Journal of Bio-Molecular Sciences (JBMS) (2019) 6(1): 01-16.

Metabolomic Profiling and Biological Activity of thebaica and Medemia argun: A review

Ibrahim Bayoumi Abdel-Farid1,2, Muhammad Jahangir3, Usama Ahmed Mahalel1,2, Mohamed G. Sheded1 and Ghada A. Taha1

1Biology Department, College of Science, Jouf University, Sakaka, 2Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, 3Department of Food Science & Technology, University of Haripur, Haripur, Pakistan

Received 24 March., 2019; Accepted 02 Sep.,, 2019; Published 25 Oct., 2019 Abstract: and Medemia argun are very important desert not only as sources of nutrients for human and animal nutrition, but also as potential sources of antioxidant and antimicrobial secondary metabolites agents such as polyphenolics including protoanthocyanidins, flavonoids and phenolics in addition to other classes of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids and saponins. The recently discovering biological activity of H. thebaica has increased its importance. Having very narrow ecological amplitude, M. argun has received very little attention from researchers. The description of M. argun as endangered species may also contributed to decreasing the number of studies on Medemia. The objective of this paper is to review the phytochemistry and biological activity of both H. thebaica and M. argun. The biological activity of both plants will be discussed and evaluated in terms of the content of secondary metabolites in their extracts. Till now M. argun has not been biologically exploited yet although it has diverse arrays from active secondary metabolites in different parts of the . Key words: Hyphaene thebaica; Medemia argun; Secondary metabolites; Polyphenolics; Antioxidants; Anticancer activity; Antimicrobial activity

Introduction plants in the world (Fletcher, 1997). It is Hyphaene thebaica (Doum palm) is used in many domestic purposes such as an African palm tree, found close to the side utensils, construction charcoal, firing and of the River in and Egypt and the leaves used to make mats, bind parcels found in sub-Saharan and West India and writing paper (Orwa et al., 2009; El- (Fletcher, 1997; Aamer, 2015; Aboshora et Beltagi et al., 2018). The charcoal from the al., 2014, 2016). It commonly has seed kernel is used in treatment of sore eyes dichotomously branching stem, 15 m height in livestock and seed is used for making and 25 cm in diameter with vane shaped knobs (Vogt, 1995). Doum palm supplies leaves. Dom palm is dioecious where male human with carbohydrates, dietary fibers and female flowers are on separated trees. and anti-hypertension substances. Fruits Doum is included as one of the most useful were sacred since ancient times where the

*Correspondence to: Dr. Ibrahim B. Abdel-Farid, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Aswan 1528, Egypt; E-mail: [email protected] Abdel-Farid et al. 18 ancient Egyptians palm pictured on the Phytochemistry of Hyphaene thebaica pharaonic tombs in different locations Family comprises (Eldahshan et al., 2008). around 200 genera and 3000 species and Many previous studies had focused most of them are rich in phytochemicals or on the doum fruit due to its high nutritional secondary metabolites (Deysson, 1979; Uhl, value, as it is used in a wide range as a tonic and Dransfield, 1989). These compounds for health and served in the areas for many may contribute to human requirements like folk medicinal properties (El-Gendy et al., drugs and foods. Secondary metabolites are 2008; Auwal et al., 2013a; Bayad, 2016; not required for the plant growth, Oduje et al., 2016). Epicarp of the doum development and reproduction, but it is palm fruits is edible and possesses aromatic utilized to protect plants from the effect of odor. It can be ground into powder then unfavorable environmental conditions such dried and used as flavoring agent for food as severe drought, microbial infections, (Orwa et al., 2009). Some countries like salinity, herbivorous and harmful insects use the powder to get a moderate (Cook et al., 2004; Kennedy and Wightman, alcoholic drink by adding water and milk 2011; Jahangir et al., 2008, 2009; Urano et and leaving it to stand (Vogt, 1995). al., 2009; Lugan et al., 2010; Abdel-Farid et Moreover, doum palm fruits contain high al., 2010, 2013). Many secondary amount of fiber and is used in manufacture metabolites which belong to different of cakes, bread and cookies (Dubois, 1978; classes were found in different plants Fondroy et al., 1989; Seleem, 2015). including sterols, flavonoids, terpens, Medemia argun distributed in a phenylpropanoids, steroids, phenolics, narrow scale in the Western and Eastern alkaloids and saponins (Kruse et al., 2000). deserts in Egypt and also in Sudan. It was Some of these compounds are present in described as an endangered species plant as prohibitins or phytoanticipins (Gibbons and Spanner, 1996). Researcher’s (Grayer and Kokubun, 2001) which team from the Unit of Environmental represent the first chemical barrier against Studies and Development (UESD) had the microbes and unfavorable conditions and collected the seeds of Medemia from subjected to fluctuations in their content different places in Egypt such as Doungul based on plant subjection to severe Oasis and some other places in Western unfavorable conditions. Other secondary desert and re-cultivated these seeds to metabolites are formed de novo in plants in conserve this important species. Fifty trees response to microbial attack and known as are now growing in the desert garden at phytoalexins (Grayer and Kokubun, 2001). Aswan Faculty of Science. Among them All species of doum palm possess four female trees are fruiting (Ibrahim and primary metabolites (e.g. fats, amino acids, Baker, 2009). A few studies have been nucleic acid, carbohydrates.etc) which conducted on the phytochemical analysis perform the same biological functions as and biological activity of this plant (Hamed essential for the plant growth and et al., 2012, 2014). development (Kennedy and Wightman, This review will discuss the 2011). Family Arecaceae have large groups metabolomics of H. thebaica and M. argun of secondary metabolites such as tannins, and the biological activity of their extracts in phenols, flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, leuco relation to their secondary metabolites anthocyanidins, triterpenes and steroids constituents particularly polyphenolics. (Lima et al., 2015). The phytochemical analysis of different parts such as leaves and

