Briefing Book 2012Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Briefing Book Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2012 Edition © April 2012

Researched and written by a variety of MIT faculty and staff, in particular the members of the Office of the Provost/Institutional Research, Office of the President, Office of Sponsored Research, Student Financial Services, and the MIT Washington Office.

Executive Editors Claude R. Canizares, Vice President for Research [email protected] William B. Bonvillian, Director, MIT Washington Office [email protected]

Editors Audrey Resutek [email protected] Lydia Snover, to whom all questions should be directed [email protected] 2 Acknowledgements and Contributors Many thanks to the following individuals who provided information, contributed data, or wrote sections of this book.

Suzanne Berger Magdalene Lee Margaret Bruzelius Robin Lemp Stephen E. Carson David L. Lewis Michelle Christy John H. Lienhard Melody Craven Rebecca Marshall-Howarth Daniel Delgado Anne Marie Michel Stephen D. Dowdy Daniel G. Nocera Michael J. Faber O’Neil Outar Gregory Farley Charlene M. Placido Kevin Fiala Brendon Puffer Caroline Fickett Penny J. Rosser Greg Frost Dorothy Ryan Patrick E. Gillooly Jennifer Schmitt Rachel Glennerster Timothy Manning Swager Danielle Guichard-Ashbrook Amy Tarr Gregory Harris Bernhardt L. Trout Ronald E. Hasseltine Jack Turner Elizabeth M. Hicks Rebecca Tyler Emily Hiestand Ingrid Vargas April Julich Perez Heather G. Williams Brian Keegan Shirley Wong Stanley King The MIT News Office Danielle Khoury

Cover Art: “Building 10,” by Brian Keegan

3 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02139-4307

Telephone Number (617) 253-1000 Cable Address MIT CAM Fax Number 617-253-8000 URL http://web.mit.edu/

MIT Washington Office The MIT Washington Office was established in 1991 as part of the President’s Office. The mission of the MIT Washington Office is to represent the Institute in Washington as one of the nation’s premier academic institutions. The role of the Washington Office has also evolved over time to include a role in educating MIT’s students in the science and technology policy-making process.

Staff Director William B. Bonvillian [email protected]

Assistant Director Abby Benson [email protected]

Senior Legislative Assistant Amanda Arnold

Address MIT Washington Office 820 First Street, NE, Suite 610 Washington, DC 20002

Telephone Number (202) 789-1828

Fax (202) 789-1830

Website http://web.mit.edu/dc

4 MIT Senior Leadership

Chairman, MIT Corporation Associate Provost for Faculty Equity John Reed Wesley L. Harris

President Associate Provost for Faculty Equity Susan Hockfield Barbara H. Liskov

Provost Director, Libraries L. Rafael Reif Ann Wolpert

Chancellor Dean for Graduate Education W. Eric L. Grimson Christine Ortiz

Executive Vice President and Treasurer Dean for Undergraduate Education Israel Ruiz Daniel Hastings

Vice President for Research and Associate Provost Dean for Student Life Claude R. Canizares Chris Colombo

Dean, School of Architecture and Planning Vice President for Institute Affairs and Corporation Adèle Naudé Santos Secretary Kirk Kolenbrander Dean, School of Engineering Ian A. Waitz Vice President for Resource Development Jeffrey Newton Dean, School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences Deborah K. Fitzgerald Vice President & General Counsel R. Gregory Morgan Dean, School of Science Marc A. Kastner Vice President for Finance Michael R. Howard Dean, Sloan School of Management David C. Schmittlein Vice President for Human Resources Alison Alden Associate Provost Martin Schmidt Director, Lincoln Laboratory Eric D. Evans Associate Provost Philip S. Khoury Director, SMART Centre Rohan Abeyaratne

5 6 Contents

Section 1: MIT Facts and History 9 Advanced Technology 63 People 11 Tactical Systems 64 Students 11 Homeland Protection 65 Faculty, Staff, and Trustees 12 Lincoln Laboratory Staff 66 Degrees 12 Test Facilities and Field Sites 67 Alumni 13 Section 4: MIT and Industry 69 Postdoctoral Appointments 14 Innovation Ecosystem 70 Graduate Students 15 Benefits to the National Economy 71 Awards and Honors of Current Faculty 16 Selected Current Campus Projects 72 and Staff Research Funded by Industry 73 Fields of Study 18 Service to Industry 74 Major Research Laboratories, Centers, 19 Strategic Partnerships 76 and Programs Section 5: Global Engagement 79 Academic and Research Affiliations 21 International Collaboration 80 Education Highlights 24 International Scholars 85 Research Highlights 27 International Students 86 Section 2: Campus Research 33 International Entrepreneurs 90 Federal Research Support 36 International Alumni 91 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act 38 Faculty Country of Origin 92 Department of Defense 40 International Study Opportunities 93 Department of Health and Human Services 42 MISTI 94 Department of Energy 44 International Research 96 National Science Foundation 46 Section 6: Undergraduate Financial Aid 99 NASA 48 Principles of MIT Undergraduate Aid 100 Other Federal Agencies 50 Who Pays for an MIT Undergraduate 101 Non-Profit Institutions 52 Education Section 3: Lincoln Laboratory 55 Forms of Undergraduate Financial Aid 102 Economic Impact 58 Sources of Undergraduate Finacial Aid 104 Research Expenditures 58 Section 7: Service to Local, National, 107 Air and Missile Defense Technology 59 and World Communities Communication Systems and Cyber Security 60 Key Programs 109 Intelligence, Surveillance, and 61 Selected Recent Projects 111 Reconnaissance Systems and Technology Space Control 62

7 8 1 MIT Facts and History

Contents

People 11 Students 11 Faculty, Staff, and Trustees 12 Degrees 13 Alumni 13 Postdoctoral Appointments 14 Graduate Students 15 Awards and Honors of Current Faculty 16 and Staff Fields of Study 18 Major Research Laboratories, Centers, 19 and Programs Academic and Research Affiliations 21 Education Highlights 24 Research Highlights 27

9 MIT Facts and History The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is one University research is one of the mainsprings of of the world’s preeminent research universities, growth in an economy that is increasingly defined dedicated to advancing knowledge and educating by technology. A study released in February of 2009 students in science, technology, and other areas of by the Kauffman Foundation revealed that MIT scholarship that will best serve the nation and the graduates had founded 25,800 active companies. world. It is known for rigorous academic programs, These firms employed about 3.3 million people, and cutting-edge research, a diverse campus community, generated annual world sales of $2 trillion, or the and its longstanding commitment to working with equivalent of the eleventh-largest economy in the the public and private sectors to bring new knowl- world. edge to bear on the world’s great challenges. MIT has forged educational and research collabora- William Barton Rogers, the Institute’s founding pres- tions with universities, governments, and compa- ident, believed that education should be both broad nies throughout the nation and world, and draws and useful, enabling students to participate in “the its faculty and students from every corner of the humane culture of the community,” and to discover globe. The result is a vigorous mix of people, ideas, and apply knowledge for the benefit of society. His and programs dedicated to enhancing the world’s emphasis on “learning by doing,” on combining well-being. liberal and professional education, and on the value of useful knowledge continues to be at the heart of MIT’s educational mission.

