MEGADRILOGICA Volume 15, Number 11, November, 2012

Printed in Canada ISSN 0380-9633 MEGADRILOGICA Volume 15, Number 11, November, 2012

THE STATUS OF TERRESTRIAL EARTHWORM (OLIGOCHAETA) SURVEYS IN NORTH AMERICA AND SOME CARIBBEAN COUNTRIES.

John Warren Reynolds Oligochaetology Laboratory, 18 Broadview Court, Kitchener, ON Canada N2A 2X8 and Research Associate, New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, NB Canada E2K 1E5 (e-mail: john.reynolds1@sympatico. ca)

ABSTRACT This paper traces the history of earthworm surveys in North America (Canada, Mexico and the United States) and some Caribbean countries (Belize, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Dominica, Dominican Republic) beginning with Altman, Olson and Causey up to the present time. There has been no earthworm survey in 11 of the United States and one state in Mexico. The three Canadian territories (NU, NW, YK)1 and two prairie provinces (MB, SK)2 have been sampled minimally. A recent paper currently recognized 256 species representing 59 genera in 10 families; of these, 188 species are considered native to North America, while 68 have been introduced. Key words: North America, Annelida, Oligochaeta, earthworms, geographical distribution, surveys. RÉSUMÉ Cet article retrace l'histoire des inventaires de vers de terre en Amérique du nord (Canada, Mexique et États- Unis) et certains pays des Caraïbes (Belize, Bermudes, îles Caïmans, la Dominique et République dominicaine) commençant par Altman, Olson et Causey jusqu'à présent. Il y a eu aucun inventaire de vers de terre dans 11 des états américains et un état du Mexique. Les trois territoires canadiens (NU, NW, YK)1 et deux provinces des Prairies (MB, SK)2 ont seulement été échantillonnés de façon minimale. Une récente publication reconnait actuellement 256 espèces représentant 59 genres de 10 familles en Amérique du nord; 188 de ces espèces sont considérées comme indigènes tandis que 68 ont été introduites. Mots clé: Amérique du nord, annélides, Oligochaeta, vers de terre, répartition géographique, inventaires. RESUMEN En este trabajo se describe el conocimiento de lombrices de tierra en América del Norte (Canadá, México y Estados Unidos) y algunos paííses del Caribe (Belice, Bermuda, Islas Caimán, Dominica, República Dominicana) a partir de Altman, Olson y Causey hasta la actualidad. No ha habido estudio de lombrices en 12 de los Estados Unidos y en un estado de México. En tres territorios canadienses (NU, NW, YK)1 y en dos provincias de praderas (MB, SK)2 se tomaron mínimamente muestras. Un estudio reconoció en la actualidad 256 especies que representan 59 géneros incluídos en 10 familias; 188 especies son consideradas nativas de América del Norte, mientras que 68 son introducidas. Palabras clave: América del Norte, Annelida, Oligochaeta, lombrices de tierra, distribución geográfica, reconocimiento. SAETAK Ovaj rad prati istoriju istraivanja kišnih glista u Severnoj Americi (Kanada, Meksiko i SAD) i nekih karipskih zemalja (Belize, Bermudi, Kajmanska Ostrva, Dominik, Dominicanska Republika) pocevši od Altmana, Olsona i Kouzija pa sve do dananašnjih dana. U 11 drava SAD-a i jednoj meksikoj dravi kišne gliste nisu istraivane. Tri kanadske oblasti (NU, NW, YK)1 i dve prerijske pokrajine (MB, SK)2 su bile minimalno uzorkovane. Sadašnjirad priznaje 256 vrsta koje predstavlju 59 rodova i 10 familija. Od njih, 188 vrsta se smatraju kao domae vrste Severne Amerike, dok je 68 introdukovano. Key rei: Severna Amerika, Annelida, Oligochaeta, kišne gliste, geografska distribucija, istraivanja.

1 NU = Nunavut, NW = Northwest, YK = Yukon; 2 MB = Manitoba, SK = Saskatchewan. 228 The Status of Terrestrial Earthworm Surveys that have been conducted in North America, etc.

ABSTRACT Documentul acesta desemneazistoria cercetrilor viermilor desol din America de Nord (Canada, Mexico si Statele Unite ale Americii) si din câteva âri Caribice (Belize, Bermuda, Insulele Cayman, Dominica, Republica Dominican), ncepând cu Altman, Olson şi Causey pânin timpul prezent. Nu s-a condus o cercetare a viermilor de sol n unsprezece state ale Statelor Unite ale Americii şi un stat din Mexico. Trei teritorii (NU, NW, YK)1 şi douprovincii de prerie (MB, SK)2 din Canada au fost exemplificate minimal. Un document recent recunoaste 256 de specii care reprezintâ 59 de clasificaii din 10 familii; din ele, 188 de specii sânt considerate native ale Americii de Nord, n timp ce 68 au fost introduse. Cuvinte principale: America de Nord, Annelida, Oligochaeta, viermi de sol, distibuie geografic, cercetri. INTRODUCTION earthworm records for either Delaware or Rhode This paper presents a synoptic review of Island. Information associated with previously historical and recent earthworm surveys that have been collected specimens obtained from museums and conducted in North America and several Caribbean individuals, and those collected during field work in countries. Distributional information for earthworms these two states, resulted in the publication of Reynolds in these areas, included in previous papers (e.g., (1973a – earthworms of Delaware), and Reynolds Reynolds 1995, 1998, 2004b), has been updated. (1973b – earthworms of Rhode Island). Thus began When I began earthworm studies in 1967, few my study over 45 years ago on the distribution of distributional surveys for megadriles in North America earthworms in North America and elsewhere. The had been published, although a significant number of results of these surveys can be seen in Figure 1 and isolated records had been presented in several papers, Table 1, as well as contributions published with and by most notably those of Garman (1888), Smith (1895a, colleagues and other researchers. 1895b, 1896, 1897, 1900, 1912, 1915, 1917, 1928) and Over the years, my earthworm surveys have Gates (1935). Three more substantive papers by Olson extended beyond mainland North America, to include (1928, 1936, and 1940) summarized the results of his Bangladesh (Das and Reynolds, 2003, Reynolds, earthworm surveys in Ohio, Missouri, and New York, 1994c, Reynolds et al., 1995); Belize (Reynolds and respectively. Altman (1936) published a paper on the Guerra, 1994, Reynolds and Righi, 1994, Reynolds et oligochaetes of the state of Washington, including al., 1995); Bermuda (Reynolds and Fragoso, 2004); terrestrial as well as aquatic species. Two regional Cayman Islands (Reeves and Reynolds, 2004); earthworm surveys were published in 1942: Check list Contadora Island [Panama] (Reynolds and Reynolds, and bibliography of North American earthworms 2002); Dakshina Kannada [India] (Siddaraju et al., (Gates, 1942 – in which he summarized data from over 2010); Dominica (Reeves and Reynolds, 2006); 100 papers published during the previous 121 years), Dominican Republic (Reynolds and Reynolds, 2001a, and Earthworms from the North Eastern United States 2004b, 2007); Dubai (Reynolds and Reynolds, 2010); (Eaton, 1942 – in which he reported incidental Falkland Islands [= Ilas Malvinas] [UK] (Reynolds and collections from Maine to Pennsylvania). Causey Jones, 2005); Gough Island [UK] (Reynolds, Jones, (1952, 1953) published the results of his surveys of Gaston and Chown, 2002); Isle of Man [UK] earthworms in Arkansas. (Reynolds, 1996b); Marshall Islands (Reeves and Reynolds, 2010);San Andrés [Colombia] Reynolds and Several doctoral dissertations included results Reynolds, 2001b); South Africa (Reynolds and of earthworm surveys in Michigan (Murchie, 1956), Reinecke, 1977); South Korea (Hong and Reynolds, Illinois (Harman, 1960) and Louisiana (Tandy, 1969), 1997); Swaziland (Reynolds, 1993); Tamil Nadu although Tandy only included the genus Pheretima as [India] (Kathireswari et al., 2005); and Tristan da it was known then. Cunha and Nightingale Islands [UK] (Reynolds and In 1970, I changed direction from purely Hänel, 2005). ecological studies on earthworms to a concentration in In recent papers (Reynolds and Wetzel, 2004, taxonomy and biogeography. I began in Tennessee, 2008, 2012), we have recognized 256 species with the first of five parts on the earthworms of that representing 59 genera in 10 families; of these, 188 state published in Reynolds et al. (1974). While species are considered native to North America, while working with Dr. Gordon Gates, and with my doctoral 68 have been introduced. At this time, I personally advisor Dr. Ed Clebsch and my wife, Wilma during the know of ten or more taxa from localities in the United early 1970s on the earthworms of Tennessee, I learned States that have yet to be described, and that I consider fromGates that there were no published or unpublished to be native to North America. MEGADRILOGICA 229

Fig. 1. Earthworm surveys in North America by various authors (map produced by the author, abbreviations are found in Table 1). 230 The Status of Terrestrial Earthworm Surveys that have been conducted in North America, etc.

