1948 History of the War Crimes Commission and the Development of the Laws of War

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CONTENTS Page

FOREWARD

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ...... 1

CHAPTER II. OUTLINE OF THE DEVELOPMENTS OF THE LAWS OF WAR PRIOR TO THE FIRST WORLD WAR A. SURVEY OF THE LAWS OF WAR ...... 24 B. THE BINDING FORCE AND EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LAWS OF WAR 27 C. PUNISHMENT OF .S...... 29

CHAPTER III. DEVELOPMENTS OF THE LAWS OF WAR DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR PART I. THE 1919 COMMISSION ON RESPONSIBILITIES 32 A. COMPOSITION AND TERMS OF REFERENCE ...... 32 B. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 33 (i) Violations of the Laws and Customs of War .. .. 33 (1) List of War Crimes ...... 34 (2) War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity.. .. 35 (3) Views of the Majority and Dissenting Reservations .. 36 (ii) Personal Responsibility and Machinery for Retribution .. 38 (iii) Proposals for enforcement ...... 40

PART II. THE PEACE TREATIES OF 1919-1923 AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION ...... 41 A. THE PEACE TREATIES OF 1919-1923 ...... 41 (i) Proposals of the Commission of Fifteen .. 41 (ii) Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.. .. 43 (iii) Other Peace Treaties ...... 45 B. ATTEMPTS AT IMPLEMENTATION ...... 46 (i) Action by the Allied and German Governments 46 (ii) The Leipzig Trials ...... 48 (1) Naval cases submitted by the British Government 48 (2) Military cases submitted by the British Government 49 (3) Cases submitted by the French Government .. 50 (4) Cases submitted by the Belgian Government .. 51 C. CONCLUSIONS ...... 51

CHAPTER IV. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE LAWS OF WAR BETWEEN THE TWO WORLD WARS A. THE COVENANT OF THE ...... 53 B. THE DRAFT TREATY OF MUTUAL ASSISTANCE AND THE UNRATIFIED GENEVA PROTOCOL 1924 ...... 54 C. THE LOCARNO TREATIES ...... 56 D. THE PACT OF PARIS 1928 ...... 58 E. THE GENERAL ACT FOR THE PACIFIC SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES 1928 ...... 59 F. ATTEMPTS TO ASSIMILATE THE PROVISIONS OF THE PACT OF PARIS INTO THE COVENANT OF THE LEAGUE ...... 60

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G. THE MODEL TREATY TO STRENGTHEN THE MEANS OF PREVENTING WAR ...... 62 H. THE WAR BETWEEN BOLIVIA AND PARAGUAY (THE CHACO WAR) 62 I. THE WAR BETWEEN AND (THE ) 66 J. THE ITALO-ABYSSINIAN WAR .. .. 67 K. THE JAPANESE OCCUPATION OF MANCHURIA AND THE SINO JAPANESE WAR .. 71 L. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION IN EUROPE 1937-1939 ...... 75 M. PAN-AMERICAN CONFERENCES, CONVENTIONS AND TREATIES 1923-1938 ...... 77 (i) The Fifth Pan-American Conference at Santiago in 1923.. 77 (ii) The Sixth Conference at Habana in 1928 78 (iii) The Washington Conference on Conciliation and Arbitration, 1928 78 (iv) The Argentine Anti-war Treaty (Saavedra Lamas Treaty), 1933 79 (v) The Seventh Conference at Montevideo in 1933 79 (vi) The Buenos Aires Peace Conference, 1936 80 (vii) The Eighth Conference at Lima in 1938 81 N. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ESTABLISHING RULES OF WARFARE 82 (i) Geneva Protocol for the prohibition of the use of poisonous and other gases and of bacteriological methods of warfare.. 82 (ii) International Convention for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded and sick in armies in the field 82 (iii) International Convention relative to the treatment of prisoners of war ...... 83 (iv) Proces-verbal relating to the rules of submarine warfare set forth in Part IV of the Treaty of London of 22nd April, 1930 84 0. THE ACTIVITIES OF UNOFFICIAL BODIES 84 (i) The International Law Association 84 (ii) Other unofficial bodies .. 86