Metabolomic Profiling and Biological Activity of Hyphaene thebaica and Medemia argun 02

fruits of H. thebaica revealed the presence and Paré, 2013). Steroids, flavonoids, of tannins, steroids, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenes and glycosides were also terpenes and terpinoids (Auwal et al., 2013a; recorded in the pericarp of doum palm Moawad and EL-Rahman, 2014 ). (Auwal et al., 2013a). Different classes of Moreover, some primary metabolites such as polyphenolics were isolated and identified fatty acids (palmitic, oleic and linoleic from the aqueous ethanolic extract of doum acids), some elements such as nickel, iron, palm leaves (Eldahshan et al., 2009). The cobalt and copper were also identified antimicrobial activity of the doum fruit may (Ugochukwu et al., 2003). The last group of be attributed to such types of secondary elements may be responsible for metabolites (Plasuntherum and Lyer, 1982; leukocytosis activity of H. thebaica Palacious et al., 1983; Moniharapon and (Ugochukwu et al., 2003). The mesocarp of Hashinaga, 2004). H. thebaica fruits has some minerals such as In comparison between the magnesium, cobalt, copper, zinc, calcium Egyptian and Saudi doum palm fruits, the and iron. These minerals supply cattle with Egyptian has more total sugar, saponins and the required metal essential for survival tannins than the Saudi doum palm (Nwosu et al., 2008). (Mohammed and Zidan, 2018). Moreover, Several amino acids such as the Egyptian doum fruit has less flavonoids, phenylalanine, leucine, glutamic and protein, phenols, fats and antioxidant aspartic acid were identified from the activity than Saudi doum fruits (Mohammed aqueous extract of doum fruit using HPLC and Zidan 2018). Due to the high content of (Aamer, 2016). Moreover, several several biological active secondary polyphenolics such as 3-OH tyrosol, metabolites in doum palm particularly catechin, E-vanillic, oleuropein, saponins and polyphenolics, the plant is chlorogenic, p-OH benzoic, ellagic, used as a medicinal plant in many regions all salicylic, protocatchoic, caffeic and vanillic over the world particularly in Egypt and acids were also identified (Aboshora et al., Sudan (Waterhouse, 2003). 2017). High concentrations of glycoside, saponin and flavonoids were quantified from Biological activity of H. thebaica the methanol extracts of doum fruits (Nwosu Antioxidant potentiality of H. thebaica et al., 2008). Metabolomic profiling of the Antioxidant agents are the methanol extract of doum fruits using RP- substances that are present at low HPLC revealed the presence of vitamin B- concentration comparing to the oxidizable complex (Aboshora et al., 2014). Eleven substrates and have the efficacy to stop or flavonoids were identified and quantified in lateness the oxidation of substrates the aqueous extract of doum palm fruit using (Halliwell, 1999). Antioxidants play an HPLC (naringin, rutin, hesperidin, important role in food protection from rosmarinic acid, quercitrin, quercetin, oxidation processes and used as dietary naringenin, hesperetin, kaempferol, 7- supplements to removes potentially hydroxy-flavone and apigenin (Aamer, damaging oxidizing agents in a living 2016). Using ultra-performance photodiode organism (Chandrasekara, 2011; Shahidi array, seventeen metabolites belonging to and Chandrasekara, 2015). different classes such as cinnamic acid The medicinal values of the doum derivatives, flavonoids, fatty acids, plant may be attributed to the production of sphingolipids, lignan and stilbene were antioxidant agents (Moawad and EL- detected in the doum palm mesocarp (Farag Rahman, 2014). This may be attributed to