MIT’s commitment to innovation has led to a host of scientific breakthroughs and technological advances. Achievements of the Institute’s faculty and graduates have included the first chemical synthesis of penicillin and vitamin A, the development of inertial guidance systems, modern technologies for artificial limbs, and the magnetic core memory that enabled the development of digital computers. Exciting areas of research and education today include neuroscience and the study of the brain and mind, bioengi- neering, energy, the environment and sustainable development, information sciences and technology, new media, financial technology, and entrepreneurship.

10 MIT Facts and History

People Students Total MIT-affiliated people in 50,000+ The Institute’s student body of 10,894 is highly di- Massachusetts verse. Students come from all 50 states, the District Employees 14,127 of Columbia, three territories and dependencies, Cambridge Campus 10,775 and 115 foreign countries. U.S. minority groups Lincoln Laboratory 3,352 constitute 50 percent of undergraduates and 20 Students 10,894 percent of graduate students. The Institute’s 2,909 Alumni in Masssachusetts Approximately 20,000 international students make up 10 percent of the undergraduate population and 38 percent of the Economic Information graduate population. For more information about international students at MIT, see pages 86-88. Total MIT Expenditures in FY 2011 $2.6 billion Student Profile 2011-2012 Federal Research Expenditures Undergraduate 4,384 Cambridge campus (MIT FY 2011) $661 million Graduate 6,510 Lincoln Laboratory* (MIT FY 2011) $806 million Total 10,894 SMART* (MIT FY 2011) $23 million Total (MIT FY 2011) $1.49 billion Undergraduate 45 percent female 55 percent male *Totals do not include research performed by Cam- Graduate pus Laboratories for Lincoln Lab and Singapore-MIT 32 percent female 68 percent male Alliance for Research and Technology (“SMART”) In Fall 2011, 44 percent of MIT’s first-year students Payroll, including Lincoln Laboratory, $1.01 billion (who submitted their class standing) were first in and SMART (FY 2011) their high school class; 90 percent ranked in the top 5 percent. Technology Licensing Office The Technology Licensing Office (TLO) manages the Members of U.S. minority groups: 3,495 patenting and licensing process for MIT, Lincoln Laboratory, and the Whitehead Institute. The TLO Undergraduate* Graduate* aims to benefit the public by moving results of MIT African American 302 124 research into societal use via technology licensing. Asian American 1,055 760 Hispanic American 649 303 Statistics for FY 2011 Native American 25 15 Total number of inventions disclosures 632 Native Hawaiian or Number of U.S. new utility patent applications 187 other Pacific Islander 1 0 filed Two or more races 146 115 Number of U.S. patents issued 153 Total 2,178 (50%) 1,317 (20%) Number of licenses and options granted 79 (not including trademarks and end-use software) *These figures may not precisely reflect the popu- Number of options granted 34 lation because they are self-reported, and not all (not including options as part of research students choose to identify an ethnicity or race. 117 agreements) undergraduates and 535 graduate students chose Number of software end-use licenses granted 21 not to identify an ethnicity or race. Number of companies started 26 (venture capitalized and/or with a minimum of $500K of other funding)

11 Faculty, Staff, and Trustees Faculty/Staff 2010-2011 64 percent of the faculty are in Science and Engi- Faculty 1,018 neering fields. Other academic and instructional staff 883 Research staff and research scientists 3,008 School Faculty (includes postdoctoral positions) Architecture and Planning 76 Administrative staff 2,328 Engineering 372 Support staff 1,478 Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences 164 Service staff 795 Science 273 Medical clinical staff 98 Sloan School of Management 112 Affiliated faculty, scientists, and scholars 1,167 Whitaker College and all others 21 Total campus faculty and staff 10,775 Gender Faculty Percent In addition, approximately 500 graduate students Male 801 79 serve as teaching assistants or instructors, and 2,450 graduate students serve as research assistants. Female 217 21

MIT Lincoln Laboratory employs about 3,000 Minority Group Representation people, primarily at Hanscom Air Force Base in 18 percent of faculty are members of a minority Lexington, Massachusetts. group; 6.2 percent are members of an underrepre- sented minority.* Faculty Profile 63 percent hold the rank of Full Professor American Indian or Alaskan Native 21 percent hold the rank of Associate Professor 1 female 2 males 16 percent hold the rank of Assistant Professor Black or African American 9 females 25 males 77 percent of faculty are tenured Hispanic 4 females 30 males Professors 647 Asian Associate professors 210 31 females 99 males Assistant professors 161 Total 1,018 *Some faculty members identify as part of multiple Faculty with dual appointments 40 groups.

12 MIT Facts and History

Degrees Alumni In 2010-2011, MIT awarded 3,317 degrees: MIT’s 123,821 alumni are connected to the Insti- tute through graduating-class events, departmental Doctoral degrees 609 organizations, and over 47 clubs in the United States Master’s degrees 1,530 and 42 abroad. More than 10,239 volunteers offer Professional Engineer degrees 17 their time, financial support, and service on com- Bachelor of Science degrees 1,161 mittees and on the MIT Corporation, the Institute’s Board of Trustees. MIT graduates hold leadership Nearly half of 2010-2011 graduates from MIT Ph.D. positions in industries and organizations around the programs planned to stay in Massachusetts after world. An estimated 20,000 alumni reside in Massa- completing their studies, according to the annual chusetts, and about 87 percent of MIT’s alumni live Doctoral Student Exit Survey. Conducted by the Of- in the United States. fice of the Provost/Institutional Research, the survey found that 43.3 percent of respondents intended to remain in the Bay State. This compares to roughly 9.8 percent of those earning degrees who indicated they attended high school in Massachusetts — a rough gauge of who among degree recipients were native to the state.

