sign in sign up
<<
Home , 568 Group, College Boat Club, Edmund Woolley, Fisher Fine Arts Library, Gaylord Harnwell, George Savitsky

University of Coordinates: 39.953885°N 75.193048°W From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The University of Pennsylvania (commonly referred to as Penn or UPenn) is an American private University of Pennsylvania research university located in , Pennsylvania. Incorporated as The Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania, Penn is one of 14 founding members of the Association of American Universities and one of the nine original Colonial Colleges.

Benjamin Franklin, Penn's founder, advocated an educational program that focused as much on practical education for commerce and public service as on the classics and theology. Penn was one of the first academic Arms of the University of Pennsylvania institutions to follow a multidisciplinary model pioneered by several European universities, concentrating multiple Latin: Universitas Pennsylvaniensis "faculties" (e.g., theology, classics, medicine) into one Motto Leges sine moribus vanae (Latin) [6] institution. It was also home to many other educational Motto in Laws without morals are in vain innovations. The first school of medicine in North America English (Perelman School of Medicine, 1765), the first collegiate business school (Wharton, 1881) and the first student Established 1740[note 1] [7] union (Houston Hall, 1896) were all born at Penn. Type Private

Penn offers a broad range of academic departments, an Endowment $7.7 billion[1] extensive research enterprise and a number of community Budget $6.007 billion[2] outreach and public service programs. It is particularly well known for its medical school, dental school, design President school, school of business, law school, communications Provost Vincent Price school, nursing school, veterinary school, its social sciences and humanities programs, as well as its Academic staff 4,246 faculty members[2] biomedical teaching and research capabilities. Its Admin. staff 2,347[2] undergraduate programs are also among the most selective in the country (approximately 10% acceptance Students 24,630 (2013)[3] [8] rate). One of Penn's most well known academic Undergraduates 10,301[2] qualities is its emphasis on interdisciplinary education, which it promotes through numerous joint degree Postgraduates 11,028[2] programs, research centers and professorships, a unified Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United campus, and the ability for students to take classes from Location States any of Penn's schools (the "One University Policy").[9] Campus Urban, 992 acres (4.01 km2)

All of Penn's schools exhibit very high research activity. total: 302 acres (1.22 km2), Penn is consistently included among the top five research University City campus; 600 universities in the ,[10] and among the top acres (2.4 km2), research universities in the world, for both quality and New Bolton quantity of research.[11] In fiscal year 2011, Penn topped Center; 92 acres (0.37 km2), the Ivy League in academic research spending with an Morris $814 million budget, involving some 4,000 faculty, 1,100 Colors Red postdoctoral fellows and 5,400 support staff/graduate assistants.[2] As one of the most active and prolific Blue[4][5] research institutions, Penn is associated with several Athletics NCAA Division I – Ivy League important innovations and discoveries in many fields of science and the humanities. Among them are the first general purpose electronic computer (ENIAC), the Nickname Quakers Rubella and Hepatitis B vaccines, Retin-A, cognitive Affiliations AAU therapy, conjoint analysis and others. COFHE Penn's academic and research programs are led by a NAICU 568 Group large and highly productive faculty.[12] Nine Penn faculty URA members or graduates have won a Nobel Prize in the last ten years. Over its long history the university has also produced many distinguished alumni. These include twelve Website Upenn.edu heads of state (including one U.S. President), three United (http://www.upenn.edu/) States Supreme Court justices, and supreme court justices of other states, founders of technology companies, international law firms, and global financial institutions, university presidents and eighteen living billionaires.[13]

Contents

1 History 1.1 Early campuses 1.2 Educational innovations 1.3 Motto 1.4 Seal 2 Campus 2.1 Libraries 2.2 The University Museum 2.3 Residences 3 Academics 3.1 Coordinated dual-degree and interdisciplinary programs 3.2 Academic medical center and biomedical research complex 3.3 Admissions selectivity 4 Research, innovations, and discoveries 5 Rankings 6 Student life 6.1 Demographics 6.2 Selected student organizations 6.3 7 Athletics 7.1 7.2 Rugby 7.3 Football 7.4 7.5 Facilities 8 Notable people 9 Controversies 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links

History

The school considers itself the fourth-oldest institution of higher education in the United States,[note 2] as well as the first university in the United States with both undergraduate and graduate studies.

In 1740, a group of Philadelphians joined together to erect a great preaching hall for the traveling evangelist , who toured the American colonies delivering open air sermons. The building was designed and built by Edmund Woolley and was the largest building in the city at the time. It was initially planned to serve as a charity school as well; however, a lack of funds forced plans for the chapel and school to be suspended. In the fall of 1749, eager to House intended for the President, create a school to educate future generations, Birch's Views of Philadelphia (1800). circulated a pamphlet titled "Proposals for the Education of Youth in Home of the University from 1801 to Pennsylvania," his vision for what he called a "Public Academy of 1829. Philadelphia."[15] However, according to Franklin's autobiography, it was in 1743 when he first had the idea to establish an academy, "thinking the Rev. Richard Peters a fit person to superintend such an institution." Unlike the other Colonial colleges that Ninth Street Campus: Medical Hall existed in 1743—Harvard, (left) and College Hall (right), both William and Mary, and built 1829-30. Yale—Franklin's new school would not focus This statue of Benjamin Franklin merely on education for the donated by Justus C. Strawbridge to clergy. He advocated an innovative concept of higher education, one the City of Philadelphia in 1899 now which would teach both the ornamental knowledge of the arts and the sits in front of College Hall.[14] practical skills necessary for making a living and doing public service. The proposed program of study could have become the nation's first modern liberal arts curriculum, although it was never implemented because William Smith, an Anglican priest who was provost at the time, and other trustees preferred the traditional curriculum.[16][17]

Franklin assembled a board of trustees from among the leading citizens of Philadelphia, the first such non- sectarian board in America. At the first meeting of the 24 members of the Board of Trustees (November 13, 1749) the issue of where to locate the school was a prime concern. Although a lot across Sixth Street from was offered without cost by James Logan, its owner, the Trustees realized that the building erected in 1740, which was still vacant, would be an even better site. The original sponsors of the dormant building still owed considerable construction debts and asked Franklin's group to assume their debts and, accordingly, their inactive trusts. On February 1, 1750 the new board took over the building and trusts of the old board. On August 13, 1751 the Academy of Philadelphia, using the great hall at 4th and Arch Streets, took in its first secondary students. A charity school also was opened in accordance with the intentions of the original "New Building" donors, although it lasted only a few years. In 1755, the College of Philadelphia was chartered, paving the way for the addition of undergraduate instruction. All three schools shared the same Board of Trustees and were considered to be part of the same institution.[18]

The institution of higher learning was known as the College of Philadelphia from 1755 to 1779. In 1779, not trusting then-provost the Rev. William Smith's loyalist tendencies, the revolutionary State Legislature created a University of the State of Pennsylvania.[18] The result was a schism, with Smith continuing to operate an attenuated version of the College of Philadelphia. In 1791 the legislature issued a new charter, merging the two institutions into the University of Pennsylvania with twelve men from each institution on the new board Quad in the Fall, facing Ware College House of trustees.[19]

Penn has three claims to being the first university in the United States, according to university archives director Mark Frazier Lloyd: the 1765 founding of the first medical school in America[20] made Penn the first institution to offer both "undergraduate" and professional education; the 1779 charter made it the first American institution of higher learning to take the name of "University"; and existing colleges were established as seminaries.[21]

After being located in downtown Philadelphia for more than a century, the campus was moved across the to property purchased from the Blockley Almshouse in in 1872, where it has since remained in an area now known as University City. Although Penn began operating as an academy or secondary school in 1751 and obtained its collegiate charter in 1755, it initially designated 1750 as its founding date; this is the year which appears on the first iteration of the university seal. Sometime later in its early history, Penn began to consider 1749 as its founding date; this year was referenced for over a century, including at the centennial celebration in 1849.[22] In 1899, the board of trustees voted to adjust the founding date earlier again, this time to 1740, the date of "the creation of the earliest of the many educational trusts the University has taken upon itself."[23] The board of trustees voted in response to a three-year campaign by Penn's General Alumni Society to retroactively revise the university's founding date to appear older than , which had been chartered in 1746.

Early campuses

The Academy of Philadelphia, a secondary school for boys, began operations in 1751 in an unused church building at 4th & Arch Streets which had sat unfinished and dormant for over a decade. Upon receiving a collegiate charter in 1755, the first classes for the College of Philadelphia were taught in the same building, in many cases to the same boys who had already graduated from The Academy of Philadelphia. In 1801, the University moved to the unused Presidential Mansion at 9th & Market Streets, a building that both George Washington and John Adams had declined to occupy while Philadelphia was the temporary national capital.[24] Classes were held in the mansion until 1829, when it was demolished. Architect William Strickland designed twin buildings on the same site, College Hall and Medical Hall (both 1829-30), which formed the core of the Ninth Street Campus until Penn's move to West Philadelphia in the 1870s.

