектами национального хозяйства рассматриваем в качестве государственного, образовательного, предпринима­ основного направления ее модернизации в контексте тельского, общественного секторов. информатизации национальной экономики.

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inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 267 socialuri mecnierebebi - SOCIAL SCIENCES

Учитывая вышеуказанное, предлагаемые формулы требует консолидации усилий всех стейкхолдеров: вычисления синергических эффектов от модерниза­ согласованного по взаимным интересам сотрудни­ ции системы высшего образования можно видоизме­ чества университетов с бизнесом с целью максимизации нить: полезности субъектов общественного сектора при взвешенном государственном регулировании. ES ≥ β, (8) Интегральные синергетические эффекты моде­ SE + E ≥ β, QH рн­и­зации системы высшего образования

SE ≥ β – EQH, Систематизированные эффекты синергии для всех субъектов модели Quadruple Helix нами было где β - экзогенно заданная константа объединены в пять ключевых плоскостей: Кадры, Менеджмент, Наука, Инновации, Социальная Представленная в (8) формула позволяет плоскость. В табл. 1 приведены элементы достижения определить синергический эффект от модернизации интегральных синергических эффектов модернизации системы высшего образования, получаемый благодаря системы высшего образования в разрезе указанных взаимодействию субъектов модели Quadruple Helix, плоскостей. Представленная в табл. 1 информация при учете требований и запросов экзогенной среды позволяет очертить круг задач для органов (β). Достижение позитивных синергических эффектов государственной власти. Основные эффекты синергии от модернизации системы высшего образования структурированы по субъектам модернизации с

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конкретизацией роли системы высшего образования, образовательного (E), предпринимательского (b) и направлений усиления позитивных эффектов си­ общественного (p) секторов соответственно;

н­ергии от сотрудничества. В соответствии с ES - эффекты от совместной деятельности последним идентифицируются перспективы дальней­ субъектов;

шего развития взаимовыгодного партнерства, EQH - эффекты от взаимодействия субъектов модели стратегические приоритеты стабилизации его темпов. Quadruple Helix;

Выводы. На основе проведенного исследования EG + EE + Eb + Ep - синергетические эффекты от нами построена модель достижения положительных взаимодействия субъектов государственного (G), синергетических эффектов модернизации системы образовательного (E), предпринимательского (b), высшего образования - рис. 1. Методологическими общественного (p) секторов соответственно;

принципами, использованными при этом, являются: SEQH - синергетический эффект для субъектов - принцип целенаправленности, то есть ориентиро­ модели Quadruple Helix; ванности на реализацию стратегических целей модер­ β - экзогенно заданная компонента. низации системы высшего образования; - принцип комплексности, то есть учета совокуп­ Перспективы дальнейших исследований. Мо­д­ ности получаемых эффектов с различными плоскостя­ ель (рис. 1) направлена ​​на максимизацию положи­ ми взаимодействия субъектов; тельных эффектов и их распределение между всеми - принцип открытости, то есть развитости эндоген­ вовлеченными субъектами. Реализация данной ных связей между элементами системы и чувствитель­ модели позволит перейти от восприятия системы ности к воздействиям экзогенной среды; высшего образования как зоны расходов к ее - принцип адекватности, то есть полного соответ­ рассмотрению в качестве зоны привлечения частных и ствия реальным социально-экономическим процессам иностранных инвестиций. Последнее, в свою очередь, требует внедрения мотивационных механизмов в стране; сотрудничества субъектов четырехзвенной спирали - принципы синергетики. Quadruple Helix. Целевым ориентиром предлагаемой модели является получение вузами, их партнерами, Примечание: стейкхолдерами интегральные положительные синер­ E + E + Eb + Ep - эффекты от автономного G E гетические эффекты от модернизации национальной функционирования субъектов государственного (G), системы высшего образования.

REFERENCES [1] Гонта, О.І. (2008) Політика транснаціоналізації економіки регіонів: теорія, методологія, практика [Policy of transnationalization of the regional economy: theory, methodology, practice]: Монографія. Чернігів: Чернігівський ЦН­ ТЕІ. 496 с. [2] Ивашковская, И.В. (2004) Слияния и поглощения: ловушки роста [Mergers and Acquisitions: Growth Traps] Управле­ ние компанией.[Management of Company] №7. С. 26-29. [3] Ищенко, С.М. (2005) Оценка эффекта синергии как одного из факторов роста капитализации компании и благосо­ стояния акционеров [Assessment of the synergy effect as one of the factors of growth of the company’s capitalization and shareholder wealth.] Корпоративное управление и инновационное развитие экономики Севера: Вестник Научно-ис­ следовательского центра корпоративного права, управления и венчурного инвестирования Сыктывкарского госу­ дарственного университета [Corporate Governance and Innovative Development of the Economy of the North: Bulletin of the Research Center for Corporate Law, Management and Venture Capital Investments of Syktyvkar State University] Сыктывкар: СыктГУ. №3. С. 58-63. [4] Поплавська, Ж. (2001) Ефект взаємодії. Синергізм в економіці [Interaction effect. Synergy in the economy] Вісник НАН України. №5.