13 Postdoctoral Appointments Ethnicity of Postdoctoral In 2011, MIT hosted more than 1,000 postdoctoral AssociatesDiversity and Fellows associates and fellows. These individuals work with faculty in academic departments, laboratories, and centers. Unknown As of October 31, 2011 18% American Indian or Alaskan Native 1

Black or African American 5 White Hispanic or Latino 23 14% International Total URM 29 63% Asian 43 Asian 3% White 195 URM International 870 2% Unknown 238 Total 1,375 Female 374 Gender of Postdoctoral Male 998 Associates and Fellows Country of Citizenship Count Percent of Total China 179 20 Rep. of Korea 78 9 Female India 71 8 27% Germany 66 8 Canada 62 7 Israel 36 4 Male 73% Spain 35 4 France 32 4 Italy 32 4 Japan 24 3 All Others 255 29 Total 870 Country of Citizenship of International Postdoctoral Years at MIT Associates and Fellows All Postdoctoral Associates and Fellows

Male Female 600 China 500 All Others 20% 23%

400 United Kingdom Korea 2% Iran 9% 300 2% Turkey 200 2% Japan 3% India 8% Italy 100 4% Spain Germany France 4% Israel Canada 8% 0 4% 4% 7% <1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

14 MIT Facts and History

Graduate Students As of October 31, 2011 there were Graduate Students by School and Degree Level 6,510 graduate students at MIT— Masters Doctoral 2,626 masters students and 3,732 doctoral students. 3,000

2,500

Citizenship Count 2,000 U.S. Citizen 3,757 U.S. Permanent Resident 296 1,500

International 2,457 1,000 Total 6,510

500 Graduate Level Count Doctoral 3,732 0 Architecture & Engineering Hum, Arts & Science Management All Others Masters 2,626 Planning Social Science

Graduate Level School Name Doctoral Masters Grand Total* Architecture and Planning 192 409 601 Engineering 1,708 1,071 2,779 Humanities, Arts & Social Sciences 269 22 291 Science 1,115 7 1,122 Management 81 1,098 1,179 All Others 367 19 386 Grand Total 3,732 2,626 6,358 Graduate Students as a *excludes non-matriculating students Percentage of the Total Student Population Graduate Students by Gender and Degree Level

Doctoral Masters

Female 1,129 927 Undergraduate 40% Graduate 60% Male 2,603 1,851

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000

15 Awards and Honors of Current Faculty and Staff There are currently 8 faculty members at MIT who have received the Nobel Prize: Robert H. Horvitz Nobel Prize in medicine/physiology Wolfgang Ketterle Nobel Prize in physics Robert C. Merton Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences Phillip A. Sharp Nobel Prize in medicine/physiology Richard R. Schrock Nobel Prize in chemistry Susan Solomon Nobel Peace Prize, co-chair of IPCC Working Group One recognized under Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) - shared Samuel C. C. Ting Nobel Prize in physics Susumu Tonegawa Nobel Prize in medicine/physiology Frank Wilczek Nobel Prize in physics Award Name Award Agency Recipients A. M. Turing Award Association for Computing Machinery 3 Alan T. Waterman Award National Science Foundation 3 American Academy of Arts and Sciences Member American Academy of Arts and Sciences 137 American Association for the Advancement of Science American Association for the Advancement of Science 97 Fellow American Philosophical Society Member American Philosophical Society 14 American Physical Society Fellow American Physical Society 77 American Society of Mechanical Engineers Fellow American Society of Mechanical Engineers 15 Association for Computing Machinery Fellow Association for Computing Machinery 23 Dirac Medal Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics 4 Fulbright Scholar Council for International Exchange of Scholars (CIES) 6 Gairdner Award Gairdner Foundation 7 Guggenheim Fellow John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation 71 HHMI Alumni Investigator Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) 2 HHMI Early Career Scientist Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) 3 HHMI Investigator Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) 16 HHMI Professor Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) 2 IEEE Fellow Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 54 Institute of Medicine Member National Academies 34 Japan Prize Science and Technology Foundation of Japan 1 John Bates Clark Medal American Economic Association 3 John von Neumann Medal Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE) 3 MacArthur Fellow John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation 20 Millennium Technology Prize Millennium Prize Foundation 2 National Academy of Engineering Member National Academies 68 National Academy of Sciences Member National Academies 77 National Medal of Science National Science & Technology Medals Foundation 10 National Medal of Technology and Innovation National Science & Technology Medals Foundation 1 Presidential Early Career Awards for Scientists and Executive Office of the President, Office of Science and 28 Engineers (PECASE) Technology Policy Pulitzer Prize Pulitzer Board 3 Rolf Nevanlinna Prize International Mathematical Union (IMU) 2 Royal Academy of Engineering Fellow Royal Academy of Engineering 5 Von Hippel Award Materials Research Society 1

16 MIT Facts and History

Mildred Dresselhaus 2010 Enrico Fermi Award Dresselhaus received the award, one of the government’s oldest and most prestigious awards for scientific achievement, along with Stan- ford University’s Burton Richter. In its 2012 official award citation, the White House said Dresselhaus was selected for the Fermi Award “for leadership in condensed matter physics, in energy and scientific policy, in service to the scientific community, and in mentoring women in the sciences.”

http://science.energy.gov/fermi/award-laureates/2000s/dresselhaus/

Susan Lindquist 2010 National Medal of Science Lindquist received the award, the nation’s highest science honor, “For her studies of protein folding, demonstrating that alternative protein conformations and aggregations can have profound and unexpected biological influences, facilitating insights in fields as wide-ranging as human disease, evolution, and biomaterials.” http://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_ id=5300000000465

Barbara Liskov 2008 A. M. Turing Award Liskov received the award for her pioneering “contributions to practical and theoretical foundations of programming language and system design, especially related to data abstraction, fault tolerance, and distributed computing.” Liskov is the second woman ever to receive the award, which is often described as the “Nobel Prize in Computing.”

http://awards.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1108679&srt=year&year=200 8&aw=140&ao=AMTURING&yr=2008

Peter Diamond, professor emeritus 2010 Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences Diamond received the award along with two co-winners, Dale T. Mortensen of Northwestern University and Christopher A. Pissarides of the London School of Economics and Political Science. Diamond received the award for his analysis of the foundations of search markets. His model helps explain the ways in which unemployment, job vacan- cies, and wages are affected by regulation and economic policy. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2010/press. html

17 Fields of Study MIT supports a large variety of fields of study, from science and engineering to the arts. MIT’s five academic schools are organized into departments and other degree-granting programs. In addition, several programs, laboratories, and centers cross traditional boundaries and encourage creative thought and research.

