~ ...9 \T"- c<) <'() -1 __, fV'
I j .9 IT',
--~ Q
--r_..
_, \ \("- _,-I -' If- "2 j J f
01 ..3 I.
(/J
~ QJ \ J ...,.. u J~ ~ ~ f ~ ~-j . -. I v ~
~ .0 V' '> ~ L c/) (>. r- (0 1 t t; z:;.,
',ii ~ ,....., -....J) -j
..- .J
ry -..n .,. CVN/cc
1b&nlt JQ\1 tor FUr kird latter~ 19 hcaalMrr. I lii'Ote to 10\1 even on 6 October ~ )'Our ld.Dd letter ~ 21 lepteaber. ~, w 1A!l'e au delipW that t1 Thant agreed to &Coept a second terJa. In .&11tion to your.-lf thia evant vu, I ~. predicted 1:r.r a number of other utrol.ogS.e&l. ex;pcrta,
I have received your book~ tlnd Jbiern 'D»u&<• some time ago and I h&ve al.ra4y ~ it.
.~ .. I encJ.o• a cow fd 71q 1etter of 6 October 1D. cue ~ bad uot received it Ml"liv.
With ki ""eat nprda am all. 8004 Wiahea 1'or the Kew Y..-,
Youra~.
c. v. lf&ru1mhan C'hef de cabinet
... ll. v. Beman ld1tor, 'lhe Aatrologioal. lllg&z1ne "an Jlajealf'8ri" Banpl.ore 20 India ·
cc : Mt- o L. Lemieux ,/' .. ~ · ~~ ~ ·f• .. • I ... BANGALORE VENKATA RAMAN "~·~~- -- Editor, The Astrological Magazine PHONI : 23296 : !?#a~ -2~ .. (AIR 'MAIL) •
19th December 1966.
Sri c. V. Narasimhan~ Chef de Cabinet, United Nations, ~::. : ·- New York, U~S.A. My dear ·sir, From Press reports I learn that Mr. U Thant I . has agreed to continue for another term as . Secretary General as per my foreoast ' sent .to you on 27th September 1966. · I had hoped to r.eceive a commWlication either · from yo\lf or tram Mr. U Thant regarding my 't' . prediction. - For your kind information I may add that I generally get letters from dignitaries from . I different parts of the world as to the outoome ot my predictions given to them. . I hope you have received ASTROLOOY AND MOOERN ·THOUGHT sent to you sometime ago with. my . I compliments. ,· With regards,
,. I r:;- j ":" ... :\ ~· ...... · . ., . : ~--- ~~~ .'~!' .: I : ...... r· r. '· ' .... " ' . .., ~ . ~. I "• ., ·•--i r , ...... , ~-· . .. '. I ' . , . .:·t. •·.·.·...... I. .. ·. -r:: . . •' .i . .'·, . '· .. . ·; . . ' · ~...... ---·-·--· G~AHO - / .-.. ST v ~ · ··
(.) ~~
lid/lA- 1i(/3-td.c.._ ~ I> 3,00 /8~~~ ~ ~ak/11·J· / . ' : -·. .. . . AU
) . t . 'I
)
I c
• • .J
l. c
CVN/pba
26 lMe 1 .. 1966
IMR ...... ,..s--,
1 npat tla clltl.IV iD • •••~WW&t• JQliJ" WI'.Y k1Dd. ~ or 9 a.c..._. 1 • -.t ~ to JW. tor ,..- ld.Dil ...- ~ .., • IIM'Otat at u ...... ,_.11111. I - ~ ~ llpJINOiaUw ~ Jaut" .... wlaiiH. It vu a plaar_.. toe' • u aeet ,_. a.t. lv»u1M:ebe1, a4 7W'r t110 etaJ •'• aa4 tal.eDted """""--· 1 • ao cJ,a4 tbat tlae coaeeJ't - lat. lqMwtlalrMai ... 8U.Ch • Ree-·. 1'1eue pw 111 beat ~..... to ,_.. vUe &114 .. .,.ten. n.. &lao .-.pt .., pu-1 .... v1aJwta r.. 1967.
u 1'tlelt
llr. ~. IJec!edRa ...... Dinetor Bbu'atbaa JIUbljcatJ.OM Pft•te Llaited l'a1ki arll.U ... 11~ • 1 - ». ID41a
cc Mrs. E. Mira ~ BHARATHAN PUBLI .\.TIONS P R IVAT E LI Ml ED Proprietors: K AL K I - Tamil weekly SWARAJYA - Eng li sh weekly ------KALKI BUIL D ING S KILP A U K MADRAS-10
Phone : 61034 (5 Lines ) Managing Director Grams : "KA.LKI", Madras T. S A D AS I VA M 9th December 66 S~· Your Excellency,
My wife and I and my daughters Radha and Vijaya, and the rest of our party are back home atter our very happy tour in the United States and the very memorable concert of Subbulaksbmi bafore the great General Assembly of the United Nations on October 23 which happened to be a very auspicious day for us, viz., Vijaya Dasami Day. When we look back upon our very pleasant sojourn in that great country and our meeting with you and your Deputy and our dear C.V.Narasimhan, our hearts overflow with gratitude for all the affection and kindness we received at your hands. We shall remember all our lives this great occasion. Even as we lett Rome on the night of December 3 back tor our home we sav the happy news of your acceptance of the high office or the Secretary General of the United Nations t or another term. It was really very good of you to have consented to continue to bear this oner~ responsibility tor yet another term of five rs. We pray to the Alaighty tor the fruition ot T~ earnest endeavours to bring about internat16!!al peace and goodwill. With kindest recards tram Subbulakshmi and me and my daughters Radha and Vijaya,
r Yours s1r r~ly, I • fJ wY Wfv (/ ~ Y'r\._ T.Sadasivam His Excellency U Thant Secretary General United Nations New York. His Exeellene7 U Thant Secreta~ General ot the United Nations United Nations Headquarters Box No.20 T.Sadasivam Grand Central P.o. Kalki Gardens New York - 17. N.Y. (USA) ~ Madras-10 (India) • • • • • • • • -
Voul4 70Q k1 ..~ trauait t.bt ~ tie aD4 le"-' to 111•• Jlanaie Ia liar·
• !!ban\
1r. Y1c:tor loo ec:-.1uiODer tor •chDic:al eo-o,.n.uoa WaiWd la'Uou Jloai 252'P .. IOZ'k Diu ••• Ia M.r,
I via ~ 'tMDk ,_ tor 7fA1Z k1D4 lAter td ~ aw.8er wbicb 1 noe1w4 CD 2 1111..-.r tna OU' -~ trieiMl 1'1ek&" 1oo ala-. Witb a ~1tul u.. 1 - .....u... t.nwi tib ODe r4 ., ol4 u .. tor :roar oolJJteUC...... a1n4.
Apolac:t•• tor tbl deltr 1a raepoai1JII te .,._ J'tMl8ft• 'lov 1Jtt1ier cot. ll1zM \IP vital a ~ ot oU.r eorre...-DC• 1a ., ott1•·
lf1 tb llea't viabea tor a Men7 Chria~ aD4 • ...,. .., X..,
111• M.rnl• 1M ..,. Apt. 1911 101 ..., 1Ith 8tnn .. Tan, IJ. 1.0011
- 1 4 TA fi '"& _. 11"1W $z4twl ..)t L • .._,._. ~._.,
~ ~ s~Y~-~·~.J.
' ~()~~~\(A \4 ~~ \0"" ~~ ~uc.A... ~ ~ ~r.~~ -fu$~. ~r ::do-t) \XI\.() ""'UL" ~~cA,~cJ. ~ ~\,..o~cl _ ~·,.~~ ~ ,w..l't;., tt.a. ~&,"""'o...& ~s \{ v\ \i~ ~. ~ ., w~~~ ~l~ t. rc...k~ ~s. ~~C"\n,..~~ M. ,.~ ~\- ~ ~ s~'"\ \;. .... -l.o.~~, ~ ~gtc_. ~~ ~ ~~ \.....c. \w.... 0.. r tiao...o~ ~k....:.., r ,~. ~ lM' s~ \ Q""" d Svt'UL"-S. ~ -"\0\.U\.. ~~ ~~~-~~ -,£)~~ s~~~
~o. cU ~ ~\c..o ~ .
~
- ; 4 t w ;p1 a mr· r w ..- a t ,.,._... ,._ •m, u..-...... ::a
Mr. Lemieux Secretary to the Secretar.y General United Nations, N.Y.
Dear Sir, 21 Decemrer 1966. I have enclosed a letter to U Thant, thanking him for helping me "btain a transfer to a desk job. I will be leaving the UN at the end of this month to attend the graduate school at the University of Kentucky. I will be grateful if you will give this letter to U Thant.
Thanking you,
Richard YuKhin Rollin llf.Sfi F'-cf- Clo!J. u Tha.nt Secretary General United Nations New York, N.Y.
Dear Sir, 21 December 1966.
Thank you immense~ for the advice and help which resulted in my transfer to the legal library.
I was offered a research assistantship at the Patterson School of Diplomaa,y and International Commerce (University of Kentuc~) and given an opportunity to complete my education. I have accepted the offer and will be leaving the United Nations on the 30th of December. Thank you, again, for helping me at the time when I needed the help most. If circumstances permit, I would like to contribute my services to the UN in another capacity.
Respectful.41
Richard YuKhin .k ) ~~~~~ '"r~ · Tvtj 4 ~ ~ ;dv_~ ~~~~~ ~~~~·
~~vt~~w~
Q/1%/I (k. ~ M) -
_D~ ~>/~ /~~,..,:?~~~ y-'> ~ --&'e.-e._ ~~ y"r~...... ,_.-e ~ .,.~ ~ 4-- --6ec-~ ~- 0""'-<. ~ ~-4=- ~
F~ c=o~.<.~ _...,.,: q ~~-:s-~~4..,.,:- v~ ~~- ..;e--"" ~ ~~4? p/-.;.~ ~ )3-- -~ ~- £~ ~ :unr cc: LL ( ) CVN Dear Mn. Bo,r4, Youzo k1D4 letter ot ' :oec.ber. ~tel¥, •tther the se~ not &JV .-ben ot hia tud.]7 kDov about Dr. M70 Jf71Jlt ~v. I repet tl:at 1n tbUe e~ I aa Ull&ble to bel.p JOU. t.o ecmt&et h!a. With k1D4 reprda• c.v. lf&l'u1aban Chef de Cabi.Mt Mn. Jolm L. Bo,J4 ,10 BUt Hill LnialNJ"& 'le:DJwaMe :57091 MARSHALL AMUSEMENT COMPANY b LEWISBURG, TENNESSEE ; .. LAW OFFICES DELSON & GORDON 120 EAST 4l~T STREET NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017 MURRAY HILL 6·8030 CABLE "oe:L.EGOR'' December 12, 1966 His Excellency U Thant Secretary General United Nations New York, New York Dear U Thant: I thought you might like to have a copy of the enclosed reprint of my speech on state succession, given at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law last April. I have made the suggestion in the article that while, in principle, the successor state should normally not be subrogated to the rights and duties of concessions or administrative contracts as a matter of law, there should be merely a presumption of non-subrogation. This presumption, I suggest further, might be overcome in the case of a newly independent state which had already attained a high degree of international personality at the time the contract was negotiated and which participated in, and clearly consented to, the making of a contract. In view of the United Nations' extensive practice on problems of state succession, the enclosure may be of particular interest to you. Sincerely, Robert Delson RD:at - 7076-49A Enc. 111 consequences for all concerned in honoring or dishonoring the expectation of claimants in the particular context. At the conclusion of Professor La Forest's paper, the CHAIRMAN thanked him for his masterly presentation. The CHAIRMAN then introduced the first commentator as a distinguished member of the New York Bar and the author of many published articles on international law. COMMENTS ON STATE SUCCESSION BY RoBERT DELSoN Of the New York Bar Succession to Concessions and Administrative Contracts There are at least three traditional answers to the question of whether a new state succeeds to its predecessor's contracts by operation of law, i.e., by state succession, namely: ( 1) that the successor state is not only subrogated 1 ipso jure to the contract, but is bound even to a greater extent than its predecessor and, accordingly, may not, for example, properly exercise the right of expropriation even though its predecessor could; (2) that the successor state is bound to the same extent as its predecessor, either in the sense that it is subrogated ipso jure to such contract or, if it is not subrogated, that at least it is obliged to make indemnity to the same extent as its predecessor; ( 3) that the successor is not subrogated ipso jure to the rights and duties thereof, but may have an option to subrogate itself thereto, and that, if it is under any duty to indemnify in case of non-subrogation, the measure of compensation is certainly less than that of its predecessor. While I incline toward the third formulation, I think an argument could be made for a fourth approach which would take into account the circum stances under which so many independent states are emerging. Under this formulation, a presumption of non-subrogation would be established, based on such factors as the imposition on a dependent territory of a contract contrary to its basic interests. However, the presumption could be overcome in the case of a newly independent state which already had a high degree of international personality at the time the contract was ne gotiated, and which participated in, consented to, and perhaps even strongly favored, the making of the contract, which it deemed clearly beneficial to the territory and its people. Under the fourth approach, the successor would, in effect, have an option, as it does under the third formulation, to regard the contract as having survived, since whenever the successor asserted that it deemed the contract to be beneficial and to have been entered into V()luntarily while it was a 1 The term ''subrogation 11 is used here to mean the substitution of the sucooi!Sor state in the plaee of the predecessor with respect to legal rights and obligations. 112 ·dependent territory, the presumption against non-survival would be auto matic. . The prevailing view as to the consequences of succession has been the third one, namely, that ''obligations under concessionary contracts are terminated upon changes of sovereignty," 2 subject, however, to the obli gation to respect the acquired rights of the private party by indemnifying him for taking over the equitable interest (not the contract per se) created as a result of the money which he has invested and the labor he has ex pended. The measure of such indemnity is a matter of controversy. In his earlier works, 0 'Connell vigorously espoused the view that the contract does not survive the change of sovereignty, and that the only compensation required by international law is "reasonable and equitable," not full, compensation. In International Law he states: The former contractual relationship may have expired but the equity has not . . . the successor State [ 's] . . . future obligation is only to satisfy the equities.8 However, in a recent article he appears to have substantially modified his views both as to succession and as to the measure of indemnity, at least to the extent of urging, de lege ferenda, the desirability of general succes sion as to contracts, and of making full compensation in the event con tracts are not adopted by the successor.' O'Connell states in this article that the middle-of-the-way solution (which he espoused in the past) has been .to consider that the contract lapses because of the disappearance of one of the parties, but that the private contractor's equities were still to be satisfied. He now argues, however, that this solution has merit only when the predecessor is ex tinguished, but not in the case of newly independent states, and that this is even more true of contracts than of treaties. He bases.the latter contention on the argument that the extent of autonomy exercised by former colonial territories is even greater in the case of contracts than of treaties, because of the continuity of administration after the change of sovereignty under which contracts are commonly performed without interruption. As indicated above, 0 'Connell had previously taken the view that the standard of compensation to be applied in a case of expropriation of a concession would be that of "a reasonable and an equitable indemnity" which would be either "the amount of the capital and the value of the labor expended on the concession'' or ''. . . the lowest market value of the works immediately anterior to the expropriation.'' ~ He now asserts that 2 Starke, Introduction to International Law 272 (5th ed., 1963). s 0 'Connell, 1 International Law 443; Law of State Succession 100, 130, 276-277 ( 1946). At p. 103 of the latter work 0 'Connell specifically states that "compensa tion payable in such cases need not be the maximum.'' The view that concessions survive is asserted, inter alia, by Mosler in Wirtschaftllkonzessionen bei Anderungen der Staatshohsit (Economic Concessions upon Changes of Sovereignty) (1948). 'O'Connell, "Independence and Problems of State Succession," in O'Brien (ed.), The New Nations in International Law 26-30 (1965). ~ 0 'Connell, Law of State Succession 277. 0 'Connell states that contracts of predecessor states automatically terminate but that they are subject to expropriation. 113 the compensatimi may consist of both damnum emer·gens and Zucrum cessans.6 Thus, there is consistency in 0 'Connell's current position in that his argument for full, adequate and prompt compensation is based on his present opinion that the successor state should, as a rule, be bound by pre existing contracts. There is, however, some doubt as to the equity of O'Connell's new position concerning the measure of compensation. A quite different view is adopted by Friedmann 7 who, like 0 'Connell, is a proponent of the principle of unjust enrichment in international law. However, he denies the validity of the claim asserted by certain writers that the principle in. such a case means an obligation to pay ''full, adequate and prompt com pensation'' and points out that this argument is based on the erroneous equating of unjust enrichment with full damages-'' a proposition quite contrary to the civil systems where unjust enrichment and damages are clearly distinguished.'' He attributes the confusion of the two concepts to the use of the term "unjust enrichment" in the Lena GoZdfields award as an equivalent alternative to damages, whereas the latter is considerably more extensive than the former. Friedmann also asserts that, if so under stood, the principle of unjust enrichment will not help to bridge the gap between the concepts of the developed and the developing nations, since it would then merely be another name for the view that any expropriation of foreign assets, regardless of the manner in which they were acquired or exploited, must be fully compensated for. Friedmann goes on to state that the principle of unjust enrichment can be applied in international law only by going back to the basic equities of the situation which arose during the long period of colonization, and that these equities include a recognition of the fact that the foreign interests have themselves been the beneficiaries of an ''unjust enrichment'' which must be taken into account in striking a balance. Friedmann ·cites, in support of his position, the award by Huber 8 in which he found there was no basis for compensation because the value of land between the time of its seizure and its restoration had increased more than it normally would have, partly as a consequence of measures taken by the Spanish Govern ment. With respect to administrative contracts, which typically provide for the supply of commodities to a government, Friedmann points out that under the French theory the private contractor is normally entitled to both damnum emergens and Zucrum cessans (p. 203), but that the newer French cases limit compensation to damnum emergens where the termination oc curs as a result of overwhelming necessity, such as war. This development brings French theory and practice closer to the common law sphere,. as Since a non·e:rlstent contract need not be expropriated, it would be more precise to say that it is not the contract which is subject to expropriation but the equitable interest of the private party therein. e lAo. ci•., note 4 above, p. 28. T The Changing Structure of International Law 207-210 (1964). s Spanish Zone of Morocco Claims, Great Britain against Spain, 1923-4 Annual Digest, No. 80. 