Educational innovations

Penn's educational innovations include: the nation's first medical school in 1765; the first university teaching hospital in 1874; the Wharton School, the world's first collegiate school of business, in 1881; the first American student union building, Houston Hall, in 1896;[25] the country's second school of veterinary medicine; and the home of ENIAC, the world's first electronic, large-scale, general- purpose digital computer in 1946. Penn is also home to the oldest continuously functioning psychology department in North America and is where the American Medical Association was founded.[26][27] Penn was also the first university to award a PhD to an African- College Hall and Cohen Hall viewed American woman, Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander, in 1921 (in from Woodland Ave., ca. 1892 economics).[28]

Motto

Penn's motto is based on a line from Horace’s III.24 (Book 3, Ode 24), quid leges sine moribus vanae proficiunt? ("of what avail empty laws without [good] morals?") From 1756 to 1898, the motto read Sine Moribus Vanae. When it was pointed out that the motto could be translated as "Loose women without morals," the university quickly changed the motto to literae sine moribus vanae ("Letters without morals [are] useless"). In 1932, all elements of the seal were revised, and as part of the redesign it was decided that the new motto "mutilated" Horace, and it was changed to its present wording, Leges Sine Moribus Vanae ("Laws without morals [are] useless").[29]

Seal

The official seal of the Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania serves as the signature and symbol of authenticity on documents issued by the corporation.[30] A request for one was first recorded in a meeting of the trustees in 1753 during which some of the Trustees “desired to get a Common Seal engraved for the Use of [the] Corporation.” However, it was not until a meeting in 1756 that “a public Seal for the College with a proper device and Motto” was requested to be engraved in silver.[31] 1757–1780 1933 – present The most recent design, a modified version of the original seal, was approved in 1932, adopted a year later, and is still used for much of the same purposes as the original.[30]

The outer ring of the current seal is inscribed with “Universitas Pennsylvaniensis,” the Latin name of the University of Pennsylvania. The inside contains seven stacked books on a desk with the titles of what was the common curriculum in 1932: Theolog, Astronom, Philosoph, Mathemat, Logica, Rhetorica, Grammatica. Between the books and the outer ring is the Latin motto of the University, “Leges Sine Moribus Vanae.”[30] Campus

Much of Penn's architecture was designed by the Cope & Stewardson firm, whose principal architects combined the Gothic architecture of the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge with the local landscape to establish the Collegiate Gothic style. The present core campus covers over 279 acres (1.13 km2) in a contiguous area of West Philadelphia's University City district; the older heart of the campus comprises the University of Pennsylvania Campus Historic District. All of Penn's schools and most of its research institutes are located on this campus. The surrounding neighborhood includes several restaurants and pubs, a large upscale Overlooking Lower Quad from Upper grocery store, and a movie theater on the western edge of campus. Quad The Module 6 Utility Plant and Garage at Penn was designed by BLT Architects and completed in 1995. Module 6 is located at 38th & Walnut and includes spaces for 627 vehicles, 9,000 sq ft (840 m2) of storefront retail operations, a 9,500-ton chiller module and corresponding extension of the campus chilled water loop, and a 4,000-ton ice storage facility.[32]

In 2007, Penn acquired about 35 acres (140,000 m2) between the campus and the Schuylkill River (the former site of the Philadelphia Civic Center and a nearby 24-acre (97,000 m2) site owned by the United States Postal Service). Dubbed the Postal Lands, the site extends from Market Street on the north to Penn's Bower Field on the south, including the former main regional U.S. Postal Building at 30th and Market Streets, now the regional office for the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Over the next decade, the site will become the home to educational, research, biomedical, and mixed-use facilities. The first phase, a comprising a park and athletic facilities, opened in the fall of 2011. Penn also plans new connections between the campus and the city, including a pedestrian bridge. In 2010 Penn, in its first significant expansion across the Schuylkill River, purchased 23 acres at the northwest corner of 34th Street and Grays Ferry Avenue from DuPont for storage and office space.

In September 2011 Penn completed the construction of the $46.5 million 24-acre (97,000 m2) , which features passive and active recreation and athletic components framed and subdivided by canopy , lawns, and meadows. It is located east of the Highline Green and stretches from Walnut Street to South Streets. The University also owns the 92-acre (370,000 m2) in Upper Quad Gate Chestnut Hill in northwestern Philadelphia, the official arboretum of the state of Pennsylvania. Penn also owns the 687-acre (2.78 km2) , the research and large-animal health care center of its Veterinary School. Located near Kennett Square, New Bolton Center received nationwide media attention when Kentucky Derby winner Barbaro underwent surgery at its Widener Hospital for injuries suffered while running in the Preakness Stakes.

Penn borders and is near the University of the Sciences in Philadelphia. The renowned cancer research center is also located on campus. In 2014 a new 7-story glass and steel building will be completed next to the Institute's historic 117-year-old brick building further expanding collaboration between the university and the Wistar Institute.[33]

Libraries Penn's library began in 1750 with a donation of books from cartographer Lewis Evans. Twelve years later, then-provost William Smith sailed to England to raise additional funds to increase the collection size. More than 250 years later, it has grown into a system of 15 libraries (13 are on the contiguous campus) with 400 full-time equivalent (FTE) employees and a total operating budget of more than $48 million. The library system holds 6.01 million book and serial volumes as well as 4.21 million microform items.[2] It subscribes to over 68,000 print serials and e-journals.[34]

Penn's Libraries, with associated school or subject area: Annenberg , also referred (School of Communications), located in the Annenberg School; to as the Furness Library or simply Biddle (Law), located in the Law School; Biomedical, located the Fine Arts Library adjacent to the Robert Wood Johnson Pavilion of the Medical School; Chemistry, located in the 1973 Wing of the Chemistry Building; Dental Medicine; Engineering, located on the second floor of the Towne Building in the Engineering School; Fine Arts, located within the Fisher Fine Arts Library, designed by Frank Furness; Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, located on Walnut Street at Washington Square; Lea Library, located within the ; Lippincott (Wharton School), located on the second floor of the Van Pelt-Dietrich Library Center; Math/Physics/Astronomy, located on the third floor of David Rittenhouse Laboratory; Museum (Anthropology); Rare Books and Manuscripts; Van Pelt-Dietrich Library Center (Humanities and Social Sciences) – location of Weigle Information Commons; Veterinary Medicine, located in Penn Campus and New Bolton Center; and High Density Storage.

The University Museum

Since the University museum was founded in 1887, it has taken part in 400 research projects worldwide.[35] The museum's first project was an excavation of Nippur, a location in current day Iraq.[36] The museum has three gallery floors with artifacts from Egypt, the Middle East, Mesoamerica, Asia, the Mediterranean, Africa, and indigenous artifacts of the Americas.[35] Its most famous object is the goat rearing into the branches of a rosette-leafed plant, from the royal tombs of Ur. The Museum's excavations and collections foster a strong research base for graduate students in the Graduate Group in University Museum and Warden the Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World. Features of the Garden Beaux-Arts building include a rotunda and gardens that include Egyptian papyrus. The Institute of Contemporary Art, which is based on Penn's campus, showcases various art exhibitions throughout the year.

Residences

Every College House at the University of Pennsylvania has at least four members of faculty in the roles of House Dean, Faculty Master, and College House Fellows.[37] Within the College Houses, Penn has nearly 40 themed residential programs for students with shared interests such as world cinema or science and technology. Many of the nearby homes and apartments in the area surrounding the campus are often rented by undergraduate students moving off campus after their first year, as well as by graduate and professional students. The College Houses include W.E.B. Du Bois, Fisher Hassenfeld, Gregory, Harnwell, Harrison, Hill, Kings Court English, Riepe, Rodin, Stouffer, and Ware.[38] Fisher Hassenfeld, Ware, and Riepe together make up one building called "The Quad." Academics

The College of Arts and Sciences is the undergraduate University of Pennsylvania graduate and division of the School of Arts and Sciences, which also professional schools[39] contains the Graduate Division and the College of Liberal Year and Professional Studies, Penn's division for non-traditional School undergraduate and graduate students. Wharton is the founded business school of the University of Pennsylvania. Other undergraduate schools include the School of Nursing and Annenberg School for 1958 the School of Engineering and Applied Science (SEAS) Communication Graduate School of Arts and Penn has a strong focus on interdisciplinary learning and 1881[40] research. It offers joint-degree programs, unique majors, Sciences and academic flexibility. Penn's "One University" policy Graduate School of Education 1915 allows undergraduates access to courses at all of Penn's Law School 1850[note 3] undergraduate and graduate schools, except the medical, veterinary and dental schools. Undergraduates at Penn may Perelman School of Medicine 1765[42] also take courses at Bryn Mawr, Haverford, and School of Dental Medicine 1878[43] Swarthmore, under a reciprocal agreement known as the School of Design 1868 Quaker Consortium. School of Engineering and Applied 1850[44] Coordinated dual-degree and Science interdisciplinary programs School of Nursing 1935 School of Social Policy and Practice 1948 Penn offers specialized coordinated dual-degree (CDD) School of Veterinary Medicine 1884[45] programs, which award candidates degrees from multiple schools at the University upon completion of graduation The Wharton School 1881[46] criteria of both schools. Undergraduate programs include:

