Nobel Prize 1985 for decisive contributions to the large project which discovered the W, Z boson at the UA1 experiment, CERN SPS.
Carlo Rubbia Director General of CERN 1989-1994
At the end of 1991 Carlo Rubbia has been given the o.k to the project LHC ( Large Hadron Collider), the new super accelerator to develop power or millions of electron volts. According to the policy of Chinese boxes, LHC has been inserted into the same tunnel of LEP to improve the performances and the voltage to let Europe earn time and money, before the Americans that still have to build their SSC.
1 Weak Interaction n e
- Fermi Theory W Beta decay n e 1950's
p νe p νe
p νe Zo
p νe
2 3 4 7+7 TeV
5 First Beam Circulation w RF Phasing
Poor injection phasing Near injection phasing Injection phasing
Accelerator Physicist at work. Each trace indicates the position after on turn. 6 7 Higgs Bosons and Sparticles
•Higgs Boson field gives mass and completes ( or reheats) the SM. •Supersymmetry solves the Hiearchy Problem and Unification of Forces Bosons <--> Fermions •Mini-BH at the LHC? 8 Higgs --> γ γ Production
proton photon
t gluon
t H top t loop gluon
t proton photon
2 ! ! m2 = P + P = 2 E E " p ip H ( !1 !2 ) ( !1 !2 !1 !2 )
9 CMS Detector
Calorimeter, ECAL/HCAL Tracker Muon Detectors
4T Solenoid
Magnetic Field Return Yoke (red)
10 11 12 QuarkNet
52 Centers in 25 states and Puerto Rico
500 HS Teachers 150 Particle Physicist mentors 100 HS Students annually
A professional development program for HS Teachers with immersive research experience for HS teachers and students.
Now in its 10th year. Supported by NSF and DOE http://quarknet.fnal.gov/
13 Energy Amplifier - Rubbia
sub-critical 10MW p accelerator 232 233 1000MeV Th90 U92
232 233 233 233 n+ Th90 -> Th90 -β> Pa91-> U92 Electricity grid
14