114 exemplmed in the decision of the Supreme Court in Russell Motor Car Company v. the United States, 261 U.S. 514, 523 (1923), where the govern ment had exercised its statutory right to modify a contract. The Court held that this did not amount to a breach of contract, but rather to the lawful taking of property under eminent domain, and therefore limited the compensation to the value of the contract at the time of cancellation, without allowance for profits which would be appropriate only in case of breach of contract. Contracts Contrary to the Public Interest of the Successor State Because of 0 'Connell's previous opinion that the successor state was not obligated to continue concessions in force, he believed it would be im material ''that the concession is contrary to the public interest of the suc cessor state'' for the purpose of determining compensation or otherwise.9 Even though he now appears to believe in the general principle of the survival of concessions, he nevertheless thinks that new states have no need for a right to terminate concessions which are contrary to the public interest. He bases this on the ground that the according of the right to terminate such contracts on the principle of non-subrogation was based on the mis apprehension that the state could not rid itself of the burdens thereof, even by the exercise of expropriation, without incurring responsibility. for wrongful repudiation.10 I will return to the validity of his opinion, that such a misapprehension existed, but I should like first to stress that the right to terminate odious contracts was in fact widely acknowledged! even by those who believe that, in general, such concessions survived. Thus, Hyde 11 recognizes that at least where a contract is detrimental to the successor state it need not be performed by the successor. However. he seems to limit such contracts to those in which "the very nature of the agreement is such as to forbid the conclusion that it could be reasonably deemed beneficial if a change of sovereignty took place." This principle, in respect to contracts, is somewhat similar to that applicable in the case of political treaties, which are deemed not to survive on the ground of their inconsistency with the policies of the successor state. Hyde appears, elsewhere in the work cited, to lean toward the view that, even where a contract is not detrimental to the successor, it may rid itself of the burdens. of the arrangement on what may be regarded as an equitable, although not a strictly contractual, basis. He then discusses the terms upon which the successor may reasonably terminate the contract, more specifically, whether the new sovereign stands in this respect on a better footing than its prede· cessor. To return to 0 'Connell's assertion as to the existence of a misapprehen sion concerning the successor's right of expropriation, he makes a similar point in his earlier work (Law of State Succession 100), where he refers o 0 'Connell, Law of State Sueeession 134. 10 Loo. cit., note 4 above, p. 27. 11 1 International Law Chiefly as Interpreted and Applied by the United States 429 (2d rev. ed., 1947). ------ 115 to the "long line of American decisions which established that private property in the regions incorporated into the United States had not been abrogated by the act of incorporation and were after the act protected by the provisions of the Constitution relating to property rights." He points out that this assumption has been abandoned in view of the tendency towards nationalization. However, it is doubtful if this principle is rele vant. The Supreme Court decisions in question relate generally to real property rights rather than contracts. In any event, it must be borne in mind that in another line of decisions the Supreme Court recognized the right of the States to terminate franchises and other contracts under the power of eminent domain, despite the provision of the Federal and State Constitutions prohibiting the impairment of the obligation of contracts. In the landmark case of West River Bridge Co. v. Dix, 6 How. (U.S.) 530 (1848), plaintiff had been granted an exclusive franchise to erect a bridge, with the right of taking tolls for crossing the same. The plaintiff objected to the exercise by the State of the right of eminent domain to convert the bridge into a free public. highway. The Supreme Court held that the franchise was subject to the power of eminent domain and that the taking thereof did not violate the provision of the U.S. Constitution prohibiting States from impairing contracts. The Supreme Court thus laid down the fundamental rules which have since been uniformly followed: This power, denominated "eminent domain" of the state, is, as its name imports, paramount to all private rights vested under the gov ernment, and these last are, by necessary implication, held in subordi nation to this power, and must yield in every instance to its proper exercise. 12 The principle is applicable not only where the state has granted a fran chise or a concession but even where the grant contains an express under taking not to exercise the power of expropriation. Effect of Inheritance Arrangements on Treaties The now almost universal practice of providing for devolution of treaties and contracts by agreements between the predecessor and successor states, or by legislation to the same effect in the instrument of independence, raises the question whether this practice has served to strengthen or extend the principle of succession as a matter of law with respect to the rights and obligations under such instruments. The answer would seem to be quite clearly in the negative in view of the fact that these inheritance arrange ments do not effect an assignment of treaties referred to therein as against third parties, in the absence of some expression of consent on their part, except to the extent that such instruments would survive in any event. It would, therefore, follow a fortiori that the principle of succession by 12 See the full diseussion of this question in the writer's artiele, 11 Is a taking of an alien's property without eompensation or in derogation of the terms of a eontraet in violation of publie International Lawt' ', Proeeedings and Committee Reports of the Ameriean Braneh of the International Law Assoeiation 1959- 1960, p. 40 et seq. ll6 operation of law has not been extended as a result of the tendency to arrange for devolution by agreement or legislation. 0 'Connell states 18 that the existence or non-existence of a devolution agreement seems to be of limited importance because the newly independ ent states have selected those conventions which they claim to have inherited and ignored others irrespective of whether they were parties to a devolu tion agreement or not. He further states that third states cannot be obligated by the burden of treaties in the absence o.f their consent. This does not exclude the possibility of novation, which may be tacit as well as express, and the real issue arises as to whether mere silence on the part of the third state is sufficient to constitute novation. 0 'Connell concludes that there may be. a rule in process of formation by which third states must either repudiate novation within a reasonable time or be presumed to have conceded it (p. 128). A somewhat different approach is taken by E. Lauterpacht. a He agrees that there is no evidence for the view that the treaty of inheritance confers upon the successor state any greater rights or duties than it would have enjoyed in the absence of the treaty, although it may have more direct legal qonsequence in relation to bilateral than to multilateral treaties. How ever, he thinks that inheritance agreements ''may help to establish a true concept of succession under which the successor state assumes the rights and duties created by every treaty which is closely linked with its territory and which cannot be regarded as of so odious a nature politically as to terminate upon the change of sovereignty." In his remarks today, Mr. La Forest likewise seems to have intended to lay the basis for a more extensive theory of state succession. His con clusions, however, do not carry out this apparent intention. Thus, he asserts that the new states have shown a disposition to be selective in securing continuity of treaty obligations, and that they are in a better position to judge whether pre-existing arrangements are suitable. He goes on to state, however, that ''this does not make the older states subject to the whims of the new nations. If continuity is not automatic, older states should probably be given the choice of accepting or rejecting the proposals of the new nations.'' This concept seems to be no different from that of continuity by novation rather than by operation of law. Moreover, it appears that even the tendency to regard dispositive treaties as automatically binding on new states has been considerably weakened. It seems to me that Professor Franck 1 ~ is more correct in his assessment of the significance of the treaty between the United States and the West Indies (Trinidad) than is Professor 0 'ConnelU6 Professor Franck states that the treaty was an acknowledgment that a base agree- 18 O'Connell, in 38 Brit. Yr. Bk. Int. Law 122 (1962). a ''The Contemporary Practice of the United Kingdom in the Field of International Law-Burvey and Comment," 7 Int. and Comp. L.Q. 514 (1958) (quoted in 2 Whiteman, Digest of International Law 1002). 15 4 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 23 (1965). 1e O'Connell, in 38 Brit. Yr. Bk. Int. Law 155 (1962). 117 ment, the quintessence of dispositive treaties, is not necessarily inherited by a new state from its parent. Professor 0 'Connell asserts that the U.S. advisers properly assimilated the treaty to a military alliance and not a conveyance of land, therefore implying that it was not a dispositive treaty at all. Professor La Forest asserts that he is strongly in favor of the continuance of dispositive treaties but I do not know whether he would agree with Professor O'Connell's view that the Trinidad base agreement was not of a dispositive character. Effect of Inheritance .Arrangements on Contracts Inheritance arrangements frequently provide for devolution of conces sions and other contracts to which the government is a party, as well as of treaties. In the case of contracts, as in the case of treaties, such arrangements do not seem to support any extension of the general doctrine of succession by operation of law. But while arrangements providing for devolution of treaties may not be binding on third states, as indicated above, it does not follow that arrangements providing for devolution of contracts are not effective with respect to contract rights, even though the private contractors are, of course, not parties to the arrangements. Obviously, such contractors could not be parties to such arrangements between states any more than they could be to other treaties which create rights and obligations relating to individuals. The effectiveness of such arrangements is not altered by the fact that traditionally it is a state which maintains the proceeding to en force the terms of such treaties. Even this is not necessarily always the case, since states may confer on individuals, whether their own subjects or aliens, in~rnational rights stricto sensu which they can enforce in their own name before international tribunals.11 In any event, inheritance agreements clearly evidence the intention of the successor to subrogate itself to the contract and signify its opinion that the contract is of a beneficial nature, so that, at the very least, inheritance agreements would be effective to bring about survival of contracts under either the third or fourth formulation suggested above. In assessing the effectiveness of inheritance arrangements, due account must also be taken of the argument, which a successor state may advance, that such arrangements, having been entered into on obtaining independ ence, are in derogation of its sovereignty and impose obligations incom patible with the granting of independence. The CHAIRMAN thanked the commentator and introduced Mr. Sam Okunribido of the Office of Legal .Affairs, United Nations. Mt:. SAM 0KuNRmroo · was pleased to be able to comment on Professor La Forest's interesting paper on state succession and Mr. Delson's state ment thereon. Mr. Okunribido had himself had some further thoughts on 1T 1 Oppenheim,·lnternationa.l Law 638 (8th ed., 1955). 118 the matter but wished first to correct an apparent error in Professor La Forest's statement on multilateral conventions. In his view there was no such thing as automatic succession to multilateral treaties, and there was nothing in the Secretary General's practice to give the impression that there was. In those cases in which the Secretary General was a depositary of the treaties of a predecessor state, the Secretary General had invited the attention of the new state to the fact of the application of the pro visions of the treaties to the territory before independence and had asked the new state to confirm that it considered itself bound by the treaties con cerned. The new state has usually confirmed the Secretary General's request, but it was not clear that the Secretary General would have taken any further action without the specific consent of the new state. As regards dispositive treaties, Mr. OKUNRmiDO thought that, although a new state might be inclined to accept as binding the obligations of a treaty concluded by a vast majority of the States Members of the United Nations for the benefit of humanity as a whole, it would certainly not ap prove of such a treaty concluded by, and designed for the economic bene fit of, only a handful of states. Mr. OKUNRmmo did not consider that the obligations of a bilateral treaty passed to the new state without its consent, and it appeared to him that the so-called devolution agreements introduced into United Kingdom and, to some extent, French practice in this matter has had the effect of making the law more uncertain. The main difficulties with such an agree ment were that: (1) the new state usually has no opportunity to study the treaties covered by it before entering into such an agreement; (2) the predecessor state usually makes it quite clear that no guarantee can be given that the other party to any such treaty will be willing to confer the rights of the treaty on the new state; (3) it is most uncertain who decides what obligations pass and how. Mr. OKUNRmiDO pointed out that some new states like Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, being convinced of the ineffectiveness of devolution agree ments, have preferred to notify the Secretary General of their willingness to continue in application the provisions of any treaty which had been applied to the territory before independence for a period of time during which they would consider and decide whether to continue them for a further period, confirm that they are binding or accede to them. The United Kingdom had promptly notified the Secretary General in reply that it disowned further obligations under any of the territory's treaties, but it was not clear whether such notification could by itself really absolve the United Kingdom from such obligations since the notification would not necessarily comply with the provisions for denunciation in the treaty concerned. It appeared to Mr. OKUNRmmo that Professor La Forest's view had been influenced by the apparent assumption that a new state had only obligations under the treaties of its predecessors and no rights, and this was surprising, having regard to the very progressive and attractive principles PARK AVENUE AT 61ST STREET • NEW YORK 21, N. Y. ( i J. t- ~ r Lt ~ . ~ .L_.,_._._ ~ ) "- "' k 1t -o, - c.Jl- I 1, c..