Abdel-Farid et al. 03

the high content of active secondary affected with higher concentration of metabolites as antioxidant, anticancer and methanol extract, Aspergillus niger and antimicrobial agents including phenolics, Candida albicans were not affected by any flavonoids, tannins, saponins and extract. The potentiality of both ethyl acetate anthocyanins (Table 1). Human diseases and methanol extracts against the evaluated such as viral infections, inflammation, ulcer microorganisms was attributed to the and autoimmune pathologies had been presence of higher contents of flavonoids linked with oxidative stress due to the and saponins in the two extracts, presence of reactive oxygen species (Surh respectively (Dosumu et al., 2006). and Ferguson, 2003). Most biomolecules Methanol and aqueous extracts of H. such as lipids, carbohydrates, DNA and thebaica against A. niger and C. albicans proteins can be reacted and oxidized with were evaluated indicating that the inhibitory the reactive oxygen species causing activity of methanolic extract was more oxidative damage. The reactive oxygen stronger than the aqueous extract against A. species can also cause food products damage niger and C. albicans (Mohamed et al., during processing and storage. 2010). Polyphenolics are well documented as Methanolic and aqueous extracts of antioxidant agents (Soong and Barlow, H. thebaica against gram positive bacteria 2004). Different parts of doum palm were (S. aureus and B. subtilis) and gram negative characterized with high content of bacteria (E. coli, P. aeruginosa and polyphenolics to which the antioxidant Salmonella typhi) were tested. Both extracts activity was attributed. Polyphenolics affects showed strong inhibition effect (Mohamed positively the human health through et al., 2010). The antibacterial activity of carcinogenesis inhibitory (Tanaka et al., these extracts may be attributed to the 1998). presence of high amounts of polyphenolics The antioxidant activity of the and other secondary metabolites such as aqueous and methanolic extracts of doum saponins in H. thebaica (Moniharapon and fruits and leaves was attributed to the Hashinaga, 2004, Dosumu et al., 2006). presence of high amounts of flavonoids and The growth of both E. coli and S. phenolics (Hsu et al., 2006; Aboshora et al., aureus was inhibited by the AgNps 2014). The hydrogen donating activity as synthesized from the aqueous H. thebaica trolox equivalents was measured in aqueous fruit extract (Bello et al., 2017). Flavonoids and ethanolic doum fruit extracts indicating and alkaloids were isolated from flowers and that these extracts had antioxidant activity stem of H. thebaica and showed an (Cook et al., 1998; Eldahshan et al., 2009). antibacterial activity (Ayoola et al., 2006, 2008; Savithramma et al., 2011). Methanolic Antimicrobial activity of H. thebaica flowers and stem extracts of H. thebaica Ethyl acetate extract of H. thebaica showed stronger antibacterial activity fruit was potent against five pathogenic against S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, E. bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, fecalis, V. cholera, S. Enteritidis and S. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klesiella odorifera than extraction with ethyl acetate pneumonia and Staphylococcus aureus) (Abakar et al ., 2014). (Dosumu et al., 2006). Methanol extract was Extracts of different solvents of active against P. aeruginosa and Klesiella doum fruit were tested against many Gram pneumonia (Dosumu et al., 2006). Among positive and negative bacteria. Among the the evaluated fungi, only Penicillim sp was evaluated solvents, methanol and ethanol

Metabolomic Profiling and Biological Activity of Hyphaene thebaica and Medemia argun 04

extracts were more effective than al., 2007; Sen and Amla, 2012). Aqueous other extracts against the evaluated bacteria. extract of H. thebaica fruits showed Methanol extract showed the strongest antifungal activity against C. albicans, antibacterial activity against Gram positive Microsporum gypseum, Trichophyton and negative bacteria (Aboshora etal., 2014). rubrum, Mucor sp., Fusarium solani and Saponins isolated from the crude extract of Aspergillus niger (Irobi and Adedayo, H. thebaica inhibited the growth of Candida 1999). albicans (Aboaba et al., 2011; Mohanta et