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janmrTelobis SenarCuneba - fizikuri ganaTlebis maswavleblis priorittuli amocana

HEALTH PRESERVATION IS A PRIORITY COMPETENCEOF PHYSICALEDUCATION TEACHER oqsana baStovenko, ОKSANА BASHTOVENKO, biologiur mecnierebaTa kandidati, docenti, Candidate of Biological Sciences, Associate socialuri samuSaoebis, socialuri peda­ Professor of the Department of Social Work, gogikis da fizikuri aRzrdis departamenti Social Pedagogy and Physical Education

ABSTRACT Svnelovani­ adgili uWiravs fizikuri kul­ The article is devoted to the actual problem - the role of the turis maswavleblebs. umaRlesi saswavlo dawe­ teacher in preservithe health of children, which is determinant sebulebebi ayalibeben profesiuli momzadebis in the health of the nation. Raising the level of physical safuZvels, romelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT development of the younger generation, its mental potential, is mniSvnelovania­ energo SemnarCunebeli kompe­ a prerequisite for the country’s exit from the socio-economic ten­turoba. aqcenti keTdeba problemis daZ­ crisis. The leading role belongs to the teachers of physical levaze, romelic dakavSirebulia fizikuri education in solving this problem. Higher educational kulturis pedagogebis momzadebis arasakmaris institutions lay the foundation of professional readiness, donesTan janmrTelobis energo SemnarCunebeli their most important component is a health-preserving RonisZiebebis realizaciis dros. profesiuli competence. Emphasis is placed on overcoming the problems saqmianobisaTvis momzadebis aspeqtebi saga­ associated with an insufficient level of readiness of physical nm­anaTleblo sferoSi arasakmarisadaa Semu­ education teachers to implementation of a system of health- Savebuli, ris gamoc ver xdeba maRali profesiuli preserving measures. Aspects of training for professional momzadebis, rogorc kompleqsuri fenomenis, activity are developed imperfectly in the educational process, formireba, romelsac eqneba bavSvebisa da programme and methodological support in higher educational mozardebis janmrTelobis gaumjobesebis didi institutions does not form high professional readiness as a potenciali. studentebis mediko - biologiuri complex phenomenon, with great potential for improving momzadebis Teoriul - praqtikuli Semadgeneli the level of health of children and teenagers. The theoretical warmoadgens fizikuri momzadebis pedagogebis and practical component of biomedical training of students umTavres amocanas fizikuri aRzrdisadmi is the most important component of the readiness of physical kompetenturad midgomis saqmeSi. education teachers to implement a competence approach in the system of physical education.The introduction of the sakvanZo sityvebi: energoSemnaxveli, fi­ phased formation of competence-based preparedness based zi­kuri kultura, profesiuli mzadyofna, kom­ on the planning of the educational components will make it petencia. possible to supplement the methodology for further improving the educational process in the field of health preservation. INTRODUCTION Health -isthe most current value of modernity. The Key words: health preservation, physical culture, current socio-economic situation is such that the state professional readiness, competence. problems of recent years have a negative effect on the dynamics of health, including the child population of anotacia Ukraine. The number of children with chronic pathology, statia eZRvneba aqtualur Temas - maswav­ children’s disability is growing. Scientists warn that these leblis rols bavSvebis janmrTelobis SenarC­ factors affect not only the state of health, but also the life unebis saqmeSi, rac eris janmrTelobis gan­ expectancy and mortality of future generations. msaz­Rvrelia. mozardi Taobis fizikuri gan­ Teenagers constitute a significant and most promising vi­Tarebis donisa da gonebrivi potencialis part of our society. The health of adolescent children is amaRleba warmoadgens saxelmwifos socialur of particular value during the period of unfavorable - ekonomikuri krizisidan gamoyvanis winapi­ demographic situation in Ukraine. The current stage in ro­bas. aRniSnuli problemis mogvarebaSi mni­ the formation of a healthy, viable generation is determined

