The Importance of Submerged Macrophytes As Indicators for the Nutrient Concentration in a Small Stream (Rotbach, Bavaria)

Limnologica 30 (2000) 351-358 LIMNOLOGICA http://www.urbanfischer.de/journals/limno © by Urban & Fischer Verlag

Limnologische Station der Technischen Universitfit Mtinchen, Iffeldorf, Germany

The Importance of Submerged Macrophytes as Indicators for the Nutrient Concentration in a Small Stream (Rotbach, Bavaria)

ANGELA SCHORER, SUSANNE SCHNEIDER • ARNULF MELZER

With 5 Figures and 2 Tables

Key words: Submerged macrophytes, running water, nutrient, sediment, bioindicator

Abstract

The relationship between the macrophyte vegetation and the nutrient by anorganic nutrients. Nowadays, due to the effect of effi- concentration of the water and the sediment of a stream was studied. cient waste water plants, streams and rivers are, to a large ex- The small stream is fed by calcareous groundwater. The alteration in tent, no longer subject to high loads of organic waste. Conse- the macrophyte vegetation of the stream Rotbach from oligotrophic quently, the concentration of inorganic nutrients like nitrate, community towards more eutrophic species is associated with an in- ammonia, and phosphate gain more and more importance. In creasing concentration of nutrients in the sediment. Particularly the concentration of SRP-P in the interstitial water changes significant- particular, this concerns the rural areas where sewage treat- ly. ment plants often do not comprise phosphorus elimination In terms of the macrophyte vegetation the stream can be divided and deuitrification stae,O es. into 4 floristic zones, A-D. The zones are labelled in a sequence ac- Besides those punctual sources, the biggest part of the nu- cording to their sediment's nutrient content. The chemical analyses trient load in running waters originates from diffuse sources of the water and the sediment show the highest concentrations in like agricultural areas (LAWA 1996). Therefore in recent zone D. It is characterized by the presence of Zannichellia palustris. years, increased efforts have been made to assess the nutrient The zones A-C have almost the same very low nutrient concentra- content of running waters. The map of the trophic situation tion in the water but show a different content of nutrients in the sedi- of Bavarian water bodies dating from 1995 subdivides the ment, particularly of the SRP-P in the interstitial water. Zone A lotic systems in plankton-, periphyton- and macrophyte- which is dominated by Chara hispida shows the lowest SRP-P in the interstitial water. Within zone B which is characterized by Mentha dominated running waters (Bayerisches Staatsministerium aquatica and Nasturtium officinale and even more in zone C where ftir Landesentwicklung und Umweltfragen 1996). Within Chara hispida is less abundant and Elodea canadensis occurs, the these three categories different parameters are used for the SRP-P content is elevated. assessment of the trophic situation (MAUCH 1995, 1998). The The nutrient concentration in the sediment is clearly associated Bavarian project "Mapping of the trophic status in running with changes in the macrophyte vegetation of the stream Rotbach. waters" resulted in a new scheme to classify the trophic situation of periphyton- and macrophyte-dominated running waters (SCHMEDTJEet al. 1998). 1. Introduction The present publication shall contribute to answer the following questions: Due to nutrient enrichment the ecosystem "running wa- • Can a change of vegetation in a running water indicate ters" has frequently become an endangered environment. A differences in nutrient concentration? new valuation system needs to be designed to enable the as- • To which extent can the nutrient concentration of a run- sessment of the extent of eutrophication as a basis for ning water be determined from the presence of certain restoration and protection of running waters. macrophyte communities? Today, the classical method for the categorisation of run- The stream Rotbach which shows a great variety of ning waters according to KOLKWITZ& MARSSON (1908) is no macrophyte communities on a length of only 2 km was cho- longer sufficient. This method is only capable to assess the sen for the investigations. The vegetation communities are water pollution by organic biodegradable materials, but not quite sharply separated without large transition zones.