-< I ' 1 '",.A c: z ::j mc z ~ 0 z Vt c z ~g Vt c:z m Vt I • My Friend, U Thant by David Hacohen My meeting with U Nu , Prime Minister of Bunna, in his office the day after his return home from the Bandung Conference, was one of the most dramatic trials I have ever had to undergo in my life. Representing a small country, I assumed the responsibility for an uncommon confrontation with a Prime Minister to whose government I was accredited. It was towards the end of my tour of duty in Bunna. After many discussions it was agreed that U Nu would visit our country, the first visit by any Prime Minister to Israel, and a detailed itinerary had been drawn up by U Thant (head of the Prime Minister' s Bureau, and his personal friend and consultant) and myself. In my diary for that period I find this notation: " I must thank U Thant, that excellent man always at U Nu ' s side ••••• " And then came the Bandung Conference (with all its negative implications for us ) and U Nu set out for it with a retinue of a dozen Ministers and senior advisers. Throughout that conference, the Bunnese were subjected to contempt and criticism for their relations with Israel, and as the meetings Eeaehed their close, U Nu gave way to Arab pressure, particularly that of Nasser, seconded by Krishna Menon, and backed away from his program of including in his first world tour a visit of a week to Israel before going on to Yugoslavia, Britain, the United States and Japan. When I scolded him without diplomatic niceties and in the presence of ~ive Ambassadors representing the countries he intended to visit, (all seated in a semi-circle around his des~, for degrading himself by surrendering to Arab blackmail at Bandung, I pondered how far I could go. Suddenly my glande 2/ ••• - 2 - encountered U Thant, standing behind the )Temier. His taut aspect, his unswerving attention, his slightly opened mouth, the piercing stare of his fine sad eyes, the slightest nod of his head -- these indicated to me that here stood a s i lent ally, the Prime Minister' s adviser who had returned with him from Bandung. I knew then that there was no cause for hesitation, that I must press along the way I had chosen in speaking with his chief. This meeting was a test for U Nu , and he passed it with flying colours. It was a test for U Thant, too, and of his friendship for us, which was demonstrated in the few remaining weeks before the visit. wnen it became public knowledge, through an American news agency, that U Nu had repudiaed his statement in Bandung and that Israel would, after all, be included in his tour, he was bombarded with cables from Nasser through Nehru' s auspices (Nehru passed on these cables with no word of his own) pleading with him to revert to a cancellation of the visit to Israel . T~is I learned from friendly senior Ministers in U Nu's cabinet. I asked U Thant if indeed there was a possibility that the Prime Minister would once again be influenced by this pressure, and his replywas clear and unequivocal: U Nu was a devout Buddhist, he said, and would not change his mind, I must rely on U Thant who would not let him retreat. From the first days of our assignment in Burma, we had become acquainted with U Thant ~s one of the many BurmBns whom we had not met previously, nor known much of their way of life, their aspirations, the struggles they had undergone, the challenges they were yet to face . It was for us almost a newly-created world, with much more hidden than disclosed. It was not difficult to tell from the outset that this man whether as head of the Premier' s bureau or as Chairman of the Economic Planning Committee, and always as U Nu ' s closest associate, outweighed many Ministers. I watched with keen interest how he placed restraints on himself in keeping with his place as a high official vis-a-vis cabinet ministers, many of them party politicians much inferior to him in educ tion and competence. He would appear at public meetings accompanying the Prime Minister1 State and Diplomatic at banquets and cocktail receptions, but as I 3/ ••• - 3 - recall was never invited to a minister's home when we were guests. I never visited his home . As with most of Burma's ruling group and high officialdom, he, t~ lived his home life modestly and privately, dedicated to his family, his children' s education and to Buddhist principles. There was also another social obstacle: in those days, his wife knew hardly any English, and his limited salary when it came to providing for a large family represented a further obstruction to matching the affluence enjoyed by ambassadors whom he encountered daily in his duties. But one could not but sense the closeness and mutual trust between the ~remier and his secretary-adviser. Their relations were woven when they had both taught in the same school. If I am not mistaken, U Thant was the principal or the administrative director of the· institute, and U Nu was purely a teacher in it. I have no way of knowing why U Thant' s name was not listed among those of the young rebels who fought the British and the Japanese for the ten, or even 25 years leading up to Burma's independence. Clearly not all of them were trained or suitable for underground leadership, jungle fighting, interparty rivalries, and hero-worship by the masses. From the start, as I became more and more aware of his connections and his influence on the Prime Minister, I noted the limitations he imposed on himself and the reserve that was maintained between him and the deputy Premiers, senior cabinet Ministers, Socialist party leaders -- the leading partners and opinion moulders in U Nu ' s coalition administration. I sensed this was no mere stand-off practised against a serior official who was not a cabinet Minister, but that it was a mutual maintaining of distance. I recall how I encountered in every programme, in every case when a stand had to be taken or cooperation was required or an agreement made btween myself and the relevant Minister, the concentrated attention of U Thant and his customary summing up; well and good, take the course, but do nothing without first speaking with the Premi9r 4/ ••• . ' - 4 and getting his consent. Only years later when a grave crisis occurred in Burma ' s leadership, with the top echelon disintegrating, the Socialist leaders splitting, half staying with U Nu in office, the other half going into opposition -- U Thant told me in anger (when he was head of Burma' s UN delegation) that he had strongly censured the faction that left U Nu ' s camp, including Socialist party leaders. Many years after my stay in Burma, when I no longer had any responsibility for developing relations with the Burmese, despite my retention of friendship with good friends and acquaintances that I had made there, I heard with concern from U Thant in a noisy co~er in the U. N. building, character sketches of leaders, stories of serious shortcomings and party frictions, chapters in the life of a nation struggling to consolidate its freedom, the ups and downs of the decisive personalities in the country. It was U Thant ' s lot during this ~ormy , painful period for his friend and master, U Nu, who was compelled first to entrust the Premiership to General NelWin and after returning to high office, once again deposed and interned, --- it was U Than' s lot to be abroad serving as Burma ' s U. N. delegate, and subsequently for these past five years in the elevated, responsible and universally respected post of U. N. Secretary-General. One can assume that had he remained in the post he held in Burma, a confident of U Nu and sympathizing with his principles, he, too, would have undergone the s me fate; one can also establish that it was lucky for the United Nations in its search for its identity in the stormy seas of the cold war and the admission of dozens of states unsteady in their internal structure, wavering in a unstable and diversified world, seeking their path in this world. There is no indispensable man; following the developments that came with Hammerskoeld ' s tragic death and the decisive defeat of the "Troika" proposal by Khrushchev, all agreed on the appointment of the experienced and well- known U Thant, whose few years as chief delegate 5/ ••• . . - 5 - to the U. N. of a small State alerted everyone to his calmness, wisdom and pursuit of peace and convinced them that this man was immune to intrigues and would avoid the pitfalls of politics. and As the delegate of Burma, a neutralist State - /such States included some inimical to Israel, such as Egypt, or hostile, such as Indonesia, or with reservations towards us, like India and Yugoslavia -- he was always careful not to get drawn into their policies towards us, and inclined to an independent unbiased stand. He always remembered and emphasized the strong impression he gained during his visit to Israel as the chief associate of U Nu. It was U Thant who conceived and published a beautiful album, under State auspices, with dozens of captionedphotos (these captions, written by him, were warm and affectionate) of the visit to Israel of U Nu and himself. No similar album was issued for the state visits at the same time to Yugoslavia, Britain, the United States and Japan. Even as U. N. Secretary- General, he did not change his attitude, nor was he intimidated by Arab recrimination. Despite his elevated post and his many preoccupations he did not neglect the links forged with a friend of the earlier days. Each time I visited the U. N., he would make sure of a chat at the dining table in his private room, or over an intimate Burmese-style dinner at the hotel suite of a mutual friend from Burma. At my last meeting with him, some two years ago, he complained bitterly at the precarious state of the world ' s peace and his powerlesness vis-a-vis the great powers because of the relations prevailing among them. He complained about the world ' s moral crisis, with billions going for armaments and pennies to combat hunger; he spoke of the U. N.'s financial crisis bringing it close to bankruptcy, and of his failure to recruit the needed sums for peace-keeping in areas where the U. N. had undertaken this commitment. It was plain even then that the man was oppressed by the burdens weighing him down. If U Thant does indeed carry out his intention of resigning ( I believe he will persist in this) the U. N. will lose an excellent and respected Secretary-General who refused to serve under the conditions imposed by reality. * * * * * * . J .:J''7JJ1.:f ,.,...,_ 23.9.66 .. ------~{--· ------~--~ '~1!)'1'111 ,!)"')Nil 'J1!.' lN10 C'J1M nl'"l J',1!)n c•'nn!) 'Jl1 C',l'T ,C'l'ill!) 'Jw tl1!)il il!)\M 'P,D -· C"l1l?D!) c•::t:m "1'::1 ,,, Cl1"'7l1l , 'N!)::ll1il il,~~!) 11M OOl ~ l'lo:l • •lll::l'l1· 'Jl1 C'PlMlil C'1!.''Mil 'J'i11 · •'J m•,n:< •r• ¥ n'J'i!77.l1,) 11n, 1ll ~lNI1 lM 'J1!.' l?T!) l'J l1,l'l, ~ ll lM ll,l l1'1''J lT illlM::n 11lMlO ., 'lnM .n!)'ll:l:l '11l,'tu Dl'O'J :ll,P m 1 mwN, 11M "''l:'"n'J n?m11 r?Ml ,w - ll::l'lN:l ,i':l' ll 1N'IU C:lOi i"l l'lll'l Tiln ,mtu ,nM'Jl 1'' ill .,,ll ·~·::~ n? ~1!." 11l''T7.l:l i!?ll17.l!) WK, 'Jtu llW K, 'll~ i'lln!)l 1!.'lnll Cl1D ll1!.' n'Tlil llD'J1!.'i1 'l'::l 1ll1::1pl C'D'l!l1l 'D'l!l'J l'l'l::lll'\nl - 'J 'l ,l::.!,N? l'ln!) DlN11 lM il'il ,'l::l 1'T''T' , ll 1N 'J111 ln:lW'? 1!.'!\, ,Ul lit ' ,.,nMl !)"lMl l'l!),ll ?w 11n?tul!) 111M, ( : c•o•n cmMl •117.l111, '.ll:li'J n 'M,nMn ,c.,, 'T'p!ll1l ,C'ltu 1!.'!)n 'l::ll':ll'l l'l::ll':ll1 111'Kil 1 ? 1'\l):)lMi"l i":JTO:J ,l?l::l C?ll1i"l 'l'l1::1 ,l .m'TmlC ~)l"'l:l m•lll 11'P!ll'll 'lN1!.'l 1~'M '::l .n~lil~ ~10 I\ I lJ 1ll~Nl ,!)ltin l'l1lll,pl1'J l!)Ml ,il!)'lll' , "l1l'l ,., : ?'lll? lDI1l1!.' iltul7l il'iT ,11''T' ·ll · ' ! \\ ' "'ll:l1' 'Jw 1~f!) Cl n•n m '' ,l11lp'J 'll'\l!) .. \ ' CiT' Oil' lo;p!) 'Jl1 Dl~11!)i"l ,m'Tmitlin 11l01Mil .ll ll.( " .l ,. nD•?pl1 n,pn n~n?!)n ?tu ,l1lOi"l ,'l::lNl . l::l 11 '!)':Di"l l,~tu!)l.l'll::llll l'lll''T·!) 1'\l, .,., V'l'l::ln!) llOl1 .1 •• , olp!) Ml::l!)? .mmm ,n1l1!)i"l c?ll1l . 'llP':l ·, .,xn .,, n!:il'1ili"l Cl1 .;~ f]•?rm l'M1!.' tu•it I'M "1'::1 ,,.,,1''::1 1?•~!)1l lM1 ?111 'lM,D1l 11'\l):) 'lnlt ·lD'l 1 'Jw llilP'1iD,n 11•11i 'Jtu l'l::l,!)liT n•n "D''T C'lll'l · 1:1 DlNl'l 1M ?l1 ?:Jn 1!)•:JQl'l ,l1'l 'l'li:l C''l''lltu , I' ';ow mDlT!) c•Jt~l 'ltuM ,,::ll!)n1 1'111 •::.:n::~ 1::1111 , ..1? l'J 1tuO i'llDp nl''T!). l'::ll::l. O"lMl L 'l1!.'K 'Jl1 ,ltl'Tl:lll t n'J1~ ':1 'lnM _!l'lD''T,l ,1nllll1l ,ll'lll'J~ . ·l::~l c•::~'l:on ''O'lil~ • 1 ...... l'.'l::ll'lO JO~Ilr tu'M '::l 'c?1S nllOMl •C'!llM l'111::l'JO::I ?lll' ill'1!)1l 'l'::ll ?1!.' •nnn Mll1'J - C,,,,l1!.' 'l1!.'K::l •!JOO';o C11Nl "1111):) 'Tl1 ,,M1!.'l1!.' C'D ~1"1 l'l l'l'll:lliT 1ll''TO ,nl:l,ll l'!U::t ·Cl' C1' cn'T1ll1l ltulDl CI1K1!.' "i'',!)M l'l'D,l~D l'l\l::llO ''T' ?V C'l,::l l11ll ' l'l\l'lN 11l'l':l - l'll'DO•?il)".lil ' 1ll'l'Pl )1l'l:l1l~ M'J1!.' n•n 'ltu"K 'M c?1M '::ll lll1lll' ll'lY"''liTI:) ll 'lTn ll 1M1!.' l'l'l ;"I'Tll'Tl'M l'l!)ll1 lll'\lM l'l\l'll1 ,C',::l!):J • ·tuo!)n TVM, l'l1!.' '1'T1lil llOMll . npl1l'll'l C'i',lOl ll lM f::l"ln ,,l'O:l :T'J\?::> 'Jtrll/1' - 1l'l?Olll'l 1,n::> 1l'D?::l 11ll"l0 ll'l1Vi' TMI:l ll1:ll Ci"l',1!.'P •l::ll1l':l'l':JT!)1 n'J "lOi"l 11M 'l'lll1l1!.' - 1'lnl l'll!J::l!)Ml 'l'SNl!) 'D'J:J,lnl'l'10 'lnM 'l,l'i"l'J K?1!.' 1'):)11 'l'M Clt ·1nK 'l!l0·11'::1l C'::llnO:J C1l'ltu ·n• .,, ll l'l'l!l1l1!.' - 11!l0ll'1 ?:;, M'J'J C'i', '):)11 •i"l'l'JI1·•n?l1 11'N!)lll1 il1!)l1? ,1!) 1M ,ll01l"11':l ?l'll!) DlMI1 lM n•n ,i"ll11D "!l'O 1::l 'Jll ·l"lMl l,lP'l l'lN 'JDl'1 ~ ·'llf T'lK:l 1'llP'l!) Tl1/'l Ctul,i"l 11M lV"l1nl . 1?•1<1 ,'T010il 'Jl1 ':l'D'lb0'l'O'TM.1 1lll!)!)i"l 11?1!.'0):)::1 C"l'::l::l1l C''ltun l'::ul 'l''T' •'J 1, lNI1 1K nT n•n .13 1N ?tu 'lVK'l1l 1nl1 'Clmtu C'lll'\l '1'l l'N , 1l il,lO p, ll lN l'l!)"i' . Cl!)Nn DlNn 1N l'1N 'n?N1!.' .1l 1N 7):)):) nlt::li1ll ,'Tlt10 C1:l'JN N•~nm CT 'l)lKP lK '?IU' 101!.' l'K l1117.l 117.l~? ,1!.'DN ,,., ';117 l1DlVl' ll1!.' il'?tu001l 'IUK,1!.' m,tu!JN. CO,:Itl:l C'll'?O C'l':ll?'::l l'11'ltul1 1::11 C'!)nl'?m C'l,l':l1l C','lT::ll'l 110'tu,l 'J1'?:J : l'llT,:JOl il11,l 111::111!.'11 ill1'ill' ,m Tn'J i''l 'Jl1 ,11' ?l1. lll1::il1!.' l'll'nl 'n:J'llT/'1 . •tun C''l'IUlTl f]N lK 'llVl1::1 C'l!l'll C''JllN:l nltu' K?1 ,1'l1l''T'J l!)Nl bo•mil ll lN ?J Nlt'L1 N'J ·Y'lKl 1l lN '?1!11 l~1!.'. N'? '::l ,',::! •l'l!),ll l'llK7.lltl1? 17.l'lp1!.' C'l N?1!.' ,DlNl'1 1N 'Jl7 1''Jl1 11!)0'J' ''Jltl li1D?nn "llO!)l l::l'll1ltu D''llp•::m ,,,'J non ·nl':ln· ml':Ul:)'J c•'l1!.'::l101 D'lllnl:l 1'l'l ti'Jl::l .n1o~ ,., n'l' ~t? ,1'J n'l' ,n•'JllN ,il'l'?om•J ~n:J?I:ll:) 'l1'0 ·,11 •l'JDO"I'l c•p:INo? ,c•?ll1'l m::~,p? ,11~ · lf. ·ID'1' 'll::>, •D'll!)1l '!ll 1l::>'ll11l ?Vi' n?•n'J; C"l1 1lO'llll lll'1l'ltu'J C'l1tuN'l."' C'0'1l TK · ~n N'J ,I:)NlNiT ?1!.' •??:J:t 'l'::lTO::l Dl. . "1'1 .~1' '1110111!.' ·'?::l:l ,C'll'IUM, D'l1l0l · m~'lll 'll!) 1nM:J DlM 1Ml ll?pnl nl'l!)'J ·C'l'll11l l'l\lt!)WI'Il 1::l'?l K~1 ,il'Jtu0!)1l .tu.K'l ?l1 l11l1!l1!.':1l l''ltup 'Jl1 '111 lt'?l l::l 'lD'? C1ll lltulDl 1t'J 'l1!.'N D'l'lil ,,Wi'l:) C'illnn K? l'l'1l,D1 D'lil l'T . pn'lOll l0ll1 'Jl1 'J\Dlltu C'l"O:l Cl 'liln:lil '·"n n'llK '?l7 ,tll':ll'P 'Jl1 'll'T Dl11:l::l lllr'T' i'::l ?::l:l ·C'!)'I'I Cl'1lK!) "1'1' Cll ll:lp C',tu ,iT?.tul:ll:l1l lVN, 'llO l'l'J ·ll'l 'll:llVltu· · ·m D:Tl l'T!)l1tu D'v:lKI:l1l ,C1l"llN!) ,C:t rt?llV 1''J iltu'l!l ?11, "''!li'l'l !)",lN:l - l'1'Dtr'?N'llO:T nl'J!J!)1l 'l'nll':l ,l'l'JlTI:l '):), '"'K::l1!.' C?lll jJf i'l'iT .• cn'J 11l'1D::ll'l l'1l:J,l1!) 1N Y, l'l::lpl!)il "'nl'0/'1 '?J1Nil ,, 11?tu7.ll':l 11l01 ':llllll':l1 D"'lP'l11l C'!ll'1lVi'l'l l'l?ll7 1::1 'li1Qll'ltul ,lV"':Ill':l ll,1:lll' N,:ll 1? rn::1 n•ll':l,ll ·nm:"IK 'Jw 11'1:l'Dl'N .l''l m nm M~tu •ntzm .n•l1'll''?Klpn .u 1N ,,,.,ln 'Jl1 n::~,n l'IU'1!l:l ·fJnltuO 'll':l"ll:l ,,, ?w ll'il':l · ·l':ll':l:l ,w. ll•Nw 'l':J::I l'i'D ?11 n!l:Jl111 rn "K'ln C''Tl1::li"l TMl':l · .t•n::~n'J n•n ntup N? m~nn 1C"nlll1 'l!l'J 11l1 ,;nK ill1'l ·l'l',DO"l'T 11ll"l101l lf '1ll1'1l '::ll ,n'J1!.' ~tu? tuN,::l 1'T'PDI1:l CN ,:"IT W'M '::l D'll1!.'' "71 'lOm 'Jl1) 'll11ll101l C1?tu:t '?lt '?:J:l ,11'l:Jl'1 'J:Jl - 'Jpm '11"il ,'l'll::ll "l111l tuN,":ltv I~' Jolonel w. Smith-Rollo Box 209 League Cii7 Texas Dec 1 1966 The Honble U !bani Secretary General United Nations Mew York N.Y. My Dear U Thant, I hate to trouble such a busy man as you but I haTe been trying to contact U.Aune Saw tho was Chief AdministratiTe Officer ot Port of Rango on but I get no reply to my leiters. Do you know if he is still in Rangoon? He was kind enough. to send me some •Tbanakha• Powder samples which some interested people oTer here wanted to try out. They experimented with them but I heard nothing further until they contacted me and wanted a supply ot Thanakha to make up swe samples in emulsion form as they wished to market it oTer here with label showing iliustration of Burmese Girl in co~or. They f eel sure here will be a demand for it and they haTe the necessary money to go ahead with it. Do you know of anyone in Burma who might be interested in ship~ing either the bark of the tree or blocks· of powder already ground such as they sell in the bazaars The bark of co r se would be much purer. I hate to trouble you with such ·a triTial matter but I did not know who else to contact. • • wish you eTery success in your efforts in connection with Vietnam and from my knowledge of Burma 1 can think of no one more ca.pa.ble of handliu.:. this matter tb~you. I am thankful to ha¥w vur son back after about two years in the Air Force in Vietnem and ~he joins)fk me in wishing you a happy Chri stmais you s "~G? ~ W.Smitr,.:. o;~~l el R.E.(Ret) Bur and Uiners. . { H~ +t~~~ut: )-/1-if:tNi ;j Ert? f. r Rt<- '1 Gf_ tJ fRAt ..-. rJ~ ~ - fO N Al"l nJS IKv\J t t/;J '/ ·01\ K N · ~ - r (}( ,~4li({i-{ ~t{6 . .. 