The Jerome Fisher Program in Management and Technology The Huntsman Program in International Studies and Business Nursing and Health Care Management The Roy and Diana Vagelos Program in Life Sciences and Management Vagelos Integrated Program in Energy Research (VIPER) Accelerated 7 year Bio-Dental Program Lower Quad in winter, from Riepe College House Dual-degree programs which lead to the same multiple degrees without participation in the specific above programs are also available. Unlike CDD programs, "dual degree" students fulfill requirements of both programs independently without involvement of another program. Specialized dual-degree programs include Liberal Studies and Technology as well as a Computer and Cognitive Science Program. Both programs award a degree from the College of Arts and Sciences and a degree from the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences. In addition, the Vagelos Scholars Program in Molecular Life Sciences allows its students to either double major in the sciences or submatriculate and earn both a B.A. and a M.S. in four years. The most recent Vagelos Integrated Program in Energy Research (VIPER) will be first offered for the class of 2016. A joint program of Penn’s School of Arts and Sciences and the School of Engineering and Applied Science, VIPER leads to dual Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Science in Engineering degrees by combining majors from each school.

For graduate programs, Penn offers many formalized joint-degree graduate degrees such as a joint J.D./MBA, and maintains a list of interdisciplinary institutions, such as the Institute for Medicine and Engineering, the Joseph H. for Management and International Studies, and the Institute for Research in Cognitive Science.

Academic medical center and biomedical research complex

Penn's health-related programs—including the Schools of Medicine, Dental Medicine, Nursing, and Veterinary Medicine, and programs in bioengineering (School Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania School of Dental of Engineering) and Medicine health management (the Wharton School) —are among the university's strongest academic components. The combination of intellectual breadth, research funding (each of the health sciences schools ranks in the top 5 in annual NIH funding), clinical resources and overall scale ranks Penn with only a small handful of peer universities in the U.S.

The size of Penn's biomedical research organization, however, adds a very capital intensive component to the university's operations, and introduces revenue instability due to changing government regulations, reduced federal funding for research, and Medicaid/Medicare program changes. This is a primary reason highlighted in bond rating agencies' views on Penn's overall financial rating, which ranks one notch below its academic peers. Penn has worked to address these issues by pooling its schools (as well as several hospitals and clinical practices) into the University of Pennsylvania Health System, thereby pooling resources for greater efficiencies and research impact.

Admissions selectivity

The Princeton Review ranks Penn as the 6th most selective school in the United States.[47] For the Class of 2018, entering in the fall of 2014, the University received a record of 35,868 applications and admitted 9.9 percent of the applicants (7% in the regular decision cycle), marking Penn's most selective admissions cycle in the history of the University.[48] The Atlantic also ranked Penn among the 10 most selective schools in the country. At the graduate level, Penn's admissions rates, like most universities', vary considerably based on school and program. Based on admission statistics from U.S. News and World Report, Penn's most selective programs include its law school, the health care schools (medicine, dental medicine, nursing, and veterinary), and its business school. Research, innovations, and discoveries Penn is considered a "very high research activity" university.[49] Its economic impact on the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania for 2010 amounted to $14 billion.[50] In 2011 Penn topped the Ivy League in research expenditures with $814 million worth of research,[2][51] of which about 70% comes from federal support and in the most part from the Department of Health and Human Services.[52] Penn also enjoys strong support from the private sector, which in 2010 contributed almost $400 million to Penn, making it the 6th strongest US university in terms of fundraising.[53] In line with its well-known interdisciplinary tradition, Penn's research centers often span two or more disciplines. In the 2010–11 academic year alone 5 interdisciplinary research centers were created or substantially expanded; these include the Center for Health-care Financing,[54] the Center for Global Women’s Health at the Nursing School,[55] the $13 million Morris Arboretum’s Horticulture Center,[56] the $15 million Jay H. Baker Retailing Center at Wharton,[57] and the $13 million Translational Research Center at Claudia Cohen Hall, formerly Logan Penn Medicine.[58] With these additions, Penn now counts 165 Hall, home of the College of Arts and research centers hosting a research community of over 4,000 faculty Sciences and former home of the and over 1,100 postdoctoral fellows, 5,400 academic support staff Wharton School and originally, the medical school and graduate student trainees.[2] To further assist the advancement of interdisciplinary research President Amy Gutmann established the "Penn Integrates Knowledge" title awarded to selected Penn professors "whose research and teaching exemplify the integration of knowledge."[59] These professors hold endowed professorships and joint appointments between Penn's schools. The most recent of the 13 PIK professors is Ezekiel Emanuel, who started at Penn in September 2011 as the Diane S. Levy and Robert M. Levy University Professor with a joint appointment at the Department of Medical Ethics & Health Policy, which he chairs in the Perelman School of Medicine, and the Department of Health Care Management in the Wharton School.[59]

As a powerful research-oriented institution Penn is also among the most prolific and high-quality producers of doctoral students. With 487 PhDs awarded in 2009, Penn ranks third in the Ivy League, only behind Columbia and Cornell (Harvard did not report data).[60] It also has one of the highest numbers of post-doctoral appointees (933 in number for 2004–07), ranking third in the Ivy League (behind Harvard and Yale), and tenth nationally.[61] In most disciplines Penn professors' productivity is among the highest in the nation, and first in the fields of Epidemiology, Business, Communication Studies, Comparative Literature, Languages, Information Science, Criminal Justice and Criminology, Social Sciences and Sociology.[12] According to the National Research Council nearly three-quarters of Penn’s 41 assessed programs were placed in ranges including the top 10 rankings in their fields, with more than half of these in ranges including the top 5 rankings in these fields.[62]

Penn's research tradition has historically been complemented by innovations that shaped higher education. In addition to establishing the first medical school, the first university teaching hospital, the first business school, and the first student union, Penn was also the cradle of other significant developments. In 1852 Penn Law was the first law school in the nation to publish a law journal still in existence (then called The American Law Register, now the Penn Law Review, one of the most cited law journals in the world).[63] Under the deanship of William Draper Lewis, the law school was also one of the first schools to emphasize legal teaching by full-time professors instead of practitioners, a system that is still followed today.[64] The Wharton School was home to several pioneering developments in business education. It established the first research center in a business school in 1921 and the first center for entrepreneurship center in 1973,[65] and it regularly introduced novel curricula for which BusinessWeek wrote, "Wharton is on the crest of a wave of reinvention and change in management education."[66][67]

Several major scientific discoveries have also taken place at Penn. The university is probably best well known as the place where the first general-purpose electronic computer (ENIAC) was born in 1946 at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering.[68] It was here also where the world's first spelling and grammar checkers were created, as well as the popular COBOL programming language.[68] Penn can also boast some of the most important discoveries in the field of medicine. The dialysis machine used as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function was conceived and devised out of a pressure cooker by William Inouye while he was still a student at Penn Med;[69] the Rubella and Hepatitis B vaccines were developed at Penn;[69][70] the discovery of cancer's link with genes, cognitive therapy, Retin-A (the cream used to treat acne), Resistin, the Philadelphia gene (linked to chronic myelogenous leukemia), and the technology behind PET Scans were all discovered by Penn Med researchers.[69] More recent gene research has led to ENIAC, the first general-purpose the discovery of the genes for fragile X syndrome, the most common electronic computer, was born at form of inherited mental retardation, Kennedy's disease, a disorder Penn in 1946 marked by progressive muscle and bulbar atrophy, and Charcot– Marie–Tooth disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects the hands, feet, and limbs.[69] Conductive polymer was also developed at Penn by Alan J. Heeger, Alan MacDiarmid and Hideki Shirakawa, an invention that earned them the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Ralph L. Brinster, on faculty since 1965, developed the scientific basis for in vitro fertilization and the transgenic mouse at Penn. The theory of superconductivity was also partly developed at Penn, by then faculty member John Robert Schrieffer (along with John Bardeen and Leon Cooper). The university has also contributed major advancements in the fields of economics and management. Among the many discoveries are conjoint analysis, widely used as a predictive tool especially in market research, Simon Kuznets's method of measuring Gross National Product,[71] the Penn effect (the observation that consumer price levels in richer countries are systematically higher than in poorer ones), and the "Wharton Model"[72] developed by Nobel-laureate Lawrence Klein to measure and forecast economic activity. The idea behind Health Maintenance Organizations also belonged to Penn professor Robert Eilers, who put it into practice during then President Nixon's health reform in the 1970s.[71] Rankings