0075-9511/00/30/04-351 $ 15.00/0 351 I~ frontierof bavaria / .// ~'~ "~ river ,i, ~ A study area

Fig. 1. Location of the study area Rot- bach in Bavaria.

2. Study area ~ Li i=1 =1 RAL(z~ (%) - -- x 100 AMI z = Lz The stream Rotbach is situated in the so-called "Wolfrats- L~ hauser Becken", a glacial basin just in front of the Bavarian Where: L~ = areal length in metres where each species occurs; Ltz) = alps. Its source lies south of Munich in the water-meadows length in metres of a zone; M~ = quantity 1-5 of a species in a section of the River Isar (Fig. 1). The total length of the stream up to according to the five degree scale. the River Isar is about 3 kin. Its width is rarely more than 2 m, and the average depth is 0.6 m. The stream Rotbach is a 3.2. Water - chemical analyses typical stream feed by groundwater. The average flow rate is 70 l/s, and the average water temperature is 9 °C, both with Water samples were taken every 3 weeks from May to November very small annual variations (WWA Weilheim, person, com- 1997 at 13 sampling sites. The parameters given in Table I were determined on each sampling day. All samples except those for the de- mun.). termination of total phosphorus were filtered (45 ~m). The beginning of the stream Rotbach is surrounded with primordial woodlands. After about 1 km the Rotbach flows through a small village named Aumi~hle (about 50 inhabi- 3.3. Analyses of the sediment tants) and, thereafter, through a commercial fish farming At the sampling sites sediment cores were taken within dense patch- plant. There is no direct drainage of waste water into the Rot- es of macrophytes in June and September 1997. Two parallel sedi- bach. The study area ends 500 m downstream from the fish ment samples were taken on every location and every day. The upper farming plant. 150 mm of the sediment were sampled with a transparent tube (poly- acryl, 60 mm diameter). In order to analyze the interstitial water, 100 g of the stirred sediment were mixed with 150 ml aquabid~t, 3. Materials and Methods shaked and filtered. The parameters SRR ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate were determined (for method and equipment see Table 1). 3.1. Vegetation survey Table. 1. Parameter and method of chemical water analyses. The stream was divided into 14 mapping sections of different length. The divisions were based on uniformity of morphological Parameter Method characteristics, substrate conditions, flowing velocity and homo- geneity of vegetation (for details see MELZER 1993; KOHLER & Total phosphorus Nanocolor 300D, MACHEREY~% NAGEL JANAUER 1995). In July 1997, in each section the quantity of submerged species was estimated based on a five degree scale: 1 = very SRP MURPHY & RILEY (1962) rare; 2 = rar; 3 = common; 4 = frequent; 5 = abundant, predominant. Ammonia DIN 38 406 E5-1 (DEV 1996) The identification quantities '"'Relative Areal Length" (RAL) Nitrite DIN 83 405-D10 (DEV 1996) and "Average Mass Index" (AMI) according to KOHLER et ah Nitrate Ion Chromatograph Dionex (1997b) were calculated in the elaboration of the survey results. (Column: AS4A, IonPac; Measuring cell: RAL~z) (in percent) indicates the areal length where each species oc- Aniondiaphragm suppressor, AMMS-2 P/N curs in relation to the length of the zone. AMI(z) shows a scaling from 38019; Eluent: 1.8 mM Na2CO3, 1.7 mM 1 to 5 according to the above mentioned five degree scale. It indi- NaHCO3) cates the quantity distribution of the species within a zone.