6~ L~cr<-7 · November 30, 1966 Dear Mr. Secretary-General: I greatly appreciated your generous reference to me in the course of your remarks at the Katzenbacb luncheon, given by Ambassador Goldberg on November 18th. Although somewhat abashed at the tardiness of this note, I nevertheless want to say that your words of approval are, for me, a source of singular gratification and reassurance. They have helped to fo.rti:f'y ~ resolve and refresh my hopes for the :future. Senator PER.,...S.....O -.. NAL...-;;.....;. AND.;;;..;;;,._C..... O..... N ~F..;;.I ;;.;DE ~N;,;.;;;T;..::I;.;;.;AL UNITED KINGDOM MISSION TO THE UNITED NATIONS 845 THIRD AVENUE NEW YORK , N.Y. 26 November , 1966. %~ When I was reporting to my Government yesterday I added the personal comment in the attached note , and I thought that I might show you the words I used . I rely on you not to reply to this! His Excellency U Thant , Secretary-General of the United Nations, New York . Speaking personally I said that I did not think that he need have any doubts. He was right at the beginning of this session to give a grave warning about -the dangers facing the world and the U.N., and right to state his readiness to hand over to a successor. I thought that he was right too to have given several months for the general membership to consider the matter. I had never imagined that he was using his readiness to leave as a bargaining counter to get what he wanted on Viet-Nam or U.N. finances or anything else. It was now clear that there was neither a strong alternative candidate nor any wish in any country to see him leave. On the contrary everyone greatly hoped he would stay with us. The extent of the troubles and dangers of the world was an argument not for leaving us but for being ready to serve again in a renewed endeavour to deal with them. If, as . I greatly hoped, he would accept another term, I did not think that he need have any misgiving arising from his September statement. We well understood his reluctance to continue to carry such a heavy burden and to face so many frustrations, but we would admire him all the more if he nevertheless decided to respond to our appeal to serve again. / " %QI.ak lOU ~ 70* YW¥ k1114. _. p&I-..IDW ~ · - to --"'*• I IItMaN vue t.rlemdttlalp co-.op~..-1~ ~lt.a!IMI. MCNIIJ\i aU At'l'1 •t10M. cc-Mr.-- / I cc - Xr. l'Aid.eux • PERMANENT MISSION OF GHANA TO THE UNITED NATIONS 144 East 44th Street NEW YORK, N. Y. 10017 UN-C/99 21st November 1966 c:"·/ Excellency, • • I have the honour to forward the enclosed letter from the Headquarters of the Ghana Armed Forces addressed to Your Excellency. Accept, Excellency, the assurances of my highest consideration. ~ {_\__ F. S. Arkhurst Ambassador Permanent Representative His Excellency U Thant, Secretary-General, United Nations Secretariat, NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017 Encl: . From: Major-G!fleral E.K. Koto~ HQ GHANA ARME 'ORCES BURMA CAMP DO/G.!iL!!.t,LGOC ACCRA GHANA O,te_ November, 1966 Dear Sir, On my return to Ghana from the United States, and from my first official business at the United N tiona General Assembly, I am hastening to report and also to th-ank you for your kindness in sparing some of your valuable ti~ to receive me and to discuss with so much interest and sympathy the problems of my country. I have no doubt ~hat with your skill and pers~al intervention, we shall b~ able shortly to get over our crisis with Guinea ~nd restore true friendship and co-operation that naturally should belong to us as Africans. May I wish you every success in the disch~rge ofthe -:re t responsibilities entrusted to you, as Head of th~s great world Organisation which seems the on~y beacpn of hope of survival, for all uankind. My warmest regards and best wishes. 0 Yours sincerely, .. U THANT SECRETARY-GENERAL, UNIT -"D NATIONS ORGANISATION, NE YORK. BY AIR MAIL . I--t AEROGRAMME AIR LETTER I~ ...... tt 'fH.AHf SECRETARY-GENERAL, ••••••••••• 0 •••• 0 0 ...... 0 • 0 .... "' •• 0 •••• 0 ••••••••••••••••••••• 0 0 •••• ~ 0 •••••• 0 ••••• 0 •• _., ...... !!~.~?;.~.P. ... ~A.~.~.~.~.. ~ .... ~.?.t?:~~.~~A.~~·~·~·'- ...... ~)~:!}: ... x.q~.. ~ ...... ~ Sender:s name and address ... ~ .... :~~~.~!.': .. :~.~~P ... !..~~~.~.~.L ...... BURMA CAMP• ACCRA, GHANA • • • • • • 0 •• 0, • ~ ••••• 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 • 0 0 0 •••••••• 0 •••••••••••••• 0 •••• 0 ••••••• 0 •••••••••••• 0 ••••• ...... i:ioZaii/1',4/G.·ocf·· ...... ~ ...... -- . AN AIR LETTER SHOULD NOT CONTAIN ANY ENCLOSURE; IF IT DOES IT WILL BE SURCHARGED OR SENT BY ORDINARY MAIL ------=-~--- • I J ... ~ ~ 00 u 0 0 •• •• 8, ,1[; u o• o• ~00 ...f) ·.2... = (')I) 1-o 00 It- o 8 I ..2 _ u c (') ~ 00 . -e,.. ., 8., ,csa ... ~ . eo ...a:, u OO OG 8 (82 -e., 00 . •• o,C;, - 00 = :> I 0 0 c.e,. I 8 G;) oe u 00 G;) u = (G1 ~'" f:j s~ S:J 8 8 u s.) ~., -€/~"'.\o .. ~ anrw cc: Mr. Naras imha~ 1r. Lemieux .....,...- (BY POU«H) (documents vi th incoming thrown away. Mr. c\TN orders) .,. ~ Svdb1J", Qa bebalt et the 8eoftt&17 ,. al, 1 MkiiDV.l.sp ~ fit ,_. penoral ~ te Ida ..._, 7 ... , - ...a. tale MOloi'UU ~. I ...,. -.1M Nee1ft4 .. ~ Milt to - vttb ,.... e.pU..U •llJ datecl T~. Vt.th kiiMl ...... -, TGUN aillnNJ.J", ....• S\l4b.1J" Sea Relftlllltattw ~ tbe United lla$1_. ~ ,..._. 1a 'flapala'ft& r.o. Ba. ~ ~~-58 BelpU.e 1'\tiHlaYSa UNITED NATIONS (.) NATIONS UNIES ~ NEW YORK CABLE ADDRESS • UNATICNS NEWYCRK • ADREII.E TELEGRAPHIQII.IE REFERENCE 12 November 1966. Dear Mr. Secretary-General, It was most kind of you to invite me to lunch yesterday. Unfortunately, at the last minute, it became necessary for me to ask you to excuse me from attending. I would like you to know that I appreciated greatly your invitation and I was very sorry that I could not come. Yours sincerely, .'ft.., cc:: Mr. I..ajMJ:I[ V' Mr. lla:I'Uf.U&n ~ f 1tb - I ... . ,..... · A---~~~~4 ~~4~ ·· .. ·· %__~~~~ ~~' ~~~~~k~~~~- ~ Ce-r-~ ~(] ~IV' . ~~ U<.vu.. ~~~/'ki~~~ ~ ~? 8 ~~ ~~~ ~~--tv'dv ~~aLt~~~.c9~~6~ t ~ ~'hwi0~?~~ ...... ~- ~:-.. .~ ~ ~ ~- ~ ·>4 ~~·.. ~ ~- ~ / . / . .. ._...,.. r-T. >~- ~ £- ,:~~::~ /,;?l.<.J cc: Mr. Lellieux ,/ ICr. I&ruiahaa )f)· DeaiClU ..., !lilt ll.. ,lq' ... QIIUJI&l bU ~ - - raal' lftter \olda claW 6 ...... 11a npeta ..,_, ...- tMt aiace be ... -- ...,. tJoo .... r. all tDIM ,...., .. v1U DOt- Ula- aftvJOU .,_.__.Sa ...... to .. book tla&t J'GU. &n wiU.. CD tbe polltleal elt.Uca 1a .... a.. 1961. !Ill ecnt&Ji)"-OeDn'IU _... t.bat 7W pla to 1te ia ._ Y-.k 4U'iiW ~' 11114 lie wUl lie lllppJ' -t JCM •ooi•lly dlll'llll tld.tl peftocl. Vital Jdal ...... c.v...... a.r 4e Caldnet ... ftJa 'Hil .... 12» &. lfaa4C~NWt.n P1'1Jllt1el4, *• ~ r 1235 E. Headowmere r Springfield, Mo. 8 November 6, 1966 U 'rhant Secretary-General United Nations Building New York Dear Mr. Secretary-General: It was such a ple asure to hear from Ivlr. Nara simhan who wrote on your behalf. My reason for requ esting an interuiew with you is that I am writing a b ook on the pol itical situation in Burma since 1962. Your valuable advic e or information regarding this oatter will be a gre at assistance to me. I am a s tudent at a college in Springfield and plan to be in New York this Christmas. My Uncle was the Vice-Chief-of-Staff of the Revolutionary Council who resigned two years ago. I trust that you will treat this l e tter as confidential. Most respectfully, ~i~-.A:,; -~ l"fl;n Tin Swe UNITED STATES REPRESENTATIVE ON THE COUNCIL OF THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN STATES DEPARTMENT OF STATE WASHINGTON 25, D. C. November 9, 1966 His Excellency U Thant Secretary General of the United Nations Dear Mr. Secretary General: I appreciated very much your letter of October 26 and I am grateful for your good wishes. It appears that I shall have to be in New York City on Thursday, November 17, and would be delighted to have lunch with you that day, if this is convenient for you. Would you kindly have your secretary let me know whether this date might be agreeable for us to get together. Looking forward to seeing you and with warm regards, Sincerely, ~ Sol M. Linowitz Ambassador ~. L. e.-+~ cU. ) ~ ~ t L-11-~.~. u\\1 UNITED KINGDOM MISSION TO THE UNITED NATIONS 84S THIRD AVENUE NEW YORK, N.Y. 9 November, 1966. I thought that you might be amused to see this. I (Caradon) His Excellency U Thant, Secretary-General o! the United Nations, New York. ------~------·- e - ~fl . DURRANT'S PRESS CUTTINGS 29-39, Mount Pleamnt, London, W.C.1. Telephone: CENTRAL 3149 (T\YO Lines). Evening Standard 47, Shoe Lane, London, E.C.4, OV~R!'fEARD IN WHITEHAU.. Ci"l senant referriftg tv lord CaradOA's arrived ~ " 1 hear U Foot is in London." ~ !.IIBf' CCI llr• :r..ieuz (iaoct 1 t. Ill'. Ba.l'Uimban .... ~_..._. -- JW ~ k1a4 lAta' Oil ' .,, rnber lalt.illll - 1io ~ tbe ..... ec.actl tile Mia loct.etJ' at - iJitala1 ~ tM ...,.__,....,.. MU.~ ca au1 •••• at astol't ·te~, I .... a o-s,~ tar tat e'V'Cn;L.II,.J, wb1cb - - ,._· aeoepUIIc .,_, kiM ilrd.ta- J .._.. , &ld tllat tiM- CD 1De'11a ~ .s. I w:S.all ,_ eftl'7 aucc•••· .Aiiburc'or JabD &. ~ ~ !tie llama Ca11Dc11 fit ta. MS.& loe1n7 112 But 9n.ll aaeet .. J ••!'. 10021 The Burma Council of THE ASIA SOCIETY 112 East 64th Street I New York N.Y. 10021 I Plaza 1 4210 U Thant Secretary General of the United Nations New York, New York 10017 Dear U Thant: The Burma Council of the Asia Society is having an informal gathering to observe the Tazaungdaing festival on November 28th at 6:00 p.m. Invitations have·g;~··f;;_.-;·;rd-t;·--u--s;;e-Tin and-·---- other members of the Burmese Delegation, and U Soe Tin has indicated that he will be free to join us that evening. I am well aware of your extraordinarily heavy schedule but we would be delighted if it would be possible for you to be with us on this occasion at the Asia Society and would be very much honored by your presence. Barbara, who is secretary of the Council, J01ns with me in the hopes that you may be able to attend that evening. I greatly enjoyed the opportunity of seeing you recently. My very best wishes. Sincerely yours, Everton JSE:est .. U.S. CATHOLIC II PUBLISHED BY THE CLARETIAN FATHERS ° 221 West MadisorrStreet Chicago,lllinois60606 Phone: Ce 6 ° 7783 November 4, 1966 Dear Sir, We are sending you this copy of u. s. CATHOLIC because we think you will be interested in the article beginning on page 8. Your comments on the article will be most welcome. Sincerely, (1 ) (Rev) Robert J. Leuver, C.M.F. Editor Penthouse Sid 307 East 44th New York City November 4 I 9 6 6 M;r very dear U Thant : Today begins the extension of your term of office voted by the General Assem bly day before yesterday when your first term in of~ice was about to end on November 3rd. Millions of people throughout the world are relieved and grateful that you are going on - at least through the Assembly. Your self-discipline and patience in staying on despite grievous disappointments and cruel rebuffs has set a great example for all of us who work for peace. However, to ask you to continue a second term under the present circumstances of wanton violation of the Charter and escalating harror is something no one who understands could ask. It would be misconstruing youring. high purpose and ignoring your solemn warn When addressing a large Trade Union Rally for peace in Viet Nam:held on November 2nd, I kept thinking that this new fervent attitude on the part of Labor was a fulrillment of your appeal to the workers of the wprld to waken to their re sponsibility toward their fellow-workers every where in the struggle against exploitation and war. My every waking moment is devoted to changing the course of my country from the madness of war with its blasphemy against life to a road of reason and reverence for life. I ust want"ou to knoy it is. a joy to me that I i..ra the same roanw~tn youo :Ver yours,. Dear Hies llacGrepr, In o_,:ltuce with 7fldr cable dated 31 October regarding a l1et. or books the &ecretai7...Qeneral baa been •JOJin& t.h1• tall, I aa authorised to turni8h ;you with the tolJAw1n& lt.Bt: - 1. ~be Societ;r ot ManA b;r Louill J. Ball• 2. "On .lgreeaioa• b;r Konrad Lorens .3. "!bree V&J"• of .laian Viedoa" b;r llanc;r VUeon Rosa tours eincere~, Lucien L. Leaiewt Secretar;r to the 8ecret&r7-0...-.l. Kia• Mart.ba llacGreaor the llw York Poet. 75 w.. t st.. Rw York, I.Y. 10014 --- F !C() t~H~ 13 ~ -;6111.---·- ..._....,. I f\!r· J COPY FILE NO. .\ u ACTIOJ"! I 1 TO .... -········ ·' . I . u Tl NlK IN AU K PEOPL T AVI ALL APPEAl IN ALL I 51CTlON. .., TO u Ll t I • PLE lJt[ c L T T ., ITY ·- CVN/amw cc: Mr. Lemieux (incom.) ' Mr. Narasimhan '!hulk ,_ .... ,... kS.Dd ~ fll 28 ~- X. tGD• -.. ,_, aW. tllat u Ra liM -. nl•IIIKl. l u &1110 patetu1 to ,_ tw JWr 1dal __,,, nta ftr8l&ft1llc ... ..-k - tbe ...Ute llat1.... Vltll k1llila.t ,...... • ... 3.J• .Dil.~ ,_ eeu-. A:" • I•lf-pnlta• TwtbM CVNI 8JII'Io1 cc: Mr. Lemieux (incom. ) ~ lir. Narasimhan 1 llou 1 heJio .1966 ,_s.,...... _ Mu!"elt• I ._ tawl . SMo • .,_ t.lda ... ~--~, 111J ~It I) ~ ...... (:.~L UNITED NATIONS ~ · l,~ NATIONS UNIES ~ · NEW YORK REFIERENCE 27 October 1966 Dear Mr. Secretary-General, We were so disappointed that you could not take some time off with us in Barbados around Christmas, but do hope that you might be able to come later on in the year. I plan to go for ten days or so around March 24th, and hope so much that perhaps you might be able to come to stay with us then. By that time you should be sick of New York's dirty slush, and ready for some sun on our coral strand. Of course, do not bother to answer this, but please keep the idea in your mind, and do came ...... Attached is a collection of pieces written by a friend of mine, Martha Gellhorn, for the Manchester Guardian. She feels very strong~ against the war in Vietnam and that these articles constitute her info~ed protest. She asked me to send you the pamphlet. I shall be sending you a list of the donors to the UN School Development Fund each month, and I pray that the length of the list will grow. I am far from discouraged, but the way of the fund-raiser is hard1 With warmest best wishes, (Vt~ Marietta Tree His Excellency U Thant Secretary-General United Nations New York __U ____ TH_A.N.T, ______6;~~-,------ ) ...... ~~~ , ...... )1""""""" ~ .. - AL""~ ...... ~ ...... rt'. .. ~ ...... t 0 - • ~ -". <2~------.__ Second IO)d------=- here _. it: f1JJ J+ Sender's name and address: ..••.•.•...• •• :...... •••.. •• . .: . •· · ·:····· ...... ·- ·--;'-·--·-o· soam•:1~·~;ro;~l:;':'~~ ------·----,_ ...... _ · _ ...... 325- Phavre Street, ,...... Ranaoon. .. IF ANYTHING IS ENCLOSED THIS LEITER MAY BE SENT BY ORDINARY MAIL ·~ - 'I c ., 8" ••'I• camS • S~lrrY FOR THE •riiROVEMENT OF YOUT 6 bel\~• ~e GGt• b -=>~~:n-:>ru( J G) q~• ~: .:Uf.H ~ C' C' C' SJO,C: O~ ~~crime'' of Inflation! OT A PERSON in the nation ·tirely escapes him because he has been is unaffected by the current purposely kept ignorant of how his N spiraling inflation. The thigh nation's debt-money system functions. cost of living is reflected in every item This short article will make no at or service that is purchasable. For tempt to enumerate the various areas everything they buy, from the salt on of American life in which prices have the dinner table to the jet bombers soared and how devastating has been paid for with confiscatory taxes, the the impact both on pocketbook and American people, both as consumers savings. Suffice it to state that the and taxpayers, are the victims of a five-dollar bill earned before World dollar that buys less and less. Yet War II will now buy only $1.85 in :the average American has little or no groceries, and the nation is incurring understanding of the causes either of debt, both public and private, at a inflation or deflation of his nation's rate exceeding the growth of produc money and credit. The fundamental tivity. It is only necessary to add causes of the erosion of the dollar en- ·that foreclosure on fanns, small busi- 1 tesses and homes is at the highest rate ate demand deposits or checking ac rency and credit for the purchase or deceit that has been perpetrated on ince the prolonged 'depression of the counts. It comes as a total surprise to exchange of all goods and services. this nation and its people. The real .930's. most Americans to learn that private In short, the law of supply and de deceit lies in the little recognized fact The purpose here is simply to cast banks do not loan to borrowers other mand applies explicitly to the pur that it is the people's credit and the orne light on the twin mystery of in people's savings or the assets of any chasing value of the unit ((dollar." nation's credit that the private hank lation and deflation, and to demon bank itself. Private banking is the Increase the number of dollars in cir ers ((loan" both to the individual and trate how the real culprit of de incredible and lucrative business of culation and there exists high prices to his government. In the individual's troyed purchasing power is the whole manufacturing money simply by book and a cheap dollar. Decrease the case, he is compelled to put up his >rivately owned and controlled hank: entries. Every dollar ·that a private number of dollars in circulation and property or earning capacity as col ng system. For, if a pemon doesn't bank puts into circulation is new there exists low prices and a high lateral and in the case of the govern ~rasp the mechanics of how and why money in the form of interest-bearing dollar. ment, it must give the bank its bonds. >ur money supply is systematically indebtedness. It is the manipulation by first cre The banks take no risk and the peo nanipulate<4 there can be no under We han in other articles devoted ating a cheap dollar, with all its at ple, and their government, are depen :tanding of how billions Qf dollars in space to show that the Federal Re tendant ramifications of easy borrow dent exclusively on the private hank nterest, foreclosed property and sav serve Banks, the Federal Reserve ing and increased indebtedness, and ers for a money supply with which to ngs are ruthlessly or callously wrested Board, and the Open Market Com then creating a high dollar, with all carry on their commerce and industry. :rom the people by private debt-mer mittee-all of which are theoretically its attendant ramifications of fore Startling as it may seem to most :hants. supposed to supervise the functioning closures and destroyed purchasing Americans, it is impossible, under our The first fact to recognize is that at the Federal Reserve System, in power, that has resulted in every ma present private money system, to have :he a:bsolute power to determine the cluding all the private member banks jor depression and panic the nation prosperity, with fulL employment and unount of money and credit for con -are completely shaped and domi has known since its inception. The full production, without a commensu ~ucting the business 'Of the nation has nated by the private banks them price paid by the American people rate increase in indebtedness. It is im )een unconstitutionally turned over to selves. Our concern here is to confine throughout their history in hardship, possible to get a single dollar of the )rivate bankers. Despite the fact that our thinking as we can to the disas suffering and heartache is immeasur very life-blood of our economic sys :he Constitution of the United States trous effects on the nation's economy able in the wake of such financial tem into circulation without an indi ;pecifically states that ctthe Congress and the unmitigated injury done to a intrigue. vidual, or a corporation, or the gov ;hall have power to coin money, reg majority of the nation's citizens when For 175 years this nation has oper ernment going into deht. And for Jlate the value thereof . . . ", this private usurers are given the unhal ated on the gigantic deceit, promoted the privilege of going into debt, each :x>wer has never in the course of the lowed power to arbitrarily increase or and executed by private bankers, that must pay a tribute to the private shy 1ation's whole history been constitu decrease the amount of cash or credit a nation's ability to produce and ex locks in the form of exorbitant :ionally exercised. As a consequence, in drcula tion. change its goods and services should interest! :he nation has never had an adequate Clear in everyone's thinking should not ·be directly related to its resources, At this point it should be easy to lnd sound money supply. be the inescapable fact that at any manpower and ingenuity but rather observe that when the private bank The second fact to recognize is that given moment the total purchasing on the availability of a mystic metal ing system commences to expand the :oins and currency constitute less power in the hands of all the people called ctgold" and the charitable dis money supply, making loans easy to :han ten percent of the money supply. is exactly the amount of cash and position of debt-merchants to put get, we have the condition of infla Jver ninety percent of all the nation's checking aecounts in existence. Out credit dollars into circulation by mak tion, a lot of new credit dollars in cir nonetary needs are provided for by side of simple barter there. are no ing interest-bearing loans. But this culation, against which there are no :redit in the form of loans which ere- monetary instruments other than cur- only states the hypothesis of the real goods and services. Immediately there is a resurgence of business. Produc slow-down of the economy, the hun any realistic semblance to a ufree rocketing indebtedness, both private tion is increased and the unemployed ger, the millions unemployed. The competitive market" and the func and public, has simply set the stage go to work. New businesses are com real crime of private banking is that tioning of the Law of Supply and De for another big harvest for the private menced to produce new items and while the people and their govern mand as a primary determinant of bankers. For some time now the most general prosperity and good times are ment incurred all .their indebtedness prtces. powerful lobby in the Congress, the at hand. Parenthetically, however, it during a period of inflation when a The harsh reality is that monopo American Bankers Association, has should be noted that the expansion of dollar was cheap, they now have to listic ccprice-fixing" along with debt been clamoring for consistent rises in the money supply has not added one pay off their debts with a dollar that money-banking have created an in interest rates and restrictions on bor iota to the nation's resources, has not is high. Human effort throughout dustrial - financial - political - mili rowing. added one additional human being to the whole spectrum of the economy tary complex that despotically rules While their pleas sound plausible the work force, or added one scintilla has been deYalued. ·the nation. Not only do its profit and to the uneducated, such pleas are but to the nation's technological know This is the harvest time for the pri power take precedence over the well a signal to the wise that the private how. Momentarily, private banking vate banks and ·lending institutions. being and safety of the citizenry but banks are pulling the strings for an has perfonned no other gesture than Not only is there unavoidable whole the cream of American manhood has other killing. It is the old game of to release its stranglehold on the na sale foreclosure on homes, farms and been commandeered to die in far-off inflation and then deflation. Again, tion's ability to produce. However, small businesses but every dollar of lands to insure that its extended ex those unable to pay their debts with the ccmagnanimity" of its gesture is both private and public indebtedness ploitation of others might not be a !(dollar" requiring much added ef but prelude to the big steal in the must be paid back by future earnings hampered. fort to procure will of course be ex making. made up of a dollar representing in War is not only the most wasting pected to hand over their ''pound of At the point when the nation and creased human effort. Hundreds of disease any society can suffer, but it flesh." its people are saddled with as much billions of dollars are added to the aggravates .inflation by diverting tens The American people must come indebtedness as ccthe traffic will bear," coffers of the unscrupulous financiers of billions of dollars to building war to recognize that banking must be the priv~ banks reverse their whole by thus inflating and deflating the equipment, that is exclu~ed from the solely a functi'On of the people's gov monetary policy. They commence to nation's money supply. It is a high market. ernment. Secondly, the credit of the call in their loans and to restrict all price that the people must pay to en Over a century and a half ago, United States is sufficient in itself to spending. In other words, they bring joy only a temporary prosperity. It ·President John Adams wrote to back all the nation's monetary needs about a condition of deflatian. A cir is the inevitable consequence of a Thomas Jefferson, ccAll the perplexi without incurring one cent of indebt cumstance has now been deliberately money system that is based on debt. _ties, confusion and distress in Amer edness. Thirdly, the purchasing value created where the cash and credit in The twin evils of inflation and de .ica arise, not from defects in their of the totality of money must be equal circulation is less than the goods and flation have been the calculated cause constitution or confederation, not to the totality of goods and services services that are a.vailable for pur of all the periodic panics and depres- from want of honor and virtue, so which are purchasable. Fourthly, chase. Inventories ·become stagnant, sions during this nation's entire eco much as from downright ignorance !Cmoney " must come mto• extStence• au- men are thrown out of work, and the nomic history. Coupled with the pred of the nature of coin, credit, and cir tomatically as a soverign people uti whole nation has landed in a disas atory nature of a capitalistic economy, culation." This statement is as true lizes its maximum productive poten trous depression. it was only a matter of time before today as it was then. tial for achieving the maximum good Witness now what has really hap the real wealth and productive ma At the present time most Ameri life for each and every citizen. pened to the people and their gov chinery of the nation would become -cans are tragically unaware that the This would be an honest and ade ernment. It is only a small part of lodged in the hands of a few hun spiraling inflation they have endured quate money supply insuring freedom the tragic picture to point out the dred corporations. So was destroyed over past years, accompanied by sky- and prosperity. colored people, or the adherents of arming all others? any other economic system or reli Contrary to the view of those who Eisenhower and Nuclear gious faith. fear that any increase in the member. The anarchistic sovereign state ship of the nuclear dub will increase Blackmail system is just as violent, its interna the danger of war, my view is that tional practices just as lawless, as any such an increase might very well re By HUGH B. HESTER that have preceded it, and the prac duce the danger of war. The present tice of war probably more inhumane, situation in Vietnam, it seems to me, as now observed in Vietnam, than supports this view. If China had an Peace has no more ardent advocate than Hugh B. Hester, Brigadier ever before. In the United States, we advanced nuclear weapons system to General, U. S. Army (Ret.). Having served in the U. S. Army for over have nominally replaced the king, as day, I don't believe the U.S. Govern thirty years, he participated in both World Wars and was decorated feYr have many other countries, but we ment would now be making war in gallantry in action by the French and U.S. GCYVemments in WWI. He certainly have not discarded the con Southeast Asia. The U. S. Govern was also awarded the United States Distinguished Service Medal and rhe cept that uthe King can do no wrong" ment did not go to war with the So French Legion of Honor f(}'f service in WWII. Since his retirement in nor have any of the others. And so viet Union over Hungary, in 1956. 1951, he has written and lectured extensively on international relations. long as this concept is retained, any Great Britain and France stopped the In the following article, he attacks the problem of nu-clear weapon control change in the political institution is war on Egypt, 1956, when the U. S. with his customary feYrthrightness. more apparent than real. and Soviet governments demanded And so long as the members of this they do so. And the Soviet govern fORMER Pres. Eisenhower struck ended the war. If this is true, then no nation-state system retain their pres ment and the U. S. government a shattering blow to his image as intelligent person should be surprised ent sovereign freedom to do as they both nuclear powers--stood each a hwnane and moderate man of peace that China and France have elected please, every power will require the other off, October, 1962, and Cuba -an image previously held by mil to become nuclear powers and no hon same weapons as the greatest powers, was not invaded. . lions of people-when he announced est person can or will criticize them or become a satellite of a power that A substantial increase in the mem· that he considered using nuclear for doing so. has these weapons. Otherwise, they bership of the nuclear dub might, I weapons on the Chinese troops in the I have believed from the beginning will be subject to blackmail as Gen believe, convince even so powerful a Korean War and so informed China's that the nuclear club could not be eral Eisenhower claims he imposed government as the United States that leaders. He also gave a propaganda limited; but it should be a&>lished. ! ; upon China during the Korean War the opportunities for blackmail had windfall to those War Hounds who Now this statement by our most dis which started as a civil war. become so limited as to be unprofit• want to destroy China and all others tinguished living General reinforces The advocates of nonproliferation able. This could make nuclear dis who refuse our dictate. And he may my earlier belief that it should not be of nuclear weapons as opposed to armament possible and greatly im expect these dangerous words of his limited, unless those now possessing those who advocare the banning of prove the chances of general reduc· to be used sometime in the future nuclear stockpiles agree to destroy nuclear weapons and destruction of tion in arms: Both are greatly needed. perhaps the near future--as justifica them. I stated this many times before the nuclear stockpiles, are, it seems to POSTSCRIPT tion for the crime of using these and during the debates on ·the limited me, both impractical and immoral. weapons a second rime, and on non nuclear test ban. There never has Isn't what they are advocating as un Having stated that the nuclear club white people. been any justification for believing just, as vicious, as would be the advo cannot and should not, under existing The former president also left the that the white capitalist and Christian cacy of arming a few selected dans or circwnstances, be limited, I want to impression that this nuclear blackmail west was more hwnane or moral than tribes in an outlaw society, while dis- (Continued on Page II) c '7 Vietnam is being invaded by a for can have bullets or bread but not eign aggressor is simply not true; the both. Even in this fabulous society conflict there is a civil war within one with extravagant wealth, when you country, and we have intervened on engage in a major war, schools are The Eagle's Eye Is On: one side hoping to determine the out postponed, diseases go uncured, pov come. erty continues. It is the children and (5) In our fighting we have care the poor who pay. There is disrup lessly disregarded the ancient rule of tion also of the national spirit, for war that civilians be protected and there has developed a widespread in Madness and Sanity in Vietnam non or thwarted, has a potential capacity How could stigma be attached to And this fear is shared by hun. The Eagle's Eye to act rationally and altruistically. any person when society itself has dreds of millions of other people Such capacity is the essence of the failed to assist him in putting his best throughout the world. But the irre. THE EAGLE's EYE is a 16-page magazine ttbreC~Jth of life" that is intrinsic in foot forward? How can any person versible tragic error was consummated published monthly by Aquila Press, Inc., every person. It thus bocomes the re be condemned if there is understand when the Dean Acheson-Foster Dul dedicated to an America wherein human sponsibility of society to awaken, nur ing of the causes of his momentary les crowd were permitted to reann relationships permit and inspire each indi ture, instruct and inspire each person misconduct or inadequacy of respon West Germany• ..