270 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 socialuri mecnierebebi - SOCIAL SCIENCES by the social policies of states. The world community system, prolonged immobility of the spine, tenseof the has already formed common views and requirements for visual analyzer, sedentary behavior outside the educational the formation of health care by a number of documents institution due to the weak development of extra-curricular and regulatory acts on the introduction of a healthy sports and recreation. Not all parents can, as it isnecessary, lifestyle. Declaration of Human Rights, Declaration of to create conditions for the normal development of the Alma-Ata, Jakarta Declaration, World Health Declaration child, or do not have the means to do so. “Health for All in the 21st Century”, the Bangkok Tevkun V.V. defines health-preserving competence, Charter, European Strategy “Health and Development of the basis ofthe professional training of physical Children and Adolescents” indicate the urgent need for educationteachers, as a problem of paramount importance a clear understanding of the changing strategy of human for modern higher education. Future teachersarelack of life [ 1, p.43]. But how to ensure real positive changes motivation for activities related to preserving children’s in the direction of improving health and increasing life health, they do not know and do not know how to expectancy, convey to the wholesociety that not only the use health-preservingtechnologies in the educational state is responsible for the health of every citizen, but process, ignore the scientific organization of labor in the everyone should be aware of the responsibility to preserve pedagogical process. their health. The society needs a new specialist who can The purpose and objectives of the research. fulfillpractical experience in the field of health preservation. To study the main approaches in the formation of It is the competence approach in the trainingof future professional competence of health preservation of future teachers of physical education that forms new technologies teachers of physical education. To analyze the theoretical in education and solves the contradictions between the component of biomedical training of students in physical social order and the insufficient level of development of education and sports profile, in order to form their health- health-preserving competence. preservingcompetence. To determine the need to increase N. Tamarska, T. Bondarenko define the essence of the motor activity of children as a social condition for the “health-preserving competence” in conducting preventive preservation of their health in the educational process. To measures and introducing the knowledge of specialists substantiate the level of readiness of physical education who possess the fundamental bases of health preservation, teachers to implement a competence-based approach in identify components of health-preserving competence the physical education system of secondary education. such as: emotional, cognitive, and practically active. They include fundamental biomedical, psychological, ANALYSIS OF RECENT RESEARCH pedagogical and methodological components. Motor activity preserves health, which is the basis for I. M. Shepenyuk considers the problem of the achieving success during the learning process. Despite the formation of health-preserving competence of teachers in efforts of the state, drawing public attention to the problem the context of innovative development of an educational of preserving health, the introduction of a new educational institution to bethe key elementwhich defines research reform “New Ukrainian School” has not yet succeeded and experimental work that improves the professional in creating conditions for solving painful problems and development of teachers and their skills. creating a favorable atmosphere in schools, providing Atthe international labor market, first of all, they comfortable conditions and optimal scheme of strainfor pay attention to the ability toapply effectively acquired each child. . What are the ways our scientists are moving knowledge in their professional activities. Y. Rybinskaya: in addressing this issue? A number of authors highlight the “Competence is” a general ability based on knowledge, importance of primary prevention, based on the formation experience, values, and abilities that are acquired thanks of a healthy lifestyle. Each person should be responsible totraining. “ for its health, consciously eliminate deviant risk factors R. Milrud and A. Andreev characterize this concept as for health [2, p.45].But such a life position does not arise the ability to achieve results, to solve specific problems forcibly or spontaneously, it must be motivated from and to possess active knowledge of the requirements in the childhood. Modern statistics is not optimistic , because it relevant industries. indicates a large number of somatic deviations acquired Competence is the quality of a specialist, the result of by children and students during their studies [1, c.44]. his self-development and the application of experience The reason for this lies in the educational process, according to V. Bolotov and V. Serikov. It is appropriate which requires a certain tension in the musculoskeletal to pay attention to the opinion of I. Gushlyavskaya inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 271 socialuri mecnierebebi - SOCIAL SCIENCES and D. Trubachev, thatthe experience of applying school and the family, starting from the first class through acquired competencies isthe part of components of the updating the content of physical education teaching. “competence” category listed above. In this regard, the need for such teachers of physical Competence is the quality of a specialist, the result of culture, which would satisfy the needs of children in his self-development and the application of experience physical activity in various ways and methods, and directed according to V. Bolotov and V. Serikov. It is appropriate their development in a healthy way is being actualized. to pay attention to the opinion of I. Gushlyavskaya The fundamentals of professional readiness of the teacher and D. Trubachev, thatthe experience of applying of a new era, a competent specialist in the relevant aspect, acquired competencies isthe part of components of the must be formed at the stage of training future specialists “competence” category listed above. in higher educational institutions. The formation of Dzyatkovskaya has avery interesting interpretation of professional competencies should be taken into account in health-preserving competence, which considers that this the educational practice of higher educational institutions competence includes the ability: to motivate for a healthy of pedagogical profile [4, p.33]. lifestyle, awareness of the value of health, the possibility of Today physical educationspecialists are looking longevity, social activity; adjusting the physiological state for ways to reform the system of training professional to maintain health with the use of health-preservingand personnel that meet European standards. There will be healthy methods of professional activity. fundamental changes in practice speciallyfor themin the The teacher, who works accordingthe principles near future. of pedagogy of a healthy lifestyle (according to V. M. The modern standard of living requires from the Orzhekhovsky), is distinguished by individual abilities lessons of physical educationthat students develop motor and qualities that determine its capabilities and ability skills and abilities for independent physical exercise, to independently search for, collect, analyze, present, following the rules of a healthy lifestyle, the ability to transmit information about health, healthy lifestyle; to independently monitor changes that occur in the body, model and design objects and processes, including their evaluate and analyze the effects of physical activity as own individual activities; carry out preventive work; positive processes of life. make the right decisions, creatively and effectively solve A competent specialist in physical education should unforeseen tasks. foster the need for physical activity and the ability to In our opinion, the formation of health-preserving own simple methods of monitoring somatic health. The competence should be consonant with the direction of teacher,which isable to take into account favorable age and “sustainable development”, which is crucial for the modern anatomical and physiological periods for the development world. The attitude to life, rational nutrition, physical and improvement of the body of schoolchildren, reveals for development, regulationsof a healthy lifestyle, ability to them the importance of human physical culture. [3, p.93]. study one’s own lifestyle and conduct self-assessment The formation of a persuation in the need for motor of physical development, attitude to human values, activity, the possibility of obtaining pleasure from understanding of noospheric norms of behavior, ability physical exertion and a conscious desire for health to “love oneself”, knowledge of the theory of healthy preservation is achieved by conducting comprehensive person’s health and its preservation -are components of monitoring of physical activity. The usageof its indicators health preservation. in planning studies and educational out-of-school work, So, summing up, we can conclude that the physical objective information about the health status of pupils are education of children and young people should be components of effective management of the process of carried out by high-class specialists and professionals physical education and sports training, the necessary result [3, c.58]. Many scientists who highlighted scientific and of the teacher’s professionalism as a modern competent pedagogical searches in the methods of physical education specialist. and the formation of physical culture of young people in The basisof health protection are the skills to the context of educational reform, consider the possibility implementation ofconstant monitoring of well-beingand of updating the content of the subject (V. Arefieva, I. A. general health. The teacher should not only be able to Kuzmenko, J. Vaskova, A. M. Vatseba, etc.) .). Some control the state of their own health, but also teach the authors propose the use of various forms of physical students to do it. education (A. Tsos, A.A. Vlasyuk, N. Krachevska, A.V/ Applied loads must correspond withphysical fitness, Ognennaya ). A. Bondarchuk proposes to unite the age and bring pleasure. Regular monitoring will determine