CHAPTER V. VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONCEPT OF WAR CRIMES DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1939-1943 A. DECLARATIONS OF STATESMEN AND GOVERNMENTS.. 87 (i) Declaration of the Polish and Czech Governments 87 (ii) Roosevelt-Churchill statements of 25th October, 1941 87 (iii) Molotov Notes on War Crimes .. 88 (iv) The Inter-allied Commission and the Declaration of St. James's of 13th January, 1942 ...... 89 (v) Notes delivered to the Vatican and the Great Powers 92 (vi) Declarations of the Statesmen of the Great Powers 93 B. THE WORK OF UNOFFICIAL BODIES .. .. 94 (i) The work of the International Commission for Penal Reconstruction and Development .. .. 94 (1) Interim Report of 15th July, 1942 96 (2) Sub-Committee on War Crimes .. 96 (3) Sub-Committee on Superior Orders .. 98 (4) Sub-Committee on Extradition .. .. 98 (5) General Contributions of the Cambridge Commission 98 (ii) The Work of the London International Assembly 99 (1) Definition of War Crimes .. .. 100 (2) Superior Orders ...... 101 (3) Responsibility of Statesmen, High Officials and Key Men.. 101 (4) The Judicial Court ...... 102 (5) International Criminal Court .. 102 (6) Apprehension of War Criminals .. 103 (7) General Contributions of the London International Assembly 104

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C. ACTIVITIES IN THE UNITED STATES 1942-1943 104 D. OFFICIAL PRONOUNCEMENTS ...... 105 (i) Debate in the House of Lords, 7th October, 1942 and the simultaneous declaration of President Roosevelt 105 (ii) Statement made by Mr. Eden in the House of Commons on 17th December, 1942 ...... 106 (iii) The United Kingdom Declaration of 30th August, 1943 106 (iv) The Moscow Declaration of 1st November, 1943 .. .. 107

CHAPTER VI. THE ESTABLISHMENT AND ORGANISATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS WAR CRIMES COMMISSION A. ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMISSION.. .. 109 (i) The Debate in the House of Lords, 7th October, 1942 109 (ii) The Intervening year 1942-1943 ; reasons for the delay 111 (iii) The Diplomatic Conference at the Foreign Office, 20th October, 1943 .. 112 (1) Panels .. .. 114 (2) Chairmanship and Procedure 115 (3) Secretariat .. . 116 (4) Expenses 116 (5) Proposed " Technical Committee" 117 (iv) Premises of the Commission .. 118 B. ORGANISATION OF THE COMMISSION 118 (i) The Members .. .. 118 (ii) The Chairmanship .. 119 (iii) The Secretariat .. .. 119 C. STRUCTURE OF THE COMMISSION 120 (i) Procedure ...... 120 (ii) Committee I .. .. 120 (1) The Function of Investigation 120 (2) Personnel of Committee I .. 123 (3) Secretariat ...... 123 (iii) Committee II: the Function of Enforcement.. 124 (iv) Committee III: the Advisory Function 124 (1) Abandonment of the Technical Committee 124 (2) Creation of the Legal Committee; Personnel 126 D. THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE COMMISSION .. 127 E. THE FAR EASTERN AND PACIFIC SUB-COMMISSION 129 (i) Organisation of the Sub-Commission.. 129 (ii) Composition of the Sub-Commission.. 130 (iii) Functioning of the Sub-Commission 130 F. MISCELLANEOUS COMMITTEES ...... 131 (i) The Far Eastern Committee of the Main Commission 131 (ii) Public Relations Committee 131 (iii) Finance Committee 131 (iv) Executive Committee 131 (v) Documents Committee 132 (vi) Legal Publications Committee 132 G. FINANCE...... 132 (i) Preliminary arrangements for finance 132 (ii) Appointment of Finance Committee 133 (iii) Contributions by member nations 133 (iv) Expenditures of the Commission 134