-idual to expand economically, culturally sibility? How can stigma, penalty or The only way to avoid eventual nu and spiritually to the utmost of his ca so all natural attributes, however dor· pacity. Editor: Melford Pearson. Business mant, might find fullest expression. ostracism help the person who needs clear disaster is, I believe, to destroy Manager: Adelaide P. Pearson. Subscrip Society, reflecting the will of the the most help. and care by his fellow nuclear weapons and abolish the nu tion rate: $3.00 per year. 25¢ per copy. majority, can platt limitations and men? clear club. Address all inquiries and remittances to-- impose just penalties for misconduct 11 The cornerstone of a rC~Jtional soci AQUILA PRESS, INC. but that same society possesses no ety must be that every person is of P. 0. Box 252 Noblesville, Ind. 46060 power to destroy life. There can be .J equal importance and every person is Madness and Sanity susceptible to improvement. But it is no man-assumed power to destroy (Continued from Page 9) Brotherhood of Man that which has the potential both to not only the improvement of the in dividual that is the end result. The FIRST lesson of mank~d. is mend its ways and to excel in later Americans to fight on foreign soil, THE over-all health and safety of the to achieve a reverence for hfe lt· perfonnance. without allowing Congress its Consti whole society is improved. It is out self. Only as mankind recognizes In any society premised on this un tutional duty to decide such questions of this over-all optimum functioning ;that each and every life has an inher derstanding there could be no justifi is immoral, and wrong. To neglect of the society that the optimum per ent right to full existence, to be ter cation for capital punishment within our pledge to the United Nations formance of each and every individ minated ·only by natural causes, can nations, nor for wars between nations. and to take unilateral action without ual is realized. there be any solid premise upon which It is this same understanding that referrmg to the UN, is immoral and Lose yourself in others and you to work out mutual responsibilities would be intolerant of all forms of wrong. To refuse four overtures of violence and every threat to life, shall truly find yourself! Pfa.Ce""wMch have come from Hanoi, and benefits. M.P. The right to life itself is inherent whether it be the outward attack or ~ tmmoral, and wrong. This uwhole and irrevocable. No man, no group, the enforced lack of food and medi rtsmg tide of savagery and ruin which cation. r we have provoked and which we now no nation or set of nations, can play Eisenhower God and destroy a human being. When all of mankind recognizes sustain" (Berrigan) is immoral, and Whereas it is readily conceded that and has faith in the inherent good of (Continued from Page 7) wrong. We were wrong in 1954, we no one person can have the power to man-at least in his capacity for have been wrong through the years, make it as dear as possible that I be annihilate all of mankind, it must be good-the most powerful motivation and we are wrong roday. Through lieve the dub should be abolished. equally understood that neither can in the universe can find expression. eleven years we have pushed this mad Naturally the Soviet people and the all of mankind have the power to de This is the love motivation. It is the ness until now, at an impasse, appar· Soviet government fear the West stroy one solitary person. The prin force that spontaneously moves every ently our only answer is more mad· German hand on the nuclear trigger. ciple underlying both is the same. individual to serve others. It is the ness. Mr. Gromyko, Soviet Foreign Minis Fundamental in everyone's think force that strives to better one's ter, devoted most of his recent U. N. rr Woe unto those .•. " ing must be the bedrock premise that brother's conduct so any grounds for condemnation are non-existent. speech to this fear. It is time now to take soberly that every human being, however humble 1 1 word from Isaiah: God brings disaster upon all those 4. Declare our willingness to nego Council of Churches. Of course there who try to deny this inescapable mor tiate with every party now engaged in Woe to those who go down to are many people who contend that we al law. the fighting, including ,the Vietcong. Egypt for help and rely on cannot afford to ccba:ck down now" horses, Therefore I remind all young men 5. Forward immediately a substan because, they say, uwe are com who trust in chariots because of draft age of their legal right to al tial sum of money as first token pay mitted." Indeed we are committed. they are many and in horse ternative non-military service, and I ment toward the enormous cost of re We are committed to justice, not to men because they are very counsel every young man who is lief and reconstruction, and ask the madness. We are committed to the strong, troubled in conscience about this war UN and the Red Cross to undertake whole people of Vietnam, not simply but who do not look to the Holy seriously to consider the option of this task, with our promise of large to one corrupt government in Saigon One of Israel or consult the conscientious objection. This is a scale funds whenever they can be to whose predecessor Eisenhower Lord! legal, honorable and humane alterna wisely used. Renew our pledge of wrote a letter in 1954 saying we are And yet he is wise and brings tive which the government protects generous economic aid for the devel willing to talk about economic aid. We are committed to mankind, disaster.... for men of conscience who cannot opment of the whole Mekong River all When the Lord stretches out his morally engage in this madness. valley. Encourage our people through and not to any precise arrangement private religious and charitable agen of power in one little country. hand, the helper will stumble The great choice before the nation and he who is helped will fall, cies to give of their personal resour It cannot damage a great nation to admit that it is wrong and to change and they will all perish to Our nation also has a solemn ces to alleviate the suffering through its policies to accord with world ordet gether. (Isaiah 31: 1-3) •choice of conscience: Whether, if out Vietnam, South and North, for peace talks do not emerge, to inten the word, ulf you·r enemy is hungry, and moral decency. There is no way Those who take up the sword will sify the war, or to taper it off. In feed him" means nothing unless it ap to save face while doing wrong. The ultimately perish by the sword, as the light of all the evidence it seems plies to American Christians today. United States has been wrong every other military power in history now the sane and sober thing to do 6. Prepare to make a phased with morally and wrong politically, and we has finally learned. Nations that pur to taper off. This does not mean to drawal of our troops as soon as inter can prove our greatness by admitting sue empire must at last give up their withdraw troops immediately; that national agencies can go in to main we have been wrong. We cannot lose colonies, as England, France, Bel would be irresponsible. I do propose tain order during the transition to a face by tapering off a disastrous war. gium and Holland all discovered, and instead that our government take the stable Vietnamese government. We will continue to lose more ,face, we have yet to learn. Meanwhile if following actions: 7. Declare again, on our solemn and more than that, lose friends, lose we pursue war, both we who help and word, that this time we will abide by our own young men, lose our re those whom we help ccwill all perish 1. Extend the moratorium on the results of a free election through sourt:es, lose the respect of mankind, together," for ccthe Lord stretches out bombing North Vietnam; suspend lose our self-respect---we will lose all that bombing indefinitely. out Vietnam, confessing that our ac his hand; he is wise and he brings dis tions in times past were a mistake. this if we escalate the war again. The aster." What you sow, tha:t do you 2. Cease the bombing of South only sane and honorable way to ex reap. When you sow violence, you Vietnam, and confine our fighting to tricate ourselves from this madness is The sane and hcme1rable way out will suffer violence. When you sow strictly defensive action. frankly to admit that we have been death, you yourselves will die. When 3. Turn immediately to the Unit Such a program sounds impossi partly to blame, and to tum face you kill the innocent, your own inno ed Nations, submit the Vietnam issue ble? And at best unwise? It is the about and move toward sanity. Other ce111t young men will be killed, and to the UN and ask it to pursue vig kind of program being suggested by wise we continue to head for disaster. meanwhile those who love life become orously a general ceasefire and nego many responsible bodies of thought tcVengeance is mine, I will repay, killers of life, just like the adversary! tiations. ful people, including the National says the Lord." We Americans can- 11 1l not play God, nor even policeman, You are quite right when you say 1:. the Lord's Prayer, the Hail Mary, in southeast Asia. We have not the that ((we are forced at last to take or words prepared by anyone else Power, nor the wisdom, nor the right them (men of vision, of imagination, suth as the local school board or the to do that. And even though the of reality) seriously." That, I think, Regents of the State of New York Vietcong and its allies continue to is the stupendous news of the age, whose prayer caused one of the Court' torture and murder and terrorize the that the pragmatists tum out to be decisions. land, that does not make it right for unrealistic sufferers of horrible night The Dirksen amendment had the us to torture and murder and terror mares and that the dreamers are the support of more than half the Senate, ize the land. We have a dear choice: realists who are telling the truth. To but it required a two-thirds majority We can play .the game of violence gether with the stupendous news since it was a Constitutional Amend with all its insane consequences, or we (how can one express such change if ... ment, and therefore it lost. can use the methods which eventually not in Hollywood superlatives?) that To me, if any legislation should be make for justice and welfare and de -for the first time in human history adopted, it belongs appropriately in cency among men. One of the ancient -we can have what we decide to an educational measure. So I offered prophets once declared to a people in want. As U Thant says, it is no long The Prayer Issue the same nsense of Congress" state their day of decision, ui have set be er resources that limit decisions, but ment-which has been before Con fore you this day life and death, dectstons that limit resources. - By SENATOR vANCE HARTKE gress in every session since 1962-as blessing and cursing. Therefore, Can we learn to set o~ sights up an amendment to the Elementary&c~ choose life, that you may live"-you, on the sky that alone (and perhaps A FEW WEEKS ago I noted in ondary Education Aot as we voted on and your children, and your neigh not even that) is the limit? Do we this weekly column that Indi it October 6. There was, as you bors, for they too belong to God. have the courage of our dreams? ana's Bishop Raines and many other might guess, a lively discussion. But I do not know. But I want to be church leaders opposed Senator Senator Mansfield moved to table it, Out of the Mail lieve that we can.... Dirksen's proposed ttschool prayer'' and a voice vote supporting him Sincerely, amendment to the Constitution as un ended the question for this year. So Dear Melford and Adelaide Pearson: ALICE MARY HILTON necessary. At the same time, they my effort lost without a record vote Just a note to say bravo on your took the view I have believed correct on its merits. editorial in the July-August issue. I from the start, that nothing in the But in a way it makes no differ NEXT MONTH • fully agree, although I would suggest Constitution or the Supreme Court ence. My resolution really says only a mild modification of terminology A report on the book, The G uttr decisions prevents school authorities that we agree with what the Court rather than content. anteed Annual Income.• edited by from allowing a time in the school has already said-not that no one can I don't really think that technology Robert Theobald. At last a serious day for ((prayerful meditation" dur pray in school, but that no public of has created anything, or can create discussion of a principle advocated in ing which each may pray in his own ficial can tell pupils how to pray. If anything. Nor can it destroy any No More Hunger thirty years ago. way. What is not permissible with school authorities want to allow a thing. It is, in the final analysis, only ALSO out violating the First Amendment, little time for 11prayerful meditation", man who creates and destroys. And An article on Monopolies, showing which guarantees freedom of religion, they are quite within the law to do so. he does so by using technology-as he how the financial-military-industrial is for any officer of the government You can (or your children, rather) does any other product of his fertile complex has created Frankensteins including a public school teacher--to pray in school. But you can't be told brain-for his own glory and joy or which have made a mockery of ccfree require any pupils to pray in any par ~ow to pray. This is our own impor his own torture and destruction. enterprise" and democratic principles. ticular prescribed words, whether they tant privilege, and we need to use it. 14 15 A Personal Message . . . .. we. do get behind now and-dten. How ever, for each step back, we move for THE SWEETEST message in the ward two, and so make progress. It world to a magazine publisher is is a matter of grave concern to us a red-hot letter demanding to know that we have not yet been able to com what happened to the latest issue, be plete Challenge to Crisis as expected cause it indicates genuine interest by long ago. Only some thirty pages of the reader. Aquila has received sev type remain to be set, so it will not be eral lately. We hasten to explain. long now. The principle reason for delay of Meantime, we ask you to bear in the September issue is a change of mind that we are part of a great edu heating facilities and general reor cational crusade to awaken the pub ganization of our printing plant. No lic to the New Age that potentially is one who's been through it needs an within our immediate grasp. Our explanation of the rbulting disrup work demands many efforts. There tion in work areas, or of the time ab is personal contact to be made, there sorbed when all work except the most is correspondence to 'be answered, and technical is do-it-yourself. The job there is constant reading and study is not yet completed, but we have lo ing in order that we may do the best cated the linotype in the debris, and job we can. Besides all this, we must now look forward to a busier and prepare each issue of the magazine, much more comfortable winter. do the physical setting, printing and Aquila sustained a serious blow mailing, and take in what commercial this summer in the distressing discov work we can in order to keep solvent ery that our brother, Walter, had and operating. fallen a victim to tuberculosis. Not There are walls of apathy and fear only is it a matter of deep personal to be scaled, in addition to ·the out concern, but we feel his absence in right opposition of the defenders of our work as well, since he is chief li the status quo. We need your help brarian and fact-gatherer, in addition and cooperation always. We need to being Mr. Fixit himself. We are more subscriptions to THE EAGLE's grateful and happy to be able to re EYE, we need financial help to meet port that he is coming along very well, increasing costs of paper, binding, his morale is high, and, if all goes as and equipment, and we need to know it has, he should be back in harness your reactions and feelings in the in the minimum time. But it is a long, matters that so closely concern our lonesome road which he is traveling futures individually, as well as the with patience and courage. future of the nation. Let us hear Thus, with one thing and another, from you! 16 THE INST ~ _'UTE ON MAN AI'..J SCIENCE AFFILIATED WITH THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK RENSSELAERVILLE, NEW YORK 12147 GENERAL CHAIRMAN SAMUEL B. GOULD CONSULTANTS JAMES E. ALLEN, JR. FRANK WELLS McCABE STATE UNIVERSITY AT ALBANY · EVAN R. COLLINS PRESIDENT EVERETT R. CLINCHY 29 October, 1966 TRUSTEES LEE ELMORE CHAIRMAN RAPHAEL SIMCHES SECRETARY FRANCIS H. ELDRIDGE, JR. TREASUR.It EVAN R. COLLINS H. E. The Secr.etar,r General U Thant GEORGE R. COOLEY HUGH M. FLICK United Nations PETER LEKISCH New York City, N. Y. WILLIAM F. RICE, JR. MARTIN J. SCHWAB HAMILTON SOUTH My dear U Thant: MRS. ROGER W. STRAUS LEWIS A. SWYER CHARLES N. WALDRON Dr. Gabriel D1Arboussier joined m.e in a dialogue on EMERITUS the United Nations during a city dinner in AlbanT Wednesdar NATIONAL COMMITTEE night. He was extreme~ effective, altogether knowledgable, OSCAR S. STRAUS CHAIRMAN and fascinatingly instructive. I hope that you will commend him when you next see him.. HONORARY CO-CHAIRMEN CHIEF S. 0. ADEBO PAUL G. HOFFMAN Wi th ~ good wishes for you thro~hout this General ALBERTO LLERAS CAMARGO Assembly, CARLOS P. ROMULO PAUL·HENRI SPAAK Faithful~ your friend, SCIENCE ADVISORS LOREN EISELEY WADE ELLIS PHILIP HANDLER QQ;~ KIRTLEY F. MATHER ERNEST C. POLLARD Everett R. Clinchy ROGER REVELLE President VINCENT J, SCHAEFER PAUL B. SEARS EDUCATION ADVISORS ERC/r GEORGE W. ANGELL REV. BRIAN F. DUFFY, O.F.M. L) Cl ""' GOIL.J\ CHARLES R. EISENHART RICHARD G. FOLSOM y L.; w: ll '-<-e \) ~ !>: + ~ .... cs- ~IJ'-'7,...-,""' r LEWIS A. FROMAN ~--+ HAROLD C. MARTIN JOSEPH C. PALAMOUNTAIN, JR. lt""' ~1-=i-.... \.)"'-: ~":::>. ( y~ tm CL COMMUNICATIONS ADVISORS t>t. I \:>"\.