352 Limnologica 30 (2000) 4 Table 2. Parameter and method of analyses with dry sediment. trichophylIus. Elodea canadensis was found in a branch with reduced flowing velocity within the fish farming region. Parameter Method In order to enable the comparison of the different regions of Total nitrogen CN-Analyser NA 1500 the stream Rotbach, floristic zones, so-called species groups, Total phosphorus 100 mg of the ground sediment were mixed were defined. They are based on the predominant macro- with 1 ml of nitric acid (65%). The samples phytes. Four species groups could be differentiated: were kept in a pressure-tight container for 8 • Species group I: Chara hispida, Potamogeton coloratus, hours at 160°C. Juncus subnodulosus, Groenlandia densa After that, the samples were filtered (0.45 pro) • Species group II: Mentha aquatica, Nasturtium officinale and filled up with aquabid~stto 100 ml. The fol- • Species group III: RanuncuIus trichophyllus, Elodea lowing analysis of SPR was performed accord- canadensis ing to MURPHY& RILEY (1962). • Species group IV: Zannichellia palustris, Berula erecta.

By means of these species groups the following zones A to D in the stream Rotbach were defined (Fig. 2): The analyses given in Table 2 were performed with dried sedi- • Zone A: Characterized by the species group I. It is subse- ment. First it was sieved to 2 mm grain size and ground afterwards. quent to the source region of the Rotbach and extends to the beginning of the village Aumtihle. 3.4. Statistics • Zone B: Characterized by the species group II. It is locat- Boxplots were used to display the results. They were calculated with ed at the source region of the Rotbach. the statistic program package SPSS 7.0. The box denotes the median • Zone C: Characterized by the species group III. It com- and the interquartile range of the variables. The "whiskers" indicate prises the course of the stream Rotbach within the village maximum and minimum values. Separately shown circles denote Aumfihle up to the entrance of the fish farming plant. "stray shots" (1.5-3 boxlengths apart from the median) and asterisks Elodea canadensis and Ranunculus trichophyllus are ap- mark extrema (> 3 boxlengths apart from the median). propriate, both of which are strongly represented in A non-parametric test method was preferred because a normal zones C and D. However, zone C is characterized by the distribution of the data could not be assumed. The Kruskal-Wallis- absence of Zannichellia palustris. test was used to identify distinctions among non-related samples. In case of significant distinction the Mann-Whitney-U-test was used to • Zone D: Characterized by the species group IV. It links up compare all groups two by two.The tests were performed on a signi- with zone C and extends to the end of the study area. Zone ficance level of c~ = 0.05. D can clearly be separated from zone C by the presence of Zannichellia palustris and Berula erecta (species group IV). 4. Results In order to verify the differences of the macrophytic vege- 4.1. Macrophyte mapping tation within the zones the "Relative Areal Length" and "Av- erage Mass Index" (KOHLER et al. 1997b) were calculated for A total of 26 taxa of submerged macrophytes were found in the dominating species within each zone (Fig. 3). the stream Rotbach. Five of them where Bryophytes (Fig. 2; the Bryophytes are given summarized). In section 1 near the 4.2. Water chemistry and sediment analyses source Mentha aquatica, Nasturtium officinale and various Bryophytes dominate the aquatic vegetation. In sections 2-8 The results of the chemical analyses of the water body allow Chara hispida, Juncus subnodulosus and GroenIandia densa a clear differentiation between the zones A-C (region up- prevail. Mentha aquatica is still found but is less frequent. stream of the fish farming plant) and zone D (region includ- Its quantity in sections 4-8 is "very rare" to "rare". In sec- ing the fish farming plant and the downstream area) (Fig. 4). tions 9 and 10 the stream Rotbach flows into the village The concentrations of ammonia, SRP-P and total phosphorus Aumtihle. In these mapping sections the submerged vegeta- (TP) in zone D are significantly elevated compared to the tion shows a clear cut. The prevailing species of the up- preceding zones. Moreover, the results of the sediment anal- stream sections vanish completely and, instead, Elodea ysis, particularly the SRP-P concentration in the interstitial canadensis and Ranunculus trichophyllus appear "frequent- water, clearly show differences among zones A-C (Fig. 5). ly". Two species already found near the source of stream - In the interstitial water of zone B the high NO3-N-content Nasturtium officinale and Mentha aquatica - are "common" (1039 ~g/1) and the high SRP-P-content (39 pg/1) are obvi- in section 9. In section 12 the Rotbach flows through the ous (Fig. 5). They are significantly higher than downstream commercial fish farming plant. In this mapping section Zan- in zone A. Total phosphorus and ammonia are barely mea- nichellia palustris is occurring for the first time. It dominates surable in the interstitial water. The nutrient concentrations the vegetation together with Berula erecta and Ranunculus of the water body are generally at a very low level (Fig. 4).