Table 1. Regional Earthworm Surveys that have been conducted in extended North America. No. of Species Total No. of No. Sampled References Region Total(native/exotic) Subdivisions 1 Subdivisions see Literature Belize 9(2/7) 6 6 (Reynolds & Righi, 1994; Reynolds & Guerra, 1994; Reynolds et al., 1995) Bermuda 15(1/14) 9 9 (Reynolds & Fragoso, 2004) Canada Alberta (AB) 11(1/11) 87 15 (Hilton & Reynolds,1983; Scheu & McLean, 1993; Reynolds & Clapperton, 1996) British Columbia (BC) 24(6/18) n/a n/a (Marshall & Fender, 2007) Manitoba (MB) 8(0/8) n/a n/a (Reynolds, 2000b) New Brunswick (NB) 15(1/14) 15 15 (Reynolds, 1996c, 2001b) Newfoundland & Labrador (NL) 11(0/11) n/a n/a (Reynolds, 2000a) Nova Scotia (NS) 15(0/15) 18 18 (Reynolds, 1975d, 1976b, 2010a) Ontario (ON) 19(2/17) 54 54 (Reynolds, 1977a, 2011b,c; Reynolds & Mayville, 1994; Reynolds & Reynolds, 1992a) Prince Edward Island (PE) 11(0/11) 3 3 (Reynolds, 1975e) Quebec (PQ) 19(2/17) 78 74 (Reynolds, 1975a,b,c, 1976a, 2007, 2010a; Reynolds & Reynolds, 1992b) Saskatchewan (SK) 6(0/6) n/a n/a (Reynolds & Khan, 1999) Northwest Territories (NW) 2(0/2) n/a n/a (Reynolds, 2003b; Reynolds & Moore, 1996) Nunavut Territory (NU) 2(0/2) n/a n/a (Reynolds, 2003b, 2003c, 2004a) Yukon Territory (YK) 5(1/4) n/a n/a (Berman & Marusik, 1994; Teale, 2007) Cayman Islands 4(1/3) n/a n/a (Reeves & Reynolds, 2004) Commonwealth of Dominica 6(0/6) 10 5 (Reeves & Reynolds, 2006) Dominican Republic 10(5/5) 30 4 (Reynolds & Reynolds, 2001a, 2004b, 2007) Mexico 102(51/51) 32 31 (Fragoso, 2001, 2007; Fragoso & Reynolds, 1997; Fragoso & Rojas-Férnandez, 1994; Reynolds & Reynolds, 2004a) United States Alabama (AL) 28(16/12) 67 50 (Reynolds, 1994f) Alaska (AK) 11(0/11) 4 2 No survey; (Reynolds & Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012) Arizona (AZ) 13(1/12) 15 11 (Reynolds, 2008m) Arkansas (AR) 35(18/17) 75 50 (Causey, 1952, 1953; Reynolds, 2008a) California (CA) 37(13/24) 58 No survey; (Reynolds, 1999a; Reynolds&Wetzel,2008,2012) Colorado (CO) 17(3/14) 63 51 (Damoff & Reynolds, 2004; Reynolds,1999b; Reynolds & Damoff, 2011; Reynolds & Reeves, 2003) MEGADRILOGICA 231

Table 1 (cont’d).Regional Earthworm Surveys that have been conducted in extended North America. No. of Species Total No. of No. Sampled References Region Total(native/exotic) Subdivisions 1 Subdivisions see Literature Connecticut (CT) 21(2/19) 8 8 (Reynolds, 1973c Delaware (DE) 13(4/9) 3 3 (Reynolds, 1973a) District of Columbia 9(0/9) 4 No survey; (Reynolds & Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012) Florida (FL) 52(23/29) 68 58 (Reynolds, 1994d) Georgia (GA) 41(20/21) 163 96 (Reynolds, 2009c) Hawaii 33(1/32) 5 No survey; (Reynolds, 1999c; Reynolds&Wetzel,2008,2012) Idaho (ID) 12(1/11) 44 No survey; (Reynolds & Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012) Illinois (IL) 37(17/20) 102 72 (Harman, 1960; Reynolds & Wetzel, 2011) Indiana (IN) 38(11/27) 94 94 (Reynolds, 1994a) Iowa (IA) 10(1/9) 99 No survey; (Reynolds & Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012) Kansas (KS) 16(11/5) 104 No survey; (Reynolds & Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012) Kentucky (KY) 28(12/16) 120 60 (Reynolds, 2008g), + new unpublished record Louisiana (LA) 47(31/16) 64 64 (Reynolds, 2008e; Tandy, 1969) Maine (ME) 24(0/24) 16 16 (Reynolds, 1996a, 2008f) Maryland (MD) 32(10/22) 23 23 (Reynolds, 1974b) Massachusetts (MA) 21(3/18) 14 14 (Reynolds, 1977b) Michigan (MI) 21(6/15) 83 (Murchie, 1956; Snider, 1991) Minnesota (MN) 15(2/13) 87 51 (Reynolds, Linden & Hale, 2002) Mississippi (MS) 27(14/13) 82 63 (Reynolds, 1994e) Missouri (MO) 27(12/15) 115 55 (Olson, 1936; Reynolds, 2008h) Montana (MT) 13(1/12) 56 27 (Reynolds, 1972a, Reynolds, 2009a) Nebraska (NE) 14(5/9) 93 5 No survey; (Damoff, 2011; Reynolds & Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012) Nevada (NV) 8(0/8) 17 5 No survey; (Reynolds & Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012) New Hampshire (NH) 14(0/14) 10 10 (Reynolds, 2008k) New Jersey (NJ) 17(3/14) 21 21 (Reynolds, 2007c) New Mexico (NM) 11(3/8) 15 11 (Reynolds & Damoff, 2009) New York (NY) 29(4/25) 62 56 (Olson, 1940; Reynolds, 2008c) North Carolina (NC) 42(20/22) 100 80 (Reynolds, 1994b) North Dakota (ND) 18(0/18) 53 53 (Reynolds, 1978b; Utter et al., 1995a, b) Ohio (OH) 25(12/13) 88 68 (Olson, 1928; Reynolds, 2007e) Oklahoma (OK) 21(14/7+32) 77 (Harman, 1954; Reynolds & Damoff, 2010) Oregon (OR) 47(23/24) 36 Macnab & McKey-Fender, 1947; (Reynolds & Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012) Pennsylvania (PA) 28(8/20) 67 51 (Reynolds, 2008b) Puerto Rico 33(14/19) 8 8 No survey; (Reynolds & Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012) Rhode Island (RI) 12(1/11) 5 5 (Reynolds, 1973b, 2002a) 232 The Status of Terrestrial Earthworm Surveys that have been conducted in North America, etc.

South Carolina (SC) 25(4/21) 47 37 (Reynolds, 2001a; Reynolds & Reeves, 2004) South Dakota (SD) 11(0/11) 67 37 (Reynolds, 2007a) Texas (East TX only) 57(27+63/19) 37 32 (Damoff & Reynolds, 2009) Tennessee (TN) 47(254/22) 95 95 (Damoff & Reynolds, 2013; Reynolds, 1974a, 1977d, 1977e, 1978a; Reynolds et al., 1974) Utah (UT) 13(0/13) 29 26 (Reynolds, 2008i) Vermont (VT) 15(0/15) 14 14 (Reynolds, 2008d, 2012b) Virginia (VA) 37(15/22) 98 75 (Reynolds, 1994c) Washington ((WA) 31(16/15) 39 (Altman, 1936; Macnab & McKey-Fender,1947;Reynolds & Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012) West Virginia (WV) 18(4/14) 52 25 (Reynolds, 2007d) Wisconsin (WI) 13(2/11) 72 No survey; (Reynolds & Wetzel, 2008, 2012) Wyoming (WY) 13(1/12) 23 22 (Reynolds, 2003a; Reynolds et al., 2009) 1 County, District, Municipality, Parish, State. 2 3 Dilocardia n.sp., yet to be described. 3 6 Diplocardia n.sp., yet to be described. 4 1+ Diplocardia n.sp. yet to be described.

DISCUSSION expanded in Reynolds (2009a). Another important mentor, Gordon Gates (at the time, on staff at the Tall When I began my earthworm studies, only a Timbers Research Station [TTRS], Tallahassee, few geographical earthworm surveys in the United Florida) informed me that several states, notably States had been published – Olson, 1928 (Ohio), 1936 Delaware and Rhode Island, had no known earthworm (Missouri), 1940 (New York); Altman, 1936 records. After graduation from the University of (Washington); Eaton, 1942 (northeastern U.S.); Tennessee, I was hired by TTRS with the freedom to Causey, 1952 (Arkansas), and Murchie, 1956 conduct earthwormresearch anywhere, but particularly (Michigan). It was not my original plan to conduct in North America (see Crawford and Brueckheimer, state and provincial surveys, but rather to study the 2012). Thus began a 45 year venture of sampling in ecology and soil relationships of earthworms. North America and numerous other locations in the However, the lack of earthworm taxonomists and more Western Hemisphere and beyond. importantly, the paucity of useful keys to species and distributional studies, took me in a different direction. While surveying Delaware and Rhode Island My extensive career working with the distribution and (Reynolds, 1973a and 1973b, respectively), I used the taxonomy of megadriles began with my dissertation on opportunity to also conduct preliminary surveys for the earthworms occurring in the state of Tennessee earthworms in Connecticut (Reynolds, 1973c), (Reynolds et al., 1974; Reynolds, 1974a, 1977d, 1977e, Maryland (Reynolds, 1974b) and Massachusetts 1978a). It is important to note that inspiration was (Reynolds, 1977b). In 1973, we moved from provided by my major professor at the University of Tennessee to Fredericton, New Brunswick. Aided by Tennessee, Dr. Ed Clebsch, who spent the summer of a travelling field laboratory provided by Tall Timbers 1972 teaching at the University of Montana. During Research Station, we began detailed collections in that time, he made a number of collections of Nova Scotia (Reynolds, 1976b, revised and updated in earthworms, as little was known about the fauna in that 2010a), Prince Edward Island (Reynolds, 1975e), the state. Clebsch’s data formed the basis of my first Magdalen Islands (Reynolds, 1975a), Cape Breton earthworm survey (Reynolds, 1972a) which was (Reynolds, 1975d), and the south shore of Quebec MEGADRILOGICA 233