272 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 socialuri mecnierebebi - SOCIAL SCIENCES the effectiveness of classes, tools and methods for optimal Unfortunately, a general acceptanceof understanding planning of the size and intensity of physical activity of the health-preserving competence of a teacher of and rest. Mastering the techniques of anthropometric physical educationas a complex phenomenon with and physiometric research will allow to determine the great potential for improving the health of children and initial physical condition and the prospects for its further adolescents has not yet been formed. Unfortunatelythat improvement. a large amount of information in the cycle of natural Understanding the role of fatigue as a natural fundamental traininghas been removed from educational activator of recovery processes is important, because content. Every year, educational programs in physical without fatigue, there is a steady decrease in the volume educationlose more and more medical and biological of functional reserves of organs and body systems, a disciplines, although they form the fundamental basis for decrease in efficiency. Systematic fatigue stimulates health protection. Among the educational components, regenerative processes,as a result we havethe improved their number is about 19%. The modern world, with its well-being, improved mood. Therefore, it is the teacher, new forms of life support, a specialty, a profession that the trainer who will help to uncover the meaning of the requires high technical and technological training, directs positive addiction to physical exertion that occurs during the entire training potential to the achievement of a highly regular physical activities, which makes them an integral competitive ability of a specialist, but undoubtedly a part of a full healthy life. healthy specialist. And if we are talking about a specialist For a deep, informed awareness of the positive effects in the sphereof physical education , then definitely, capable of physical activity on health, it is necessary to include a theoretical component in the practical course of the toshapehealth, to ensure its preserving. discipline. The ability to consciously approach the choice It is interesting to look at the proportion of biomedical of motor activity and determine it for yourself as the basis and other professional disciplines in the program for for the formation of a healthy lifestyle is an indicator of applicants with a bachelor’s degree in the specialty 014.11 positive changes in the minds of young people. Secondary education (Physical education) (Figure 1). In our previous works, we noted that the creation . As it was already mentioned, their number does not of a direction – physical culture – a way of life – is an exceed 20%. In our opinion, the changes that occur all innovative aspect in the formation of a healthy generation. the time in the educational process of higher education, Only through this unity are possible shifts in the minds of namely: changes in curricula, work programs, in academic people are possible. disciplines, do not make it possible to form a single line of In our previous works, we noted that the creation of smooth flow and consistent generalization of theoretical a direction – physical education – a way of life – is an knowledge of health protection to practical application. innovative aspect in the formation of a healthy generation. The monitoring of the attitude of students to a healthy Shifts in the minds of people are possible only through lifestyle that we conducted showed that students do not this union. define physical activity as a priority in maintaining health.