General rankings University rankings According to U.S. News & World Report Penn is National currently ranked 7th in the United States (tied with Duke [73] 12 and MIT), behind Princeton, Harvard, Yale, Columbia, ARWU The and Stanford.[80] U.S. News Forbes[74] 11 also includes Penn in its Most Popular National U.S. News & World Report[75] 7 Universities list,[81] and so does The Princeton Review in [76] 21 its Dream Colleges list.[82] Washington Monthly Global 14 In their latest editions Penn was ranked 13th in the world ARWU[77] [83] by the QS World University Rankings, 14th by the [78] 13 Shanghai Jiao Tong University's Academic Ranking of QS World Universities,[84] and 15th by the Times Higher Times[79] 15 Education World University Rankings.[85] According to the Shanghai Jiao Tong University ranking Penn is also the 8th and 9th best university in the world for economics/business and social sciences studies, respectively.[86] University of Pennsylvania ranked 12th among 300 Best World Universities in 2012 compiled by Human Resources & Labor Review (HRLR) on Measurements of World's Top 300 Universities Graduates' Performance .[87]

Research rankings

The Center for Measuring University Performance places Penn in the first tier of the United States' top research universities (tied with Columbia, MIT and Stanford), based on research expenditures, faculty awards, PhD granted and other academic criteria.[88] Penn was also ranked 9th by the National Science Foundation in terms of R&D expenditures topping all other Ivy League Schools.[51] The High Impact Universities research performance index ranks Penn 8th in the world, whereas the 2010 Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities (published by the Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan) ranks Penn 11th in the world for 2010, 2008 and 2007, and 9th for 2009. The Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers measures universities' research productivity, research impact, and research excellence based on the scientific papers published by their academic staff. The SCImago Institutions Rankings World Report 2012, which ranks world universities, national institutions and academies in terms of research output, ranks Penn 7th nationally among U.S. universities (and 2nd in the Ivy League behind Harvard) and 28th in the world overall (the first being France's Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique).[89]

Other rankings

The Mines ParisTech International Professional Ranking, which ranks universities on the basis of the number of alumni listed among CEOs in the 500 largest worldwide companies, ranks Penn 11th worldwide, and 2nd nationally behind Harvard.[90] According to a US News article in 2010, Penn is tied for second (tied with and Tufts University) for the number of undergraduate alumni who are current Fortune 100 CEOs.[91] The Washington Monthly ranked Penn 27th in National University Rankings (Social mobility: percentage of, and support for, Pell grant recipients; Research: total research spending; PhDs granted in science and engineering; and Community Service: the number of students in ROTC, Peace Corps, etc.).[92] Forbes ranked Penn 17th, based on a variety of criteria.[93]

Undergraduate programs

Penn's arts and science programs are all well regarded, with many departments ranked amongst the nation's top 10. At the undergraduate level, Wharton, Penn's business school, and Penn's nursing school have maintained their No. 1, 2 or 3 rankings since U.S. News began reviewing such programs. The College of Arts and Sciences' English Department is also consistently ranked in the top five humanities programs in the country, ranking 4th in the most current US News report. In the School of Engineering, top departments are bioengineering (typically ranked in the top 5 by U.S. News), mechanical engineering, chemical engineering and nanotechnology. The school is also strong in some areas of computer science and artificial intelligence.

Graduate and professional programs Among its professional schools, the schools of business, communication, dentistry, medicine, nursing, and veterinary medicine rank in the top 5 nationally (see U.S. News and National Research Council). Penn's Law School is ranked 7th, and its School of Education and School of Social Policy & Practice are ranked in the top 10 (see U.S. News). In the 2010 QS Global 200 Business Schools Report, Penn was ranked 2nd in North America.[94]

Executive salary

Amy Gutmann's salary in 2009 was US$1.3 million, placing her as the 20th highest paid college president in the United States.[95][96] Student life

Demographics Demographics for Class of 2015 [97] Multicultural background Number enrolled Percent of class Of those accepted for admission to the Class American Indian 25 1.1% of 2014, 40.8 percent are Asian, Hispanic, Asian 437 20.1% African-American, or Native American.[2] In Black 235 10.8% addition, 51.1% of current students are Caucasian 982 45.2% women.[2] Latino 241 11.1% Hawaiian 4 0.2% More than 11% of the first year class are Not Reported 250 11.5% international students.[2] The composition of international students accepted in the Class of 2014 is: 50.2% from Asia; 9.2% from Africa and the Middle East; 17.7% from ; 15.5% from Canada and Mexico; 4.8% from the Caribbean, Central America, and South America; 1.1% from Australia and the Pacific Islands.[2] The acceptance rate for international students applying for the class of 2014 was 411 out of 4,390 (9.4%).[2]

Selected student organizations Psi Upsilon Fraternity a.k.a. 'The Castle' The , founded in 1813,[98] is the United States' oldest continuously existing collegiate literary society. The Club is the oldest all-male musical comedy troupe in the country. The University of Pennsylvania Glee Club, founded in 1862, is one of the oldest continually operating collegiate choruses in the United States. Bruce Montgomery, its best-known and longest-serving director, led the club from 1956 until 2000.[99] The International Affairs Association (IAA) was founded in 1963 as an organization to promote international affairs and diplomacy at Penn and beyond.[100] With over 400 members, it is the largest student-funded organization on campus. The IAA serves as an umbrella organization for various Phi Delta Theta and Kappa Sigma conferences (UPMUNC, ILMUNC, and PIRC), as well as a host of other academic and social activities. The University of Pennsylvania Band has been a part of student life since 1897.[101] The Penn Band performs at football and basketball games as well as university functions (e.g. commencement and convocation) throughout the year and was the first college band to perform at Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.[101] Membership fluctuates between 80 and 100 students.[101]

The Daily Pennsylvanian

The Daily Pennsylvanian is an independent, student-run newspaper, which has been published daily since it was founded in 1885.[102] The newspaper went unpublished from May 1943 to November 1945 due to World War II.[102] In 1984, the University lost all editorial and financial control of The Daily Pennsylvanian when the newspaper became its own corporation.[102] In 2007, The Daily Pennsylvanian won the Pacemaker Award administered by the Associated Collegiate Press.[103] Athletics

Penn's sports teams are nicknamed the Quakers. They participate in the Ivy League and Division I (Division I FCS for football) in the NCAA. In recent decades they often have been league champions in football (14 times from 1982 to 2010) and basketball (22 times from 1970 to 2006). The first athletic team at Penn was its cricket team.[104]

Rowing

Rowing at Penn dates back to at least 1854 with the founding of the . The university currently hosts both heavyweight and lightweight men's teams and an openweight women's team, all of which compete as part of the League. Penn Rowing has produced a long list of famous coaches and Olympians, including Susan Francia, John B. Kelly, Jr., , Rusty Callow, , and Ted Nash. In addition, the 1955 men's heavyweight crew is one of only four American university crews Varsity rowers approach to win the at the . The Poughkeepsie Bridge, 1915 teams row out of , No. 11 . The program is currently under the direction of men's head coach Greg Myhr.

Rugby

The Penn Men's Rugby Football Club is recognized as one of the oldest collegiate rugby teams in America. The earliest documentation of its existence comes from a 1910 issue of the Daily Pennsylvanian. The team existed on and off during the World Wars.

The current club has its roots in the 1960s. The University of Pennsylvania rugby teams play in the Ivy Rugby Conference, and have finished as runners-up in both 15s and 7s.[105] As of 2011, the club now utilize the state- of-the-art facilities at Penn Park. Quakers Rugby (http://www.upennrugby.com/) played on national TV at the 2013 Collegiate Rugby Championship, a college rugby tournament played every June at PPL Park in Philadelphia and broadcast live on NBC. In their inaugural year of participation, the Penn Men's rugby team won the Shield Competition, beating local rivals (http://www.temple.edu/studentaffairs/campusrec/programs/sportclubs/rugby-men.asp) 17-12 in the final. In doing so, they became the first Philadelphia team to beat a non-Philadelphia team in CRC history, with a 14-12 win over the University of Texas (http://www.utrugby.com/) in the Shield semi-final.[106]

Football

Penn first fielded a football team against Princeton at the Germantown Cricket Club in Philadelphia on November 11, 1876.[107]

Penn football made many contributions to the sport in its early days. During the 1890s, Penn's famed coach and alumnus George Washington Woodruff introduced the quarterback kick, a forerunner of the forward pass, as well as the place-kick from scrimmage and the delayed pass. In 1894, 1895, 1897, and 1904, Penn was generally regarded as the national champion of collegiate football.[107] The achievements of two of Penn's outstanding players from that era—John Heisman and John Outland—are remembered each year with the presentation of the Heisman Trophy to the most outstanding player of the year, and the Outland Trophy to the most outstanding college football interior lineman of the year.