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CHAPTER VII. GENERAL HISTORICAL SURVEY OF THE ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMISSION A. PERSONNEL OF THE COMMISSION AND THEIR MOVEMENTS.. .. 135 (i) Changes in Personnel of the Commission ...... 135 (ii) The Secretariat ...... 136 (iii) Movements of members of the Commission .. .. 137 B. OUTLINE OF THE COMMISSION'S ACTIVITIES ...... 138 (i) Preparatory Phase-October, 1943, to January, 1945.. .. 139 (ii) The beginning of retributive action-February, 1945, to June, 1946 ...... 141 (iii) Retributive action continued-July, 1946, to July, 1947 .. 145 (iv) The Concluding Phase-July, 1947, to March, 1948 .. 148 (v) Conclusion ...... 150 C. WAR CRIMES IN THE FAR EAST ...... 151 (i) The Far Eastern and Pacific Sub-Commission .. .. 151 (ii) Far Eastern charges submitted to the Main Commission .. 153 D. RELATIONS WITH MILITARY, NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL BODIES AND WAR CRIMES PROCEEDINGS ...... 154 (i) Conference of National Offices...... 154 (ii) Relations with the U.S.S.R ...... 158 (iii) Relations with the Military and Control Commission Authorities ...... 159 (iv) Relations with the United Nations ...... 160 (v) Relations with the International Military Tribunals and the Subsequent Proceedings Committee .. . .. 162 (vi) Relations with the Press...... 163 (vii) Criminal Law Conferences in Brussels and Paris .. 164 E. THE RESEARCH OFFICE...... 165 (i) The Work of the Office ...... 165 (ii) Disposal of Documents ...... 167

CHAPTER VIII. ACTIVITIES ON QUESTIONS OF SUBSTANTIVE LAW

INTRODUCTORY NOTES .. 169 A. THE CONCEPT OF WAR CRIMES .. 170 (i) List of War Crimes .. .. 170 (ii) War crimes against "enemy " and "allied" nationals 172 B. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY ...... 174 (i) Extension of Commission's Competence 174 (ii) Specific Charges 177 (iii) Further definition 178 (iv) Other Charges .. 179 C. CRIMES AGAINST PEACE 180 (i) Aggressive war a crime 180 (1) Majority Report 181 (2) Minority Report 182 (3) Attitude of Member Governments 184 (ii) Recommendations to the United Nations 185

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CHAPTER IX. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONCEPTS OF CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY, WAR CRIMES AND CRIMES AGAINST PEACE ...... A. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY ...... 188 (i) Developments preceding the Charter of 1945 188 (1) Introductory ...... 188 (2) The Italo-Abyssinian War of 1935-1936 189 (3) The Spanish Conflict .. .. 190 (4) Other developments .. 190 (ii) Crimes against humanity in the light of International Enactments of 1945-1947 191 (1) The London Charter and the Nuremberg Judgment 191 (2) The Tokyo Charter and Indictment 204 (3) The Peace Treaties of 1947 .. 211 (4) Endorsement by the United Nations 211 (5) Occupational and municipal legislation 212 (6) Conclusions ...... 219 B. WAR CRIMES IN THE NUREMBERG TRIAL 220 (i) The Law relating to war crimes 220 (ii) Specific War Crimes .. 222 (1) General Observations 222 (2) Crimes against Prisoners of War and other the Armed Forces .. 223 (3) Taking and Killing of Hostages 225 (4) Slave Labour .. .. 227 (5) Plunder of Public and Private Property 229 (iii) Summary and Conclusions .. 231 C. CRIMES AGAINST PEACE ...... 232 (i) Early attempts to limit the right of war 232 (1) The Place of War in International Law 232 (2) The Hague Conventions 233 (3) The " Bryan Treaties" 235 (ii) Recommendations of the Commission of Fifteen 236 (1) Responsibility of the Authors of the First World War 236 (2) The Problem of Retribution for Acts which provoked the First World War and accompanied its Inception.. .. 236 (3) The American Reservations .. . 238 (iii) The Paris Peace Conference 239 (1) The Versailles Treaty and the Arraignment of the Kaiser 239 (2) Failure to implement Article 227 ...... 240 (iv) The Developments during the Inter-war period .. . 242 (v) Definition and interpretation of Crimes against Peace".. 246 (1) The Nuremberg Charter .. .. . 246 (2) The Tokyo Charter ...... 257 (vi) Endorsement and Affirmation by the United Nations .. 259 (vii) Conclusions .. 260

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CHAPTER X. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE DOCTRINES OF INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY OF MEMBERS OF GOVERNMENTS AND ADMINISTRATORS, OF ACTS OF STATE, OF IMMUINITY OF IIEADS OF STATE, AND OF SUPERIOR ORDERS INTRODUCTORY NOTES ...... 262

A. INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY OF HEADS OF STATE, MEMBERS OF GOVERNMENTS AND STATE ADMINISTRATORS ...... 263 (i) The 1919 Commission on Responsibilities ...... 263 (ii) International bodies preceding the establishment of the United Nations War Crimes Commission ...... 265 (1) Inter-allied Commission on the Punishment of War Crimes 265 (2) London International Assembly ...... 266 (3) International Commission for Penal Reconstruction and Development ...... 266 (iii) The United Nations War Crimes Commission .. .. 267 (iv) Trials of Major War Criminals ...... 269 (1) The Moscow Declaration ...... 270 (2) Surrender Document regarding and ...... 270 (3) The Nuremberg and Tokyo Charters ...... 271 (4) The Trials ...... 272

B. SUPERIOR ORDERS .. 274 (i) The 1919 Commission on Responsibilities 274 (ii) London International Assembly .. 275 (iii) The International Commission for Penal Reconstruction and Development .. 275 (iv) The United Nations War Crimes Commission 277 (v) Provisions of Municipal and International Law 280 (1) British and American Rules of Warfare . . . 281 (2) Rules relating to the Trial of War Criminals 282 (vi) Jurisprudence in War Crime Trials .. 286 (1) First World War ...... 286 (2) Second World War ...... 287

CHAPTER XI. DEVELOPMENT OF THE LAW RESPECTING CRIMINAL GROUPS AND ORGANISATIONS INTRODUCTORY NOTES ...... 289

A. ACTIVITIES OF THE COMMISSION .. .. 291 (i) Proposal of the Legal Committee .. 291 (ii) Proposal regarding the Nazi Government 292 (iii) Proposal of the French Delegation .. 293 (iv) Report of the Commission's Legal Secretariat 295 (v) Recommendation of 16th May, 1945 .. 296 B. THE NUREMBERG TRIAL ...... 297 (i) The Law of the Charter .. .. 298 (ii) The Proceedings ...... 300 (1) Groups or Organisations Indicted .. 300 (2) Charges laid against Groups or Organisations 301 (3) Exclusion of Certain Classes of Members 302 (4) The Theory of Collective Criminality 303 (5) The Case for the Defence 308 (iii) The Judgment 310 (1) General Ruling 310 (2) The Verdict 313

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C. RULES IN MUNICIPAL LAW 318 (i) Rules in Occupied Territory 318 (1) Germany 318 (2) 323 (ii) Rules in Allied Countries 324 (1) Canada 325 (2) Czechoslovakia 326 (3) France .. 327 (4) Great Britain 328 (5) Norway.. 328 (6) Poland 330 (7) United States .. 331

D. TRIALS OF MEMBERS OF CRIMINAL GROUPS AND ORGANISATIONS 332 (i) Judgments of the Subsequent Military Tribunals at Nuremberg 333 (1) Trial of Karl Brandt et al. (Medical Case).. 333 (2) Trial of Joseph Altstoetter et al. (Justice Case) 334 (3) Trial of Oswald Pohl et al .. .. 335 (4) Trial of Friedrich Flick et al .. .. 340 (ii) Trials in Progress at the Subsequent Proceedings in Nuremberg 342 (iii) Conclusions ...... 342

CHAPTER XII. MACHINERY FOR THE TRACING AND APPREHENSION OF WAR CRIMINALS INTRODUCTORY NOTES ...... 344 A. PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION 344 (i) Tracing and apprehension of persons in authority in occupied territories ...... 344 (ii) Proposals to establish agencies in ex-enemy countries 346 (1) Proposal for an Agency in Germany 346 (2) Proposal for an Agency in Italy .. 350 (3) Proposal for an Agency in Japan .. 352 (iii) Proposal for clauses in acts of Armistice and Peace Treaties 353 (iv) Proposal for a Central Investigating Branch of the Commission 353 (v) Proposals for co-operation with S.H.A.E.F... 357 (vi) Proposal for detaining prisoners of war pending investigation 358 (vii) Proposal for identification of war criminals by means of films 358 B. MACHINERY SET UP BY THE ALLIED AUTHORITIES.. 359 (i) General Description ...... 359 (ii) Central Agencies ...... 361 (iii) Local Agencies ...... 362 1. EUROPEAN WAR CRIMES BRANCHES AND LIAISON TEAMS ...... 362 (a) Germany ...... 362 (1) Initial Inter-Allied Command (S.H.A.E.F.) 362 (2) United States Authorities .. .. 362 (3) British Authorities ...... 366 (4) French Authorities ...... 374 (b) Italy ...... 374 (1) Initial Stage ...... 374 (2) British Authorities ...... 375 2. THE CENTRAL REGISTRY OF WAR CRIMINALS AND SECURITY SUSPECTS . .. 376 (1) Functions ...... 377 (2) Control and Staff ...... 377

