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Human Challenges

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Human Challenges What is urbanisation? Sustainable urban living Traffic management Urbanisation is the increase in the amount of people living in urban areas such Sustainable urban living means being able to live in cities in ways that do not pollute Urban areas are busy places with many people travelling by different as towns or cities. In 2007 the UN announced that, for the first time, more than the environment and using resources in ways that ensure future generations can modes of transport. This has caused urban areas to experience traffic congestion 50 % of the world’s population live in urban areas. also use them. Sustainable living should ensure that all facilities necessary for that can lead to various problems. people are available, and that areas are economically viable. Where is Urbanisation Environmental problems happening? Water Conservation Energy Conservation • Traffic increases air pollution which This is about reducing the amount of Using less fossil fuels can reduce the Urbanisation is happening all releases greenhouse gases that is water used. rate of climate change. over the word but in LICs and leading to climate change. • Rainwater harvesting provides • Promoting renewable energy NEEs rates are much faster • More roads have to be built. water for gardens and for flushing sources e.g. solar panels, insulation. than HICs. This is mostly toilets. • Making homes and appliances because of the rapid economic • Installing water meters discourages more energy efficient. Economic problems Social Problems growth, which is leading to water use. Dual flushes on toilets • Encouraging people to use less increasing life expectancies, flush less water. energy. • Congestion can make people late • There is a greater risk of accidents. that they are experiencing. • Educating people on using less • Using wood in buildings instead of for work. This is a particular problem in built water. bricks. • Business deliveries take longer. This up areas. Causes of Urbanisation costs companies more money as • Congestion causes frustration. Creating Green Space Waste Recycling drivers take longer to make the • Traffic creates particulates that can Rural - urban migration The movement of people from rural to urban areas. delivery. affect health e.g.. asthma. Creating green spaces in urban areas More recycling means fewer resources Push factors Pull factors can improve places for people who are used. Less waste reduces the Congestion solutions want to live there. amount that eventually goes to landfill. Factors that encourage people to Factors that encourage to move • Provide natural cooler areas for This reduces waste gases (methane) - Widen roads to allow more traffic to move away from a place. people to a place. people to relax in. and contamination of water sources. flow more easily and avoid congestion. - Build ring roads and bypasses to keep • Natural disasters e.g.. drought. Factors are sometimes perceived. • Encourages people to exercise. • Collection of household waste. traffic out of city centres. • War and Conflict. • More Jobs . • Reduces the risk of flooding from • More local recycling facilities. - Introduce park and ride schemes to • Mechanisation. • Better education & healthcare. surface runoff. • Greater awareness of the benefits reduce car use. • Lack of opportunities. • Increased quality of life. • Reduces airborne particulates. in recycling. -Encourage car-sharing • Lack of employment. • Following family members. Unit 2a schemes in work places Natural Increase When the birth rate is greater than the death rate. and by allowing shared cars in special lanes. Increase in birth rate (BR) Lower death rate (DR) - Have public transport, cycle lanes & Urban Issues & Challenges bike hire schemes. • Migration often involves young • A higher life expectancy is due to - Having congestion charges discourages adults. When there is a high supplies of clean water, better Distribution of population & cities in the UK drivers from entering the busy city percentage of population of child- living conditions and diet. centres. bearing age this leads to higher • Improved medical facilities help The location of most UK cities is linked to the availability of natural resources (particularly coal), or near to the coast for birth rate. lower infant mortality rates and Traffic Management Example: London – Congestion charges • In the UK migrant groups have raise life expectancies. imports, and the subsequent location of industry during the industrial revolution. This is because coal was the original higher fertility rates. Introduced in 2003 and extended in 2007 and 2011 the London source of power for the factories e.g. Glasgow, Newcastle, • Lack of contraception or congestion charge covers an area of central London. Motorists are Nottingham and Cardiff. education about family planning. discouraged from driving in the zone by an £11.50 daily charge. Buses, taxis, emergency vehicles and low emission vehicles are London is a major anomaly to this trend. Instead its location Types of Cities exempt. The number of vehicles driving in the congestion