(Reynolds, 1975b, 1975c, 1976a). A survey of the In 1991, I returned to academic work at Sir earthworms occurring along the north shore of Quebec Sandford Fleming College, began collecting and was begun in 1976 while working on a summer project obtaining specimens from numerous states and at the Université de Québec á Trois Rivières – a survey provinces, and completed Nomenclatura Oligo- eventually completed and published many years later chaetologica Supplementum Tertium (Reynolds and (Reynolds and Reynolds, 1992b). A revised and Cook, 1993). updated survey of earthworms of the entire province of Quebec was published in 2010 (Reynolds, 2010a). Many years before, I had been given the Jim While still completing my doctoral studies at the Joyner collection of Indiana earthworms, and together University of Tennessee, a survey of earthworms with specimens I collected while at Purdue University occurring in southern Ontario was undertaken in 1972 and afterwards, the Indiana survey was finally –eventually published as a book by the Royal Ontario published (Reynolds, 1994a). The Indiana survey Museum (Reynolds, 1977a). Several notes and papers provided the opportunity to present fully the Post on the distribution of megadriles in finite areas within Quaternary Introduction Theory for megadrile Ontario have subsequently been published, e.g., those migration in North America. During the early through for Victoria Co. (Reynolds and Reynolds, 1992a), mid-1990s, I had the opportunity to travel, collect, and Rainy River District (Reynolds and Mayville, 1994), publish on earthworm surveys in Bangladesh (Das and Guelph Arboretum(Reynolds, 2011b), and Pelee Island Reynolds, 2003; Reynolds, 1994c; Reynolds, Julka and (Reynolds, 2011c). Khan, 1995) and Belize (Reynolds and Righi, 1994, Reynolds and Guerra, 1994; Reynolds, Fragoso and During the early 1970s, I teamed up with Dr. Guerra, 1995). I also finalized collection data gathered David Cook of the Fisheries and Marine Service at the over the years (alone and with the aid of colleagues, Canada Centre for Inland Waters [Burlington, Ontario], primarily from Tall Timbers Research Station) for to compile Nomenclatura Oligochaetologica – A surveys in North Carolina (Reynolds, 1994b), Virginia catalogue of names, descriptions and type specimens of (Reynolds, 1994c), Florida (Reynolds, 1994d), the Oligochaeta; the original volume was published in Mississippi (Reynolds, 1994e) and Alabama (1994f). 1976, which included entries for 24 families, 573 genera, and 5753 species (Reynolds and Cook, 1976 – In 1995, Dr. Jill Clapperton invited me to see Appendix, pp. 248-9). Subgenera were not Alberta to conduct a training session focussing on included until the second supplement (Reynolds and earthworm collection, processing, and identification at Cook, 1989). During 1975 and 1977, I published two Agriculture Canada in Lethbridge. During that visit, papers which included two new species of we took the opportunity to travel and sample Sparganophilus – S. pearsei from North Carolina throughouttheprovince; we subsequentlypublished the (Reynolds, 1975f), and S. tennesseensis from results of our survey in Reynolds and Clapperton Tennessee (Reynolds, 1977d). These species have (1996), including the description of a new species, subsequently been collected elsewhere by others. Aporrectodea bowcrowensis. This paper augmented an earlier report (Hilton and Reynolds, 1983) of In 1980, I published the first revision of the earthworms in Alberta. earthwormgenus Sparganophilus which included eight new taxa (Reynolds, 1980). I also had the opportunity to work with Yong Hong on an introductory paper on the earthworms of During the 1980s, I redirected my primary Korea (Hong and Reynolds, 1997). interests to the study of law and political science, yet continued to amass collections of earthworms from Soon after the publication of a paper on various localities with extensive assistance from earthworms of southeastern Mexico (Fragoso and colleagues and other researchers. I continued to work Rojas-Férnandez, 1994 – in which two new genera and with Dave Cook on supplements to the nomenclator five new species in the family Megascolecidae were catalogue, publishingNomenclatura Oligochaetologica described), I was invited by Fragoso to summarize Supplementum Primum (Reynolds and Cook, 1981) and earthworm collections obtained from Dr. Clebsch Nomenclatura Oligochaetologica Supplementum during one of his earlier (1973) summer surveys when Secundum (Reynolds and Cook, 1989). visiting that country. Our subsequent publication of Clebsch’scollections (Fragoso and Reynolds, 1997) 234 The Status of Terrestrial Earthworm Surveys that have been conducted in North America, etc. included the description of two new species to science: There are still very few collection records Dichogaster michoacana and D. jalischensis. Our from the northern Canadian territories: Northwest second paper together was published seven years later Territories (Reynolds and Moore, 1996; Reynolds (Reynolds and Fragoso, 2004). 2003b), Nunavut (Reynolds, 2003b, 2003c, 2004a) and Yukon (Berman and Marusik, 1994; Teale, 2007). Three small notes were published in 1999 (California, Colorado, Hawaii (Reynolds, 1999a, In collaboration with other colleagues, I was 1999b, and 1999c, respectively), plus Saskatchewan fortunate to work with on earthworm surveys in the (Reynolds and Khan, 1999). South Atlantic: Gough Island (Reynolds, Jones, Gaston and Chown, 2002), Tristan da Cunha and Nightingale With samples from colleagues and persons Islands (Reynolds and Hänel, 2005), and the Falkland interested in earthworms, surveys were published for Islands (= Ilas Malvinas) (Reynolds and Jones, 2005). Newfoundland and Labrador and Manitoba (both in 2000a and b, respectively). In 2001, my first paper on In 1996, the Bermuda Zoo, in conjunction earthworms in South Carolina was published with the government of Bermuda [Contribution No. 83, (Reynolds, 2001a). The publication of this paper led Bermuda Biodiversity Project, Bermuda Aquarium me to a wonderful collaboration with Dr. Will K. Museum and Zoo], contracted me to conduct a survey Reeves, first expanding on the distribution of of Bermudan earthworms as part of their biodiversity earthworms in South Carolina (Reynolds and Reeves, project. Due to changes in my employment, that survey 2004), then to surveys in other states and far beyond: was not published until eight years later (Reynolds and Wyoming revisited (Reynolds et al., 2009), Cayman Fragoso, 2004). As published in that paper, this survey Islands (Reeves and Reynolds, 2004), Colorado resulted in the collection of specimens that allowed us (Reynolds and Reeves, 2003), Dominica (Reeves and to establish a neotype for Onychochaeta windlei, Reynolds, 2006), and the Marshall Islands (Reeves and subsequently deposited in the New Brunswick Reynolds, 2010). Museum, Saint John.

The year 2001 was also the beginning of my In 2006, after nine years with Schneider collaboration with my daughter, Debbie, on the National Carriers Inc., I retired to devote myself full earthworms in various Caribbean and Central American time to earthworm research. During my years with locations: Dominican Republic No. 1 (Reynolds and Schneider, I had the help of numerous colleagues there Reynolds, 2001a), San Andrès, Colombia (Reynolds in obtaining samples fromvarious locations throughout and Reynolds, 2001b), Contadora Island, Panama North America. In 2007, I returned to surveys in North (Reynolds and Reynolds, 2002), Nuevo Léon, México America, with the publication of the earthworms of (Reynolds and Reynolds, 2004a), Dominican Republic South Dakota (Reynolds, 2007a), New Jersey No. 2 (Reynolds and Reynolds, 2004b), Honduras (Reynolds, 2007c), West Virginia (Reynolds, 2007d) (Reynolds and Reynolds, 2006), and Dominican and an updated survey for Ohio (Reynolds, 2007e). Republic No. 3 (Reynolds and Reynolds, 2007 – all published in Spanish. An earthworm survey of New The year 2008 was extremely busy, with the Brunswick was also published in 2001 (Reynolds, publication of twelve earthworm surveys: Arkansas 2001b). revisited (Reynolds, 2008a), an update to Causey (1952, 1953); Pennsylvania (Reynolds, 2008b); New With the help of two colleagues, Dennis York revisited (Reynolds, 2008c), an update to Olson Linden and Cindy Hale, we published the earthworms (1940); Vermont (Reynolds, 2008d and subsequently of Minnesota (Reynolds, Linden and Hale, 2002). In 2012b);Louisiana revisited (Reynolds, 2008e), as an all 2003, I published the first paper on the earthworms of species update to Tandy (1969, which only included Wyoming (Reynolds, 2003a); and the first paper of Pheretima species); Maine (Reynolds, 2008f – earthworms from the new Canadian territory of expanding Reynolds, 1996a); Kentucky (Reynolds, Nunavut (Reynolds, 2003b). Specimens in the museum 2008g); Missouri revisited (Reynolds, 2008h), an at Clemson University (Clemson, South Carolina) update to Olson (1936); Utah (Reynolds, 2008i); New provided a second species from Nunavut (Reynolds, Hampshire (Reynolds, 2008k); and Arizona (Reynolds, 2003c). 2008m). Reynolds (2008j) presented an update of the family Sparganophilidae in North America. MEGADRILOGICA 235