Table 1. Biological activity of H. thebaica (Doum palm)

Plant Type of extract Type of assay, cells or strains Reference part Fruits Aqueous Antifungal activity Irobi and Adedayo, 1999 Fruits Aqueous Antibacterial and antifungal activity (Gram Hassan and positive, negative bacteria and fungi) Aumara, 2005 Fruits Methanol Antibacterial activity (Gram positive and Dosumu et al., negative bacteria) 2006 Fruits Methanol Biochemical feature (total cholesterol) Hetta and Yassin, 2006 Fruits Aqueous Antioxidant activity (DPPH, hydroxyl radical Hsu et al., 2006 scavenging activity, superoxide radical scavenging activity, RP) Fruits Supplement (25 Biochemical features and blood pressure El-Gendy et al., mg/kg BW) 2008 Fruits Aqueous Anti cancer (cytotoxicity) (Myeloid leukemia Abou-Elalla, 2009 (ML) Fruits Aqueous Antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging Abou-Elalla, 2009 activity) Fruits Aqueous and Antioxidant activity (DPPH and superoxide Mohamed et al., Methanol scavenging activity). 2010 Fruits Aqueous and Antibacterial activity (Gram positive and Mohamed et al., Methanol negative bacteria) 2010 Fruits Methanol Gram positive and negative bacteria Aboaba et al., 2011 Fruits Supplement Histobathological changes of pancreas and liver Tohamy et al., 2013 Fruits Methanol Anti-inflammatory (cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme Farag and Paré, inhibition) 2013 Fruits Methanol, ethanol Antibacterial activity (Gram positive and Aboshora et al., and aqueous negative bacteria) 2014

Fruits aqueous methanol, Antioxidant activity (β-carotene bleaching, Aboshora et al., aqueous ethanol DPPH and RP) 2014 Fruits Ethanol extract Antibacterial activity (Gram positive and Moawad and EL- negative bacteria) Rahman, 2014 Fruits Aqueous methanol Antioxidant activity (DPPH) Al-Ayed, 2016 Fruits Aqueous Biochemical features Mohammed et al.,

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2015 Fruits Aqueous Antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH radical Oduje et al., 2016 scavenging activity) Fruit Aqueous Antioxidant activity Aamer, 2016 Fruits Supplement Antioxidant (DPPH and RP) Aboshora et al., 2016 Fruits Methanol Antioxidant activity (DPPH) Seleem, 2015 Fruits Nano particles from Human prostrate (PC3), breast (MCF7) and liver Bello et al., 2017 aqueous extract (Hep-G2) cancer cell lines Fruits Nano particles from Antibacterial activity (E. coli and S. aureus) Bello et al., 2017 aqueous extract Fruits Aqueous Antioxidant activity Mohammed and Zidan, 2018 Fruits Aqueous Antibacterial activity (Gram positive and Auwal et al., 2013a pericarp negative bacteria) Fruits Aqueous Biochemical features Auwal et al., 2013b mesocar p Fruit Aqueous Biochemical features Mohammed et al., mesocar 2015 p Fruits Hexane – Antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP) Salih and Yahia, pulp dichloromethane 2015 Fruits Aqueous Biochemical features Bayad, 2016 pulp

Seeds Ethanol Biochemical and histological features Hassan et al., 2018 Leaves Aqueous ethanol Antioxidant activity (superoxide anion radical Eldahshan et al., scavenging activity) 2008, 2009 Leaves Aqueous ethanol In vitro cytotoxicity (breast human Ali et al., 2014 adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7) Flowers Methanol and ethyl Antibacterial activity (Gram positive and Abakar et al., 2014 and stem acetate negative bacteria)