In addition, each year the Bednarik Award is given to college football's best defensive player. (Class of 1949) was a three-time All-American center/linebacker who starred on the 1947 team and is generally regarded as Penn's all-time finest. In addition to Bednarik, the '47 squad boasted four-time All-American tackle George Savitsky and three-time All-American halfback Skip Minisi. All three standouts were subsequently elected to the College Football Hall of Fame, as was their coach, George Munger (a star running back at Penn in the early '30s). Bednarik went on to play for 12 years with the , becoming the NFL's last 60-minute man. He was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1969. During his presidency of the institution from 1948 to 1953, attempted to recultivate Penn's heyday of big-time college football, but the effort lacked support and was short-lived.

ESPN's College GameDay traveled to Penn to highlight the Harvard-Penn game on November 17, 2002, the first time the popular college football show had visited an Ivy League campus.

Basketball

Penn basketball is steeped in tradition. Penn made its only (and the Ivy League's second) Final Four appearance in 1979, where the Quakers lost to Magic Johnson-led Michigan State in Salt Lake City. (Dartmouth twice finished second in the tournament in the 1940s, but that was before the beginning of formal League play.) Penn's team is also a member of the Philadelphia Big 5, along with La Salle, Saint Joseph's, Temple, and Villanova. In 2007, the men's team won its third consecutive Ivy League title and then lost in the first round of the NCAA Tournament to Texas A&M.

The , "Cathedral of Facilities Basketball" Franklin Field is where the Quakers play football, field hockey, lacrosse, sprint football, and track and field (and formerly soccer). It is the oldest stadium still operating for football games and was the first stadium to sport two tiers. It hosted the first commercially televised football game, was once the home field of the Philadelphia Eagles, and was the site of early Army – Navy games. Today it is also used by Penn students for recreation such as intramural and club sports, including touch football and cricket. Franklin Field hosts the annual collegiate track and field event "the ."

Penn's home court, the Palestra, is an arena used for men's and women's basketball teams, volleyball teams, wrestling team, and Philadelphia Big Five basketball, as well as high school sporting events. The Palestra has hosted more NCAA Tournament basketball games than any other facility. Penn baseball plays its home games at .

The Olympic Boycott Games of 1980 were held at the University of Pennsylvania in response to Moscow's hosting of the 1980 Summer Olympics following the Soviet incursion in Afghanistan. Twenty-nine of the boycotting nations participated in the Boycott Games. Notable people

Penn has produced many alumni that have distinguished themselves in the sciences, academia, politics, the military, arts and media. The size, quality, and diversity of Penn's alumni body has established it as one of the most powerful alumni networks in the United States and internationally.[108]

Twelve heads of state or government have attended or graduated from Penn, including former U.S. president ;[109] former Prime Minister of the Philippines Cesar Virata; the first president of Nigeria, Nnamdi Azikiwe; the first president of Ghana, Kwame Nkrumah; and the current president of Côte d'Ivoire, Alassane Ouattara. Other notable politicians who hold a degree from Penn include former ambassador to and former 2012 presidential candidate and Utah governor Jon Huntsman, Jr., Mexico's current minister of finance, Ernesto J. Cordero, long-serving Pennsylvania studied senator , and former Pennsylvania governor . philosophy and linguistics at The university's presence in the judiciary in and outside of the United States is Penn graduating with a BA in also notable. It has produced three United States Supreme Court justices, 1949, an MA in 1951, and a William J. Brennan, Owen J. Roberts and James Wilson, Supreme Court PhD in 1955. justices of foreign states (e.g., Ronald Wilson of the High Court of Australia and Ayala Procaccia of the Israel Supreme Court), European Court of Human Rights judge Nona Tsotsoria, and founders of international law firms (e.g. James Harry Covington (co-founder of Covington & Burling), Martin Lipton (co-founder of Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen, & Katz), and George Wharton Pepper (U.S. Senator from Pennsylvania and founder of Pepper Hamilton).

Penn alumni also have a strong presence in financial and economic life. Penn has educated several governors of central banks including Yasin Anwar (State Bank of Pakistan), Ignazio Visco (Bank of Italy), Kim Choongsoo (Bank of Korea), Zeti Akhtar Aziz (Central Bank of Malaysia), Pridiyathorn Devakula (Governor, Bank of Thailand, and former Minister of Finance), Farouk El Okdah (Central Bank of Egypt), and Alfonso Prat Gay (Central Bank of Physician and poet William Argentina), as well as the director of the United States National Economic Carlos Williams studied at Council, Gene Sperling. Founders of technology companies include Ralph J. Penn's School of Medicine. Roberts (co-founder of Comcast), Elon Musk (founder of Paypal, Tesla Motors, and SpaceX), Leonard Bosack (co-founder of Cisco), David Brown (co-founder of Silicon Graphics) and Mark Pincus (founder of Zynga, the company behind Farmville). Other notable businessmen and entrepreneurs who attended or graduated from the University of Pennsylvania include William S. Paley (former president of CBS), Warren Buffett[note 4] (CEO of Berkshire Hathaway), Donald Trump, Donald Trump, Jr., and Ivanka Trump, Safra Catz (President and CFO of Oracle Corporation), Leonard Lauder (Chairman Emeritus of Estée Lauder Companies and son of founder Estée Lauder), Steven A. Cohen (founder of SAC Capital Advisors), Robert Kapito (president of BlackRock, the world's largest asset manager), and P. Roy Vagelos (former president and CEO of multinational pharmaceutical company Merck & Co.).

Among other distinguished alumni are the current presidents of , Drew Gilpin Faust; the University of California, Mark Yudof; and , Morton O. Schapiro; poets William Augustus Muhlenberg, Ezra Pound, and William Carlos Williams, linguist and political theorist Noam Chomsky, starchitect Louis Kahn, cartoonist Charles Addams, theatrical producer Harold Prince, counter-terrorism expert and author Richard A. Clarke, pollster Frank Luntz, attorney Gloria Allred, journalist Joe Klein, fashion designer Tory Burch, recording artist John Legend, and football athlete and coach John Heisman.

Within the ranks of Penn's most historic graduates are also eight signers of the Declaration of Independence and nine signers of the Constitution. These include George Clymer, Francis Hopkinson, Thomas McKean, Robert Morris, William Paca, George Ross, Benjamin Rush, James Wilson, Thomas Fitzsimons, Jared Ingersoll, Rufus King, Thomas Mifflin, Gouverneur Morris, and Hugh Williamson.

In total, 28 Penn affiliates have won Nobel Prizes, of whom four are current faculty members and nine are alumni. Nine of the Nobel laureates have won the prize in the last decade. Penn also counts 115 members of the United States National Academies, 79 members of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, eight National Medal of Science laureates, 108 Sloan Fellows, 30 members of the American Philosophical Society, and 170 Guggenheim Fellowships. Controversies

From 1930 to 1966 there were 54 documented Rowbottom riots, a student tradition of rioting which included everything from car smashing to panty raids.[110] After 1966, there were five more instances of "Rowbottoms", the latest occurring in 1980.[110]

In 1965, Penn students learned that the University was sponsoring research projects for the United States' chemical and biological weapons program.[111] According to Herman and Rutman, the revelation that "CB Projects Spicerack and Summit were directly connected with U.S. military activities in Southeast Asia", caused students to petition Penn president to halt the program, citing the project as being, "immoral, inhuman, illegal, and unbefitting of an academic institution."[111] Members of the faculty believed that an academic university should not be performing classified research and voted to re-examine the University agency which was responsible for the project on November 4, 1965.[111]

In 1984, the Head Lab at the University of Pennsylvania was raided by members of the Animal Liberation Front.[112] 60 hours worth of video footage depicting animal cruelty was stolen from the lab.[113] The video footage was released to PETA who edited the tapes and created the documentary Unnecessary Fuss.[113] As a result of an investigation called by the Office for Protection from Research Risks, the chief veterinarian was fired and the Head Lab was closed.[113]

The school gained notoriety in 1993 for the water buffalo incident in which a student who told a noisy group of black students to "shut up, you water buffalo" was charged with violating the University's racial harassment policy.[114] See also

Education in Philadelphia Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program (TTCSP) University of Pennsylvania Press