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(3) Machinery and Operations ... .. 378 (4) Achievements ...... 379 (5) Relations with the Commission . .. 380 3. FAR EASTERN MACHINERY . .. .. 380 (1) British Authorities ...... 381 (2) United States Authorities ...... 383 (3) Australian Authorities ...... 386 (iv) Tracing and apprehension of war criminals listed by the Commission ...... 390

CHAPTER XIII. ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE SURRENDER OF WAR CRIMINALS INTRODUCTORY NOTES ...... 392

A. PROPOSALS AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE COMMISSION.. .. 393 (i) Draft Convention for the Surrender of War Criminals .. 393 (1) Antecedents ...... 393 (2) Work of the Commission ...... 395 (ii) Provisions in the Draft Convention for the Trial and Punishment of War Criminals ...... 399 (iii) Recommendations for the insertion of clauses in the Armistices and Peace Treaties ...... 400 (1) Armistice Terms ...... 400 (2) Draft Peace Treaties ...... 404 (3) Peace Treaties with Germany and Austria ...... 407 (4) Recommendation for the order of surrender of war criminals required for trial by several nations ...... 408 (5) Proposal for notification of the surrender of war criminals 409

B. RESOLUTIONS OF OTHER INTERNATIONAL BODIES ...... 410 (i) Resolution of the Inter-American Conference on Problems of War and Peace ...... 410 (ii) Resolutions of the United Nations General Assembly .. 411 (1) Resolutions of 12th-i 3th February, 1946 .. . 411 (2) Resolution of 31st October, 1947 ...... 413 (iii) Resolution of the Permanent International Commission for the study of the punishment of crimes against international law ...... 414

C. EXECUTIVE PROCEDURE DEVISED BY THE ALLIED AUTHORITIES 414 (i) General rules ...... 415 (1) Territories under United Kingdom Jurisdiction .. . 415 (2) Territories under United States Jurisdiction .. .. 416 (ii) Procedure under Law No. 10 .. 418 (iii) Surrender of war criminals not appearing on the Commission's lists ...... 419 (1) First difficulties ...... 419 (2) Further developments ...... 422 (iv) Surrender of war criminals listed by the Commission .. 423 (1) Cases involving United States Authorities .. .. 423 (2) Attitude of the British Authorities ...... 424 (3) Release of war criminals listed by the Commission after a certain date ...... 424

D. ATTITUDE OF NEUTRAL STATES 427 (i) Action by the Allied Governments 427

(ii) Reaction of Neutral Countries 428 Page (iii) Further developments on Governmental level 429 (iv) Activities of the Commission 430

CHAPTER XIV. DEVELOPMENTS IN THE CONCEPT AND PROCEDURE OF TRYING WAR CRIMINALS

A. DEVELOPMENTS RESPECTING THE IDEA OF INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL ADJUDICATION 1918-1943 ...... 435 (i) Developments arising out of the First World War 435 (1) The MacDonnell Committee 435 (2) The Commission on Responsibilities 436 (3) The American Proposal and Article 229 of the Versailles Treaty .. .. 437 (ii) Developments during the Inter-War Years 437 (1) Baron Descamps' Suggestion in 1920 437 (2) The International Law Association 438 (3) The Inter-Parliamentary Union 439 (4) The International Congress of Penal Law 439 (5) The Pan-American International Court of Justice.. .. 439 (6) The League of Nations Convention for the Repression of Terrorism ...... 440 (7) Mixed Courts...... 441 (iii) Developments between 1939 and 1943...... 441 (1) The London International Assembly...... 441 (2) The International Commission on Penal Reconstruction and Development ...... 441 (3) The Debate in the House of Lords 7th October, 1942 .. 442 (4) The Moscow Declaration ...... 442

B. RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS WAR CRIMES COMMISSION...... 442 (i) Creation of a United Nations War Crimes Court .. 443 (1) Definition of War Crimes ...... 444 (2) Jurisdiction of the Court ...... 444 (3) Sources of Law to be Applied ...... 446 (4) The Prosecuting Authority ...... 446 (5) The Detaining Authority ...... 448 (6) Judges of the Court ...... 448 (7) The Seat of the Court and Date of Meeting .. 448 (8) The Plea of Superior Order ...... 449 (9) The Language of the Court ...... 449 (10) Miscellaneous Points ...... 449 (ii) Creation of Inter-Allied Military Tribunals ...... 450

C. THE INTERNATIONAL MILITARY TRIBUNALS...... 454 (i) The Nuremberg Tribunal ...... 454 (ii) The Tokyo Tribunal ...... 459 (iii) Conclusions ...... 461

D. MILITARY AND NATIONAL TRIBUNALS ESTABLISHED FOR THE TRIAL OF WAR CRIMINALS .. ... 461 (i) Tribunals in Germany 461 (1) Tribunals established in the British Zone 462 (2) United States Tribunals in the European Theatre 464 (3) French Tribunals in Germany ...... 466 (ii) United States Tribunals in the Far East ...... 467 (iii) Australian Tribunals ...... 468 (iv) Canadian Tribunals ...... 469

Page (v) National Tribunals constituted by United Nations Governments...... 469 (1) Existing Courts to be used for the Trial of War Criminals.. 469 (2) Special Tribunals appointed for the Trial of War Criminals 471 (vi) National Tribunals constituted by the ex-enemy Governments for the Trial of War Criminals ...... 474

CHAPTER XV. COMMITTEE I.-THE EXAMINATION OF CASES AND THE LISTING OF WAR CRIMINALS A. THE CREATION OF THE COMMITTEE ...... 476 (i) Commission's task under the Moscow Declaration.. .. 476 (ii) Definition of acts constituting war crimes ...... 477 (iii) Filing of Charges by Governments ...... 478 (iv) Appointment of Sub-Committee on Facts and Evidence.. 479 B. FUNCTIONS AND PROCEDURE OF COMMITTEE I ...... 482 C. SOME. SIGNIFICANT WAR CRIMES CASES AND PROBLEMS CONSIDERED BY COMMITTEE I ...... 485 (i) The French Black Market Case ...... 486 (ii) Acts committed in course of duties as enemy agents.. 487 (iii) Denationalisation as a war crime ...... 488 (iv) Military necessity ...... 488 (v) Confiscation of property by Nazi-appointed administrators.. 489 (vi) Discrimination in issuing rations ...... 489 (vii) Concentration Camp cases ...... 490 (viii) The scuttling of enemy U-boats after an Armistice.. 490 (ix) Improper wearing of uniform as a means of deception 490 (x) Use of civilians in the construction of fortifications.. 491 (xi) The taking of hostages ...... 492 (xii) Deliberate bombardment of undefended places .. 492 (xiii) Giving information as a war crime ...... 493 (xiv) War crimes arising from illegal acts of German Courts and Tribunals ...... 493 (xv) Destruction of Polish Forests as a war crime...... 496 (xvi) Other legal problems ...... 496

APPENDIX I PERSONNEL OF THE UNITED NATIONS WAR CRIMES COMMISSION 499

APPENDIX II WAR CRIMES CONFERENCE HELD BY THE UNITED NATIONS WAR CRIMES COMMISSION IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE NATIONAL WAR CRIMES OFFICES, 31st May, 1st and 2nd June, 1945...... 506

APPENDIX III STATISTICAL REPORT OF CASES LISTED BY COMMITTEE I 508

APPENDIX IV STATISTICS OF WAR CRIMES TRIALS ...... 515

APPENDIX V SOME NOTEWORTHY WAR CRIMINALS ...... 519

APPENDIX VI WAR CRIMES UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW (Reprint of an article by Lord Wright) 547

APPENDIX VII BIBLIOGRAPHY OF LEGAL LITERATURE ON WAR CRIMES AND BELLIGERENT OCCUPATION IN THE SECOND WORLD WAR ...... 557

INDEX ...... 574