( ~ · ) DANIEL E. BUTTON ROBERT G. FICHENSERG a...... A ROBERT GILBERTSON J. MILTON LANG WILLIAM A. RIPLE DONALD SCHEIN ALTON E. SLITER DONALD E. SMITH NANETTE B. RODNEY DIRECTOR, N. Y. CITY TEL. !518 797·3477 Cuss oF SERVICE SYMBOLS T'his is a fa5c meSsage U~IO.N DL-Oay Letter unleu ic• deferred char· WESTERN NL-Night Letter. acter is indicated by the W. P. MARSHALL R. W. McFALL proper •ymbol. CHAIRMA.N OF THE BOA.RD PRESIDENT LT _International TELEGRAM Lettcor Telegtam ® . The filing time shown in the date line on domestic telegrams is LOCAL TIME ~t point of origin. Time of receipt is LOCAL TIME at point of destination NG100 (40)(26)SYC12' ~0046 B CDH021 VIA RCA ZCZC WUE0021 Fft475 ·~ UftNX HL MSC1099 !RM007S MAF3/2S ftANGOON 29 2S 1910 LT U THANT VILLA BILLA VISTA, 232 ETREET,RIVEftOALE, NE:WYORK PLEASE REEftMY LETTERS STOP . CONTftACT EXPIRING OCTOBEft 31 YOUR PERSONAL ATTENTION FOR RENEWAL OR EXTENSION URGENTLY REQUESTED SHWEWA COLL BRM0078 29 LT 232 31 SF1201(R2-65) l!l~. :d 0 ('4 t:f!- ~~: 5~ cy,~~! tv'~ 91:~: . @.11'1'~-orl' ~~ . .,)} I:F -:)J::l: h?! i: (Yl ' ')? q~~: Sj f. feD ~? ~I (1'\ O'o-Yi .f!n? ! - 'h 01'F 'JJ ~ ~ ~". tv1 f ff'O'J'? I)? IS V) ?J f ~& 41{JI?! u. Cl7(1(': In~ f1': ~ 0. r------'------U Thant Secretary General, U.N.Headquarters, NNN---YORlh-NI-6·-----USA------ -""~ --- ~------<2 +-- Second fold here __... :: u:: Sender's name ;md address: .••.•••••••• -----~----- •••••••••••••••....••••.••.•..••..•.•..••. IF ANYTHING IS ENCLOSED THIS LETTER MAY BE SENT BY ORDINARY MAIL C\ .UIIV ce: .. t y a Ti:ltl'1n 1235 •• -..~..,.. ~1•l4. ... 65804 .. -< ,' ..,. ! I ' ... ,, g .~~ .,,., '1 ! 1235 E. Meadowmere Springfield, Mo • . 65804 October 18, 1966 . U Thant :#·- Secretary General .. United Nations Building New York fo :2. rz. 5~ Dear Sir: I am writing to request an interview with you at your convenience. I realize this .is a favour to ask but ' I hope that you will try and arrange this interview for a Burmese student. . Thanking you. , •.j -:- Yours respectfully, ~~ ~ Tin Tin Swe . I, l, . .{ M-v · ~ M -v ~ '1.~"-"'- _.;._.. - - .: .,. -~ ··-.,. I . •' . •. . .~ ' .., ,,,, .... . . .. '· ,fl :~. . ~.!U.. . 20 Oct. 1966 c. v• . Ne.ra.a1mba.n EOSG ___... PERSOO'AL NO DISTRIBt1l'ION FOR &l'AJDUHAR FROM NARASIMHAN. PLEASE PASS FOLU>WING MESSAGE BY TELEGRAM FROM ME 'l'O DR. S.K. GUIATI C/O MR. K.C. GUIATI·, ~96/2 lNDERDEEP, FIAT 2, NORrH AVENUE, SANrACRU4 WEar, :BOMBAY 54 QuarE U TRANI' I PASSED ON TO ME YOUR TWO LErTERS DATED NIUE OCTOBER AND ASKED ME TO 00 MY :BE&!' '1.'0 HELP. AFl'ER CONSIDERABIB INVESl'lGATION, OUR DI.RE<:l'OR OJ' ~ SERVICS$. . 1 . DR. SZE, HAS SUCCEEDED IN GETTING YOU A THREE MONTH JOB IN NEW' YORK UNIVERSI'.rY .· ' . . MEDICAL SCHOOL TO stARr SOON AF1'ER YOUR ARRi\7~ HERE NEXT U::)Nl'R. YOU SHOULD CO~AC'l' HIM AS SOON AS YOU ARRIVE IN NEW YORK. PARAGRAPH STRONGLY ADVISE YOU '1'0 CQ!.!E ALONE AND TO ~GE FOR YOUR FAMILY TO JOIN YOU IATER UNQUOl'E. , I PLEASE DlFORM ME OF RECEIPr OF TELEGRAM AND l'l'S TRANSMISSION '1'0 GULATI. cc: Dr. Sze Mr. Narasimhan ~ t.u-. ~ .._.., t . :.;;: "' r· .. • \ .. .. . •. ...' c. v. Narasirahan Chet de Cabinet UNITED NATIONS (8!) NATIONS UNIES ~ NEW Y OR~ CABLE ADDREBB • UNATION~JEv:;;rK ~~-LA • Ar·E TELEGRAPHIIO"E £ot~ ~ ..-' REFERENCE ~~ c.-~~\ ,~"' u ~ '?" k_v. ~~-o...... ( / '· 7t.... --~ ~Jo.,;, f- ~- G...twi-.' ~ ~ _... • ~f 4-y .._ ,_...,r_,.hJ .,_4 I ~,e. ~ ,.A kA .... eh&.· •• ;. ..c.:s- '/t...,_.--.JI- - * r, :J - r--7 :r- ..,...a. L;.k,. ~ ~~ r- ~ Jo ,..-.,ww- ~s ~.. 7. 2· c.-~ .... w-..+-~ "'- ..w-·~ .~ .t..J .fJ,(..... , :;.-..,-u. ._.__.... -·((.,..,.~ ~ ft..wt k ~., £/:SA . ,;_• .t.~. ~ .J< ,k;. f- -t''6. }"·-,..., ~ ~ !---' ¢.. fcFI J. ~ £~FMG ~- {E~ ~tf. F-1- f4A'e#- ~) ~ ..:. £~ ...... -t-:...:.., Jh$ E:-c?-?t- ~ r --r- : 1L - .;. -..M:...:.. .;. _:..,...__..c ... k ~ ,(.;wo. .,£1/C.. """~ -~ - 4. ~~ ... ~.~ee... + ~ ~~ k. ~ .. .A- w~ ~ A ~'"}~ .,..../A"t. k "'-;."'""' tea. ---. . ,. .~ 1 k "- ~ ~~ AA- ~ 1lM ;..~ ~7, (jk ~~ t~.el(..... r. ~,s~ ~.,? ~'-~~ ~ ...... ,.._ ~-~ ;rw,' .,..'1 ~--~. I• ·:•• · ------·------·~·· .1. · ' ' (j) UNITED NATIONS NATIONS UNIES ..~ . ~(~) ~ , : . NEW YORK '*' ' -t :t . i . -~' _.'!'--- . . ~ ' ~;Jt7 ~ ~~ ' I r ~. ~· ,: ~~ ., ' (1,_~:; ~ ~~ ~V'~ ~ ,...-A.. ~ ~~ • -!i.e. . wl1tl'k / ~Jb-. ;_ 'fA ~~ - ,., :• .. tw. LAW.W, , Awl- :1- ..;~<. k P-. ~~ ~~' !• •. ~. • ? if ~(,( ~ ~ ~#IN4. ~~-~ J., . j ' VAA. ~'r,J. ~ .,_ ~ ,4.~ ;.., ' .! -w~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e-4(-.-.. ' ·~; ! ! ' ~~~~~~~ ' " i~. ! t ~ ~~ 1 ,._ /~• ~ ~'vk -. i . ,:. ,, ·• ~KA.- - ~ ~~ r ~.. 1( ., ; ;' ~ ,u.. · ~~~;.~. ~ ' 1: ·\ r~- t-t .·, ,. -~ .... ~1·· ~~: ,. . :'~ : I . . .•...... '(' ' . : .. . -- ~·-· ~ .. ... " . ·~ ·, f ~ .•· .. t :· .• /· _,-'(·· t.: . ,.. ., •. t .' ' l ·. ' .., • • I ·f. .. I. 1.' .· ; . ,. I. ··. ·,· '..i ,~ I I I ·_____ :\:_ __E._~------.\f..... -~-~-- -·· ·--~- ...... ··-·· ... . S lJ.N.o. --... -... _____ ---- ...... ______~ -·- ...... ~------..... ------.. .------...... f.~-~~---······A-~~-~---······· ~ "'q';iJ ~ ~ ~ Oi ~ NO ENCLOSURES ALLOWED •I I NO ~CLOSURES ALLOWED ~· .•. lit' ,., • I . I Itt· • CVN/amw c: Mr. Lemieux V · Mr . Narasimhan DeuMiaa~ The~ hu aaked me to ftJ1l¥ to JOU.I' .lftter to hill 4ate4 11 October. Aa 7CN kDDiv, he ta ft1"7 lNq at the ~t tiM on acefNJlt ot the OeDual Aa-bq, ftl'iei'&W Meti.Dp ot the Seevit7 CC~~UneU, etceten. The ~ 1:aa tbe illp;nUion that the A\1118 'l't.D to wbcll. 701 ret'er ta Bo Set ~ aD4 DOt Bo Let Ya.. The fll"111ral. rw.me ot Bo Set 1tlU' wa &P.P&ftD,tq A\lfC Tbul. TM Seeft1s&rT...Qeuft.lta not faa1Har vtth h1a a.ettntt.. , a.a ~t1cmecl 1A 70\11' ent1"7 ap.inat hia name 1n ycNI' "Who 1a Wbo". Yava a1Deenq, Mtaa Shirle Gordon Mt.lapitm Bec1ol41cal ReaaJoeh Iutltllte 28-B Oxlq Ma.natona OXlJIJ Road SiDppQN 9 ~ ~ .. ~-...- .... ~ t Ro ~ ~ c~~ w~ ~ ~~·-~~ ~- ~ a_ --+ f. ·.~· .. ~ t.:_, ~vt~ ~ ~ L tst:_ Gto , C·\f. (A non profit organization) MALA\SIAN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE LTD. PLEASE REPLY TO: ~lNGAPORE OFFICE: 28-N, O:dey Mansion.s, Oxley Road, Singapore 9. Tel. 22096. Cable: "INSTITUTE'' Singapore 0 KUALA LUMPUR OFFICE: 79 Ampang Road, Kuala Lumpur, Tel. 84056 11th October 1966 PERSONAL U Thant, Secretary General, United Na(Sions, New York ity, New York, u.s.A. My Dear u Thant, Herewith much added to Who's Who. What I'm worried about is Aung Than. There seem to be 2 Aung Thans. The one I want is the one who drafted the plan for Burma's independence which was put forward to the Japanese Naval authorities by Kokubu. · ~~ don't know is this one is Aung San's brother or ,$....V"1-"~ Le_::_Ya now in New York. J . . I hate to make such a serious error (the Embassy here ~n~ ~ apparently doesn't[ > Please could you quickly enlighten me j on this? I'm afraid I am combining in error details of 2 different ~ersons into one. The Aung Than I want is the one ~ refer to 1n our articles. I enclose as well the table of Contents of this issue for your interest. Thank you for your letter 30th September which I have just received. Forgive the imposition but no one seems to know about this. personal regards, Shirle. C1 o (2_ J.Trrf\/ P. S. Did Abu Bakar Pawanchee give you our Islamic Law in Malaya which I sent through him?? 'f • Who's Who Aung San: b. 1916; B.A., Rangoon, 1938; escaped, 1942; Head of Executive Govern General Secretary, Do Bama Party, 1939-40; ment ( A.Jznashin) , 194 2; He~d of State escaped to Japan, 1940; Commander, Burma (Adlpati), 1943-45; left Burma (1945) Independence (later Burma Defence) Army, with Japanese and subsequently detained in 1942; Minister for National Defence, 1943; Japan; returned to Burma; leader of right organized A.F.P.F.L. (Anti-Facist People's wing Mahabama Party in opposition to the Freedom League - the architect of Burma's previous A.F.P.F.L. government. freedom), August 1944; ~t A.F.P.F.L., 1945-47; joined Allies, February Ba Pe, U: b. 1885; educated Burma and Calcutta; 1945; Deputy Chairman of Governor's journalist; editor of Sun newspaper; member Executive Council, 1946; Negotiated Agree~ of G.C.B.A.; founded Wunthanu (National) ment with U.K., January 1947; assassinated~ Party, 1921; Member, Legislative Council, 19 July 1947. 1923 onwards; Minister of Forests, 1930-32 and 1934-36; Minister for Home Affairs, Au~g Than: older brother of Aung San, {cuafted 1939-40; anti-Japanese; A.F.P.F.L., Coun plan for Burma's independence which was cillor, 1945; Minister of Commerce, 194'7; put forward to the Japanese Naval authori subsequently an Independent in opposition ties by Kokubu;) Aung Than belonged to to A.F.P.F.L. government; imprisoned A.F.P.F.L., resigned in February 1951 and (though not convicted) for alleged treason". formed the "Pepple's Peace United Front" able intrigue in 1955, released 1958 with whjch refused to co-operate with the Burma General Ne Win's accession to power; ~ers' and Peasants' Party although deceased. apparently_ideologically similar. --~:~. Ba Sein (Thakin): b. 1910; a founder of the Do Ba Hein: Stu4tn~ leader, and a fervent Commu Bama Party; seceded, 1934; caught when nist, worked to organize Burman employetr" ~ escaping to Japan and interned; Councillor of the Burmah Oil Company, in 1938 for Transport and Communications, 1942; ,attempted to dramatize labour cause by deported by Japanese, 1943; reorganized po leading an oil-strikers march to Rangoon, Bama Party, 1946; Minister for Communi arrested after the march, temporarily im cations, 1947; refused to sign Aung San prisoneq which Qrought on series of school Attlee Agreement; reorganized the Do Barna strikes for over one year; opposed pro Party as the right wing Burma Demo Japanese facist line, subsequently parti cratic Front in opposition to the previo':ls cipated in Ba Maw regime, finally joined A.F.P.F.L. government. Thakin Soe in underground r:~Wance; in July 1945 formed the All Burma Trade Hiraoka: In charge of Rangoon during the Union Congress (A.B.T.U.C.) which was Japanese occupation. . immediately affiliated with the {\..F.P.F.L.; might well haye played a substantial p~liticai Hla Pe: Karen, Deputy Speaker, 1941; Minister role but for untimely death from malaria in under the Japanese, subsequently with Karen ·Mandalay, 1946. rebels. Ba Maw, Dr.: b. 1897; Ph.D., Bordeaux; school Ichida: Major-General; succeeded Isamura as teacher and barrister; defended Galon rebels military head of Burmese-Japanese Relations !~31; leader of Separation Party, 1932; Department. JOmed Wunthanu (National) Party, 1934; Member of House of Representatives, 1936- Iida: General; the first C.-in-C. of Japanese 40; Education Minister, 1934; formed Sin forces in Burma. yetha Party, 1936; Prime Minister 1937· I • ~ ' ' Isamura: Major-General; military head of Bur resigned, 1939; jailed for sedition, 1940; mese-Japanese Relations Department, • Ishi: The last Japanese Ambassador to Burma. 1943; member of Executive Council A.F.P.F.L.; President, All Burma Peasant Kawabi: General; succeeded !ida as C.-in-C., Organization; President, Socialist Party, Burma. 1945; Minister for Home and Judicial Affairs, later Finance and Revenue; assassi Kimura: General; succeeded General Kawabi nated, 19 July 1941: as C.-in-C., Burma. Mya, U: b. 1892; wealthy merchant of Henzada; Kodaw Hmaing (Thakin): b. 1876; monastic Member, House of Representatives, 1937; education; doyen journalist and author; Bur Member of Independence Preparatory Com mese lecturer, National College, 1920; joined mittee; Privy Councillor, 1942-45; Mem~er Do Barna Party; member of Independence of Constituent Assembly, 1947; Minister for Preparatory Committee and Privy Councillor National Planning, Commerce and Industry, during Japanese regime; received title of 1947-48; subsequently a Member of Parlia Alinka Kyawswa 1951, for distinguished ment and a leading businessman; deceased. services to Burmese literature. Died 1965. Nagata: Second-in-Command, Japanese forces Kyaw Nyein, U: b. 1915; B.A., B.L., Rangoon; in Burma. prominent in 1936 students' strike; Cabinet Secretary and later Vice7Foreign Minister Ne Win (Shu Maung): b, 1910; member of Do under Japanese; Resistance leader; Central Barna Party; went to Japan for military train,. Executive Member of Socialist Party and ing, 1941; Brigadier in Burma Defence General Secretary, A.F.P.F.L.; has held Army; a leader of the Resistance Movement; various ministries; Deputy Prerhier, 1948-49; Lt.-General, Burma Army; Minister for a strong Minister in A.F.P.F.L. government Home Affairs and Defence; 1949; C.-in-C. (from the Socialist Party faction) till 1958 Burmese Armed Forces; significantly op when General Ne Win succeeded to power posed cancellation in September 1950 of after polarization of 2 factions in A.F.P.F.L. United States Military Mission to Burma; (U •Nu-Thakin +Tin v. U ->Ba ~ Swe-Kyaw October 1958 took over Premiership on Nyein) brought the country to the brink of "emergency basis" for 6 months ruling by a civil war. His faction, the "Stable" presidential executive system; February ~4, A.F.P.F.L. (as opposed to l Nu's "Clean" L U 1959 Article 116 of Constitution suspended A.F.P.F.L.) lost the Feb. 1960 elections to to allow him again to be elt;!cted as Premier; U Nu.; detained by the military coup govern under his authority government became both ment of General Ne Win which came to anti-corruption, anti the amnesty offers ~f pow~r in 1962. · U Nu, anti the left front organizations. arre~ts of political and other offenders even Lun Baw (Thakin): b. 1898; ed. Rangoon and tually mounted to thousands; squatters of Calcutta; school teacher and lawyer; joined Rangoon were "re-settled", hundreds of Do Barna Party, 1936; member, House of lorries of garbage were carried away in a Representatives; interned, 1941; Minister of clean up campaign, a ceiling of 10% profit Construction and Forestry during Japanese was imposed on producers and retailers and regime; member of Co~stituent Assembly, 5% on wholesalers; consumer prices stead 1947; Executive Councillor for Foreign ily fell; fictitious firms holding import Affairs, 1947; from 1947, Chairman, Public licences were cancelled; politics were banned Service Commission. from the University and the unions; Chinese and Indian traders who violated currency Mya, Thakin: Member of House of Represen controls were forced out of the country; tatives, 1936-40; organized Peasants and 750 Burmese firms in arrears on repaying Workers Party, 1938-39; member of Wun government loans were barred from doing thanu Party; interned, 1940; executive with business; local and foreign private invest out portfolio, 1942; Deputy Prime Minister, ment was encouraged with the right to expoq • ... profits and guarantees against nationaliza Than Tun: b. 1915; school teacher; Communist; tion; by 1959 negotiated loans from the organized resistance against Japan; Execu U.S.A. at same time concluded a border tive for Agriculture, 1942; General Secretary agreement with People's China in 1anuary of A.F.P.F.L., 1944; broke off from 1960; despite Feb. 6, 1960 sweep to power A.F.P.F.L., 1947; led the White Commu by U Nu's "clean" A.F.P.F.L. General Ne nist insurrection, 1948; now in armed rebel Win came to power by a coup in 1962 lion. which power he still holds as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of the Union of Thein Maung: Barrister; educated Burma and Burma. England; Advocate-General, 1938; Member of Independence Preparatory Committee; Nu, U: b. 1906; B.A., Rangoon, 1929; school " Minister for Justice, 1943; Chief Justice of teacher; joined Do Barna Party, 1930; the Union of Burma from 1952 till 1962; student leader; interned, 1940; Foreign leader of the lay Buddha Sasana missionary Minister, 1943; Information Minister, 1944; organization. Vice-President, A.F.P.F.L.; Speaker of Con stituent Assembly, 1947; Deputy Chairman, Tin, Thakin: b. 1903; lawyer; Executive Member Governor's Executive Councillors; President of Do Barna P'arty; President, All Burma of A.F.P.F.L., July 1947; first Prime Minis- Peasants Association, 1941; officer in Bunna ter of Independent Burma from Jan. 1948 Independence Army under Japanese; Poli intermittently until 1962 when he was tical Secretary; Resistance leader; President, detained by tlie military coup government of All Bunna Peasants and Workers Union, General Ne Win, 1966 still urider detention; froin 1946; Executive Member of Socialist author of numerous plays and novels, as Party and A.F.P.F.L.; Minister for Forests and Agriculture, 1947; Minister for Land ~e1J. as Burma Under The Japanese. Nationalisation, 1952; in 1958 his A.B.P.O. Set, Dr.: ·b. 1g8b; joined Accounts Department; had an organized strength of 550,000; in Commissioner, Rangoon Municipal C Theme this issue Japanese Scholars R e-examine • Japanese Policy Mimbar Editorial Sukar Surif: artist/photographer Foreword by Dr. Wm. H. Newell Japanese Islamic Policy- Sumatra/Malaya by Y oichi Itagaki and Koichi Kishi Who's Who \.