The SSM at 1
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The SSM at 1 THE SSM AT 1 Edited by Jens Ulbrich, Carl-Christoph Hedrich and Morten Balling Contributions by Luc Laeven, Mario Draghi, Andreas Dombret, Ignazio Angeloni, Sergio Nicoletti-Altimari, Felix Hufeld, Ludger Schuknecht, Hendrik Ritter, Christian Thimann, Josef A. Korte, Sascha Steffen, Emilio Barucci, Roberto Baviera, Carlo Milani, Giacomo Calzolari, Jean-Edouard Colliard, Gyöngyi Lóránth, Ulf Mohrmann, Maximilian Muhn, Martin Nienhaus, Jan Riepe, Angela Maddaloni, Alessandro D. Scopelliti, Anna Damaskou, Giannoula Karamichailidou, David G. Mayes, Hanno Stremmel A joint publication with the Deutsche Bundesbank and Foundation Geld und Währung SUERF – The European Money and Finance Forum Vienna & Frankfurt 2016 SUERF Conference Proceedings 2016/3 CIP The SSM at 1 Editors: Jens Ulbrich, Carl-Christoph Hedrich and Morten Balling Authors: Luc Laeven, Mario Draghi, Andreas Dombret, Ignazio Angeloni, Sergio Nicoletti-Altimari, Felix Hufeld, Ludger Schuknecht, Hendrik Ritter, Christian Thimann, Josef A. Korte, Sascha Steffen, Emilio Barucci, Roberto Baviera, Carlo Milani, Giacomo Calzolari, Jean-Edouard Colliard, Gyöngyi Lóránth, Ulf Mohrmann, Maximilian Muhn, Martin Nienhaus, Jan Riepe, Angela Maddaloni, Alessandro D. Scopelliti, Anna Damaskou, Giannoula Karamichailidou, David G. Mayes, Hanno Stremmel Keywords: Accounting standards, asset quality review, asset valuation, bail-in, bail-out, bank business models, bank concentration, bank distress, bank performance, bank profitability, bank resolution, banking failures, banking supervision, Basel 3, BIS, CAMELS, capital adequacy, capital injections, capital ratios, capital requirements, CDS-spreads, central banks, CoCos, comprehensive assessments, credit quality, debt service ratios, deposit guarantee, Draghi-Put, early-warning, earnings ability, Euro zone, European Banking Authority (EBA), European Banking Union (EBU), European Central Bank (ECB), European Commission, financial cycles, financial stability, funding costs, funding ratios, global financial crisis, financial stress, government guarantees, IMF, inflation targeting, IRB- approach, level-3 fair value, liquidity facilities, loan-loss provisions, macroprudential policies, market discipline, monetary policy, multinational banks, procyclicality of credit, prudential regulation, quantitative easing, regulatory arbitrage, resilience, return on assets (ROA), return on equity (ROE), risk management, risk taking, risk-weighted capital ratios, robustness tests, shadow banking, Single Rule Book, Single Supervisory Mechanism (SSM), sovereign debt crisis, sovereign debt spreads, sovereign risk, stress tests, supervisory authority, systemically important financial institutions (SIFIs), systemic risk, transmission mechanisms, transparency, volatility of asset prices JEL-codes: E50, E52, E58, E65, F33, F36, F42, G21, G22, G28, G32, K33, O16, O17, O52 Vienna: SUERF (SUERF Conference Proceedings 2016/3) – June 2016 ISBN: 978-3-902109-82-8 © 2016 SUERF, Vienna Copyright reserved. Subject to the exception provided for by law, no part of this publication may be reproduced and/or published in print, by photocopying, on microfilm or in any other way without the written consent of the copyright holder(s); the same applies to whole or partial adaptations. The publisher retains the sole right to collect from third parties fees payable in respect of copying and/or take legal or other action for this purpose. 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Authors. 5 1. Introduction . 7 Jens Ulbrich, Carl-Christoph Hedrich and Morten Balling 2. Monetary policy in the clutches of financial stability? . 17 Luc Laeven 2.1. Should central banks incorporate financial stability considerations in the conduct of monetary policy? . 18 2.2. Is macro-prudential policy effective in preventing the occurrence of financial instability? . 22 2.3. Should bank capital be raised to support financial stability? . 25 2.4. Conclusions. 27 References . 29 3. How central banks meet the challenge of low inflation . 33 Mario Draghi 3.1. What is common for all. 33 3.1.1. The causes of too low inflation . 