School of Architecture and Planning Sloan School of Management Architecture Management Science Program in Media Arts and Sciences Finance Center for Real Estate Information Technology Urban Studies and Planning Marketing Science Operations Research School of Engineering Aeronautics and Astronautics School of Science Biological Engineering Biology Chemical Engineering Brain and Cognitive Sciences Civil and Environmental Engineering Chemistry Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences Engineering Systems Division Mathematics Materials Science and Engineering Physics Mechanical Engineering Nuclear Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Educational Programs Computational and Systems Biology School of Humanities, Arts, and Social Sciences Computation for Design and Optimization Anthropology Energy Studies, Minor Comparative Media Studies Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Economics Technology Foreign Languages and Literatures Leaders for Global Operations History Microbiology Linguistics and Philosophy Operations Research Literature Program in Polymer Science and Technology Music and Theatre Arts MIT-Woods Hole Joint Program in Oceanography Political Science and Applied Ocean Science and Engineering Science, Technology, and Society Women’s Studies Writing and Humanistic Studies

18 MIT Facts and History

Major Research Laboratories, Centers, and Programs In addition to teaching and conducting research Center for Materials Research in Archaeology and within their departments, MIT faculty, students, and Ethnology staff work in MIT’s interdisciplinary laboratories. http://http://web.mit.edu/cmrae/index.html Center for Materials Science and Engineering These include the following: http://web.mit.edu/cmse/ Center for Real Estate Center for Advanced Visual Studies http://web.mit.edu/cre/ http://cavs.mit.edu/ Center for Technology, Policy, and Industrial Center for Biomedical Engineering Development http://web.mit.edu/cbe/www/ http://engineering.mit.edu/research/labs_ Center for Biomedical Innovation centers_programs/ctpid.php http://web.mit.edu/cbi/ Center for Transportation and Logistics Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy at MIT http://engineering.mit.edu/research/labs_ and KFupm centers_programs/ctl.php http://cci.mit.edu/ Clinical Research Center Center for Collective Intelligence http://web.mit.edu/crc/www/ http://cci.mit.edu/ Community Innovators Laboratory Center for Computational Research in Economics http://web.mit.edu/colab/ and Management Science Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence http://mitsloan.mit.edu/research/ Laboratory computational.php http://csail.mit.edu/ Center for Digital Business The Dalai Lama Center for Ethics and http://ebusiness.mit.edu/ Transformative Values Center for Educational Computing Initiatives http://thecenter.mit.edu/ http://ceci.mit.edu/ Deshpande Center for Technological Innovation Center for Energy and Environmental Policy http://web.mit.edu/deshpandecenter/ Research Division of Comparative Medicine http://web.mit.edu/ceepr/www/ http://web.mit.edu/comp-med/ Center for Environmental Health Sciences Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory http://cehs.mit.edu/ http://web.mit.edu/fbml/ Center for Future Civic Media Haystack Observatory http://civic.mit.edu/ http://www.haystack.mit.edu Center for Global Change Science Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies http://web.mit.edu/cgcs/www/ http://web.mit.edu/isn/ Center for Gynepathology Research Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global http://web.mit.edu/cgr/ Change Center for Innovation in Product Design http://globalchange.mit.edu/ http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/3764 David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Center for International Studies Research http://web.mit.edu/cis http://web.mit.edu/ki/

19 Major Research Laboratories, Centers, and Programs (continued) Knight Science Journalism Fellows Program Office of Professional Education Programs http://web.mit.edu/knight-science/ http://web.mit.edu/professional/ Laboratory for Financial Engineering Operations Research Center http://lfe.mit.edu/ http://web.mit.edu/orc/www/ Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems Picower Institute for Learning and Memory http://lids.mit.edu/ http://web.mit.edu/picower/ Laboratory for Manufacturing and Productivity Plasma Science and Fusion Center http://web.mit.edu/lmp/ http://www.psfc.mit.edu/ Laboratory for Nuclear Science Productivity from Information Technology Initiative http://web.lns.mit.edu http://mitsloan.mit.edu/research/profit/ Lean Advancement Initiative Research Laboratory of Electronics http://lean.mit.edu/ http://rle.mit.edu/ Legatum Center for Development and Sea Grant College Program Entrepreneurship http://seagrant.mit.edu/ http://legatum.mit.edu/ SENSEable City Laboratory Lemelson-MIT Program http://senseable.mit.edu/ http://web.mit.edu/invent Singapore-MIT Alliance Materials Processing Center http://web.mit.edu/sma/ http://mpc-web.mit.edu/ Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and McGovern Institute for Brain Research Technology (SMART) Centre http://mit.edu/mcgovern/ http://web.mit.edu/SMART/ Media Laboratory Spectroscopy Laboratory http://www.media.mit.edu http://web.mit.edu/spectroscopy/ Microsystems Technology Laboratory System Design and Management Program http://mtlweb.mit.edu http://sdm.mit.edu/ MIT Center for Digital Business Technology and Development Program http://digital.mit.edu/ http://web.mit.edu/mit-tdp/www/ MIT Energy Initiative Whitaker College of Health Sciences and http://web.mit.edu/mitei Technology MIT Entrepreneurship Center http://hst.mit.ed/index.jsp http://entrepreneurship.mit.edu Women’s Studies and Gender Studies Program MIT Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space http://web.mit.edu/wgs/index.html Research http://space.mit.edu/ MIT Mind Machine Project MIT Lincoln Laboratory http://mmp.cba.mit.edu MIT operates Lincoln Laboratory in Lexington, MIT-Portugal Program Massachusetts as an off-campus Federally Funded http://mitportugal.org/ Research and Development Center focused on technologies for national security. Nuclear Reactor Laboratory http://web.mit.edu/nrl/www/