Anticancer activity of H. thebaica as antimicrobial agents (Rauha et al., 2000), Many factors are responsible for antioxidant (Dapkevicius et al., 1998; cancer diseases such as smoking, pesticides, Proestos et al., 2006) and anticancer agents smoked foods, overheated cooking oils, and (Dai and Mumper, 2010; Benayad et al., alcohol. Presence of some phytochemicals in 2014). Few studies were carried out vegetables and fruits may reduce the risk of evaluating the effect of doum palm extracts cancer (Surh and Ferguson, 2003). as anticancer. Fruit extract of doum palm Secondary metabolites especially showed in vitro anticancer activity against polyphenolics are distributed in plants. acute myeloid leukemia (AML) (Abou- Polyphenolics aid plants to survive and Elalla, 2009). The anticancer potentiality of provide defense against eating by the extract against myeloid leukemia was herbivores, attacking by microbes and attributed to the presence of many against oxidative stresses. Polyphenolics act antioxidant agents such as phenolics and

Metabolomic Profiling and Biological Activity of Hyphaene thebaica and Medemia argun 06 flavonoids. AgNps synthesized from fruit hypolipidemic properties through inhibition extract of H. thebaica was active against of the levels of cholesterol in blood (Bayad, human prostate (PC3), breast (MCF7) and 2016; Shehu et al., 2015; Shattat, 2014; liver (HepG2) cancer cell lines (Bello et al., Hetta and Yassin, 2006). H. thebaica extract 2017). The effect of AgNps was more may improve the immunity against diseases prominent in prostrate cell lines than breast through increasing the white blood cells and liver cancer cell lines (Bello et al., (WBC) count and hemoglobin in the 2017). experimental animals subjected to different doses of the ethanol extract of H. thebaica Pharmacological activity of H. thebaica fruit (Hassan et al., 2018). Medicinal plants that are possess Root of H. thebaica is used for biologically active secondary metabolite treatment of bilharzias (Orwa et al., 2009). with therapeutic properties are used for The fruit of doum has pharmacological treatment of various diseases such as properties which used in the treatment of cardiovascular and hepatic diseases, haematuria, bleeding especially after child inflammation and urinary complications birth (Adaya et al., 1977; Hassan et al., (Cousins and Huffman, 2002; Tian et al., 2018). The fruits of doum improve hepato 2014). Many studies have been focused on and renal functions and regulate lipid profile biologically active compounds containing (Bayad, 2016). Charcoal from the hard seed plants to obtain derived drugs which inside the fruit is used to treat sore eyes in considered safer than the synthetic drugs livestock (Wolarafe et al., 2007). Other (Egamberdieva et al., 2017). Alkaloids are studies showed that the aqueous extract of antioxidant secondary metabolites extracted doum stimulated rat intestine and the from natural plants which characterized with constrictions of frog's heart but reduced or many pharmacological activities such anti- inhibited uterine contractions in rats (Sharaf inflammatory drug and drugs used to treat et al., 1972). Egyptian people believe that neurodegenerative diseases such as tea of doum is good for diabetes. The resin Alzheimer's disease (Chaves et al., 2016). of the doum tree is used in treatment of Recently, scientists have been synthesized diuretic and against animal stinging (Boulos, many new drugs such as morphine, quinine 1983). Due to all these advantages of and paclitaxel from natural sources (Yan et utilizing doum palm, the extensive use of al., 2015). doum palm in folk medicine is not Hypertension is another name for surprising. high blood pressure is an everywhere From Table 1, it is clear that most problem which increases the possibility of research has been focused on fruits due to its certain diseases such as causing stroke and high content from active secondary increased heart disease among the persons metabolites. Very few studies have been aged 40-70 years (Chobanian et al., 2003). carried out on leaves, where no studies have H. thebaica contributed positively to control been performed on male parts of H. the high blood pressure and blood lipids thebaica. through providing antihypertension secondary metabolites. Doum extracts Medemia argun inhibited the risk of cardiovascular diseases, Background atherosclerosis and reduced serum total Medemia argun is a species of fan palm cholesterol (Hetta and Yassin 2006). Crude belongs to the subtribe Hyphaeninae of the ethanolic extract of H. thebaica seeds had tribe (Arecaceae), with

Abdel-Farid et al. 07

commonly Arabic names is "Argun", also distinguishable from Doum easily by the has a hieroglyphic name, Mama-n-Khanen bright yellow petiole that lacks a hastula at (or Mama-n-Xanin). It has unbranched stem. its top and is not as heavily armed as that of It was known as Areca passalacquae (Kunth Hyphaene) (Fig. 1). Fruit resembles plum- 1826). Medemia argun is similar to genus H. shaped with purple-brown and contains a thebaica especially in flowers, leaf seed with ruminate endosperm (Ibrahim and morphology and inflorescence. M. argun is Baker, 2009).