Notes

1. ^ The University officially uses 1740 as its founding date and has since 1899. The ideas and intellectual inspiration for the academic institution stem from 1749, with a pamphlet published by Benjamin Franklin. When Franklin's institution was established, it inhabited a schoolhouse built in 1740 for another school, which never came to practical fruition. Penn archivist Mark Frazier Lloyd [1] (http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/node/2231) notes: “In 1899, Penn’s Trustees adopted a resolution that established 1740 as the founding date, but good cases may be made for 1749, when Franklin first convened the Trustees, or 1751, when the first classes were taught at the affiliated secondary school for boys, Academy of Philadelphia, or 1755, when Penn obtained its collegiate charter to add a post-secondary institution, the College of Philadelphia." Princeton's library [2] (http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/older.shtml) presents another, diplomatically phrased view. 2. ^ Penn is the fourth-oldest using the founding dates claimed by each institution. Penn, Princeton and Columbia originated within a few years of each other. Penn considered 1749 to be its founding date for more than a century, including at the centennial celebration in 1849. In 1895, elite universities in the United States convened in as the "Intercollegiate Commission" at the invitation of John J. McCook, a Union Army officer during the American Civil War and member of Princeton's board of trustees who chaired its Committee on Academic Dress. The primary purpose of the conference was to standardize American academic regalia, which was accomplished through the adoption of the Intercollegiate Code on Academic Costume. This formalized protocol included a provision that henceforth academic processions would place visiting dignitaries and other officials in the order of their institution's founding dates. The following year, Penn's "The Alumni Register" magazine, published by the General Alumni Society, began a campaign to retroactively revise the university's founding date to 1740, in order to become older than Princeton, which had been chartered in 1746. Three years later in 1899, Penn's board of trustees acceded to this alumni initiative and officially changed its founding date from 1749 to 1740, affecting its rank in academic processions as well as the informal bragging rights that come with the age-based hierarchy in academia generally. See Building Penn's Brand (http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0902/thomas.html) for more details on why Penn did this. Princeton University implicitly challenges this rationale, [3] (http://www.princeton.edu/main/about/history/) also considering itself to be the nation's fourth oldest institution of higher learning. [4] (http://www.princeton.edu/main/about/history/american-revolution/) To further complicate the comparison, a University of Edinburgh-educated Presbyterian minister named and his son Gilbert Tennent operated a "Log College" in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, from 1726 until 1746; some have suggested a connection between it and the College of New Jersey (later Princeton) because five members of Princeton's first Board of Trustees were affiliated with the Log College, including Gilbert Tennent, William Tennent, Jr., and , the latter of whom later became President of Princeton. (All twelve members of Princeton's first Board of Trustees were leaders from the "New Side" or "New Light" wing of the Presbyterian Church in the New Jersey, New York and Pennsylvania area.[5] (http://www.princeton.edu/mudd/news/faq/topics/founders.shtml)) This antecedent relationship, if considered a formal lineage with institutional continuity, would justify pushing Princeton's founding date back to 1726, earlier than Penn's 1740. However, Princeton has not done so, and a Princeton historian says that "the facts do not warrant" such an interpretation. [6] (http://etcweb1.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Companion/log_college.html) also implicitly challenges Penn's use of either 1740 or 1749, as it claims to be the fifth oldest institution of higher learning in the United States (after Harvard, William & Mary, Yale and Princeton), based upon its charter date of 1754 and Penn's charter date of 1755. [7] (http://www.columbia.edu/content/history.html) Academic histories of American higher education generally list Penn as fifth or sixth, after Princeton and immediately before or after Columbia. [8] (http://libx.bsu.edu/cdm4/document.php?CISOROOT=/ConspectusH&CISOPTR=345&REC=1) [9] (http://scholarship.rice.edu/bitstream/handle/1911/9120/article_RI234246.pdf?sequence=5) [10] (http://www.ideals.illinois.edu/bitstream/handle/2142/3878/gslisoccasionalpv00000i00140.pdf?sequence=1) Even Penn's own account of its early history agrees that the Academy of Philadelphia did not add an institution of higher learning until 1755, but university officials continue to make it their practice to assert their fourth- oldest place in academic processions. Other American universities which began as colonial era secondary schools such as St. John's College in 1696 and the University of Delaware in 1743 choose to march based upon the date they became institutions of higher learning. According to sometime Penn History Professor Edgar Potts Cheyney, the University did indeed consider its founding date to be 1749 for almost a century. However, it was changed with good reason, and primarily due to a publication about the University issued by the U.S. Commissioner of Education. The year 1740 is the date of the establishment of the first educational trust that the University had taken upon itself. Cheyney states further that, "it might be considered a lawyer's date; it is a familiar legal practice in considering the date of any institution to seek out the oldest trust it administers." He also points out that Harvard's founding date is *also* the year in which the Massachusetts General Court resolved to establish a fund in a year's time for a "School or College". As well, Princeton claims its founding date as 1746--the date of its first charter. However, the exact words of the charter are unknown, the number and names of the trustees in the charter are unknown, and no known original is extant. With the exception of Columbia University, the majority of the American Colonial Colleges do not have clear-cut dates of foundation. (Edgar Potts Cheyney, "History of the University of Pennsylvania: 1740-1940", Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1940: pp. 45-52.) 3. ^ In 1790, the first lecture on law was given by James Wilson; however, a full time program was not offered until 1850.[41] 4. ^ Buffett studied at Penn for 3 years before he transferred to the University of Nebraska.

References

1. ^ As of February 14, 2014. "U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2013 Endowment Market Value and Percentage Change in Endowment Market Value from FY 2012 to FY 2013" (http://www.nacubo.org/Documents/EndowmentFiles/2013NCSEEndowmentMarket%20ValuesRevisedFeb142 014.pdf) (PDF). 2013 NACUBO-Commonfund Study of Endowments. National Association of College and University Business Officers. Retrieved April 1, 2014.

2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Penn: Penn Facts" (http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts.php). Retrieved October 2, 2011. 3. ^ http://www.upenn.edu/about/facts.php 4. ^ "Penn: Style Guide, Logos & Branding" (http://www.upenn.edu/webservices/styleguide/). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved April 8, 2012. 5. ^ "Penn: Color Palette & Typography" (http://www.upenn.edu/webservices/styleguide/color.html). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved April 8, 2012. 6. ^ "Penn: Penn's Heritage" (http://www.upenn.edu/about/heritage.php). Upenn.edu. 2011. Retrieved August 18, 2011. 7. ^ Tannenbaum, Seth S. "Undergraduate Student Governance at Penn, 1895–2006" (http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/studtorg/stugovt/housclub.html). University Archives and Research Center. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved August 19, 2011. 8. ^ Ma, Michelle (March 28, 2013). "Penn admit rate drops to record-low 12.1 percent" (http://www.thedp.com/article/2013/03/51549ac80b536). The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved April 18, 2013. 9. ^ "Pennsylvania: One University" (http://www.archives.upenn.edu/primdocs/uplan/paoneuniv1972.pdf). University of Pennsylvania Archives. 1973. Retrieved September 5, 2011. 10. ^ Elizabeth D. Capaldi, John V. Lombardi, Craig W. Abbey, Diane D. Craig (2010). "The Top American Research Universities – 2010 Annual Report" (http://mup.asu.edu/research2010.pdf). The Center for Measuring University Performance. Retrieved July 19, 2011. 11. ^ "2010 Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities" (http://ranking.heeact.edu.tw/en- us/2010/TOP/100). Higher Education Evaluation and Accreditation Council of Taiwan. Retrieved July 19, 2011. 12. ^ a b "The Chronicle of Higher Education Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index" (http://chronicle.com/stats/productivity/page.php?year=2007&institution=3257&byinst=Go). 13. ^ Sapra, Janhavi (August 11, 2010). "Billionaire Universities" (http://www.forbes.com/2010/08/11/harvard- stanford-columbia-business-billionaires-universities.html?boxes=HomepageSpecialStorySection). Forbes. Retrieved November 10, 2011. 14. ^ Strawbridge, Justus C. (1899). Ceremonies Attending the Unveiling of the Statue of Benjamin Franklin (http://books.google.com/?id=GOYEAAAAYAAJ&dq=justus+c+strawbridge&printsec=frontcover). Allen, Lane & Scott. ISBN 1-103-92435-4. Retrieved November 24, 2007. 15. ^ Friedman, Steven Morgan. "A Brief History of the University, University of Pennsylvania Archives" (http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/genlhistory/brief.html). Archives.upenn.edu. Retrieved December 9, 2010. 16. ^ "Penn's Heritage" (http://www.upenn.edu/about/heritage.php). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved August 2, 2011. 17. ^ N. Landsman, From Colonials to Provincials: American Thought and Culture, 1680-1760 (Ithaca: Press, 1997), pp. 30.