zone is on the River Thames enabled resources to be imported along 10% lower than before its introduction. Evidence that the the River Thames. Imports from across the British Empire congestion charge has caused local business problems is limited. Megacity An urban area with over 10 million people living there. were then used in industry. More than two thirds of Integrated transport system Greenbelt Area current megacities are located in either NEEs or This is the linking of different forms of public and private transport within a city and This is a zone of land surrounding a city where new building is strictly LICs. The majority of the surrounding area e.g.. bus timetables coincide with train arrivals and departures. controlled to try to prevent cities growing too much and too fast. Some megacities are located in Trams lines associated with peak flow from park and ride locations. developments are now being allowed on green belt. This is controversial. Asia. The number of Brownfield sites Urban Regeneration megacities are predicted to increase from 28 to 41 A brownfield site is an area of land or that has been developed before and, because The investment in the revival of old, urban areas by either improving by 2030. it has become derelict, can be re-used e.g. old factories in Leicester rebuilt as what is there or clearing it away and rebuilding e.g.. development of Highcross apartments. Brownfield sites are more expensive to develop than greenfield sites as Shopping Centre on old industrial land, or the conversion of old factories into derelict buildings must be removed first. accommodation. Urban Change in a Major UK City: Bristol Case Study Urban Change in a Major NEE City: Rio de Janeiro City Case Study Location and Background City’s Importance Location and Background City’s Importance • Bristol is a city in South West England • Industry: the largest concentration of • Rio de Janeiro is • Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil. with an estimated population of silicon chip manufacture outside California situated on Brazil's • Rio has a population of 6.5 million people in the city itself 449,300 in 2016. • Tourism: the UK‘s eighth most popular city Atlantic coast. and 12.5 million in the surrounding area. • Bristol lies between the historic cities for foreign visitors. • It has grown up around • Rio is Brazil’s second most important industrial centre, of Bath to the south-east and • Education: two universities a large natural bay producing 5 per cent of Brazil's Gross Domestic Product Gloucester to the north-east. • Religion: two cathedrals - Bristol called Guanabara Bay. • A major port - main exports are coffee, sugar and iron ore. • The city has borders with Somerset (Anglican) and Clifton (Roman Catholic) • It is the cultural capital • Main service industries are banking, finance and and Gloucestershire. • Culture and entertainment: several of Brazil, with over 50 insurance. • It is England's sixth most populous city, theatres and music venues, including the museums, and its • Main manufacturing industries are chemicals, and the most populous city in famous Bristol Old Vic theatre. Home to carnival is one of the pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture and processed foods. Southern England after London. Aardman, the animators who created world's biggest music • Rio hosted matches during the 2014 World Cup and will • Bristol was ranked as Britain's most Wallace and Gromit. and dance celebrations. host the 2016 Olympic Games. sustainable city Migration to Rio de Janeiro City’s Opportunities Migration to Bristol City’s Opportunities Rio has grown rapidly in the last 50 years to become a major Social: Standards of These are opportunities that help people • Between 1851 and 1891 Bristol's population doubled as Social: Bristol’s youthful population means that there is a industrial, administrative, commercial and tourist centre. in some way or other, Rio offers many opportunities to people people arrived looking for work. vibrant underground music scene. There is also a growing These economic activities have attracted many migrants from via access to various public and private services; e.g.. leisure and retail industry, including the development of Brazil and other countries to swell the population of the city. education, water supply, healthcare and energy. • In recent years migration from abroad has accounted for Cabot Circus and Cribbs Causeway retail areas. Including the As a result Rio has a racially mixed population. about half of Bristol's population growth. This has regeneration of the harbour side, transforming previous Economic: The major pull factor of a city like Rio, is the included large numbers from EU countries, in particular warehouses and workshops Migrants have come to Rio from many different places. opportunity for employment. Most people around the globe Poland and Spain. • From other parts of Brazil such as the Amazon Basin. want the chance to work, earn a living and provide a decent Economic: The major change in Bristol's industry has been the • From other countries in South America, such as Argentina life for themselves and their families.
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