Limnologica 30 (2000) 4 353 m :5 _--: .2 :Z 14 :Z :X -_-: 2-

m Zone D

fish -- farming plant

~/ ...... 6.... Zone ......

Z°ne!I / ...... 22 _% " " "-..... 22 22

legend 11

...... ,1 1 very rare L:;::-:::::::::::: 12 rare o .] ~ ~, ~ ~ o ~.~ ~.~ 3 common ~ _~ ~ .~o~-~ ~ ~ o 4 frequent ~ & O 5 abundant i -~ g ~J ~J

Fig. 2. Quantity of species in the mapping sections 1-14 categorized by a five degree scale.

354 Limnologica 30 (2000) 4 According to the increased flow rate dif- 100 8 Chara hispida fuse groundwater infiltration can be as- 80 4 ._.E 60 ~a sumed in zone A. It shows extremely low "¢ 4o 2 nutrient concentrations within the water - 20 1 body as well as in the sediment. The levels 0 ..... i, !~: of SRP-P in the water body (median A C D B A C D < 5 ~g/l) and in the interstitial water (medi- 100 5 Potamogeton coloratus an < 10 ~tg/1) are the lowest of the stream. ~ 80 4 They differ significantly from the other .-= 60 ~" 40 2 zones. " 20 In general, zone C shows elevated nutri- 0 0 ent concentration compared to zones A and B A C D B A C D B. Looking at the water body, the differ- lOO ences are small, although some stray shots in the TP-, the SRP-P- and the NH4-N-con- ~ 60 245031I lii;~ Mentha aquatica centrations indicate short term afflux of nu- 40. trients (Fig. 4). Significant differences be- o #i ll,ii tween zones A and C could be measured in B A C D the SRP-P concentration of the interstitial B A C D water (31 #g/l) and the TP content 100 5 ~rtium officinale (50 mg/100 g of dry sediment). The ammo- 4 nia concentration however stays at the same ._= 60 3 level as in zone A. Zone B and zone C show "ff 40 2 similar concentrations of SRP-P in the in- 20 1 terstitial water, but NH4-N and TP are sig- 0 0 nificantly higher in zone C than in zone B. B A C D B A C D Zone D differs from all the other zones 100 5 Ranunculus trichoph. in far higher SRP-P-, TP-, and NH4-N-con- 80 centrations in the water body (Fig. 4). NH 4- ~ 60 3 N (65 pg/l) shows a 6-fold and SRP-P g 40 2 .3 i!! (15 b~g/1) a 3-fold increase compared to the 2o 1 other zones. In the sediment very high SRP- 0 0 P-concentrations (up to 347 btg/1) and TP B A C D B A C D content (200 mg/100 g DS) are measured oo Elodea canadensis (Fig. 5). 80 ._~ 60 ~ ~. 5. Discussion -3 20 ~i