34 3.1.2. The response to too low inflation . 35 3.1.3. The costs of fighting too low inflation. 37 3.2. What is special to us . 39 3.2.1. Transmitting the stance. 39 3.2.2. Expanding the stance . 41 3.3. Conclusion . 42 4. A success story? Reflecting on one year of European banking supervision . 43 Andreas Dombret 4.1. Introduction . 43 4.2. Coming together: the first year of European banking supervision . 43 4.3. Keeping together: where do we stand?. 44 4.4. Working together: the road to success. 46 4.5. Conclusion . 47 larcier 2 THE SSM AT 1 5. Macroprudential policies to contain systemic risks . 49 Ignazio Angeloni 5.1. Introduction . 49 5.2. Where do we stand on the use of macroprudential policies? . 50 5.3. Some conceptual issues . 51 5.4. Institutional features in Europe . 53 5.5. Recent policy moves in the euro area. 55 5.6. Conclusions. 57 6. Monetary and macroprudential policies in the euro area . 59 Sergio Nicoletti-Altimari 6.1. Introduction . 59 6.2. The relationship between monetary and macroprudential policies: few basic principles . 60 6.3. Monetary and macroprudential policies in the current euro area context. 63 6.4. Conclusions. 68 References . 69 7. Has the stability of the big Eurozone banks improved after the comprehensive assessment? . 71 Felix Hufeld 8. Non-bank financing and regulatory and fiscal challenges . 73 Hendrik Ritter and Ludger Schuknecht 8.1. Introduction . 73 8.2. Externalities in non-bank financing . 74 8.3. Fiscal challenges . 75 8.4. Conclusion . 77 9. Views on insurance, regulation and the macro environment . 79 Christian Thimann 9.1. Insurers versus banks: key differences . 79 9.2. The role of diversification . 80 9.3. Insurers’ balance sheet structure . 82 9.4. The influence of regulation on the balance sheet structure. 83 9.5. How insurers are preparing for durably low long-term interest rates . 85 9.6. Conclusion . 86 References . 86 larcier TABLE OF CONTENTS 3 10. A ‘Sovereign Subsidy’ – Zero risk weights and sovereign risk spillovers . 87 Josef A. Korte and Sascha Steffen 10.1. Motivation . 87 10.2. Bank level exposures to sovereign debt . 88 10.3. The sovereign subsidy . 91 10.4. Zero risk weights and contagion within the Eurozone. 92 10.5. Closing the sovereign gap . 92 References . 93 11. Is the comprehensive assessment really comprehensive?. 95 Emilio Barucci, Roberto Baviera and Carlo Milani 11.1. Introduction . 95 11.2. Empirical model and main results . 97 11.3. Conclusions and policy implications . 104 References . 105 12. The SSM and multinational banks. 107 Giacomo Calzolari, Jean-Edouard Colliard and Gyöngyi Lóránth 12.1. Introduction . 107 12.2. MNBs’ representation form and supervision . 108 12.3. Supranational supervision of an MNB. 108 12.4. The strategic reaction of MNBs. 109 12.5. Does the Banking Union need additional supervisory tools? . 109 12.6. Conclusion . 110 References . 111 13. “Believe me, it will be enough” . 113 Ulf Mohrmann, Maximilian Muhn, Martin Nienhaus and Jan Riepe 13.1. Motivation . 113 13.2. Research Question and Hypotheses. 113 13.3. Empirical Design . 115 13.4. Preliminary Results . 116 13.5. Contribution . 117 References . 118 14. Prudential regulation, national differences and stability of EU banks 121 Angela Maddaloni and Alessandro D. Scopelliti 14.1. Introduction . 121 14.2. Capital Regulation and National Differences across the EU . 122 larcier 4 THE SSM AT 1 14.3. A Novel Indicator for Prudential Regulation in the EU . 123 14.4. Prudential Regulation and Crisis Public Support . 124 14.5. Empirical Analysis. 126 14.6. Empirical Results: Baseline Specification . 129 14.7. Empirical Results: Bank Heterogeneity . 131 14.7.1. Bank Liquidity . 131 14.7.2. Exposures to Government Bonds . 133 14.7.3. Reliance on Non-Lending Income Sources . 134 14.8. Conclusions and Policy Implications . 137 References . 138 15. Banks v. SSM: the party has just started… . 141 Anna Damaskou 16. Can financial cycle dynamics predict bank distress? . 147 Giannoula Karamichailidou, David G. Mayes and Hanno Stremmel 16.1. The Model. 148 16.1.1. Dependent variable: binary versus continuous. 149 16.1.2. Independent variables . 149 16.2. Sample and Descriptive Statistics. 152 16.3. Results and robustness tests. ..