20 MIT Facts and History

Academic and Research Affiliations

Alliance for Global Sustainability Cross-Registration at Other Institutions Established in 1995, the Alliance for Global Sustain- MIT has cross-registration arrangements with sev- ability (AGS) is an international partnership among eral area schools, enabling qualified MIT students to MIT, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, the take courses at Harvard University, Boston Univer- University of Tokyo, and the Chalmers University of sity’s African Studies Program, Brandeis University’s Technology in Sweden. See page 81 for more infor- Florence Heller Graduate School for Advanced Stud- mation. ies in Social Welfare, Massachusetts College of Art, The School of the Museum of Fine Arts, and Tufts The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University’s School of Dental Medicine. MIT also has The Broad Institute is founded on two principles – junior year abroad and domestic year away pro- that this generation has a historic opportunity and grams where students may study at another institu- responsibility to transform medicine, and that to tion in the U.S. or abroad. fulfill this mission, we need new kinds of research institutions, with a deeply collaborative spirit across Charles Stark Draper Laboratory disciplines and organizations. Operating under Founded as MIT’s Instrumentation Laboratory, Drap- these principles, the Broad Institute is committed er Laboratory became an independently operated, to meeting the most critical challenges in biology nonprofit research and educational organization in and medicine. Broad scientists pursue a wide variety 1973. MIT and Draper Laboratory still collaborate of projects that cut across scientific disciplines and in areas such as guidance, navigation, and control; institutions. Collectively, these projects aim to:- As computer and computational sciences; data and semble a complete picture of the molecular com- signal processing; material sciences; integrated cir- ponents of life; Define the biological circuits that cuitry; information systems; and underwater vehicle underlie cellular responses; Uncover the molecular technologies. basis of major inherited diseases; Unearth all the mutations that underlie different cancer types; Global Enterprise for Micro-Mechanics and Discover the molecular basis of major infectious Molecular Medicine (GEM4) diseases; and Transform the process of therapeutic GEM4 bringstogether engineers and life scientists discovery and development. See page 39 for more from around the world to apply the advances of information. http://www.broadinstitute.org/ engineering, science, and nanotechnology to global medical challenges. Cambridge MIT Institute The Cambridge-MIT Institute (CMI) is a collabora- Howard Hughes Medical Institute tion between the University of Cambridge and MIT. Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) is a scien- Funded by British government and industry, CMI’s tific and philanthropic organization that conducts mission is to enhance competitiveness, productivity, biomedical research in collaboration with univer- and entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom. See sities, academic medical centers, hospitals, and page 93 for more information. other research institutions throughout the country. Sixteen HHMI investigators hold MIT Faculty appointments.

21 Academic and Research Affiliations (continued) Idaho National Laboratory MIT-Portugal Program Created in 2005 by the U.S. Department of Energy, MIT and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Tech- the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) includes the nology and Higher Education have announced plans visionary proposal for the National University Con- to enter into a long-term collaboration to signifi- sortium (NUC) – five leading research universities cantly expand research and education in engineer- from around the nation whose nuclear research and ing and management across many of Portugal’s top engineering expertise are of critical importance to universities. The wide-ranging initiative will be the the future of the nation’s nuclear industry. MIT will broadest of its kind ever undertaken by the govern- initially lead the NUC team, whose goal is collabora- ment of Portugal, and will include the participation tive, coordinated nuclear research and education, of more than 40 MIT faculty from all five schools at accomplished in conjunction with the Center for Ad- the Institute. The MIT-Portugal Program will under- vanced Energy Studies (CAES). The NUC partners will take research and education in several focus areas, establish the university-based Academic Centers of and will give MIT an opportunity to gain insight into Excellence (ACE) to collaborate with CAES research the planning, design, and implementation of trans- programs and the collocated research centers of portation, energy, manufacturing, and bioengineer- CAES. The NUC consists of MIT, Oregon State Uni- ing systems in Portugal. versity, North Carolina State University, Ohio State University, and University of New Mexico. MIT-Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Joint Program in Oceanography and Applied Ocean Science and Engineering Magellan Project MIT and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution The Magellan Project is a five-university partnership jointly offer Doctor of Science and Doctor of Phi- to construct and operate two 6.5 meter optical tele- losophy degrees in chemical oceanography, marine scopes at the Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. geology, marine geophysics, physical oceanography, The telescopes allow researchers to observe planets applied ocean science and engineering, and bio- orbiting stars in solar systems beyond our own and logical oceanography. They also offer Master’s and to explore the first galaxies that formed near the professional degrees in some disciplines. edge of the observable universe. Collaborating with MIT in the Magellan Project are the Carnegie Insti- tute of Washington, Harvard University, the Univer- Naval Construction and Engineering (Course 2N) sity of Arizona, and the University of Michigan. The graduate program in Naval Construction and Engineering at MIT is intended for active duty of- Massachusetts Green High Performance Comput- ficers in the U.S. Navy, U.S. Coast Guard, and foreign ing Center (MGHPCC) navies that have been designated for specializa- In October, 2010 construction began in Holyoke, tion in the design, construction, and repair of naval Mass., on a world-class, green, high performance ships. The curriculum prepares Navy, Coast Guard, computing center. The MGHPCC facility will provide and foreign officers for careers in ship design and state-of-the-art computational infrastructure in construction, and is sponsored by Commander, support of breakthroughs in science, thereby sup- Naval Sea Systems Command. porting the research missions of the participating institutions, strengthening partnerships with indus- The Ragon Institute try, and allowing Massachusetts to attract and retain The Ragon Institute, officially established in Febru- the very best scientists to fuel the state’s innovation ary 2009 and supported by the Phillip T. and Susan economy. The participating institutions include MIT, M. Ragon Foundation, seeks to establish a model of the University of Massachusetts, Boston University, scientific collaboration that links the clinical, trans- EMC, Cisco, and Accenture.

22 MIT Facts and History

lational and basic science expertise at MGH, MIT, Harvard, and the Broad Institute to tackle the great- The SMART Centre will: identify and carry out est global health challenges related to infectious research on critical problems of societal signifi- disease research. See http://www.ragoninstitute. cance and develop innovative solutions through its org/index.html interdisciplinary research groups (IRGs); become a magnet for attracting and anchoring global research ROTC (Reserve Officer Training Corps) Programs talent to Singapore; develop robust partnerships with local universities and institutions in Singapore; Military training has existed at MIT since students engage in graduate education by co-advising local first arrived in 1865. In 1917, MIT established the doctoral students and post-doctoral associates; and nation’s first Army ROTC unit. Today, MIT’s Air help instill a culture of translational research, entre- Force, Army, and Navy ROTC programs also serve preneurship and technology transfer through the students from Harvard and Tufts Universities; the SMART Innovation Centre. Air Force and Army programs also include Wellesley College students. These programs enable students to become commissioned military officers upon Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center graduation and may provide scholarships. More Five MIT researchers are among the pioneers than 12,000 officers have been commissioned from behind a new research center in synthetic biology. MIT, and more than 150 have achieved the rank of The Synthetic Biology Engineering Research Center general or admiral. (SynBERC) was established in 2006, and is managed via the California Institute for Qualitative Biomedical Singapore-MIT Alliance Research. In addition to MIT, participating universities are the University of California at Berkeley, The Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA) is an innovative Harvard University, the University of California at engineering education and research collaboration of San Francisco, and Prairie View A&M University. three premier academic institutions: MIT, National SynBERC’s foundational research will be motivated University of Singapore, and the Nanyang Techno- by pressing biotechnology applications. logical University. SMA promotes global education and research in engineering and the life sciences through distance education. Offering graduate Wellesley-MIT Exchange Program degrees in five engineering disciplines and one life Through this cross-registration program, students science discipline, SMA is the largest interactive may enroll in any courses at the other school, distance education collaboration in the world. More expanding the educational opportunities for partici- than 50 MIT faculty members and 50 from Singa- pating students. Students also earn Massachusetts pore universities participate in SMA’s programs. certificates to teach at the elementary and secondary level, through the Wellesley College Education Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Department. Technology (SMART) Centre Established in 2007, the SMART Centre is MIT’s first Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research research centre outside of Cambridge, MA and its An independent basic research and teaching institu- largest international research endeavor. The Centre tion affiliated with MIT, the Whitehead Institute is also the first entity in the Campus for Research conducts research in developmental biology and the Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) emerging field of molecular medicine. Faculty at the currently being developed by Singapore’s National Whitehead Institute teach at MIT, and MIT graduate Research Foundation. students conduct research and receive training in Whitehead Institute Laboratories.