B A C D B A C D Macrophytes have previously been used for 5 the evaluation of running waters (CARBIENER loo, :ii'll ' Zannichellia palustris et al. 1990; EGLIN et al. 1997; JANAUER 1981; JUNGE et al. 1990; KOHLER et al. 40 E!I~tq = 2 1997a; KOHLER et al. 1994; KOHL~R & 20 ~i!: o KUTSCHgR 1976; MgLZER & ZIMMERMANN 1992; MONSCHAU-DUDENHAUSER 1982; B A C D B A C D SHTZ 1993; VAn DER BRINK et al. 1992). Up 5 100 Borulaoroeta to now, however, it was not possible to es- 80 [i,vi:~i 4 tablish a generally applicable macrophyte •=- 60 ~2 index to assess the trophic situation of run- .~ 40 .a 20 ning waters. First attempts to develop a 0 scheme to classify the trophic situation in B A C D B A C D periphyton- and macrophyte-dominated running waters have been made by SCHMEDTJE Fig. 3, "Relative Areallength" [Lr{z)] und "Average Mass Index" (AMI; see MMT)of et al. (1998) and SCHNEIDER et al. (2000). As the stream Rotbach in the zones A to D.

Limnologica 31) (2000) 4 355 lOO -)~ 50 80 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 40 "~b 30 60 "-'i Z D_ 2O 40- I-- "l- Z 20 10

0 0 N= N= 12 20 21 13 zone B zoneA zoneC zoneD zoneB zoneA zoneC zoneD

5 50

40 ...... 4 ......

cl. 30 ...... "Q~" ...... A 3 ...... z~~_ EL ~ .... B- --@ ...... oi O n~ Z cO ~°l ...... i ...... [~ v~ ~,~,,~ .... 10~...... ~-' .... ~ ..... Fig. 4. Nutrient concentration in the water body 0 N = 14 27 24 18 olN = 14 ~@28 : of the stream Rotbach in zoneB zoneA zoneC zoneD zoneB zoneAzoneC zoneD the zones A to D.

300 % "E ._E ,,.I "0 250-

ID} 200- 0 0 150-

I'- 100- e" E) m v E 50-- "o Z i1) 0~= -I- -N= 4 12 12 8 Q. 4 12 12 8 z zoneB zoneAzoneC zoneD I-- zoneB zoneA zoneC zoneD

(upper limit of interquartile 1500 gg/1)

3000 t 500

•~- 400- i 2500[...... 300" ~,0o I .... ~ ...... ~ ...... 200- 10001-......

...... loo] Fig. 5. Nutrient concentration in the sediment of o : T © Q. N = 4 12 12 8 the stream Rotbach in the n" Z zoneB zoneA zoneC zoned 03 z0neB zoneA zoneC zoneD zones A to D.