\J. Japanese Military Occupation of Burma- the dichotomy ~ by Tsunezo Ohta . -- Who's Who • - Biobliography The Future: Trade by Dr. Takashi Suyama Lee Foundation Supports: National Books for Our Schools ~ And The People Respond For Those Who Need to know About Wider Malaysia In Memoriam Coming Issues MSRI Art Cards From Feiffer With Love Copy right to M .S.R.I. unless specified to the contrary. Quotations for r.et•iew purposes only, any other form of reproduqion prohibited unless with the prior written consent of the Editor. OUR APPRECIATION: to Dr. William H. Newell, Dept. of Sociology, International Christian University, Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan, who has the distinctlon of being the first Guest Editor who has actually turned out an Jssue; to Sukar Sarif for his beautiful, photOBraphic work; to the Japanese scholars who without any honorarium generously contributed to this usue; to the Misses Micbiko Sekimo and Noriko Tanokura of Tokyo and Miss Hiroko Sato of the Dept. of Anthropology, University of Chicago, who without remuneration translated all the articles in this issue from Japanese; to the Japanese Consul-General of Singapore tor his gtnerosity in allowing ua to reproduce all the photographs used in this issue from "Art Treasures of J apan" - Vol. No. 1 and No. 2; to Mr. Kazutoshi H asegawa and Mr. Mutsuo Hosomo~o of the Japanese Consulate, Singapore for their assistance in romanizing the Japanese of all titles cited in these articles; to U Ohn Kwye of the Consulate of the Union of Burma for assistance; to Jules Fei1fer for allowing us to reproduce his work without royalty; to Dr. Norman Sherry for initlal editing of the English in these articles; to Raymond Tan for checkinl! out all the trade figures; to Che Azizah bt. Md. Amin for her assistance to the Editor: to S. V. Perumal for initial proof readinl!; to our advertisers who keep us goin&- please buy their goods/Services; . and finally to Fred Zimmermann, Malay&la Print•rs. for the- Editor's additional white hairs. CVN/n l ~ nceiftd 70fl!l let1oer at 25 Au&Uft ud vae 'ftlrT 80lT7 to hear or t11.e perdas ._,. ~ .,_.. ~ uder 8\JCia ~ ~· Pleue accept WI¥ tleepell't .,...._.. 1 l"tlcttS:n4 at \be same ts.a 'pall ,.....al lett.a" at ~ ~ nfei'I"1;Dg to tbe..,'S liBO" ~ u4 1WI,U1.r1llc ...... Ill& Jfp11:tc. .,. ....aarataadt 118 1a tlM later 01\ tle ,1o1D8I tbe ~••Jidst. mve•M. &114 bas &ODe ~&JMlDI· I bM'e DOW ncelYecl ~ l.etteJ' <'II 10 SeJ*elllbe:r 1a W!.m ,_,. -.te 1luJ.t.d nes about ADD& "*'· All J'CM kPOYt be we 1a t1ae &'&'IV ~or ecae tiM aail tllea be 1.ett the anar· I ao 1101o lmoW I&U ~ ~. With kia1 ...... # Daf Sbirl.e CI01'40il 11aJ.a18:laa SOCiOlarcle*l ~ 1Dt.S:tl\te ~ Ode7 JIIU10D OK1e:r Boad s~9 ee - Mr. Lemieux/ G) (A non profit organization) MALAYSIAN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE LTD. 28-N, Oxley MansioM, Oxley Road, Singapore 9. Tel. 22096. Cable: " INSTITUTE" Singapore 0 KUALA LUMPUR OFFICE: 79 Ampang Road, Kuala Lumpur, Tel. 840S6 lOth September 1966. U Thant, PERSONAL ~----=--·"" Secretary General, United Nations, New York City, New York, u.s.A. My dear U Thant, Further of my letter on September to you I wonder if you would give me biographical data on Aung Than since he also appears in this article. regards to you, 'I PERSONAL ~ ·~ffltY •' n h.\\\ · SOCIOLOGICAL z Airmail ~i .... R·RESEAP.CB 1111 I Y I ~t i E Secretary Gener·~--~ United Nations, New York City, New York, u.s.A. MALA;YSIAN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE LTD. IF qj/DELIVERED PLEASE RETURN TO: \io 28-N, Oxley Mansions, Oxley Road, Singapore 9, Malaysia. 0 79 Ampang Road, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. MALA{SIAN SOCIOLOGICAL REtiEARCH INSTITUTE LTD. PL!lAS!l ltBPLr TO: ~ ~ t N G APO R.E OFFICE: 28-N, O:dey Mansions, Oxley Road, s·mgapore ""· 1'e I· 22096 · Cable·· " INSTITUTE" Singapon 0 KUALA LUMPUR OFFICE: 79 Ampang Road, Kuala Lumpur, Tel. 840 56 Ll PElVANG OFFJCE: o; Nottl\am 1\:oad. Penmg. · Ttd . 22110 or rnY!htl 25th. August, 1966. Dear U Thant, A personal note: I wonder if you received the inscribed copy of Islamic Law in Malaya that I sent to you through Abu Bakar Pawanchee , Singapore's representative to the U. N. ? Terrible things have happened since last we met in 64. Mother came back to Malaya with me . In Jan. 65 my husband and I "separated"- by ' gentleman's agreement', which he then and until now has seen fit to violate . Mother of course suffered from seeing all this. I stayed on here with Mother to fini'sh Islamic Law and when it was just done was struck down with thrombosis in the leg which put me in hospital for six weeks. I came out middle ~ovember and Mother and I left Singapore - myself in a wheel chair . We went to Mexico for December and I learned to walk again. January I divorced in Alabama and went on to New Jersey. But Mother never really recovered . Despite the help of a psycho-analyst through February she took her life 221Feb . and died 1 March. It was more than horrible . The day before I had written to you saying that I would like to see you in New York. After that my presence was a burden even to myself . I left the States went to Lebanon and Syria and finally back to Singapore and the work which is something objectively needed although my subjective self is somehow dead inside . And thus it is with a heavy heart that I read the news paper reports of your purported disallusionment which after my 64 conversation with you somehow rings true. . U£."C But the point is -we do live and we ~~try- each to his own level- to bring some meaning out of fue choas around us - and I suppose neutrality in this world struggle is but a myth ·for if one man wishes to move the mountain and we don't help move it - we are - even inadvertently~ with those who do not wish it moved . (A non profit organization) MALAYSIAN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE LTD. PL B~ II.BPLY TO: rBsiNGAPORE OFFICE: 28-N, Oxley Mansions, Oxley Road, Singapore 9. Tel. 22096. Cable: " INSTITUTE" Singapore 0 KUALA LUMPUR OFFICE: 79 Ampang Road. Kuala Lumpur, Tel. 840f6 And live we must dear U Thant. Momma thought she could do this to herself - on her own responsibility. She never knew that no man is only himself - for her action put up a wall in front of my life - and spat at my human endeavour - something she never intended . Take heart dear Friend - you do not suffer alone . It would be so good to Kind always , (an "objective - problem" letter enclosed) (A non profit organization MALAYSIAN SOCIOLOGICAL RESEARC H INSTITUTE LTD. PLE,f.SE REPLY TO: J SINGAPORE OFFICE: 28-N, Oxley Mansions, Oxley Road, Singapore 9. Tel. 22096. Cable: "INSTITUTE" Singapore 0 KUALA LUMPUR OFFICE: 79 Ampang Road, Kuala Lumpur, Tel. 84056 24th August, 1966. U Thant, Secretary General, PERSONAL United Nations, New York City, New York, U.S.A . My dear U Thant, How much of a circle life really is. I was checking out an $ntisari issue done by Japanese scholars and listing "personalities 11 to do a Who's Who for the readers background, when I went to U Nu ' s book and began marking the Who's Who there only to find it had been done by you! Life is mad - isn't it? And thus to the author of the Who ' s Who I would address a question on Hla Myaing who is not included . I only know the following of him : Under the pseudonym Tan Su Taung ~Hla Myaing travelled with .A.ung San ("Tan Luan Shaungn) as a stole away on the Chinese liner Hai Lee Angust 8, 1940. From China they flew to Haneda, Japan arriving November 12, 1940. There Hla Myaing was "dubbed 11 Teiichi Itoda and Aung San nMonji Omoto". February to May 1941, both were at the training institute on Hainan Island for intensive military training. Hla Myaing became a Staff Officer in the B. I.A. - M Squadron. But who was he? When born - what background - and what finally became of him? Aince'relY, /J~ Shirle Gordon, Hon. ·Secretary. AlL L I •' 1 6 t; l). I '.:e-- SINGAPORE 15 RNo 2 717 MALA¥SU(j"'SOCIOLOGJC L RESEARCH INSTITUTE LTD. IP PLEASB R.ET R.N TO: u>;;,ptr; ;~~E~ U 28-N, Oxley Mansions, 0 ley Road, Singapore 9, Malaysia. 0 79 Ampang Road, Kual Lumpur, Malaysia. UNITED NATIONS l~\~ NATIONS UNIES ~ NEW YORK CABLE ADDR£a• • UNATICNS NEWYC RK • ADREaall: TELEGRAPHIQUE REFEfiiENC£: -- ~ ~Ito ,;..,_. ~,.A ~ tk.c:. ~-. ~ .x.~"'7 (u.-- ..I-.. -. F~, 14 ~ ~ ~ ~ lilA... ~ ~ -&..'i.cA..t.~. x~~~~o }. • VN-- WI. ~...;,_ 1 ~ ~ lf- ~ ~~I,:..~ •.,.:ft...~~ ,;K.. ~. The Savoy J Anartment 721 1101 New Hal hire Ave. , N. W. WashingtonJ D.6. 20037 October 17, 1966 u Thant Secretary General of the thited Nations New York, N.Y. Dear U Thant 1 Knowing the pressure and tight schedule you are· under during this time of the year, Edward Bryant and I very reluctant~ de cided we should not ask you to honour us by g1ving me away at a quiet church ceremony - I regret this deep~ as I had hoped to make this memorable day complete. We both wish for your blessing and if at all possible would be grea~ honoured to have you and Mrs. Thant at a gathering on November 2Jrd at 7 p.m. at the A.rmy and Navy Club, Washington. When we return to New York after our marriage I hope we C1 --4 can have the opportunity to see you one day to pay our respects. 0 C5 -1 z :z: X> Respec~, r- Yours :r:- -o I 2... _ ::0 ;:<;;; .. . ~· • a~~ ~ :s J~ ~~ • Jj 1· ~• V\ ~· - ~~ TE RM INAL TOWER • CLEVELAND, OHIO 44101 CY R US S. E AT O N CHAIRMAN OF THE BOARD October 12, 1966 Dear Mr. Secretary General: You will be interested in this article on Mr. Eaton from the Toronto Star Weekly, the magazine with the largest circulation in Canada. As you will observe, the article points out that Mr. Eaton is "passionately opposed to the cold war, nuclear tests and war-mad generals in the Pentagon. 11 Sincerely yours, Administrative Assistant Hon. U. Thant Secre tary-General of the United Nations United Nations Building New York, N. Y. 10017 NR Com is key :fb Enclosure ~ UNITED.. AIR LINES Mailing address: P.O. Box 8800A, O'Hare International Airport, Chicago, Illinois 60666 Phone 625-1400 Location: Elk Grove Township, Illinois, on Route 62, one-half mile west of Route 83 October 5, 1966 Mr. H. E. U. Thant United Nations u. N. Plaza New York, N.Y. Dear Mr. u. Thant: President Johnson's campaign to restore our nation's rich heritage of natural beauty is truly worthwhile. One of its leaders is Mrs. Johnson, who encourages cities and citizens alike to enhance concrete canyons with growing greenery and colorful blooms. This month's first-day cover and stamp come to you from the nation's capital -- reminders of our never-ending need for nature's beauty. The natural beauty of some locations can capture the heart. In recounting Hawaii's "garlanded crags ••• leaping cascades ••• plum;y palms ••• " Mark Twain confessed, "no other land could so longingly and beseechingl.y haunt me. " The famous humorist's journey to his beloved islands took several weeks. For you, Hawaii can begin any day you choose--at 9:30am or 12:30 pm--on board our Royal Hawaiian. Decor, dining, dress, even our famous Mai Tai ••• let you enjoy Hawaii all the way to Hawaii ••• or California, if that is your destination. United's skies are always friendly, whether you fly them in our Royal Hawaiian, or one of our many Red, White and Blue nonstops. Join us there soon. Sincerely, Vice President and General Sales Manager HJM:kv P .s. We're offering special tours in connection with the HavTaiian Golf Tournament, October 24-30. For details, drop in or call our vacation center at 867-3000 when you are in New York or 624-1500 in Newark. jlrthe fn"endly skies if United Dltar IU.a -lor~ '1'llaDil 1I:Ml te JOID' l.t.ter or 2' Sept•llllar 1966. I • 11aterestecl to lalow tbat JOU ....., • ,_ M.7, ·~ BuMid•. Alt'PIP I 4o DOt tld.llk lt w111 be~ tor • to 111'lte to,._ ....,.alar~, l llopl u4 lMtllne uat • 70'1 SftiW .a4 lea1'B .ore JOQ vl1l ftll4 la Ba\MMD eo.a of tblt prladpln tba\ vUl Mlp JOU to liiM1erataD4 tiMt re.•caa tor 101Jr lUe all4 recoptu tile oppartaaltlee wtd.eb. wUl lie opea to JW tor .US.111 the ..t O't lt. St. .a.1rev'. 1louae ----lorBowll'. Sohool. Dnld.&tl, •• walH Brltlall Ialea. f,'b ROUTING SLIP -J FICHE U )RANSMISSION TOa /_~ A: . FOR ACTION POUR SUITE A DONNER FOR APPROVAL POUR APPROBATION FOR SIGNATURE POUR SIGNATURE PREPARE DRAFT I PROJET A REDIGER I FOR COMMENTS POUR OBSERVATIONS MAY WE CONFER~ POURRIONS-NOUS EN PARLER~ YOUR ATTENTION VOTRE ATTENTION AS DISCUSSED COMME CONVENU - AS REQUESTED SUITE A VOTRE DEMANDE L NOTE AND FILE NOTER ET CLASSER NOTE AND RETURN NOTER ET RETOURNER I' FOR INFORMATION POUR INFORMATION )-t; ~ £;{'-f! h t:)...u_ ~ . l ~.r~-t:~· I v~ " Date: FROM: 9-cf(q DE:~ CR.l3 (l:U4) , Sender's name and address: I 1ha, Jrih$1-. Is/flS , AN AIR LETTER SHOULD NOT CONTAIN ENCLOSURE; IF IT DOES IT WILL BE SUR OR SENT BY ORDINARY MAIL. SECOND POLO HERE ;-:;:. ti I j '- ' ' AEROGRAMME c u.s. A, C~ rt.~ ?- rN' ,_J&_ ~ I w Ill e~ ~, I ~ w ti h'"j ~ tf1111 ~";n... Oof"\. ~s~ p'rA ~ !fe".t vr ~~ W'if! wn'k lo ~ u~ Cor CC t-o tJ 'c ) 207, Pleasant Street Ithaca, N.Y. 22nd Sept. 1966 My dear U Thant, I am sure you will be very much surprised to hear from me afte a long time. In case y ~have not heart any news about me since I last spoke to you from Ottawa, Canada, in 1961, here1 in brief, is my present situation. You will be pleasedt to hear that I am now in good health, and am married, and living in London. My husband, Professor C.D. Cowan, is Professor of South East Asian History at London ' Univera~ty. He succeeded Prof. D.G.E.Hall, whom~~ you know well, when ~he latter retired. He and I have been in South East Asia this past year, since he has been o~: study leave in Malaysia, and I accompanied him there. We are now on our way back to London, and are at present at Cornell University for a short stay, as my husband -.ill be giving some lectures here. This is my first trip back to th• United States amnce 19619 because affter I left Ot~awa for London, ant subsequently married and settled there. I am writing now to tell you that mJI husband and I will be passing through tiew York nert ·week on our·.vw~ back to London and will be in New York on Thurad~ the 29th and Jriday the 30tg. (!) \\ On Saturd~ and Sund~, we expect to be in Wilton, Connecticut with the Landrys. I would of course,love to see y•u, if poae•~ta [§ ven if for a few minuteSl and to have you meet my husband. But of course also, I realise how very busy you are and that it may not be at all possible for you. However, if you think that you could manage it, 'ft 8nl one oj ~hoee d f~~ diysi p P rhap8 ·yeu could let me know, either here, or by leaving a message for· me with Lionel &&ntry at i ~e Asia Socie1 in New York. If you can only make it on Saturd~ or Sunda_v, we could come up from Wilton to see you. But, as I said before ~~iisJWHiP\.rM U TRANT SECRETARl~GENERAL UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION NEW YORK, N.Y. CVli/amw DMI" lin. BOJ'd. YOQI' ldDd let"" ot 8 8...... ,.-. I Wlderat.&nd .troa the S.cretaz7-GeDaral1 a t..U,, that . Jt,o Cho 18 now llY!a& ia Colwlbu, Ohio, ard that hi8 addreu 1a a8 toll8w: 608, Harler Drl..Ye ColUIIIbu, Cld.o 43202 I hope th1e will help 70U to re-eatabu.ta ocmtaot ld.t.b hill. With kind reprda, c. V. llaruiltban Chef de Cabinet lin. John p. BOJd .310 kat. HUl L.d.ebvi. T-.n. 37091 CC: Mr. Lemieux (original too) Mr. Narasimhan MARSHALL AMUSEMENT COMPANY LEWISBURG, TENNESSEE tf(J4J ~~~~~~a~- /1~ ~v ~ ' j4v~ ..d. w~c ~~~ - -_d.,~ y ~ ~~'/'7 ~- ~ _L/~.__,~L.J/_._J ~- ~f~ ~/~~L~~. iua.rl' ~ ~ X-~ ~1'7 ~ - ~ ~~ ~ &/~ ~ ~ ~ .,__;._. ~- /')'77 ~- ~ ~'--' ~ e-fi/N'iu'):£;._ ~ w;,.d ~ ~ .#' ~ f £ ;d.ddg; A/71--U/ . ..j _p...J ;wd/ ;tt.; L~ ~.u/ ~ d/7_ ~ ~,~~~ .u. d _,p~ ~ w-Ur )1'/~ ~,.__ - J _M..;/ W"'-1- 1//~ ~ ~· ;?LA/~~~ ~42-~~ - UNITED NA CIONS NATiuNS UNIES THE RESIDENT REPRESENTATIVE of the UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME P. 0. BOX 35 8 T R I P 0 L I, L I 8 Y A •PERSONAL AND CONFIDENTIAL 17 September 1966 My dear U Thant, I am writing to you for a personal favour, which I hope very much you will be able to do despite your extremely busy schedule during the General Assembly for it will be really in the interest of the United Nations itself in Libya. Dr. Ahmed Bishty, Foreign Minister of Libya, will be attending the General Assembly and will be there for about two weeks. He has expressed to me his very keen desire to meet you and I shall be very grateful if you could find time to give him a lunch; or if you can't manage it at least an interview. He has been very kind to me personally as Foreign Minister, and to our Mission generally. You will no doubt also wish to invite Dr. Wahbi El Bouri, Permanent Representative of Libya to the United Nations. He was Foreign Minister before he went to New York for the second time, and during that period was also extremely kind and generous to me personally and of course to the United Nations mission here. This must be an extremely exhausting period for you. I am glad you took a few days off. By the time you get this letter, however, you will have come to a final decision as regards the draft to keep you on. I shall of course miss you very much personally if you go, but whatever your decision please accept my and wife's very best wishes for the future - and good luckt With warm personal regards, Yours sincerely, ~-- ,kf. . U Hla Maung Resident Representative of the United Nations Development Programme U Thant SecretaryoooGeneral United Nations New York, N. Y. . . 3: I'" ,. ; ~ Ul- ::t,. ID r C: r- :u > ? ~ -4 c: Ill II z "'~ Ul z "'Ul "'-4 ~ n (I) 0 '-I ~ 0 "U -._ ...CD z):o -<