23 Education Highlights

MIT has long maintained that professional com- 1977 MIT organizes the Program in Science, Tech- petence is best fostered by coupling teaching with nology, and Society to explore and teach courses on research and by focusing education on practical the social context and consequences of science and problems. This hands-on approach has made MIT a technology – one of the first programs of its kind in consistent leader in outside surveys of the nation’s the U.S. best colleges. MIT was the first university in the country to offer curriculums in architecture (1865), 1981 MIT launches Project Athena, a $70 million electrical engineering (1882), sanitary engineering program to explore the use of computers in educa- (1889), naval architecture and marine engineering tion. Digital Equipment Corporation and IBM each (1895), aeronautical engineering (1914), meteorol- contribute $25 million in computer equipment. ogy (1928), nuclear physics (1935), and artificial 1981 The MIT Sloan School of Management launch- intelligence (1960s). More than 4,000 MIT graduates es its Management of Technology program, the are professors at colleges and universities around world’s first Master’s program to focus on the stra- the world. MIT faculty have written some of the tegic management of technology and innovation. best-selling textbooks of all time, such as Econom- ics by Paul A. Samuelson and Calculus and Analytic 1983-1990 MIT language and computer science Geometry by George Thomas. The following are faculty join in the Athena Language Learning Project some notable MIT teaching milestones since 1969, to develop interactive videos that immerse students when humans, including MIT alumnus Buzz Aldrin, in the language and character of other cultures. The first landed on the moon. work pioneers a new generation of language learning tools. 1969 MIT launches the Undergraduate Research Opportunities Program (UROP), the first of its kind. 1984 MIT establishes the Media Laboratory, bring- The program, which enables undergraduates to ing together pioneering educational programs in work directly with faculty on professional research, computer music, film, graphics, holography, lasers, subsequently is copied in universities throughout and other media technologies. the world. About 2,800 MIT students participate in UROP annually. 1991 MIT establishes the MacVicar Faculty Fellows Program, named in honor of the late Margaret A. 1970 The Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences MacVicar, to recognize outstanding contributions and Technology is established to focus advances in to teaching. MacVicar, a professor of physics, had science and technology on human health and to conceived of, designed, and launched UROP (see train physicians with a strong base in engineering 1969, above). and science. 1992 MIT launches the Laboratory for Advanced 1971 MIT holds its first Independent Activities Technology in the Humanities to extend its pioneer- Period (IAP), a January program that emphasizes ing work in computer- and video-assisted language creativity and flexibility in teaching and learning. learning to other disciplines. Its first venture was a Almost 800 activities are offered annually, includ- text and performance multi-media archive for stud- ing design contests, laboratory projects, workshops, ies of Shakespeare’s plays. field trips, and courses in practical skills.

24 MIT Facts and History

1993 In recognition of the increasing importance of 2001 To provide a model for sharing of knowledge molecular and cell biology, MIT becomes the first to benefit all humankind, MIT launches Open- college in the nation to add biology to its under- CourseWare, a program that makes materials for graduate requirement. nearly all of its courses freely available on the web.

1995 MIT’s Political Science Department establishes 2001 MIT establishes WebLab, a microelectronics the Washington Summer Internship Program to teaching laboratory that allows students to interact provide undergraduates the opportunity to apply remotely on the Web with transistors and other their scientific and technical training to public policy microelectronics devices anywhere and at any time. issues. 2001 MIT’s Earth System Initiative launches 1998 MIT teams up with Singapore’s two leading Terrascope, a freshman course where students work research universities to create a global model for in teams to solve complex problems in earth scienc- long-distance engineering education and research. es. Bringing together physics, mathematics, chemis- The first truly global collaboration in graduate entry, biology, management, and communications, the gineering education and research, this large-scale course has enabled students to devise strategies for experiment today is a model for distance education. preserving tropical rainforests, understand the costs and the benefits of oil drilling in the Arctic National 1999 The University of Cambridge and MIT establish Wildlife Refuge, and plan a mission to Mars. the Cambridge-MIT Institute, whose programs include student and faculty exchanges, an integrated 2002 To give engineering students the opportunity research program, professional practice education, to develop the skills they’ll need to be leaders in and a national competitiveness network in Britain. the workplace, MIT introduces the Undergraduate Practice Opportunities Program (UPOP). The pro- 1999 MIT establishes the Society of Presidential Fel- gram involves a corporate training workshop, job lows to honor the most outstanding students world- seminars taught by alumni, and a 10-week summer wide entering the Institute’s graduate programs. internship. With gifts provided by lead donors, presidential fellows are awarded fellowships that fund first year 2003 MIT Libraries introduce DSpace, a digital tuition and living expenses. repository that gathers, stores, and preserves the intellectual output of MIT’s faculty and research staff, 2000 MIT Faculty approve the Communication and makes it freely available to research institutions Requirement (CR), which went into effect for the worldwide. Within a year of its launch, DSpace ma- Class of 2005. The CR integrates substantial instruc- terial had been downloaded more than 8,000 times, tion and practice in writing and speaking into all and more than 100 organizations had adopted the four years and across all parts of MIT’s undergradu- system for their own use. ate program. Students participate regularly in activities designed to develop both general and technical 2003 MIT’s Computational and Systems Biology communication skills. program (CSBi), an Institute-wide program linking biology, engineering, and computer science in a 2001 Studio Physics is introduced to teach freshman systems biology approach to the study of cell-to-cell physics. Incorporating a highly collaborative, hands- signaling, tissue formation, and cancer, begins ac- on environment that uses networked laptops and cepting students for a new Ph.D. program that will desktop experiments, the new curriculum lets stu- give them the tools for treating biological entities as dents work directly with complicated and unfamiliar complex living systems. concepts as their professors introduce them.