Dr. George Damoff enlisted my assistance on At this time, there are no provinces, territories, a paper summarizing the distribution of earthworms in or states in Canada or the United States which do not Colorado (Damoff and Reynolds, 2004). This led to a have several earthworm species recorded from them. strong friendship and subsequent collaboration on For Mexico, only the state of Coahuila is without a several surveys and their publications presenting recorded earthworm – in spite of our collecting efforts distributional information for earthworms in New in that state (with daughter, Debbie, and wife, Wilma). Mexico (Reynolds and Damoff, 2009), east Texas More collecting during the wet months of the year (Damoff and Reynolds, 2009), Oklahoma (Reynolds might be successful, even though Coahila is a very arid and Damoff, 2010) and then a second paper on the state. There are no detailed or wide ranging earthworms of Colorado (Reynolds and Damoff, 2011), collections, i.e. surveys, from the following U.S. states, which included numerous collection records supplied districts, or territories: Alaska, California, District of by Dr. Whitney Cranshaw of Colorado State Columbia, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, University, Fort Collins. Nevada, Puerto Rico, and Wisconsin. Although there are several collections of earthworms that have been The last single state paper to date focussing on reported from the northern Canadian territories, they the earthworm fauna of the American southeast was are from extremely limited areas; fortunately, there are published for Georgia (Reynolds, 2009c), with many several younger colleagues who are now picking up the specimens provided by Dr. Will Reeves resulting from challenge to obtain specimens from these under- his collections in counties in that state with no previous sampled areas. I also have been assisting graduate records. students in several countries with their own faunistic studies focussing on oligochaetes. As much as I would The most recent single state survey of like to travel and collect in these other regions, I think earthworms in the U.S. was published by Reynolds and it will be up to others to fill in the missing areas on the Wetzel (2011) for Illinois, augmenting Walter map (Fig. 1). Harman’s (1960) doctoral dissertation on the earthworms of central Illinois counties, and including Current Projects. a lengthy history of oligochaete research in the state. This Illinois survey represented over 15 years of close When I visited the Illinois Natural History collaboration with Mark Wetzel of the Illinois Natural Survey in December 2011 to finalize our paper on History Survey on numerous earthworm projects, earthworms of Illinois with Mark Wetzel (Reynolds including papers on North American distribution and Wetzel, 2011), we made plans for the Spring of (Reynolds and Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012), the second 2012 to conduct surveys in 27 counties in that state edition of Nomenclatura Oligochaetologica, and from which no records of specimens were available; editing assistance on numerous papers published in the unfortunately, the lack of precipitation during the journal, Megadrilogica, and elsewhere. spring and summer months forced us to postpone that field work until 2013. During the past two years, I have merged the Although my survey work in North America individual state and provincial surveys into regional may be limited in the future, there are other challenges papers, including maps of all the counties, to create a in oligochaetology which require my attention. better understanding of the distribution of earthworms and how they might relate to physiography, soils and In 1974, Dr. Gordon Gates gave me a box of vegetation; these include the American Northeast, from 3x5 cards on which information for original Maine to West Virginia (Reynolds, 2010b); the Atlantic descriptions of oligochaete taxa had been recorded. Maritime Ecosystem in Canada, covering New This simple ‘catalog’ of records was the beginning of Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Nomenclatura Oligochaetologica (Reynolds and Cook, Southern Quebec, and the Magdalen Islands (Reynolds, 1976). For several years I worked with David Cook on 2010c); American Southeast, from Virginia to east the initial book, establishing a format with a six- Texas (Reynolds, 2011a); American Midwest, from language introduction, and expanding on the Ohio to Minnesota (Reynolds, 2011d); and American information from Gates to be presented for each taxon North-Central, including the Dakotas, Montana, entry [account], e.g.: name of the taxon (genus, species, Wyoming, Colorado, and Utah (Reynolds, 2012a). subspecies), authority name(s), year of published 236 The Status of Terrestrial Earthworm Surveys that have been conducted in North America, etc. description, name of publication (for journals, the EARTHWORM SURVEY REFERENCES volume and issue, and for books, title, chapter, edition, as applicable), page of that publication on which the BELIZE description begins, and the institution(s) and accession numbers for the holotype and paratypes in those Reynolds, J.W. and C.A. Guerra. 1994. Two species institutions. Indexes for the authors, full titles of of earthworms newly reported from Belize, publications, and contact information for the museums C.A. (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae and and other places where type material had been Megascolecidae). Megadrilogica 5(11): 122- deposited were also included in this first nomenclator. 124. When I presented Dr. Gates with his copy he was impressed with what we had done with his box of cards Reynolds, J.W. and G. Righi. 1994. On some earth- (see Appendix, pp. 248-9). During the following worms from the Belize, C.A. with the decades David Cook and I worked on publishing three description of a new species (Oligochaeta: supplements (Reynolds and Cook, 1981, 1989 and Acanthodrilidae, Glossoscolecidae and Octo- 1993). After David Cook retired, I invited Mark chaetidae). Megadrilogica 5(9): 97-106. Wetzel to be the new co-author for the fourth supplement. Recently, we decided to redirect our Reynolds, J.W., C. Fragoso and C.A. Guerra. 1995. efforts into the compilation of a second edition of the New earthworm records from Belize, C.A. nomenclator – bringing together the accounts in the (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, original book with those presented in the three Glossoscolecidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnero- supplements, plus those published since 1993 that drilidae and Octochaetidae). Megadrilogica would have comprised the fourth supplement. I would 6(7): 63-70. expect this project to be completed within one year from this publication. BERMUDA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Reynolds, J.W. and C. Fragoso. 2004. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, The author wishes to thank his colleagues at Eudrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Lumbricidae, Schneider National Carriers, as well as colleagues from Megascolecidae and Ocnerodrilidae) of other organizations with whomI have collaborated over Bermuda. Megadrilogica 10(4):17-26. the years – for their assistance in obtaining additional samples from North America and other locations, and CANADA in co-authoring publications discussed above. Appreciation is also extended to Linda Ward and others Alberta at the United States National Museum – Smithsonian Institution, who have arranged access to material at Hilton, D.F.J. and J.W. Reynolds. 1983. The earth- their institution for examination over the years. Over worm (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) fauna of the years, my family has been very supportive, the Cypress Hills Provincial Park, Alberta. understanding and in some cases, extremely helpful in Megadrilogica 4(4): 91-92. co-authoring a number of papers: my wife Wilma - three papers, eldest daughter Kristin - one paper, Reynolds, J.W. and M.J. Clapperton. 1996. New middle daughter Debbie - ten papers, and youngest earthworm records for Alberta (Oligochaeta: daughter Jennifer - one paper. I also acknowledge the Lumbricidae) including the description of a help of Dr. Catalina de Mischis, Universidad Nacional new Canadian species. Megadrilogica 6(8): de Córdoba, Argentina, Dr. Jean-Marc Gagnon, 73-82. Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, and Dr. Mirjana Stojanovi, University of Kragujevac, Serbia for Scheu, S. and M.-A. McLean. 1993. The earthworm special assistance. My gratitude extends to Wilma M. (Lumbricidae) distribution in Alberta Reynolds of the Oligochaetology Laboratory, Mark J. (Canada). Megadrilogica 4(11): 175-180. Wetzel, Illinois Natural History Survey, and George Damoff, Texas for comments and suggestions during their reviews of this paper. MEGADRILOGICA 237

