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Asal-Usul Dewey Decimal Classification: Melacak Pemikiran Melvil Dewey Dalam Organisasi Pengetahuan

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Asal-Usul Dewey Decimal Classification: Melacak Pemikiran Melvil Dewey Dalam Organisasi Pengetahuan ASAL-USUL DEWEY DECIMAL CLASSIFICATION: MELACAK PEMIKIRAN MELVIL DEWEY DALAM ORGANISASI PENGETAHUAN Oleh Anis Masruri & Khusnul Khotimah Abstract The library material needs to be classified according to the content or subject to be easily recovered when searched by library users. To classify the library materials required a classification guideline. The most popular and widely used Classification Guidelines are Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC). This DDC was created by Melvil Dewey. In fact, Melvil Dewey is not the absolute inventor of DDC, because he was influenced by previous scientists, such as S.F. Bacon, William Torrey Haris, William Phipps Blake, Schwartz and Hegel’s philosophy. Nevertheless, Melvil Dewey is considered to have a very important role so known as the Father of Modern Librarianship. This paper reveals the origin of Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) and the process of making it. Keyword : library material, classification, DDC, melvil dewey Abstrak Bahan perpustakaan perlu diklasifikasi sesuai dengan isi atau subjeknya agar mudah ditemukan kembali pada saat dicari oleh pengguna perpustakaan. Untuk mengklasifikasi bahan perpustakaan diperlukan sebuah pedoman klasifikasi. Pedoman Klasifikasi yang paling terkenal dan banyak digunakan adalah Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC). DDC ini diciptakan oleh Melvil Dewey. Sebenarnya Melvil Dewey bukanlah penemu DDC secara mutlak, sebab dia mendapatkan pengaruh dari para ilmuan sebelumnya, misalnya S.F. Bacon, William Torrey Haris, William Phipps Blake, Schwartz maupun filsafat Hegel. Meskipun demikian, Melvil Dewey dianggap memiliki peran yang sangat penting sehingga dikenal sebagai Bapak Kepustakawanan Modern. Tulisan ini mengungkapkan tentang asal-usul Dewey Decimal Classification serta proses pembuatannya. Kata Kunci : bahan perpustakaan, klasifikasi, DDC, melvil dewey dengan tujuan menyediakan akses informasi I. PENDAHULUAN yang ada dalam berbagai bentuk rekaman Perpustakaan merupakan sumber informasi dan memberikan bantuan kepada informasi dan pengetahuan. Melalui para pemustaka dalam menentukan lokasi perpustakaan, seseorang dapat mempelajari informasi spesifik yang mereka cari atau berbagai ide yang terekam dalam berbagai yang mereka butuhkan. Hal ini seperti yang berbagai bentuk dan format. Melalui dikemukakan oleh Evans dan Heft (1994: 3) perpustakaan pula, setiap orang terutama sebagai berikut: yang memiliki keterbatasan ekonomi dapat Libraries and information centers mencari, memilih, dan membaca sumber have two primary purposes. The first is to informasi yang dibutuhkan untuk berbagai provide access to information in all its many kepentingan. Pada umumnya perpustakaan forms and formats, and second is to provide dan pusat informasi diselenggarakan assistance in locating specific pieces of 80 Al-Maktabah Vol. 16, Desember 2017 information sought by individuals in the ciri yang sama. Dalam Online Dictionary service population of Library and Information Science, Tujuan di atas menitikberatkan pada klasifikasi diartikan sebagai “the process of akses informasi dan bantuan yang diberikan dividing objects or concepts into logically perpustakaan pada pemustaka menemukan hierarchical classes, subclasses, and sub- lokasi dari informasi yang dicarinya. Sedangkan subclasses based on the characteristics they menurut Rubin (1998), tujuan fundamental have in common and those that distinguish sebuah perpustakaan dinyatakan sebagai them”( Reitz, 2002). Dari pengertian tersebut berikut: ”a library’s fundamental purpose is dapat dipahami bahwa klasifikasi merupakan to acquire, store, organize, disseminate, or proses membagi berbagai objek dan konsep ke otherwise provide access to the vast bodies dalam beberapa kelas, sub kelas, dan sub-sub of knowledge already produce. Organizing kelas secara hirarkhis dan logis berdasarkan knowledge in libraries means organizing karakteristik yang mereka miliki bersama dan many types of information and media” Dari yang membedakan di antara mereka. penjelasan tersebut dapat dipahami bahwa Dalam konteks ilmu perpustakaan dan tujuan mendasar suatu perpustakaan adalah informasi, klasifikasi merupakan salah untuk mengakuisisi, menyimpan, mengatur, satu sarana dalam pengolahan koleksi, menyebarluaskan, atau menyediakan akses ke yaitu penggolongan, pengelompokan dan kumpulan pengetahuan luas yang sudah ada. penempatan koleksi berdasarkan tingkat Mengorganisir pengetahuan di perpustakaan persamaannya dan sekaligus memisahkannya berarti mengatur berbagai jenis informasi dan dari koleksi lainnya berdasarkan tingkat media yang ada dengan sistem tertentu agar perbedaannya (Chan, 1994). Sedangkan mudah dicari dan