(A) ...... (B)

Fig. 1. Medemia argun (A) and H. thebaica (B) M. argun is spread from the and Spanner, 1996). In 1998, Medemia was Northern Sudan and Nubian Desert Oases of rediscovered in Egypt at Dungul Oasis. In Southern Egypt. It is one of the most vague 2000, the Unit of Environmental Studies and plant and rare wild palm tree species. Development (UESD) at the South Valley Archaeologists found fruits in the Egyptian University started a program to conserve M. tombs including the famous tomb of argun. The seeds were collected from Tutankhamun (Kunth, 1826; Tackholm, Dungul Oasis and planted in the farm of the 1974; Newton, 2001; Pain, 2006). Unit at Aswan (Ibrahim and Baker, 2009). Accordingly, M. argun fruit is very M. argun has adapted to resist the extreme important in ancient Egypt, although the environmental conditions such as drought reason for that is still unknown. In 1837, the and very high temperatures for long times. German Prince Friedrich Paul Wilhelm von The plant can survive in places where it can Württemberg discovered M. argun in the reach ground water by producing very long Nubian Desert at the north of Sudan. It was root up to 3 m in length (Johnson, 1996). not discovered as a living organ of the Bedouin use Medemia for making Egyptian flora until 1963. In 1963 Medemia gropes and the wood of the palm used for was discovered in Dungul Oasis, south of construction of houses. In some placed of Egypt, and recorded in three sites of the Nubian Desert, the plant supports the Allaqi in the Eastern Desert and Nakhila wild life by providing food and shelter for Oasis in the Western Desert (Boulos, 1968, the mammals and to those living in the 2008). After its discovery in Egypt, desert where fruit is scarce. The leaves of Medemia lapsed into obscurity for more than Medemia have been used for making mats three decades. Suspicions were raised that it (Gibbons and Spanner, 1996). might even have become extinct. In October Phytochemistry of Medemia argun 1995, Medemia was rediscovered in Very few researches have been northern Sudan (Langlois, 1976, Gibbons carried out on the phytochemistry of M.

Metabolomic Profiling and Biological Activity of Hyphaene thebaica and Medemia argun 08

argun. The essential oils from different The antioxidant potentiality of male parts of parts of fruits (mesocarp and headspace of Medemia was attributed to the richness of seeds) were profiled and the results male parts with high content of phenolics indicated that there was a significant (Said et al., 2017). variation of essential oils among the Antimicrobial activity evaluated parts of fruits (Hamed et al., The antimicrobial activity of M. 2012). The oxygenated hydrocarbon argun has received less attention from the derivatives were dominant in fleshy researchers. Proanthocyanidins extracted mesocarps and considered the main contents from M. agrun nuts had no effect on the in the headspace, while sesquiterpene growth of fungus Cephalosporium derivatives were the main volatile gramineum and reduced significantly the constituents in the headspace (Hamed et al., growth of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. 2012). High performance liquid tritici. Azotobacter chroococcum was more chromatography and electrospray ionization sensitive to protoanthocyanidins than fungal mass spectroscopy were used to profile the strains (Martyniuk etal., 2017). The essential proanthocyanidin in M. argun nut and the oil containing cadinane skeleton compounds results revealed that the nut of M. argun was (tau-cadinol, δ-cadinene and trans-γ- a rich source of proanthocyanidin (Hamed et cadinene) identified in M. argun exhibit al., 2014). Masullo et al., 2016 investigated inhibition activity against pathogenic fungi the butanol extract of Medemia fruits and bacteria (Hamed et al., 2012). resulted into the presence of a total of eight compounds. Anticancer activity of M. argun Biological activity of M. argun Until now, there are no reports regarding the Antioxidant potentiality of M. argun anticarcinogenic activity of M. argun either Proanthocyanidin are class of in vitro or in vivo. polyphenolic compounds identified from M. argun nut and considered as antioxidant, Conclusion antitumor and antimicrobial agents acting Few trees from Medemia has distributed in against oxidative/nutritive damages of blood Egypt and Sudan which was reflected on the platelet and plasma components (Morel et number of studies on the phytochemistry al., 2014). The proanthocyanidin fraction and biological activity of M. argun. The from Medemia nuts has antioxidative fruit of Medemia was the only organ which properties and may protect biomolecules has been studies from the phytochemistry (lipids, DNA, and proteins) (Hamed et al., point of view. The biological activity 2014). The incubation of the including antimicrobial activity, antioxidant proanthocyanidin fraction with blood capacity, in vitro and in vivo anticancer platelets and plasma reduced the formation activity have not been studied yet. Although, of 3-nitrotyrosine and diminish the oxidation H. thebaica was extensively studied from of thiol groups in addition to the reduction the metabolomic and phytochemistry point of the level of carbonyl groups in proteins of view and also its biological activity, the caused by treatment with pyroxynitrite studies have been focused only on fruits and (Morel et al., 2014). The essential oil leaves. The preliminary studies on the containing cadinane skeleton compounds metabolomic profiling and biological from M. argun showed antioxidative activity of some parts of both plants properties (Hamed et al., 2012). revealed that both plants will be promising in future on the level of the biological