18. ^ a b "Penn in the 18th century, University of Pennsylvania Archives" (http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html). Archives.upenn.edu. Retrieved December 9, 2010. 19. ^ "Penn in the 18th century" (http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/penn1700s.html). University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved April 29, 2006. 20. ^ "University of Pennsylvania" (http://www.wdl.org/en/item/9432). World Digital Library. Retrieved 14 February 2013. February 2013. 21. ^ "The University of Pennsylvania: America's First University" (http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/genlhistory/firstuniv.html). University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved April 29, 2006. 22. ^ Penn Trustees in the 18th century, University of Pennsylvania University Archives (http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/1700s/trustees.html). Archives.upenn.edu. Retrieved on 2013- 07-23. 23. ^ Cheyney, Edward Potts (1940). History of the University of Pennsylvania 1740–1940 (http://repository.upenn.edu/penn_history/5/). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 46–48. Retrieved August 18, 2011. Cheyney was a Penn professor and alumnus from the class of 1883 who advocated the change in Penn's founding date in 1899 to appear older than both Princeton and Columbia. The explanation, "It will have been noted that 1740 is the date of the creation of the earliest of the many educational trusts the University has taken upon itself," is Professor Cheyney's justification (pp. 47-48) for Penn retroactively changing its founding date, not language used by the Board of Trustees. 24. ^ Wood, George Bacon (1834). The History of the University of Pennsylvania, from Its Origin to the Year 1827. McCarty and Davis. LCCN 07007833 (http://lccn.loc.gov/07007833). OCLC 760190902 (https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/760190902). 25. ^ Thomas, George E.; Brownlee, David Bruce (2000). Building America's First University: An Historical and Architectural Guide to the University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 3. ISBN 0-8122-3515-0. 26. ^ "Welcome to the Department of Psychology" (http://www.psych.upenn.edu/). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved April 29, 2006. 27. ^ "History of the School of Medicine" (http://web.archive.org/web/20051215193941/http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/schools/med.html). University Archives and Records Center, University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original (http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/schools/med.html) on December 15, 2005. Retrieved April 29, 2006. 28. ^ "Sadie Tanner Mossell Alexander" (http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/v49/n02/sadie_timeline.html), University of Pennsylvania Almanac, accessed March 31, 2011 29. ^ Hughes, Samuel (2002). "Whiskey, Loose Women, and Fig Leaves: The University's seal has a curious history" (http://www.upenn.edu/gazette/0102/0102finals.html). Pennsylvania Gazette 100 (3). 30. ^ a b c "Frequently Asked Questions: Questions about the University" (https://secure.www.upenn.edu/secretary/FAQ.html). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved October 4, 2011. 31. ^ Coleman, William (1749–1768). Trustees of the University of Pennsylvania Minute Books, volume 1 (http://sceti.library.upenn.edu/pages/index.cfm?so_id=11133). University of Pennsylvania Archives: University of Pennsylvania. pp. 36, 68. 32. ^ "University of Pennsylvania Module 6 Utility Plant and Garage" (http://www.blta.com/#/3/0/4/7/). BLT Architects. Retrieved August 19, 2011. 33. ^ Clarke, Dominique (September 26, 2011). "Wistar strategic plan includes new building and research" (http://thedp.com/index.php/article/2011/09/wistar_strategic_plan_includes_new_building_and_research). The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved November 10, 2011. 34. ^ "Penn Library Data Farm" (http://datafarm.library.upenn.edu/). Retrieved December 24, 2009.

35. ^ a b "About Us" (http://www.penn.museum/about-us.html). Penn Museum. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Retrieved August 20, 2011. Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology. Retrieved August 20, 2011. 36. ^ "Research at the Penn Museum" (http://www.penn.museum/research.html). Penn Museum. University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Antrhopology. Retrieved August 20, 2011. 37. ^ "College Houses at Penn" (http://www.collegehouses.upenn.edu/brochure/collegehouses_11-12.pdf). College Houses and Academic Services. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved August 19, 2011. 38. ^ College Houses & Academic Services: University of Pennsylvania (http://www.collegehouses.upenn.edu/brochure/index.asp). Collegehouses.upenn.edu. Retrieved on 2013-07- 23. 39. ^ "Graduate and Professional Programs" (http://www.upenn.edu/programs/graduate.php). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 22 August 2011. 40. ^ "About the Graduate Division" (http://www.sas.upenn.edu/GAS/home/about/about.html). Penn Arts & Sciences. University of Pennsylvania School of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 22 August 2011. 41. ^ "History of Penn Law school" (http://www.law.upenn.edu/about/history/). Penn Law. University of Pennsylvania Law School. Retrieved 22 August 2011. 42. ^ "School of Medicine: A Brief History" (http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/schools/med.html). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 9 October 2011. 43. ^ "History" (http://www.dental.upenn.edu/about_us/history). Penn Dental Medicine. The Robert Schattner Center University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine. Retrieved 22 August 2011. 44. ^ "History and Heritage" (http://www.seas.upenn.edu/about-seas/history.php). Penn Engineering. University of Pennsylvania School of Engineering and Applied Science. Retrieved 22 August 2011. 45. ^ "About Us" (http://www.vet.upenn.edu/PennVet/AboutUs/tabid/247/Default.aspx). Penn Veterinary Medicine. University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine. Retrieved 22 August 2011. 46. ^ "About Wharton" (http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/about/about-wharton.cfm). The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 22 August 2011. 47. ^ The Ten Toughest Schools to Get Into (http://www.mycollegeplanning.com/images/pdfs/The%20Ten%20Toughest%20Schools%20to%20Get%20Int o%5B1%5D.pdf). My College Planning LLC. Retrieved July 31, 2011. 48. ^ "BREAKING: Admissions Numbers Released" (http://www.thedp.com/article/2014/03/breaking-admissions- numbers-released). Retrieved March 28, 2014. 49. ^ "Carnegie Foundation Basic Classification "RU/VH"" (http://classifications.carnegiefoundation.org/lookup_listings/srp.php?clq= {%22basic2005_ids%22%3A%2215%22}&start_page=standard.php). Carnegie Foundation for the advancement of teaching. Retrieved August 31, 2011. 50. ^ "Penn Reports Economic Impact of $14 Billion on Pennsylvania, $9.5 Billion on Philadelphia | Penn News" (http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/penn-reports-economic-impact-14-billion-pennsylvania-95-billion- philadelphia). Upenn.edu. February 2, 2011. Retrieved March 18, 2012. 51. ^ a b "Table 31. R&D expenditures at universities and colleges, ranked by all R&D expenditures for the first 200 institutions, by source of funds: FY 2006" (http://www.nsf.gov/statistics/nsf08300/pdf/tab31.pdf). Retrieved December 9, 2010. 52. ^ "Services for researchers" (http://www.upenn.edu/research/ResearchStatistics.htm). University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved August 31, 2011. 53. ^ "Colleges And Universities Raise $28 Billion In 2010 Same Total As In 2006" (http://www.cae.org/content/pdf/VSE_2010_Press_Release.pdf) (Press release). Council for Aid to Education. February 2, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2011. 54. ^ "New Penn Medicine/Wharton Center to Study Health-care Financing" (http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/new-center-study-health-care-financing). 55. ^ "Nursing Goes Global" (http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/current/2011-06-09/news-brief/nursing-goes- global). Penn Current. Retrieved August 31, 2011. 56. ^ "Morris Arboretum’s Horticulture Center is a Model of Workaday Sustainability" (http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/spotlights/morris-arboretum-sustainability). 57. ^ "Wharton School Announces $15 Million Gift from Patty and Jay H. Baker to Establish the Jay H. Baker Retailing Center" (http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/news/3993.cfm). 58. ^ "Penn Med receives $13 million for new research center" (http://www.thedp.com/article/penn-med-receives- 13-million-new-research-center).

59. ^ a b "Penn's PIK Professors" (http://makinghistory.upenn.edu/pikintro). 60. ^ "Association of Research Libraries Annual Tables" (http://www.arl.org/bm~doc/09tables.xls). 61. ^ "MUP Post Doctoral Appointees Table" (http://mup.asu.edu/AnyFed2002-2007/Postdoc_App_2001- 2007.xls). 62. ^ Holtzman, Phyllis. "National Research Council Ranks Penn’s Graduate Programs Among Nation's Best" (http://www.upenn.edu/pennnews/news/national-research-council-ranks-penn-s-graduate-programs-among- nations-best). Penn News. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved November 10, 2011. 63. ^ "Law Journals: Submissions and Ranking" (http://lawlib.wlu.edu/LJ/index.aspx). Washington and Lee University School of Law. Retrieved November 10, 2011. 64. ^ Owen Roberts, William Draper Lewis, 89 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1 (1949) 65. ^ "Wharton History" (http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/about/wharton-history.cfm). 66. ^ "Wharton: A Century of Innovation" (http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/innovationHistory/leaders.html). 67. ^ John Byrne; Lori Bongiorno (October 24, 1994). "The Best B Schools Move over, Northwestern—this time, Wharton is No. 1" (http://www.businessweek.com/1989-94/pre94/b339564.htm). Businessweek. Retrieved November 10, 2011.

68. ^ a b "Important Milestones and Fascinating Innovations During the Last Fifty Years of Computing Research at the University of Pennsylvania" (http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/computers/intro.html).

69. ^ a b c d "Some Research Highlights at PENN Medicine" (http://www.med.upenn.edu/research/visitors/highlights.shtml). 70. ^ "Baruch S. Blumberg" (http://www.nndb.com/people/390/000130997/). Nndb.com. Retrieved March 18, 2012.