25 Education Highlights (continued) 2005 Combining courses from engineering, mathe- 2010 MIT introduces the flexible engineering degree matics, and management, MIT launches its Master’s for undergraduates. The degree, the first of its kind, program in Computation for Design and Optimiza- allows students to complement a deep disciplin- tion, one of the first curriculums in the country to ary core with an additional subject concentration. focus on the computational modeling and design of The additional concentrations can be broad and complex engineered systems. The program prepares interdisciplinary in nature (energy, transportation, engineers for the challenges of making systems or the environment), or focused on areas that can ranging from computational biology to airline sched- be applied to multiple fields (robotics and controls, uling to telecommunications design and operations computational engineering, or engineering manage- run with maximum effectiveness and efficiency. ment).

2006 MIT creates the Campaign for Students, a 2011 MIT announces MITx, an online learning initia- fundraising effort dedicated to enhancing the edu- tive that will offer free open learning software. The cational experience at MIT through creating schol- institute expects the platform to enhance the edu- arships and fellowships, and supporting multidisci- cational experience of its on-campus students and plinary education and student life. serve as a host for a virtual community of millions of learners around the world. MIT plans to launch MITx 2007 MIT makes material from virtually all MIT in the spring of 2012. courses available online for free on OpenCourse- Ware (OCW). The publication marks the beginning of a worldwide movement toward open education that now involves more than 160 universities and 5,000 courses.

2009 MIT launches the Bernard M. Gordon-MIT En- gineering Leadership Program. Through interaction with industry leaders, faculty, and fellow students, the program aims to help undergraduate engineering students develop the skills, tools and character they will need as future engineering leaders.

2009 MIT introduces a minor in Energy Studies, open to all undergraduates. The new minor, unlike most energy concentrations available at other institutions, and unlike any other concentration at MIT, is designed to be inherently cross-disciplinary, encompassing all of MIT’s five schools. It can be combined with any major subject. The minor aims to allow the student to develop expertise and depth in their major discipline, but then complement that with the breadth of understanding offered by the energy minor.

26 MIT Facts and History

Research Highlights

The following are selected research achievements of 1976 Har Gobind Khorana and his research team MIT faculty over the last four decades. complete chemical synthesis of the first human- manufactured gene fully functional in a living cell. 1969 Ioannis V. Yannas begins work on developing The culmination of 12 years’ work, it establishes the artificial skin – a material used successfully to treat foundation for the biotechnology industry. Khorana burn victims. won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for other genetics work. 1970 David Baltimore reports the discovery of reverse transcriptase, an enzyme that catalyzes the 1977 Phillip Sharp discovers the split gene struc- conversion of RNA to DNA. The advance, which led ture of higher organisms, changing the view of how to a Nobel Prize for Baltimore in 1975, provided a genes arose during evolution. For this work, Sharp new means for studying the structure and function shared the 1993 Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medi- of genes. cine.

1973 Jerome Friedman and Henry Kendall, with 1977 Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adle- Stanford colleague Richard Taylor, complete a series man invent the first workable public key crypto- of experiments confirming the theory that protons graphic system. The new code, which is based on and neutrons are made up of minute particles called the use of very large prime numbers, allows secret quarks. The three received the 1990 Nobel Prize in communication between any pair of users. Still un- Physics for their work. broken, the code is in widespread use today.

1974 Samuel C.C. Ting, Ulrich Becker, and Min 1979 Robert Weinberg reports isolating and iden- Chen discover the “J” particle. The discovery, which tifying the first human oncogene – an altered gene earned Ting the 1976 Nobel Prize in Physics, points that causes the uncontrolled cell growth that leads to the existence of one of the six postulated types of to cancer. quarks. 1981 Alan Guth publishes the first satisfactory 1975-1977 Barbara Liskov and her students design model of the universe’s development in the first 10- the CLU programming language, an object-oriented 32 seconds after the Big Bang. language that helped form the underpinnings for languages like Java and C++. As a result of this work 1982 Alan Davison discovers a new class of techne- and other accomplishments, Liskov later wins the tium compounds that leads to the development of Turing Award, considered the Nobel Prize in com- the first diagnostic technetium drug for imaging the puting. human heart.

1975-1982 Joel Moses develops the first extensive 1985 Susumu Tonegawa describes the structure of computerized program (MACSYMA) able to ma- the gene for the receptors – “anchor molecules” – nipulate algebraic quantities and perform symbolic on the white blood cells called T lymphocytes, the integration and differentiation. immune system’s master cells. In 1987, Tonegawa receives the Nobel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for similar work on the immune system’s B cells.

27 Research Highlights (continued) 1986 H. Robert Horvitz identifies the first two genes 1993 Alexander Rich and post-doctoral fellow Shu- found to be responsible for the process of cell guang Zhang report the discovery of a small protein death, which is critical both for normal body de- fragment that spontaneously forms into mem- velopment and for protection against autoimmune branes. This research will lead to advances in drug diseases, cancer, and other disorders. Going on to development, biomedical research, and the under- make many more pioneering discoveries about the standing of Alzheimer’s and other diseases. genetics of cell death, Horvitz shares the 2002 No- bel Prize in Physiology/Medicine for his work. 1994 MIT engineers develop a robot that can “learn” exercises from a physical therapist, guide 1988 Sallie Chisholm and associates report the dis- a patient through them, and – for the first time – covery of a form of ocean plankton that may be the record biomedical data on the patient’s condition most abundant single species on earth. and progress.

1990 Julius Rebek, Jr. and associates create the first 1995 Scientists at the Whitehead Institute for self-replicating synthetic molecule. Biomedical Research and MIT create a map of the human genome and begin the final phase of the Hu- 1990 Building on the discovery of the metathesis man Genome Project. This powerful map contains – the process of cutting carbon-carbon double more than 15,000 distinct markers and covers virtu- bonds in half and constructing new ones – Richard ally all of the human genome. Schrock devises a catalyst that greatly speeds up the reaction, consumes less energy, and produces 1996 A group of scientists at MIT’s Center for Learn- less waste. A process based on his discovery is now ing and Memory, headed by Matthew Wilson and in widespread use for efficient and more environ- Nobel laureate Susumu Tonegawa, demonstrate mentally friendly production of important pharma- with new genetic and multiple-cell monitoring ceuticals, fuels, synthetic fibers, and many other technologies how animals form memory about new products. Schrock shares the 2005 Nobel Prize in environments. Chemistry for his breakthrough. 1997 MIT physicists create the first atom laser, a 1991 Cleveland heart doctors begin clinical trials device which is analogous to an optical laser but of a laser catheter system for microsurgery on the emits atoms instead of light. The resulting beam arteries that is largely the work of Michael Feld and can be focused to a pinpoint or made to travel long his MIT associates. distances with minimal spreading.