British Columbia Reynolds, J.W. 2010a. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) of Nova Scotia, revisited. Marshall, V.G. and W.M. Fender. 2007. Native and Megadrilogica 14(6): 77-100. introduced earthworms (Oligochaeta) of British Columbia, Canada. Megadrilogica Nunavut 11(4): 29-52. Reynolds, J.W. 2003b. First earthworm record from Manitoba Nunavut, Canada and second from the Northwest Territories. Megadrilogica 9(6): Reynolds, J.W. 2000b. A contribution to our know- 40. ledge of the earthworm fauna of Manitoba, Canada (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Mega- Reynolds, J.W. 2003c. A second earthworm species drilogica 8(3): 9-12. (Lumbricidae) fromNunavut, Canada. Mega- drilogica 9(8): 52. New Brunswick Reynolds, J.W. 2004a. More earthworm (Lumbric- Reynolds, J.W. 1976c. A preliminary checklist and idae) collections from Nunavut, Canada. distribution of the earthworms of New Megadrilogica 10(3): 13-14. Brunswick. New Brunswick Nat. 7(2): 16-17. Ontario Reynolds, J.W. 2001b. The earthworms of New Brunswick(Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) Mega- Reynolds, J.W. 1977a. The earthworms (Lumbricidae drilogica 8(8): 37-47. and Sparganophilidae) of Ontario. Life Sci. Misc. Publ., Roy. Ont. Mus. xi + 141 pp. Newfoundland and Labrador Reynolds, J.W. 2011b. Earthworms of the University Reynolds, J.W. 2000a. A contribution to our know- of Guelph Arboretum. Megadrilogica 15(2): ledge of the earthworm fauna of Newfound- 15-20. land and Labrador, Canada (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae). Megadrilogica 8(2): 5-8. Reynolds, J.W. 2011c. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) of Pelee Island, Ontario, Northwest Territories Canada. Megadrilogica 15(3): 23-33. Reynolds, J.W. and P.N. Mayville. 1994. New Reynolds, J.W. 2003b. First earthworm record from earthworm records from Rainy River District Nunavut, Canada and second from the North- in north western Ontario (Oligochaeta: west Territories. Megadrilogica 9(6): 40. Lumbricidae). Megadrilogica 6(2): 13-16. Reynolds, J.W. and J.W. Reynolds. 1992a. Additional Reynolds, J.W. and S.M. Moore. 1996. Note on the Ontario earthworm county records (Lumbric- first earthworm record from the Northwest idae). Megadrilogica 4(8): 144. Territories, Canada. Megadrilogica 6(10): 96. Prince Edward Island Nova Scotia Jordan, G.A., J.W. Reynolds and A.J. Burnett. 1976. Reynolds, J.W. 1975d. Boiteagan (Oligochaeta: Computer plotting and analysis of earthworm Lumbricidae) Cheap Breatunn. Megadril- population distribution in Prince Edward ogica 2(6): 1-7. Island. Megadrilogica 2(10): 1-7. Reynolds, J.W. 1976b. The distribution and ecology Reynolds, J.W. 1975e. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: of the earthworms of Nova Scotia. Mega- Lumbricidae) of Prince Edward Island. drilogica 2(8): 1-8. Megadrilogica 2(7): 4-10. 238 The Status of Terrestrial Earthworm Surveys that have been conducted in North America, etc.

Quebec Teale, C.L. 2007. A preliminary survey of the Oligochaete fauna of the Yukon Territory, Reynolds, J.W. 1975a. Les lombricidés (Oligochaeta) Canada. Megadrilogica 11(1): 3-7. des Îles-de-la-Madeleine. Megadrilogica 2(3): 1-8. CAYMAN ISLANDS

Reynolds, J.W. 1975b. Les lombricidés (Oligochaeta) Reeves, W.K. and J.W. Reynolds. 2004. Earthworms de la Gaspésie, Québec. Megadrilogica 2(4): (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae, Megascolec- 4-9. idae, and Octochaetidae) and terrestrial polychaetes (Polychaeta: Nereididae) of Reynolds, J.W. 1975c. Les lombricidés (Oligochaeta) Grand Cayman Island, with notes on their de l'Île d'Orléans, Québec. Megadrilogica natural enemies. Megadrilogica 19(6): 39-41. 2(5): 8-11. DOMINICA Reynolds, J.W. 1976a. Catalogue et clé d'identification des lombricidés du Québec. Naturaliste Reeves, W.K. and J.W. Reynolds. 2006. A note on canadien 103(1): 21-27. some earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) from the Commonwealth of Dominica. Reynolds, J.W. 2007. First earthworm records from Megadrilogica 10(11): 91-93. Wentworth Township, Argenteuil County, Quebec. [Premiers signalements de lombrics DOMINICAN REPUBLIC dans le canton de Wentworth, comté d’Argen- teuil (Québec)] Megadrilogica 11(5): 58-62. Reynolds, J.W. and D.W. Reynolds. 2001a. Nuevos datos de lombrices de tierra (Oligochaeta) de Reynolds, J.W. 2010a. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: la República Dominicana. Megadrilogica Lumbricidae and Sparganophilidae) of 8(5): 17-19. Quebec, Canada, revisited. Megadrilogica 14(1): 1-46. Reynolds, J.W. and D.W. Reynolds. 2004b. Nuevos registros de lombrices de tierra (Oligochaeta: Reynolds, J.W. and K.W. Reynolds. 1992b. Les vers Glossoscolecidae) de la República Domini- de terre (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae et cana. Megadrilogica 10(3): 14-16. Sparganophilidae) sur la rive nord du Saint- Laurent (Québec). Megadrilogica 4(9): 145- Reynolds, J.W. and D.W. Reynolds. 2007. Primeros 161. expedientes de la lombrices de tierra (Oligo- chaeta) de la provincia de Espaillat, República Saskatchewan Dominicana. Megadrilogica 11(2): 19-20.

Reynolds, J.W. and M.N. Khan. 1999. A contribution MEXICO to our knowledge of the earthworm fauna of Saskatchewan, Canada. Megadrilogica 7(12): Fragoso, C. 2001. Las lombrices de tierra de México 81-82. (Annelida, Oligochaeta): diversidad, ecología y manejo. Acta Zool. Mexicana (n.s.), Yukon Número especial 1: 131-171.

Berman, D.I. and Y.M. Marusik. 1994. On Bimastos Fragoso, C. 2007. Diversidad y patrones biogeo- parvus (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from gráficos de las lombrices de tierra de México Yukon Territory (Canada), with discussion of (Oligochaeta, Annelida). Pp. 108-124, In: distribution of the earthworms in north- Brown, G.G. and C. Fragoso (eds.). Min- western North America and northeastern hocas na América Latina: Biodiversidade e Siberia. Megadrilogica 5(10): 113-116. Ecologia. Londrina: Embrapa Soja, 545 pp. MEGADRILOGICA 239

Fragoso, C. and P. Rojas-Férnandez. 1994. Earth- California - no formal earthworm survey, only worms from southeastern Mexico, new incidental records (Reynolds, 1999a; acanthodriline genera and species (Mega- Reynolds and Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012). scolecidae, Oligochaeta). Megadrilogica 6(1): Colorado 1-12. Damoff, G.A. and J.W. Reynolds. 2004. Additional Fragoso, C. and J.W. Reynolds. 1997. On some earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from earthworms from central and southeastern Colorado, USA. Megadrilogica 10(5) 29-37. Mexican mountains, including two new species of the genus Dichogaster (Dicho- Reynolds, J.W. 1999b. A contribution to our know- gastrini). Megadrilogica 7(2): 9-20. ledge of the earthworm fauna of Colorado. Megadrilogica 7(10): 71-72. Reynolds, J.W. and D.W. Reynolds. 2004a. Nuevos registros de las Grandes Carreras VI-VII Reynolds, J.W. and G.A. Damoff. 2011. More earth- Mundiales de Lombrices de tierra desde worms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae and Nuevo León (México). Megadrilogica 10(2): Sparganophilidae) from Colorado, USA. 5-11. Megadrilogica 14(8): 159-172. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Reynolds, J.W. and W.R. Reeves. 2003. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) of Color- Alaska - no formal earthworm survey, only incidental ado, USA. Megadrilogica 9(7): 41-48. records (Reynolds and Wetzel, 2004, 2008). Connecticut Alabama Reynolds, J.W. 1973c. The earthworms of Connecti- Reynolds, J.W. 1994f. Earthworms of Alabama cut (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae, Megascolec- (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, idae and Sparganophilidae). Megadrilogica Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae and Spargano- 1(7): 1-6. philidae). Megadrilogica 6(4): 35-46. Delaware Arizona Reynolds, J.W. 1973a. The earthworms of Delaware (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae and Lumbric- Reynolds, J.W. 2008m. The earthworms (Oligo- idae). Megadrilogica 1(5): 1-4. chaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae, and Ocnerodrilidae) of Arizona, USA. Mega- District of Columbia - no formal earthworm survey, drilogica 12(11): 155-166. onlyincidental records (Reynolds and Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012). Arkansas Florida Causey, D. 1952. The earthworms of Arkansas. Proc. Reynolds, J.W. 1994d. Earthworms of Florida (Oligo- Arkansas Acad. Sci. 5: 31-42. chaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Glosso- scolecidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Causey, D. 1953. Additional records for Arkansas Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae and Spar- earthworms. Proc. Arkansas Acad. Sci. 6: 47- ganophilidae). Megadrilogica 5(12): 125-141. 48. Georgia Reynolds, J.W. 2008a. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolec- Reynolds, J.W. 2009c. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: idae and Sparganophilidae) of Arkansas, Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Lumbricidae, USA, revisited. Megadrilogica 11 (11): 115- Megascoecidae, Ocnerodrilidae, and Spar- 130. ganophilidae) of Georgia, USA. Megadril- ogica 13(7): 85-111. 240 The Status of Terrestrial Earthworm Surveys that have been conducted in North America, etc.

Hawaii - no formal earthworm survey, only incidental Louisiana records (Reynolds, 1999c; Reynolds and Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012). Reynolds, J.W. 2008e. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae, Lutodrilidae, Idaho - no formal earthworm survey, only incidental Megascolecidae, and Sparganophilidae) of records (Gates, 1967b; Reynolds and Wetzel, Louisiana, USA, revisited. Megadrilogica 2004, 2008, 2012). 12(3): 31-60.