Abdel-Farid et al. 09 activity against microorganisms and maculans and Fusarium carcinogenic cell lines. oxysporum. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. Future prospects 38: 612-620. The male parts and leaves of H. thebaica Aboaba, O. O., Ezeh, A. R. and Anabuike, and M. argun will be evaluated for their C. L. 2011. Antimicrobial phytochemistry and metabolomic profiling activities of some Nigerian spices with emphasizing on getting a whole picture on some pathogens. Agric. Biol. J. of secondary metabolites in different parts of North Am. 2: 1187-1193. both plants. This goal could be achieved Aboshora, W., Abdalla, M., Niu, F. F., Yu, using different analytical techniques J. H., Raza, H., Idriss, S. E., Al- including targeted and non-targeting Haj, N. Q. M., Al-Farga, A. and analytical techniques. The antioxidant Lianfu, Z. Z. 2017. Compositional capacity and antimicrobial activity of these and structural analysis of epicarp, parts in both plants should be assessed. Also flesh and pitted sample of Doum the in vitro anticancer activity of methanol fruit (Hyphaene thebaica L.). Int. extracts of the leaves and male parts of both Food Res. J. 24: 650-656. H. thebaica and M. argun needed to be Aboshora, W., Lianfu, Z., Dahir, M., evaluated against different carcinogenic cell Qingran, M., Musa, A., Gasmalla, lines. M. A. and Omar, K. A. 2016. Influence of doum (Hyphaene References thebaica L.) flour addition on Aamer, R. A. 2016. Characteristics of dough mixing properties, bread aqueous doum fruit extract and its quality and antioxidant potential. J. utilization in some novel Food Sci. Technol. 53(1): 591-600. products. Ann Agric. Sci. 61: 25- Aboshora, W., Lianfu, Z., Dahir, M., 33. Qingran, M., Qingrui, S., Jing, L., Abakar, S. B., Kwetche, F., Ngoupayo, J., Al-Haj, N. Q. and Ammar, A. Kuate, T. T., Kuoamouo, J. and 2014. Effect of extraction method Bechir, A. B. 2014. Chemical and solvent power on polyphenol screening and antimicrobial activity and flavonoid levels in Hyphaene of extracts from the flowers and thebaica L Mart (Arecaceae) stem of Hyphaene thebaica (doum) fruit, and its antioxidant (Arecaceae). Int. J. Curr. Res. and antibacterial activities. Trop. J. Chem. Pharm. Sci. 1: 92-100. Pharm. Res. 13: 2057-2063. Abdel-Farid, I. B., El-Sayed, M. A. and Abou-Elalla, F. M. 2009. Antioxidant and Mohamed, E. A. 2013. Allelopathic anticancer activities of doum fruit potential of Calotropis procera and extract (Hyphaene thebaica). Afr. J. Morettia philaeana. Int. J. Agric. Pure Appl. Chem. 3: 197-201. Biol. 15 (1): 120-134. Adaya, A. L., Bitrus, H., Fanjoji, H., Eaton, Abdel-Farid, I. B., Jahangir, M., Mustafa, N. M. and Gambo, D. 1977. Hidden R., van Dam, N. M., van den harvest project in research Hondel, C. A. M. J. J., Kim, H. K., series. Compiled by 11ED and Choi, Y. H. and Verpoorte, R. HNNCP, 14-27. 2010. Glucosinolates profiling of Al-ayed, A. 2016. Integrated mass Brassica rapa cultivars after spectrometry approach to screening infection by Leptosphaeria

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