European Union Law Working Papers
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Stanford – Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum A joint initiative of Stanford Law School and the University of Vienna School of Law European Union Law Working Papers No. 49 An Analysis of Articles 15 and 17 of the EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market: a boost for the creative industries or the death of the internet? Diana Passinke 2020 European Union Law Working Papers Editors: Siegfried Fina and Roland Vogl About the European Union Law Working Papers The European Union Law Working Paper Series presents research on the law and policy of the European Union. The objective of the European Union Law Working Paper Series is to share “works in progress”. The authors of the papers are solely responsible for the content of their contributions and may use the citation standards of their home country. The working papers can be found at http://ttlf.stanford.edu. The European Union Law Working Paper Series is a joint initiative of Stanford Law School and the University of Vienna School of Law’s LLM Program in European and International Business Law. If you should have any questions regarding the European Union Law Working Paper Series, please contact Professor Dr. Siegfried Fina, Jean Monnet Professor of European Union Law, or Dr. Roland Vogl, Executive Director of the Stanford Program in Law, Science and Technology, at: Stanford-Vienna Transatlantic Technology Law Forum http://ttlf.stanford.edu Stanford Law School University of Vienna School of Law Crown Quadrangle Department of Business Law 559 Nathan Abbott Way Schottenbastei 10-16 Stanford, CA 94305-8610 1010 Vienna, Austria About the Author Diana Passinke is a graduate of the University of Vienna, where she earned her LLM degree in European and International Business Law with distinction in 2020. Her main areas of interest include intellectual property, human rights, employment, tax, and competition/antitrust law. Diana is currently working in a tax advisory role at the London office of Smith & Williamson LLP. General Note about the Content The opinions expressed in this student paper are those of the author and not necessarily those of the Transatlantic Technology Law Forum, or any of TTLF’s partner institutions, or the other sponsors of this research project. Suggested Citation This European Union Law Working Paper should be cited as: Diana Passinke, An Analysis of Articles 15 and 17 of the EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market: a boost for the creative industries or the death of the internet?, Stanford-Vienna European Union Law Working Paper No. 49, http://ttlf.stanford.edu. Copyright © 2020 Diana Passinke Abstract The digital revolution has had a strong impact on copyright-intensive industries. The ease of removing rightholders’ information from their works and distributing content in the online environment contributes to the difficulties faced by rightholders seeking to effectively license their rights and obtain remuneration for the online distribution of their works. This has allegedly become a threat to the future production of creative content. While some studies demonstrate that within the copyright industries the sky is rising rather than falling, the emergence of a growing value gap is indisputable. With online platforms gaining more revenue as a result of digitalisation en masse, the European Commission decided that the right step forward is to improve the position of rightholders by placing additional burdens on those that allowed them to thrive. The European Commission introduced the Digital Single Market Copyright Directive with a hope of ensuring that consumers and creators can make the most of the digital world. However, the introduction of Articles 15 and 17 might achieve something quite the opposite. As demonstrated by the French attempt of implementing Article 15 into its national legislation, the press publishers’ right is unlikely to be effective. Instead, it might have inadvertent consequences for smaller press publishers and consumers by limiting their market exposure and the available choices on the market. It is also likely to have an overall negative effect on press pluralism and innovation. While Article 17 has been significantly improved since the initial proposal, the difficulties faced by press publishers in concluding a satisfactory license with Google in France, demonstrate that a new licensing obligation will not always culminate in increased revenues for the content creator. The lack of clear resultant benefits that this provision seeks to achieve might not be worth the chaotic disruption it could leave in its wake. Instead of disrupting the market to resemble the structures of the past, the European Union needs to embrace the new digitalised world. It should seek progressive solutions that would align with the actual objective of the Digital Single Market Copyright Directive: the enhancement of the ability for consumers and creators to make the most of this digital world. Perhaps then, it would be more likely to deliver the promised boost to the creative industries. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CASES .......................................................................................................................... 2 TABLE OF LEGISLATION ........................................................................................................... 4 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .......................................................................................................... 5 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER I: THE DIGITAL SINGLE MARKET AND THE PURPOSE OF THE DSM COPYRIGHT DIRECTIVE .......................................................................................................... 10 1. The Digital Single Market ...................................................................................................... 10 2. The Value Gap ........................................................................................................................ 12 3. The Fair Balance and the Controversy Surrounding the DSM Copyright Directive ....... 13 CHAPTER II: ARTICLE 15 – THE PRESS PUBLISHERS’ RIGHT ...................................... 16 1. The Background ...................................................................................................................... 16 2. Article 11 of the DSM Copyright Directive Proposal .......................................................... 18 3. The Criticism of the Proposed Article 11 ............................................................................. 18 3.1 The Value Gap and News Aggregators ........................................................................... 20 3.2 The Spanish and German Experience ............................................................................. 21 3.3 The Need for an Ancillary Right ..................................................................................... 24 3.4 The Other Criticisms ........................................................................................................ 26 4. The European Commission’s Response to the Raised Criticisms ...................................... 30 5. The Remaining Criticisms ...................................................................................................... 32 6. An Alternative Solution .......................................................................................................... 40 CHAPTER III: ARTICLE 17 – THE FILTERING SYSTEM OF AUTOMATIC COPYRIGHT DETECTION ......................................................................................................... 48 1. The Background ...................................................................................................................... 48 2. Article 13 of the DSM Copyright Directive Proposal .......................................................... 52 3. The Criticism of the Proposed Article 13 ............................................................................. 52 3.1 Article 13 and its Interaction with the InfoSoc and e-Commerce Directives .............. 55 3.2 Article 13 and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union ............... 62 3.3 Impact of Article 13 on Innovation and Competition in the Digital Market ............... 71 4. The European Commission’s Response to the Raised Criticisms ...................................... 72 5. The Remaining Criticism ....................................................................................................... 77 6. An Alternative Solution .......................................................................................................... 77 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 81 BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................... 85 1 TABLE OF CASES CJEU cases Belgische Verenigung van Auteurs, Componisten en Uitgevers CVBA (SABAM) v Netlog (C-360/10) EU:C:2012:85 Gaston Schul Douane Expediteur BV v Inspecteur der Invoerrechten en Accijnzen, Roosendaal (C-15/81) EU:C:1982:135, [1982] ECR 01409 Google France Sarl v Louis Vuitton Malletier SA (C-236/08) EU:C:2010:159, [2010] ECR I-2417 GS Media BV v Sanoma Media Netherlands BV (C-160/15) EU:C:2016:64 J. N. v Staatssecretaris van Veiligheid en Justitie (C-601/15 PPU) EU:C:2016:84 L’Oréal SA and Others v eBay International