Illinois Tandy, R.E. 1969. The earthworm genus Pheretima Kinberg, 1866, in Louisiana. Ph.D. Harman, W.J. 1960. Studies on the taxonomy and dissertation, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State musculature of the earthworms of central Univ., 155 pp. Illinois. Ph.D. dissertation, Champaign, IL: Univ. of Illinois, 107 pp. Maine

Reynolds, J.W. and M.J. Wetzel. 2011. The earth- Reynolds, J.W. 1996a. Earthworm diversity in Maine. worms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, pp. 135-139, In: Gawler, S.C., J.J. Albright, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolec- P.D. Vickery and F.C. Smith (eds.). idae and Sparganophilidae.) of Illinois, USA. Biological Diversity in Maine. Appendices. Megadrilogica 15(4): 35-67. Augusta: MaineNatural Areas Program, Dept. Conserv., 170 pp. Wetzel, M.J. and J.W. Reynolds. 2012. The earthworms (Annelida, Clitellata, Oligochaeta) of Reynolds, J.W. 2008f. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Illinois – Introduction and annotated checklist Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae, and Mega- of species, World Wide Web URL: scolecidae) of Maine, USA. Megadrilogica [http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~mjwetzel/Illinois 12(4): 61-72. Earthworms.html] Maryland Indiana Reynolds, J.W. 1974b. The earthworms of Maryland Reynolds, J.W. 1994a. The distribution of the earth- (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae, worms (Oligochaeta) of Indiana: a case for the Megascolecidae and Sparganophilidae. Post Quaternary Introduction Theory of Megadrilogica 1(11): 1-12. megadrile migration in North America. Megadrilogica 5(3): 13-32. Massachusetts

Iowa - no formal earthworm survey, only incidental Reynolds, J.W. 1977b. The earthworms of Mass- records (Reynolds and Wetzel, 2004, 2008, achusetts (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae, Mega- 2012). scolecidae and Sparganophilidae). Mega- drilogica 3(2): 49-54. Kansas - no formal earthworm survey, only incidental records (James, 1984, 1988; Reynolds and Michigan Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012). Murchie, W.R. 1956. Survey of Michigan earthworm Kentucky fauna. Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. Arts. Lett. 41: 53-72. Reynolds, J.W. 2008g. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Komarekionidae, Lumbric- Snider, R.M. 1991. Checklist and distribution of idae, Megascolecidae, and Sparganophilidae) Michigan earthworms. Michigan Academi- of Kentucky, USA. Megadrilogica 12(5):73- cian 24: 105-114. 88. MEGADRILOGICA 241

Minnesota New Mexico Reynolds, J.W., D.R. Linden and C.M. Hale. 2002. Reynolds, J.W. and G.A. Damoff. 2009. The earth- The earthworms of Minnesota (Oligochaeta: worms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae and Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae and Mega- Lumbricidae) of New Mexico, USA. Mega- scolecidae). Megadrilogica 8(12): 85-99. drilogica 13(5): 37-52. Mississippi New York Reynolds, J.W. 1994e. Earthworms of Mississippi Olson, H.W. 1940. Earthworms of New York state. (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae, Amer. Mus. Nov., No. 1090, 9 pp. Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae and Spar- ganophilidae). Megadrilogica 6(3): 21-33. Reynolds, J.W. 2008c. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, and Spargano- Missouri philidae) of New York, USA, revisited. Megadrilogica 12(1): 1-17. Olson, H.W. 1936. Earthworms of Missouri. Ohio J. North Carolina Sci. 36(2): 102-113. Reynolds, J.W. 1994b. Earthworms of North Carolina Reynolds, J.W. 2008h. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Komarekion- Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolec- idae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnero- idae, and Sparganophilidae) of Missouri, drilidae and Sparganophilidae). Megadrilog- USA, revisited. Megadrilogica 12(6): 89-104. ica 5(6): 53-72. Montana North Dakota Reynolds, J.W. 1972a. A contribution to the earth- Reynolds, J.W. 1978b. A contribution to our know- worm fauna of Montana. Proc. Montana ledge of the earthworm fauna of North Acad. Sci. 32(1): 6-13. Dakota. Megadrilogica 3(8): 148-149. Reynolds, J.W. 2009a. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Utter, R.A., E.J. Deibert, and D.P. Schwert. 1995a. Lumbricidae) of Montana, USA revisited. Survey of North Dakota earthworms Megadrilogica 13(2): 9-20. (Lumbricidae). Proceedings of the North Dakota Academy of Science 49: 48. Nebraska - no formal earthworm survey, only incidental records (Damoff, 2011; Reynolds Utter, R.A., E.J. Deibert and D.P. Schwert. 1995b. and Wetzel, 2004, 2008, 2012). Earthworms of North Dakota. Jamestown, ND: Northern Prairie Wildlife Res. Cent. Nevada - no formal earthworm survey, only incidental Home Page. World Wide Web URL: records. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/inverts/ New Hampshire wormsnd/ [version 24 August 2006; accessed 16 November 2012] Reynolds, J.W. 2008k. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) of New Hampshire, USA. Ohio Megadrilogica 12(10): 145-153. Olson, H.W. 1928. The earthworms of Ohio, with a New Jersey study of their distribution in relation to hydrogen-ion concentration, moisture and Reynolds, J.W. 2007c. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: organic matter content in the soil. Bull. Ohio Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae and Spar- Biol. Surv. 4(2), Bull. 17: 47-90. ganophilidae) of New Jersey, USA. Mega- drilogica 11(6): 63-72. 242 The Status of Terrestrial Earthworm Surveys that have been conducted in North America, etc.

Reynolds, J.W. 2007e. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Reynolds, J.W. and W.K. Reeves. 2004. Additional Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae and Spargano- earthworm records (Oligochaeta: Lumbric- philidae) of Ohio, USA, revisited. Mega- idae, Megascolecidae and Sparganophilidae) drilogica 11(9): 91-105. from South Carolina. Megadrilogica 9(12): 99-110. Oklahoma South Dakota Harman, W.J. 1954. On some earthworms from southern Oklahoma. Proc. Oklahoma Acad. Reynolds, J.W. 2007a. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Sci. 35: 51-55. Lumbricidae) of South Dakota, USA. Megadrilogica 10(12): 95-105. Reynolds, J.W. and G.A. Damoff. 2010. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Texas Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae and Spargano- philidae) of Oklahoma, USA. Megadrilogica Damoff, G.A. and J.W. Reynolds. 2009. The earth- 13(12): 173-193. worms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Oregon Ocnerodrilidae, and Sparganophilidae) of east Texas, USA. Megadrilogica 13(8): 113-140. Macnab, J.A. and D. McKey-Fender. 1947. An introduction to Oregon earthworms with additions Tennessee to the Washington list. Northwest Sci. 21(2): 69-75. Damoff, G.A. and J.W. Reynolds, 2013. The earth- Pennsylvania worms of Tennessee (Oligochaeta). V. Acanthodrilidae (in prep.) Reynolds, J.W. 2008b. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolec- Reynolds, J.W. 1974a. Checklist, distribution and key idae and Sparganophilidae) of Pennsylvania, to the Lumbricidae in Tennessee. J. Tennes- USA. Megadrilogica 11 (12): 131-146. see Acad. Sci. 49(1): 16-20.

Puerto Rico Reynolds, J.W. 1977d. The earthworms of Tennessee (Oligochaeta). II. Sparganophilidae, with the see Reynolds and Wetzel (2004, 2008, 2012). description of a new species. Megadrilogica 3(3): 61-64. Rhode Island Reynolds, J.W. 1977e. The earthworms of Tennessee Reynolds, J.W. 1973b. The earthworms of Rhode (Oligochaeta). III. Komarekionidae, with Island (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). Mega- notes on distribution and biology. Mega- drilogica 1(6): 1-4. drilogica 3(4): 65-69.

