BANTAO Journal 2015; 13(2): 95-96; doi:10.1515/bj-2015-0021 95 BJ BANTAO Journal

Case report

A Rare Case of Peritonitis: Streptococcus Salivarius

Egemen Cebeci1, Nilay Sengul Samanci2, Meltem Gursu3, Savas Ozturk3, Filiz Pehlivanoglu4, Abdullah Sumnu1, Serhat Karadag3 and Rumeyza Kazancioglu5

1Department of Nephrology, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital, 2Department of Internal Medicine, 3Department of Nephrology, 4Department of Infectious Diseases, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, 5Department of Nephrology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey

Abstract A sixty-year-old male patient treated with PD for 19 months was admitted to our Clinic due to abdominal pain Streptococcus salivarius is a Gram-positive bacteria that and cloudy effluent. His physical examination revealed may cause infections like endocarditis and meningitis. decreased skin turgor, paleness of the conjunctiva and However, it has not been reported as a causative agent skin, metallic valvular sound, a mild systolic murmur of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. In this paper at the apex and diffuse abdominal tenderness. He had in- we present a rare case of peritonitis with Streptococcus creased C-reactive levels without leukocytosis. Cell count salivarius admitted to our Clinic with abdominal pain, of the peritoneal effluent revealed 9800 leukocytes/mm³ who had been on peritoneal dialysis treatment for 19 (90% polymorphonuclear leukocytes). After culturing months. Streptococus salivarius was cultured from the the effluent, empiric treatment with intraperitoneal cefa- effluent, sensitive to ampicillin and penicillin G. Patient zolin and vancomycin plus oral ciprofloxacin was started. was discharged completely cured. Peritonitis is the most Leukocyte count of the effluent decreased to 400/mm³ on important clinical issue that occurs in patients treated the second day and 20/mm³ on the fifth day. Streptococus with peritoneal dialysis, and every effort should be in- salivarius was cultured from the effluent, and antibiotic vested to determine the causative agent while even rare sensitivity test showed that ampicillin and penicillin G bacteria as Streptococcus salivarius may be found. were effective. The treatment was continued for a total of 14 days. He was discharged completely cured. Keywords: peritonitis, peritoneal dialysis, streptococcus salivarius Discussion ______Streptococci are Gram-positive bacteria including a co- Introduction llection of species that live in many body organs and range from benign to those causing life-threatening in- Peritonitis is the most important complication of perito- fections. Streptococcus salivarius is spherical, Gram- neal dialysis (PD). The most common organisms isolated positive bacteria and principal commensal bacterium of are Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative staphy- the oral cavity, and hence colonizes the mouth and upper lococci [1]. Streptococcus salivarius is a Gram-positive, respiratory tract [2]. The bacteria is considered an oppor- facultative anaerobic bacteria that colonizes gastrointesti- tunistic pathogen; it rarely enters the blood stream during nal and genitourinary tracts, oral cavity and paranasal si- brushing the teeth or dental work. It is found in cases of nuses [2]. Although it is regarded to have low virulence, septicemia, endocarditis and meningitis in patients with Streptococcus salivarius may cause life-threatening in- neutropenia [3]. fections like endocarditis and meningitis [3], and it has Peritonitis is is the most important clinical problem that not been reported as a causative agent of peritonitis in occurs in patients with end-stage renal disease treated by PD patients. Herein, we present a case of peritonitis peritoneal dialysis (PD). The incidence of peritonitis va- with Streptococcus salivarius in a PD patient. ries from center to center [1]. Many types of microorga- nisms may cause PD peritonitis. The most frequent patho- Case report gens are Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-positive organisms and S. Epidermidis [4]. A large review of 3366 patients

______Correspondence to: Nilay Sengul Samanci, Haseki Training and Research Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine, Haseki Egitimve Arastirma Hastanesi, IcHastaliklari, Haseki Fatih Istanbul, Turkey; Phone: +902125294400/ 1709; Fax: +902125294463; E-mail: [email protected] Download Date | 5/26/17 8:33 AM 96 A rare case of peritonitis

showed that almost 50% of infections were due to Gram- References positive organisms and 15% to Gram-negative organisms, 20% were culture negative (sterile peritonitis), only 4% 1. Keane WF, Bailie GR, Boeschoten E, et al. Adult peritoneal were polymicrobial infections while fungal infection dialysis-related peritonitis treatment recommendations: 2000 occurred in less than 2% of cases [5]. The most frequent update. Perit Dial Int 2000; 20(4): 396-411. 2. Hamada S, Slade HD. Biology, immunology, and cariogenicity pathogens are Gram-positive organisms, Staphylococcus of Streptococcus mutans. Microbiol Rev 1980; 44(2): 331-384. aureus and S. epidermidis. In the literature there are also 3. Wescombe PA, Heng NC, Burton JP, et al. Streptococcal case reports about peritonitis due to group B Streptococcus bacteriocins and the case for Streptococcus salivarius as [6]. Streptococci which are oral colonizers like Strepto- model oral probiotics. Future Microbiol 2009; 4(7): 819-835. coccus salivarius are unusual cause of peritonitis in CAPD. 4. Rubin J, Rogers WA, Taylor HM. Peritonitis During Continuous This emphasizes the need of appropriate oral hygiene and Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis. Ann Intern Med 1980; 92(1): 7-13. antimicrobial prophylaxis during dental procedures. 5. Port FK, Held PJ, Nolph KD, et al. Risk of peritonitis and To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case technique failure by CAPD connection technique: a national of peritonitis due to Streptococcus salivarius. As this or- study. Kidney Int 1992; 42: 967-974. ganism colonizes plaques in the oral cavity, patients should 6. Borra SI, Chandarana J, Kleinfeld M. Fatal peritonitis due take good oral hygiene especially after tooth extraction. to group B beta-hemolytic streptococcus in a patient receiving chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1992; 19: 375-377. Conflict of interest statement. None declared.

Unauthenticated Download Date | 5/26/17 8:33 AM