ditemukan. Sharma (1978) mengatakan “the Agar berbagai jenis informasi dan media classification of library involves placing yang tersedia di perpustakaan dapat diakses together in classes the objects which contain dan ditemukan oleh para pemustaka dengan characteristics in common and to separate cepat dan tepat, maka perpustakaan harus from them the objects that do not have same menyediakan sistem temu kembali informasi characteristics”. yang baik. Salah satu ujud dari bentuk sistem Karena bentuk fisik koleksi perpustakaan temu kembali informasi di perpustakaan berbeda-beda, maka penempatannya adalah klasifikasi yaitu pengelompokan terkadang dipisahkan antara yang satu koleksi perpustakaan di rak berdasarkan ciri dengan yang lainnya. Misalnya, penempatan dan karakteristiknya masing-masing. Ciri- buku di perpustakaan dipisahkan dari ciri yang digunakan untuk mengelompokkan surat kabar, majalah, sound recording, koleksi di perpustakaan biasanya didasarkan mikrofilms, slides, compact disc dan pada isi atau subjeknya. Untuk itu diperlukan sebagainya. Akan tetapi yang menjadi dasar pedoman skema klasifikasi koleksi yang user utama pengelompokkan koleksi perpustakaan friendly, yang mudah digunakan baik sebagai yang paling banyak digunakan adalah dasar penempatan koleksi di rak perpustakaan pengelompokan berdasarkan isi atau subjek. maupun sebagai dasar pencarian koleksi pada Ini berarti koleksi yang membahas subjek saat proses temu kembali informasi. Dengan yang sama akan dikelompokkan bersama- demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa skema sama. Sebaliknya, koleksi yang membahas klasifikasi merupakan salah satu bagian dari subjek yang berbeda, akan dipisahkan sistem temu kembali informasi, seperti yang pengelompokannya. dikatakan Rubin (1998) bahwa “classification Sebagai sarana pengelompokan koleksi, schemes can also be seen as information- klasifikasi mempunyai tujuan di antaranya retrieval systems” adalah menyusun koleksi dalam susunan Klasifikasi merupakan pengelompokan yang dikenal (a known order) sehingga yang sistematis dari sejumlah objek, gagasan, dapat menfasilitasi para pemustaka untuk buku atau benda-benda lain ke dalam kelas menemukan koleksi yang mereka cari di atau golongan tertentu berdasarkan ciri- rak dengan tepat (Evans and Heft, 1994). 81 Anis Masruri & Khusnul Khotimah Asal-Usul Dewey Decimal Classification: Melacak Pe- mikiran Melvil Dewey Dalam Organisasi Pengetahuan Jadi, klasifikasi dapat membantu pemustaka Bliss Classification, Universal Decimal mengidentifikasi dan melokalisasi sebuah Classification (UDC) dan Library of Congress dokumen atau informasi yang terdapat Classification (LCC) (Rowley, 1992). Di antara dalam koleksi perpustakaan berdasarkan sistem klasifikasi tersebut, Dewey Decimal nomor panggil, mengelompokkan dokumen Classification merupakan sistem klasifikasi atau koleksi perpustakaan sejenis menjadi yang paling banyak digunakan di dunia seperti satu, memudahkan penelusuran literatur/ yang dikatakan oleh Rubin (1998), ”it is used koleksi serta memudahkan penempatannya in 135 countries and translated into more di rak perpustakaan berdasarkan ciri subjek than thirty languages”. Dewey Decimal koleksi tersebut. Senada dengan penjelasan Classification (DDC) digunakan oleh 135 di atas, Rubin (1998) mengatakan bahwa negara dan telah diterjemahkan ke dalam lebih fungsi klasifikasi adalah membantu untuk dari 30 bahasa. Perpustakaan-perpustakaan di menemukan koleksi tertentu di rak dan Indonesia juga sebagian besar, bahkan hampir sebagai sarana untuk menempatkan koleksi seluruhnya menggunakan Dewey Decimal yang subjeknya sama atau berhubungan di Classification (DDC) ini. tempat yang sama. Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) Klasifikasi mengacu pada susunan logis ini ditemukan atau diciptakan oleh Melvil bidang pengetahuan dan seni menyusun buku Dewey. Pada awalnya, pedoman klasifikasi ini atau dokumen lainnya sesuai dengan bagan atau hanya terdiri dari kurang lebih 42 halaman. skema klasifikasi. Dengan kata lain, klasifikasi Kini pada edisi yeng ke-23 memuat lebih 4000 berarti pembuatan sebuah bagan klasifikasi halaman. Suatu perkembangan yang sangat dan penerapannya terhadap dokumen atau pesat meskipun juga memakan rentang koleksi yang ada di perpustakaan (Sulistyto- waktu yang sangat panjang. Apakah selama Basuki, 1991). Sistem klasifikasi yang baik perkembangan pedoman klasifikasi ini Melvil mencerminkan keterkaitan gagasan, mereka Dewey secara terus menerus selalu terlibat? tidak hanya membantu pencari menemukan Ataukan hanya meletakkan dasar-dasarnya bahan tetapi juga membantu mereka saja sedangkan perkembangannya ada orang memikirkan aspek terkait dari pencarian lain atau ada lembaga yang ikut berkontribusi? mereka dan mengidentifikasi materi yang Oleh karena itu penulis tertarik untuk mewujudkan aspek tersebut. Secara umum, mengetahui bagaimanakah sebenarnya suatu perpustakaan memahami dunia asal-usul Dewey Decimal Classification
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