71. ^ a b "125 Influential People and Ideas" (http://www.wharton.upenn.edu/infodocs/alum_mag/am07anniv.pdf). 72. ^ "Wharton Model (economics) – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" (http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/727461/Wharton-Model). Britannica.com. Retrieved March 18, 2012. 73. ^ "World University Rankings (USA)" (http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings- 2013/USA.html). ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. Retrieved October 19, 2013. 74. ^ "America's Top Colleges" (http://www.forbes.com/top-colleges/list/). Forbes.com LLC™. Retrieved October 19, 2013. 75. ^ "Best Colleges" (http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges). U.S. News & World Report LP. Retrieved October 19, 2013. 76. ^ "About the Rankings" (http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/college_guide/about_the_rankings.php). Washington Monthly. Retrieved October 19, 2013. 77. ^ "World University Rankings" (http://www.shanghairanking.com/). ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. Retrieved October 19, 2013. 78. ^ "University Rankings" (http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings). QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved October 19, 2013. 79. ^ "World University Rankings" (http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/). TSL Education Ltd. Retrieved October 19, 2013. 80. ^ "National University Rankings" (http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best- colleges/rankings/national-universities). U.S.News & World Report LP. September 10, 2013. Retrieved September 10, 2013. 81. ^ By U.S. News Staff (January 24, 2012). "The Most Popular National Universities" (http://www.usnews.com/education/best-colleges/articles/2012/01/24/the-most-popular-national-universities). Usnews.com. Retrieved March 18, 2012.

82. ^ http://www.princetonreview.com/college-hopes-worries.aspx. Missing or empty |title= (help) 83. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2013 Results" (http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world- university-rankings/2013). TopUniversities. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved September 10, 2013. 84. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2012" (http://www.shanghairanking.com/ARWU2012.html). ARWU. ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. Retrieved December 15, 2012. 85. ^ "World University Rankings" (http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/2012- 2013/top-400.html). The Times Higher Educational Supplement. 2012. Retrieved December 15, 2012. 86. ^ "Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2012" (http://www.shanghairanking.com/Institution.jsp? param=University%20of%20Pennsylvania). ARWU. ShanghaiRanking Consultancy. Retrieved December 15, 2012. 87. ^ "World Top 300 Universities Alumni Ranking" (http://www.chasecareer.net/news_detail.php?id=61). Chasecareer.net. Retrieved 2012-06-06. 88. ^ "Research- The Center for Measuring University Performance" (http://mup.asu.edu/research_data.html). Mup.asu.edu. Retrieved November 2, 2011. 89. ^ [11] (http://www.scimagoir.com/pdf/sir_2012_world_report.pdf) 90. ^ "International Professional Ranking Of Higher Education Institutions 2011 Survey" (http://www.mines- paristech.fr/Actualites/PR/Ranking2011EN-Fortune2010.html). MINES Paris Tech. Retrieved July 31, 2011. 91. ^ Burnsed, Brian (2010-11-15). "Where CEOs at America's Largest Companies Went to College" (http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/best-colleges/2010/11/15/where-ceos-at-americas-largest- companies-went-to-college.html). Usnews.com. Retrieved 2012-07-01. 92. ^ "2012 College Guide" (http://www.washingtonmonthly.com/college_guide/rankings_2012/national_university_rank.php). Washingtonmonthly.com. Retrieved September 11, 2012.

93. ^ Forbes http://www.forbes.com/colleges/university-of-pennsylvania/ |url= missing title (help). 94. ^ "QS Global 200 Business Schools Report 2010 North America" (http://www.topmba.com/mba- rankings/global-200/2010/region/north-america). TopMBA. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved July rankings/global-200/2010/region/north-america). TopMBA. QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. Retrieved July 31, 2011. 95. ^ staff (Dec 5, 2011), "Area university heads among best paid" (http://www.bizjournals.com/philadelphia/morning_roundup/2011/12/area-university-heads-among-best- paid.html), Philadelphia Business Journal, Morning Roundup, retrieved Dec 5, 2011 96. ^ Phillips, Nancy (Dec 5, 2011), "Drexel paid out more than $4 million upon Papadakis' death" (http://www.philly.com/philly/education/20111205_Drexel_paid_out_more_than__4_million_upon_Papadakis__ death.html), The Philadelphia Inquirer, Education on Philly.com, retrieved Dec 6, 2011 97. ^ "Incoming Class Profile 2015" (http://www.admissionsug.upenn.edu/profile/) (php). Penn Admissions. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved August 19, 2011. 98. ^ Philomathean Society (1913). A History of the Philomathean Society of the University of Pennsylvania (http://books.google.com/books?id=paFBAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania. p. 22. 99. ^ "Mr. Montgomery, Long-time Glee Club Director and Renaissance Man" (http://www.upenn.edu/almanac/volumes/v55/n01/obit.html). University of Pennsylvania Almanac 55 (1). July 15, 2008. Retrieved August 20, 2011. 100. ^ Maa, Peter. "Penn IAA – About us" (http://penniaa.com/aboutus.php). Penn IAA. Penn IAA. Retrieved July 12, 2011. 101. ^ a b c "Who are we?!" (http://www.dolphin.upenn.edu/pennband/about.html). Penn Band. University of Pennsylvania Band. Retrieved August 20, 2011.

102. ^ a b c "About Us" (http://thedp.com/about-us). The Daily Pennsylvanian. Retrieved August 19, 2011. 103. ^ "2007 ACP Newspaper Pacemaker Winners" (http://www.studentpress.org/acp/winners/npm07.html). ACP. National Scholastic Press Association/Associated Collegiate Press. Retrieved August 19, 2011. 104. ^ Kieran, John (October 8, 1932). "Sports of the Times". New York Times. p. 22. 105. ^ Rugby Mag, College 7s Looks to CRC, Dec. 12, 2012, http://www.rugbymag.com/tournaments- special/crc/6668-college-7s-looks-to-crc.html 106. ^ CRC results (http://www.usasevenscrc.com/fixtures-and-results/) 107. ^ a b Rottenberg, Dan (1985) "Fight On, Pennsylvania" Trustees of University of Pennsylvania pg. 25, 28, 33, 34. 108. ^ Online College Tips – Online Colleges (March 14, 2011). "The 10 Most Powerful Alumni Networks | Online College Tips – Online Colleges" (http://www.onlinecollege.org/2011/03/14/the-10-most-powerful-alumni- networks/). Onlinecollege.org. Retrieved March 18, 2012. 109. ^ William Henry Harrison studied medicine at Penn from 1790 until his father died in 1791; after his father's death Harrison left the University to join the army."William H. Harrison" (http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=190). Ohio History Central An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History. Ohio Historical Society. Retrieved August 19, 2011.

110. ^ a b McConaghy, Mary D.; Ashish Shrestha. "Student Traditions Rowbottom: Documented Rowbottoms, 1910–1970" (http://www.archives.upenn.edu/histy/features/traditions/rowbottom/list.html). University Archives and Records Center. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved August 25, 2011.

111. ^ a b c Herman, Edward S.; Robert J. Rutman, University of Pennsylvania (August 1967). "University of Pennsylvania's CB Warfare Controversy" (http://www.jstor.org/stable/1294007). BioScience 17 (8): 526–529. doi:10.2307/1294007 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1294007). Retrieved August 22, 2011. doi:10.2307/1294007 (http://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F1294007). Retrieved August 22, 2011. 112. ^ "Eco-Violence: The Record" (http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all- issues/2002/fall/from-push-to-shove/eco-violence-the-rec). Intelligence Report (107). Fall 2002. Retrieved August 23, 2011. 113. ^ a b c McCarthy, Charles R. "Ethical and Policy Issues in Research Involving Human Participants" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070423073833/http://onlineethics.org/reseth/nbac/hmccarthy.html). Onlineethics.org. Online Ethics Center for Engineering and Science. Archived from the original (http://onlineethics.org/reseth/nbac/hmccarthy.html) on April 23, 2007. Retrieved August 23, 2011. 114. ^ "The Shadow University" (http://partners.nytimes.com/books/first/k/kors-university.html). Partners.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2013-08-17.

External links

Official website (http://www.upenn.edu/) Official athletics website (http://www.pennathletics.com/) "Pennsylvania, University of". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. "Pennsylvania, University of". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Pennsylvania&oldid=607851114" Categories: Association of American Universities University of Pennsylvania Universities and colleges in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Colonial Colleges Eastern Pennsylvania Rugby Union Education in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Educational institutions established in the 1740s 1740 establishments in the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools National Association of Independent Colleges and Universities members Philadelphia Big 5 Universities and colleges in Pennsylvania Gothic Revival architecture in Pennsylvania Collegiate Gothic architecture in the United States University City, Philadelphia

This page was last modified on 10 May 2014 at 01:33. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.