Reynolds, J.W. 2002a. Additional earthworm (Oligo- Reynolds, J.W. 1978a. The earthworms of Tennessee chaeta: Lumbricidae and Megascolecidae) (Oligochaeta). IV. Megascolecidae, with records from Rhode Island, USA. Mega- notes on distribution, biology and a key to the drilogica 9(4): 21-27. species in the state. Megadrilogica 3(7): 117-129. South Carolina Reynolds, J.W., E.E.C. Clebsch and W.M. Reynolds. Reynolds, J.W. 2001a. The earthworms of South 1974. The earthworms of Tennessee (Oligo- Carolina (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, chaeta). I. Lumbricidae. Bull. Tall Timbers Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae, Ocnerodrilidae Res. Stn., No. 17, vii + 133 pp. and Sparganophilidae). Megadrilogica 8(7): 25-36. MEGADRILOGICA 243

Utah Reynolds, J.W., W.K. Reeves and R.M. Spence. 2009. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) Reynolds, J.W. 2008i. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: of Wyoming, USA, revisited. Megadrilogica Lumbricidae and Megascolecidae) of Utah, 13(4): 25-35. USA. Megadrilogica 12(7): 105-115. OTHER REFERENCES Vermont Bhatti, H.K. 1965. Earthworms of Swarthmore, Penn- Reynolds, J.W. 2008d. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: sylvania, and vicinity. Proc. Pennsylvania Lumbricidae) of Vermont, USA. Megadril- Acad. Sci. 39: 8-24. ogica 12(2): 19-27. Crawford, R.L. and W.R. Brueckheimer. 2012. The Reynolds, J.W. 2012b. New earthworm (Oligochaeta: legacy of a Red Hills Plantation: Tall Timbers Megascolecidae) records from Vermont, Research Station and Land Conservancy. USA. Megadrilogica 15(7): 187-190. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida, 384 pp. Virginia Das, B.C. and J.W. Reynolds. 2003. A checklist and Reynolds, J.W. 1994c. Earthworms of Virginia distribution of the freshwater and terrestrial (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Komarek- Annelida (Oligochaeta, Hirudinea and Poly- ionidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae and chaeta) of Bangladesh. Megadrilogica 9(10): Sparganophilidae). Megadrilogica 5(8): 77- 61-70. 94. Damoff, G.A. 2011. Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae and Lumbricidae) from Washington Nebraska, USA. Megadrilogica 14(8): 172- 174. Altman, L.A. 1936. Oligochaeta of Washington. Univ. Washington Publ. Biol. 4: 1-137. Eaton, T.H., Jr. 1942. Earthworms from the North Eastern United States. J. Washington Acad. Macnab, J.A. and D. McKey-Fender. 1947. An intro- Sci. 32(8): 242-249. duction to Oregon earthworms with additions to the Washington list. Northwest Sci. 21(2): Fender, W.M. 1985. Earthworms of the western 69-75. United States. Part I. Lumbricidae. Mega- drilogica 4(5): 93-129. West Virginia Fragoso, C., S.W. James and S. Borges. 1995. Native Reynolds, J.W. 2007d. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: earthworms of the north Neotropical Region: Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae and Mega- current status and controversies. Pp. 67-115, scolecidae) of West Virginia, USA. Mega- In: Hendrix, P.F. (ed.). Ecology and Bio- drilogica 11(7): 73-84. geography of Earthworms in North America. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publ., 244 pp. Wisconsin - no formal earthworm survey, only incidental records (Reynolds and Wetzel, Garman, H. 1888. On the anatomy and histology of a 2004, 2008, 2012). new earthworm (Diplocardia communis gen. et sp. nov.). Bull. Illinois St. Lab. Hist. 3: 47- Wyoming 77. Reynolds, J.W. 2003a. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Gates, G.E. 1935. The earthworms of New England. Lumbricidae) of Wyoming, USA. Megadril- Proc. New England Zool. Club, Cambridge ogica 9(6): 33-39. 15: 41-44. 244 The Status of Terrestrial Earthworm Surveys that have been conducted in North America, etc.

Gates, G.E. 1942. Check list and bibliography of Hong, Y. and J.W. Reynolds. 1997. Brief historical North American earthworms. American Midl. review and checklist of Korean earthworms. Nat. 27(1): 86-108. Megadrilogica 6(11): 103-104.

Gates, G.E. 1955. Notes on several species of the James, S.W. 1984. New records of earthworms from earthworm genus Diplocardia Garman, 1888. Kansas (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Harvard 113: 229- Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae). The Prairie 259. Naturalist 16: 91-95. James, S.W. 1988. Diplocardia hulberti and D. Gates, G.E. 1967a. On two little known species of the rugosa, new earthworms (Annelida: Oligo- earthworm genus Diplocardia. Great Basin chaeta: Megascolecidae) from Kansas. Proc. Nat. 27: 1-10. Biol. Soc. Washington 101(2): 300-307. Gates, G.E. 1967b. On the earthworm fauna of the Kathireswari, P., J.M. Julka and J.W. Reynolds. 2005. great American desert and adjacent areas. Checklist of Oligochaeta of Tamil Nadu, Great Basin Nat. 27: 142-176. India. Megdrilogica 10(8): 57-68. Gates, G.E. 1972a. Burmese earthworms. An intro- McAlpine, D.F. and J.W. Reynolds. 1977. Terrestrial duction to the systematics of megadrile oligo- Oligochaeta of some New Brunswick caves chaetes with special references to southeast with remarks on their ecology. Can. Field- Asia. Trans. American Philos. Soc. 62(7): 1- Nat. 91(4): 360-366. 326. McAlpine, D.F., J.W. Reynolds, T.J. Fletcher, J.L. Gates, G.E. 1972b. Contributions to North American Trecartin and D.L. Sabine. 2001. Spargano- Earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta) No. 3. philus eiseni (Oligochaeta, Sparganophilidae) Toward a revision of the family Lumbricidae. in New Brunswick, an addition to the earth- IV. The trapezoides species group. Bull. Tall worm fauna of Maritime Canada. Timbers Res. Stn. No. 12: 1-146. Megadrilogica 8(10): 53-56. Gates, G.E. 1974. Contributions to a revision of the Moore, J.-D. and J.W. Reynolds. 2003. Premièrs family Lumbricidae. XI. Eisenia rosea mentions de vers de terre (Oligochaeta: (Savigny, 1826). Bull. Tall Timbers Res. Stn., Lumbricidae) dans deux écosystèmes No. 16: 9-30. forestiers du bouclier canadien, Québec, Canada. Megadrilogica 9(9): 53-60. Gates, G.E. 1977. More on the earthworm genus Diplocardia. Megadrilogica 3(1): 1-48. Moore, J.-D., R. Ouimet and J.W. Reynolds. 2009. Premièrs mentions de vers de terre dans trois Gates, G.E. 1979. Contributions to a revision of the écosystèmes forestiers du Bouclier canadien, earthworm family Lumbricidae. XXIII. The Québec, Canada. Nat. can. 133(1): 31-37. genus Dendrodrilus Omodeo, 1956, in North America. Megadrilogica 3(9): 151-162. Murchie, W.R. 1961. A new diplocardian from Illinois (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Ohio Görres, J.H. and R.D.S. Melnichuk. 2012. Asian J. Sci. 61(6): 367-371. invasive earthworms of genus Amynthas Murchie, W.R. 1962. A new subspecies of Diplo- Kinberg in Vermont. Northeastern Nat. 19(2): cardian earthworm from Oklahoma (Oligo- 313-322. chaeta: Megascolecidae). Ohio J. Sci. 62(4): 185-190. Greiner, H.G., A.M.T. Stonehouse and S.D. Tiegs. 2011. Cold tolerance among composting Murchie, W.R. 1963. Description of a new diplo- earthworm species to evaluate invasion cardian earthworm, Diplocardia longiseta potential. American Midl. Nat. 166: 349-357. (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae). Ohio J. Sci. 63(1): 15-18. MEGADRILOGICA 245

Reeves, W.K. and J.W. Reynolds. 2010. The first the future. Pp. 15-34 In: Edwards, C.A. (ed.), earthworm (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae) Earthworm Ecology. Delray Beach, FL: St. record from the Republic of the Marshall Lucie Press, 389 pp. Islands. Megadrilogica 14(5): 75-76. Reynolds, J.W. 1999a. New earthworm records for Reynolds, J.W. 1975f. Sparganophilus pearsei n. sp. the state of California, USA. Megadrilogica (Oligochaeta: Sparganophilidae) a nearctic 7(8): 54. earthworm from western North Carolina. Megadrilogica 2(2): 9-11. Reynolds, J.W. 1999c. A contribution to our knowledge of the earthworm fauna of Hawaii, Reynolds, J.W. 1976. Un aperçu vers de terre dans les USA. Megadrilogica 7(11): 79-80. forêts nord-américanes, leurs activitiés etleurs répartition. Megadrilogica 2(9): 1-11. Reynolds, J.W. 2004b. The status of earthworm biogeography, diversity, and taxonomy in Reynolds, J.W. 1980. The earthworm family Spar- North America revisited with glimpses into ganophilidae (Annelida, Oligochaeta) in North the future. Pp. 63-74. In: Earthworm America. Megadrilogica 3(12): 189-204. Ecology, 2nd edition. Edwards, C.A. (ed.). St. Lucia, FL: CRC Press, 441 pp. Reynolds, J.W. 1993. On some earthworms from Swaziland (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae, Reynolds, J.W. 2008j. Sparganophilidae (Annelida, Megascolecidae, Microchaetidae and Octo- Oligochaeta) distribution in North America chaetidae). Megadrilogica 5(1):1-8. and elsewhere, revisited. Megadrilogica 12(9):105-120. Reynolds, J.W. 1994f. The distribution of earthworms (Annelida, Oligochaeta) in North America. Reynolds, J.W. 2010b. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Pp. 133-153. In: Mishra, P.C., N. Behera, Acanthodrilidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolec- B.K. Senapati and B.C. Guru (eds.), Advances idae and Sparganophilidae) of northeastern in Ecologyand Environmental Sciences. New United States, revisited. Megadrilogica 14(7): Delhi: Ashish Publishing House, 651 pp. 101-157.

Reynolds, J.W. 1994g. Earthworms of the world. Reynolds, J.W. 2010c. Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Global Biodiversity 4(1): 11-16. Lumbricidae, Sparganophilidae) of the Atlantic Maritime Ecozone. Chapter 13, Pp. Reynolds, J.W. 1994c. The earthworms of Bangla- 225-281. In: Assessment of Species Diversity desh (Oligochaeta: Megascolecidae, Monili- in the Atlantic Maritime Ecozone, D.F. gastridae and Octochaetidae). Megadrilogica McAlpine and I. Smith (eds.). Ottawa: NRC 5(4): 33-44. Press, xii + 785 pp.

