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Books in the Public Sphere: New York Libraries and The BOOKS IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE: NEW YORK LIBRARIES AND THE CULTURE-BUILDING ENTERPRISE, 1754-1904 Except where reference is made to the work of others, the work described in this dissertation is my own or was done in collaboration with my advisory committee. This dissertation does not include proprietary or classified information. _____________________________________________________ Thomas Peter Glynn Certificate of Approval: ________________________ _________________________ Anthony G. Carey, Co-Chair Ruth C. Crocker, Co-Chair Professor Professor History Department History Department ________________________ _________________________ Kenneth W. Noe Hilary E. Wyss Professor Associate Professor History Department English Department ________________________ Stephen L. McFarland Acting Dean Graduate School BOOKS IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE: NEW YORK LIBRARIES AND THE CULTURE-BUILDING ENTERPRISE, 1754-1904 Thomas Peter Glynn A Dissertation Submitted to The Graduate Faculty of Auburn University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama August 8, 2005 BOOKS IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE: NEW YORK LIBRARIES AND THE CULTURE-BUILDING ENTERPRISE, 1754-1904 Thomas Peter Glynn Permission is granted to Auburn University to make copies of this dissertation, upon request of individuals or institutions and at their expense. The author reserves all publication rights. _______________________________ Signature of Author _______________________________ Date iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT BOOKS IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE: NEW YORK LIBRARIES AND THE CULTURE-BUILDING ENTERPRISE, 1754-1904 Thomas Peter Glynn Doctor of Philosophy, August 8, 2005 (M.A., University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1995) (M.L.I.S., University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 1995) (B.A., University of Chicago, 1988) Directed by Ruth C. Crocker and Anthony G. Carey This dissertation examines the role that libraries played in the development of culture during the colonial period and throughout the nineteenth century. Focusing on a group of libraries in New York City, it seeks to explore the various meanings that publicly accessible collections of books held for different groups in American society and in the city of New York at different times. I define culture in terms of values. Culture is a constellation of mutually reinforcing values that are used to define a society or groups within a society. iv Libraries during this period both reflected and served as a means of actively promoting such values. Generally their development points towards a gradual shift from a republican towards a liberal culture. The republicanism of the revolutionary stressed self- denying, socially inclusive virtues such as patriotism, piety, and civic duty. Liberalism by contrast emphasized values tied to individual needs or desires, or that tended to set one group of individuals apart from the rest of society. For example, as republicanism slowly waned in the decades before the Civil War, in some libraries the reading of fine literature was used to confirm the elite status of their members. At the same time, conflicts arose over the purchase of popular fiction, in part because it was considered merely a form of private recreation that served no worthwhile public purpose. Republicanism and liberalism were never mutually exclusive, and although republicanism was certainly less influential in the later decades of the nineteenth century, New York’s libraries expressed both republican and liberal culture throughout the century. For example, in the 1880s the city’s free circulating libraries can be seen in part as a republican effort to harmonize a fragmented liberal society. The consolidation of these libraries in the New York Public Library at the beginning of the twentieth century represents a dramatic departure. The founding of the Public Library represents a blending of private and governmental authority and funding. The history of New York’s libraries thus sheds light on changing conceptions of the public sphere. v The Chicago Manual of Style , 15 th ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003) Microsoft Office Word 2003 (11.5604.5606) vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction .................................................................................................................. 1 Chapter One The New York Society Library: Books, Authority, and Publics in Colonial and Early Republican New York .......................... 22 Chapter Two The Library of the New-York Historical Society: Elite Voluntarism and the Uses of History .................................................... 57 Chapter Three Books for a Reformed Republic: The Apprentices’ Library in Antebellum New York ......................................................... 77 Chapter Four The Biblical Library of the American Bible Society: Evangelicalism and the Evangelical Corporation ............................... 109 Chapter Five New York’s Free Circulating Libraries: The Mission of The Library in the Gilded Age and Progressive Era ........................... 132 Chapter Six Reconfiguring the Public Sphere in the Progressive Era: the Founding of the New York Public Library ........................................ 163 Notes .......................................................................................................................... 202 Works Cited ............................................................................................................... 269 vii Introduction On November 21, 1865, Frederic De Peyster addressed an audience of prominent New Yorkers on “The Moral and Intellectual Influence of Libraries upon Social Progress.” Delivered on the forty-first anniversary of the New-York Historical Society, his remarks indicate the central role that the city’s elite accorded libraries in the spread of enlightenment in the newly unified nation. While his claims for their influence upon society may seem extravagant from the perspective of the twenty-first century, libraries were indeed a critical part of the constellation of cultural institutions that developed in New York over the course of the nineteenth century. Rather than effecting change, it is more accurate to say that they reflected important changes that occurred as the city and the nation evolved into a modern industrial society. The history of libraries can provide a fruitful means of exploring those changes. This dissertation examines the history of a group of libraries that played an important role in the development of culture in New York throughout the nineteenth century. They are all what might be termed “pre-public libraries.” Established for the most part well before the founding of the New York Public Library in 1895, they were all, to varying degrees, open to the general public, and, most importantly, they all consciously pursued distinctly public purposes. These libraries embraced a wide range of organizations and organizational structures. Some were parts of private associations 1 maintained ostensibly for the use of their members, while others were philanthropic concerns that sought to educate and uplift less the fortunate segments of the city’s population. Their histories provide a revealing perspective on the institutional development of New York City during the nineteenth century. Privately funded, and founded to promote what is largely a private act, the act of reading, they were all animated by a uniquely public impulse. The founders and administrators of these libraries were all concerned with the development of culture. Cultural historians have defined the word culture in many different ways and not all of these meanings are mutually exclusive. For example, the history of New York’s pre-public libraries well might be explored in terms of the definition proposed by Peter Dobkin Hall: “a set of social institutions used by a people in organizing the entire range of their fundamental activities.” 1 Hall’s functional approach is valuable in that it highlights the active role that people played in developing those institutions and the changes that occurred as their fundamental activities shifted over time. My own definition also emphasizes agency and change. Culture is a constellation of mutually reinforcing values that a group of people promotes and uses to define itself. A culture can be very broadly or very narrowly delineated and can be used as much to exclude as to bind people together. What I emphatically do not mean when I use the word culture is what came to be known later in the nineteenth century as “high culture,” an appreciation of and reverence for fine art and belles-lettre. Such a definition implies a relatively static conception of culture that focuses solely upon elite groups. 2 The history of New York’s pre-public libraries shows that the development of culture over the course of the nineteenth century was a fluid, complex process involving many different groups 2 combining and clashing as the values they promoted shifted and changed. I call this “the culture-building enterprise” to emphasize to active, purposeful, and essentially optimistic nature of the process. A considerable portion of De Peyster’s lengthy address concerned the values that libraries presumably helped to inculcate in the American people. He placed great emphasis upon the “manifold applications” of “moral and religious ideas” to “the duties of honesty, integrity and benevolence, of loyalty to government and law, and of universal brotherhood.” 3 I argue that, particularly early in the century, the elites who founded libraries were vitally
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