356 Limnologica 30 (2000) 4 shown in the present publication, macrophytes can be used to teristics. In fact, the change in vegetation from oligotrophic obtain a classification of a running water. It goes along with species in zone A towards a more eutrophic community in differences in the nutrient concentrations of the water and the zone C is clearly reflected in the elevated SRP-P concentra- sediment. The zoning, however, is valid only for the particular tion in the interstitial water. case of the running water investigated and cannot easily be Elodea canadensis is considered to be an indicator for transferred to other water bodies, because every stream has its ammonia (JUN6E et a1.1990) because its nitrogen demand is individual composition of flora and fauna. Therefore, the spe- primarily supplied by ammonia rather than by nitrate (MEL- cific species groups have to be determined for every particu- ZER & KAISER 1986). Although the highest concentrations of larly running water (KOnLER & JANAUER 1995). ammonia in the interstitial water were found in Elodea Chara hispida and Potamogeton coloratus are widely ac- canadensis patches, no general increase of the ammonia- cepted as indicators for calcareous waters with very little nu- concentration in the sediment of zone C could be observed. trients (BORNETTE et al. 1996; KOHLER et al. 1997a; CARBI- The reappearance of Mentha aquatica and Nasturtium of- ENER et al. 1990). This is also true for zone A of the stream ficinale in zone C shows some resemblance to zone B which Rotbach. Zone A shows the lowest nutrient content within is reflected also in the similar concentrations of SRP-P in the the stream Rotbach. Only within this zone Chara hispida and interstitial water of the sediment. Potamogeton coloratus were able to establish themselves. Zone D can be clearly separated from zone C by the oc- Mentha aquatica, which belongs to species group II that currence of Zannichellia palustris and Berula erecta. Zone D characterizes zone B, is as well strongly represented in the represents the most eutrophic section of the stream Rotbach. zones A and C. However, in zone B it occurs in a larger quan- It starts at the section of the stream where it flows into the tity. Mentha aquatica and Nasturtium officinale have to be fish farming plant and extends up to the end of the study regarded as nutrient tolerant (BORNETTE et al. 1996; KOHLER area. For all nutrient concentrations analysed the highest me- et al. 1997b; SCnMEDTJE et al. 1998). In comparison to dians were found in zone D with the exception of nitrate in zone A, zone B shows a higher concentration of NO3-N and the water body. Likewise, the comparison of the sediment SRP-P in the interstitial water. The source region, zone B, is data reveals significantly higher concentrations of the P- situated in the woodlands and therefore it is much more fractions than in the other zones. Zannichellia palustris is shadow influenced than the other zones of the stream Rot- widely accepted as an indicator for slightly to strongly pol- bach. This might be a reason for the generally low presence luted waters (KOnLER et al. 1994; MELZER & ZIMMER- of macrophytes in zone B and for the absence of Chara hisp- MANN1992). For the stream Rotbach this is true for the nutri- ida and Potamogeton coloratus. However, both species have ent concentrations in the water body as well as in the sedi- already been observed under similarly poor light conditions ment. The flowing velocity of the stream Rotbach is at a no- (unpublished data). Chara hispida and Potamogeton col- ticeable higher level in zone D compared to the other zones. oratus are known to be clearly oligotrophic species (BOR- However, as Zannichellia palustris is found in slowly flow- NETTE et al. 1996; KOHL~R et al. 1997a; CARBmNER et al. ing waters as well as in rapidly flowing waters (KoHLER et al. 1990). Therefore the elevated concentration of SRP-P in the 1997a; Scn~rz 1992), flowing velocity cannot be the crucial interstitial water could also be a reason for their absence in point for the occurrence of Zannichellia palustris in zone D zone B. or its absence in zone C. The changes in the submerged veg- Zone C can be characterized by the presence of Elodea etation from zone C to zone D of the stream Rotbach clearly canadensis and RanuncuIus trichophyllus. The occurrence go along with changes in the nutrient concentrations in the of Elodea canadensis indicates a higher concentration of nu- water body as well as in the sediment. trients either in the water body or in the sediment (KOHLER et The floristically determined zones of the Rotbach differ al. 1997a; MELZER & ZIMMERMANN 1992). Ranunculus tri- particularly in the SRP-P concentration of the interstitial chophyllus is regarded as nutrient tolerant (KO~LER et al. water. Submerged macrophytes are capable of taking up nu- 1997a). Zone C of the stream Rotbach is situated near the trients through both roots and shoots [ TWmLEY et al. (1977) village where a slight eutrophication can be expected. In this in S~rEINBER~ & MELZER (1992)]. Therefore, if a stream case, however, the disappearance of oligotrophic species like shows invariable morphological characteristics and chemical Chara hispida and Potamogeton coloratus and the occur- composition of the water body, a change in the macrophyte rence of the more eutrophic Elodea canadensis cannot be ex- community can possibly be attributed to variations in the nu- plained by the nutrient concentrations of the waterbody. The trient concentrations of the sediment. This is also an explana- nutrient concentrations in zone C show no significant differ- tion for the occurrence of eutrophic taxa in a oligotrophic ences to the preceding zone A. In contrast, the sediment of water body, as shown in zone C of the Rotbach. zone C shows a higher SRP-P concentration than zone A. Zone A and C are exposed to moderate shadow and low Acknowledgement: We would like to thank Eva SANDMANfor flowing velocity. The change in the species composition of critical reading and helpful comments on the manuscript. The pro- submerged macrophytes in the stream Rotbach therefore ject was funded by the Bavarian State Office for Water Manage- cannot be attributed to a change in the morphological charac- ment, Munich.

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