Reynolds, J.W. 1995. The status of exotic earthworm Reynolds, J.W. 2011a. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: systematics and biogeography in North Acanthodrilidae, Eudrilidae, Glossoscolec- America. Pp. 1-27 In Hendrix, P.F. (ed.), idae, Komarekionidae, Lumbricidae, Luto- Ecology and Biogeography of Earthworms in drilidae, Ocnerodrilidae, Octochaetidae, North America. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publ., Megascolecidae and Sparganophilidae) of 244 pp. southeastern United States. Megadrilogica 14(9-12): 175-318. Reynolds, J.W. 1996b. On some cave earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) from the Isle of Reynolds, J.W. 2011d. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Man, U.K. Megadrilogica 6(9): 89-90. Acanthodrilidae, Glossoscolecidae, Komarek- ionidae, Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae and Reynolds, J.W. 1998. The status of earthworm Sparganophilidae) of the midwestern United biogeography, diversity and taxonomy in States. Megadrilogica 15(5): 69-139. North America revisited with glimpses into 246 The Status of Terrestrial Earthworm Surveys that have been conducted in North America, etc.

Reynolds, J.W. 2012a. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Reynolds, J.W. and D.W. Reynolds. 2001b. Primeros Lumbricidae, Megascolecidae and Spargano- datos de lombrices de tierra (Oligochaeta) de philidae) of the North-Central United States. la Isla de San Andrés, Colombia. Mega- Megadrilogica 15(7): 151-187. drilogica 8(6): 21-23.

Reynolds, J.W. and D.S. Christie. 1977. Additional Reynolds, J.W. and D.W. Reynolds. 2002. Primeros records of New Brunswick earthworms. New datos de lombrices de tierra (Oligochaeta) del Brunswick Nat. 8(3): 25. la Isla de Contadora, Panama. Megadrilogica 9(1): 1-4. Reynolds, J.W. and D.G. Cook. 1976. Nomenclatura Reynolds, J.W. and D.W. Reynolds. 2006. Sobre Oligochaetologica: a catalogue of the names, algunas lombrices de tierra (Oligochaeta) de descriptions and type specimens of the Honduras, C.A. Megadrilogica 10(11): 87-91. Oligochaeta. Fredericton: University of New Brunswick, x + 217 pp. Reynolds, J.W. and D.W. Reynolds. 2010. The Great Global Earthworm Race goes to Dubai, Reynolds, J.W. and D.G. Cook. 1981. Nomenclatura U.A.E. Megadrilogica 14(2): 49-52. Oligochaetologica Supplementum Primum: a catalogue of names, descriptions and type Reynolds, J.W. and M.J. Wetzel. 2004. Terrestrial specimens of the Oligochaeta. Fredericton: Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North Centennial Print and Litho Ltd., v + 39 pp. America north of Mexico. Megadrilogica 9(11): 71-98. Reynolds, J.W. and D.G. Cook. 1989. Nomenclatura Oligochaetologica Supplementum Secundum: Reynolds, J.W. and M.J. Wetzel. 2008. Oligochaeta a catalogue of the names, descriptions and (Annelida: Clitellata) in North America, type specimens of the Oligochaeta. New including Mexico, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and Brunswick Museum, Monographic Series Bermuda. Megadrilogica 12(12): 157-208. (Natural Science) No. 8, v + 37 pp. Reynolds, J.W. and M.J. Wetzel. 2012. Terrestrial Reynolds, J. W. and D. G. Cook. 1993. Nomenclatura Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) in North Oligochaetologica Supplementum Tertium: a America, including Mexico, Puerto Rico, catalogue of the names, descriptions and type Hawaii, and Bermuda. III. Megadrilogica specimens of the Oligochaeta. New Bruns- 15(8): 191-211. wick Museum Monographic Series (Natural Science) No. 9, vi + 33 pp. Reynolds, J.W. and. M.J. Wetzel. 2013. Nomenclatura Oligochaetologica, 2nd ed. (in prep.) Reynolds, J.W. and C. Hänel. 2005. The earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) of Tristan da Reynolds, J.W., J.M. Julka and M.N. Khan. 1995. Cunhaand Nightingale Islands, South Atlantic Additional earthworm records from Ocean. Megadrilogica 10(7): 47-56. Bangladesh (Oligochaeta: Glossoscolecidae, Megascolecidae, Moniligastridae, Ocnero- Reynolds, J.W. and A.G. Jones. 2005. The earth- drilidae and Octochaetidae). Megadrilogica worms (Oligochaeta: Acanthodrilidae, 6(6): 51-60. Glossoscolecidae, and Lumbricidae) of the Falkland Islands, South Atlantic Ocean. Reynolds, J.W., A.G. Jones, K.J. Gaston and S.L. Megadrilogica 10(10): 75-86. Chown. 2002. Earthworms (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae) of Gough Island, South Reynolds, J.W. and A.J. Reinecke. 1977. A prelim- Atlantic. Megadrilogica 9(2): 5-15. inary survey of the earthworms of the Kruger Rodriguez, A.R., R.S. Ostfeld, F. Keesing and J.W. National Park, South Africa (Oligochaeta: Reynolds. 2012. The earthworms (Oligo- Glossoscolecidae, Megascolecidae and Octo- chaeta: Lumbricidae and Megascolecidae) of chaetidae). Wet. Bydraes, P.U. vir C.H.O. Dutchess County, New York, USA. Mega- (B), No. 89, 19 pp. drilogica 15(6): 141-150. MEGADRILOGICA 247

Siddaraju, M., K.S. Sreepada and J.W. Reynolds. Smith, F. 1900. Notes on species of North American 2010. Checklist of earthworms (Annelida: Oligochaeta. III. List of species found in Oligochaeta) from Dakshina Kannada, Illinois, and descriptions of Illinois Karnataka South West India. Megadrilogica Tubificidae. Bull. Illinois St. Lab. Nat. Hist. 14(5): 65-75. 5(10): 441-458.

Smith, F. 1895a. A preliminary account of two new Smith, F. 1912. Earthworms from Illinois. Trans. Oligochaeta from Illinois. Bull. Illinois St. Illinois Acad. Sci. 5: 145-148. Lab. Nat. Hist. 4(5): 138-148. Smith, F. 1915. Two new varieties of earthworms Smith, F. 1895b. Notes on species of North American with a key to described species in Illinois. Oligochaeta. I. Bull. Illinois St. Lab. Nat. Bull. Illinois St. Lab. Nat. Hist. 10(8): 551- Hist. 4(8): 285-297. 559.

Smith, F. 1896. Notes on species of North American Smith, F. 1917. North American earthworms of the Oligochaeta II. Bull. Illinois St. Lab. Nat. family Lumbricidae in the collections of the Hist. 4(14): 396-413. United States National Museum. Proc. United States Nat. Mus. 52(2174): 157-182. Smith, F. 1897. Upon an undescribed species of Megascolides from the United States. Ameri- Smith, F. 1928. An account of changes in the can Midl. Nat. 31: 202-204. earthworm fauna of Illinois and a description of one new species. Illinois Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull. 17(10): 347-362. 248 The Status of Terrestrial Earthworm Surveys that have been conducted in North America, etc.

APPENDIX Bangor Daily News, Monday, June 27, 1977 17

A dream come true

Dr. Gordon E. Gates of Bangor Reynolds, a colleague of Gates and (left) long ago saw the need for a assistant professor at the University of catalog of all known scientific names New Brunswick took over the project. for Oligochaeta, or worms, to aid The book now has been published; and researchers. He started the project but Reynolds was in Bangor this week to was unable to complete it because of show Gates the finished product. his age. So in 1972, John W. (NEWS Photo by Carroll Hall) MEGADRILOGICA 249

APPENDIX (Continued) Bangor resident’s work has come to fruition By Nancy Remsen Of the NEWS Staff naming and describing is now located. A Bangor scientist who spent years Such data is valuable to researchers working on a catalog of the scientific who might be trying to verify the names of Oligochaeta, or worms, but identity of a specimen they have or to had to give up the project because of someone who might be reclassifying a his age, saw his dream come true this group of worms, Reynolds said. week. And anyone who thinks he or she has The research guide which he began a new type of worm would have to was completed by a colleague, John W. make sure the name proposed hasn’t Reynolds, a professor at the University already been given to another type of of New Brunswick, and David G. worm, he said. Cook, an English scientist who now lives in Ottawa. Reynolds was in Also unusual about the book is that Bangor this week to show Gates the the introduction and explanation of completed book. how to use the book was written in six The idea of the book is unusual, languages, English, French, German, Reynolds said, because it lists the Portuguese, Russian and Chinese. scientific names of all known worms as “Anyonein the world can use the of December 31at, 1975, who named book,” Reynolds said, since the worm, in what journal the name and international scientists speak one of description were first published, and in those languages in order to read other what institution the specimen used for scientists’ research.

Web Site for the Journal Megadrilogica: http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~mjwetzel/Megadrilogica.home.html