Fig. 1. Distribution of medical and biological disciplines among the compulsory and selective components in the educational program: Secondary education (Physical education).\ inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 273 socialuri mecnierebebi - SOCIAL SCIENCES

Unfortunately, not all students have the right idea about through special pedagogical influences in the process of a healthy lifestyle, believing that only the abandonment of physical education, allowing to have a positive impact most bad habits is able to give a positive result. According on the emotional and motivational sphere. Moreover, the to students’ of 1-2 courses point of view the main elements main factors that would contribute to the formation of the of health are: the rejection of bad habits, compliance with motivational sphere should be, first of all, the content of the regime of work and rest. Physical education occupies physical education, the method of its implementation and the fourth place. Insufficient personal orientation and the system of requirements. motivation to physical activity can reduce the performance Based on thisthis, it is necessary to direct efforts in of both physical and professionally significant personal traininga physical education teacher in a humanistic qualities, with the result that the overwhelming majority direction, which is required by modern ideas about health, of students show a low level of attitude to their health and based on leading theoretical propositions about the unity healthy lifestyle (Fig. 2). One of the main humanistic tasks of the bodywith the environment, knowledge about of the teacher of physical education in universities should adaptation, homeostasis, functional systems and data of be the formation of sustainable motivation for physical biological cybernetics about control mechanisms in live self-improvement. The solution ofthis problem is possible systems.

Figure 2. Motivations for students to go in for sports

1. The desire to become strong, healthy The solution of the problem will be most effective 2. Aesthetic enjoyment of your own beauty in the gradual mastering the medical and biological 3. Sense of duty component of the educational program of a higher 4. Self-affirmation in society educational institution. 5. The desire to manifest in extreme situations The study of the fundamental component of the The teacher of physical educationshould own the biological direction with the formation of modern ideas methods of determining and evaluating quantitative about the state of research in the sphereof vocational indicators of the health of the individual and be able to training, the formation of concepts of teachers’ readiness use the most informative of them in practice. To involve for professional activity on the theory and methods of students in monitoring activities, conducting research physical education, recreational physical culture, the study in the sphereof health preservation. Concrete results, of normative documents regulating the necessary level of illustrative examples will provide a conscious formation training of future physical education teachers - this is the of a focus on health preservation. The formation of the sequence which will lead the students to the readinessof competence-based readiness of future teachers of physical physical educationof health-preservingactivities. educationwill proceed efficiently if, in the process of their The final stage should include the interpretation of the professional education, the orientation to the health-saving achieved results and toform the readiness of future teachers functions of physical education is carried out, the motives of physical culture toform the healthpreservationof for improving professional readiness are activated based students. on the combination of theory and practice of education.

274 inovaciuri ekonomika da marTva/ INNOVATIVE ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT #3, 2018 socialuri mecnierebebi - SOCIAL SCIENCES

CONLUSION. substantiated the components of readiness of physical The main role in the implementation of one of education teachers to implement the competence approach the leading functions of education - social and health, in the system of physical education. healthpreservingbelongs to the teacher of physical The introduction of a phased formation of competence- education. Having studied the main approaches in based preparedness based on the planning of educational the formation of professional competence of health components will make it possible to supplement the preservation, having analyzedthe value of the theoretical methodology for further improving the educational and practical component of the medical and biological process in the field of health preservation. training of physical education and sports students, they

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