1993 H. Robert Horvitz, together with scientists at 1998 MIT biologists led by Leonard Guarente iden- Massachusetts General Hospital, discover an asso- tify a mechanism of aging in yeast cells that sug- ciation between a gene mutation and the inherited gests researchers may one day be able to intervene form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Lou Gehrig’s in, and possibly inhibit, the aging process in certain disease). human cells.

1993 David Housman joins colleagues at other institutions in announcing a successful end to the long search for the genetic defect linked with Hunting- ton’s disease.

28 MIT Facts and History

1998 An interdisciplinary team of MIT researchers, 2000 Researchers from the MIT Sloan School of led by Yoel Fink and Edwin L. Thomas, invent the Management launch the Social and Economic Explo- “perfect mirror,” which offers radical new ways of rations of Information Technology (SeeIT) Project, directing and manipulating light. Potential appli- the first empirical study of the effects of Information cations range from a flexible light guide that can Technology (IT) on organizational and work prac- illuminate specific internal organs during surgery to tices. Examining IT’s relationship to changes in these new devices for optical communications. models, SeeIT is providing practical data for understanding and evaluating IT’s business and economic 1999 Michael Cima, Robert Langer, and graduate effects, which will enable us taking full advantage of student John Santini report the first microchip that its opportunities and better control its risks. can store and release chemicals on demand. Among its potential applications is a “pharmacy” that could 2001 In a step toward creating energy from sunlight be swallowed or implanted under the skin and pro- as plants do, Daniel Nocera and a team of research- grammed to deliver precise drug dosages at specific ers invent a compound that, with the help of a cata- times. lyst and energy from light, produces hydrogen.

1999 Alexander Rich leads a team of researchers in 2002 MIT researchers create the first acrobatic the discovery that left-handed DNA (also known as robotic bird – a small, highly agile helicopter for Z-DNA) is critical for the creation of important brain military use in mountain and urban combat. chemicals. Having first produced Z-DNA synthetically in 1979, Rich succeeded in identifying it in nature 2002-2005 Scientists at MIT, the Whitehead In- in 1981. He also discovered its first biological role stitute for Biomedical Research, and the Broad and received the National Medal of Science for this Institute complete the genomes of the mouse, the pioneering work in 1995. dog, and four strains of phytoplankton, photosynthetic organisms that are critical for the regulation 2000 Scientists at the Whitehead/MIT Center for of atmospheric carbon dioxide. They also identify Genome Research and their collaborators announce the genes required to create a zebrafish embryo. In the completion of the Human Genome Project. Pro- collaboration with scientists from other institutions, viding about a third of all the sequences assembled, they map the genomes of chimpanzees, humans’ the Center was the single largest contributor to this closest genetic relative, and the smallest known international enterprise. vertebrate, the puffer fish.

2000 Researchers develop a device that uses ultra- 2003 MIT scientists cool a sodium gas to the lowest sound to extract a number of important molecules temperature ever recorded – a half-a-billionth of a noninvasively and painlessly through the skin. They degree above absolute zero. Studying these ultra- expect that the first application will be a portable low temperature gases will provide valuable insights device for noninvasive glucose monitoring for dia- into the basic physics of matter; and by facilitating betics. the development of better atomic clocks and sensors for gravity and rotation, they also could lead to vast improvements in precision measurements.

29 Research Highlights (continued) 2004 MIT’s Levitated Dipole Experiment (LDX), a 2006 MIT launches the MIT Energy Initiative (MITei) collaboration among scientists at MIT and Colum- to address world energy problems. Led by Ernest J. bia, generates a strong dipole magnetic field that Moniz and Robert C. Armstrong, MITei coordinates enables them to experiment with plasma fusion, energy research, education, campus energy man- the source of energy that powers the sun and stars, agement, and outreach activities across the Insti- with the goal of producing it on Earth. Because the tute. hydrogen that fuels plasma fusion is practically limit- less and the energy it produces is clean and doesn’t 2007 Rudolf Jaenisch, of the Whitehead Institute contribute to global warming, fusion power will be for Biomedical Research, conducts the first proof-of- of enormous benefit to humankind and to earth principle experiment of the therapeutic potential of systems in general. induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells), using iPS cells reprogrammed from mouse skin cells to cure a 2004 A team led by neuroscientist Mark Bear illumi- mouse model of human sickle-cell anemia. Jaenisch nates the molecular mechanisms underlying Fragile would then use a similar approach to treat a model X Syndrome, and shows that it might be possible to of Parkinson’s disease in rats. develop drugs that treat the symptoms of this leading known inherited cause of mental retardation, 2007 Marin Soljacic and his colleagues develop a whose effects range from mild learning disabilities new form of wireless power transmission they call to severe autism. WITricity. It is based on a strongly coupled magnetic resonance and can be used to transfer power over 2004 Shuguang Zhang of MIT’s Center for Biomedi- distances of a few meters with high efficiency. The cal Engineering, Marc A. Baldo, assistant professor technique could be used commercially to wirelessly of electric engineering and computer science, and power laptops, cell phones, and other devices. recent graduate Patrick Kiley, first figure out how to stabilize spinach proteins – which, like all plants, 2007 David H. Koch ’62, SM ’63 gives MIT $100 mil- produce energy when exposed to light – so they can lion to create the David H. Koch Institute for Integra- survive without water and salt. Then, they devise a tive Cancer Research. The Institute, scheduled to way to attach them to a piece of glass coated with a open in 2010, will bring together molecular geneti- thin layer of gold. The resulting spinach-based solar cists, cell biologists, and engineers in a unique multi- cell, the world’s first solid-state photosynthetic solar disciplinary approach toward cancer research. cell, has the potential to power laptops and cell phones with sunlight. 2007 Tim Jamison, Professor of Chemistry, discovers that cascades of epoxide-opening reactions 2005 MIT physicists, led by Nobel laureate Wolfgang that were long thought to be impossible can very Ketterle, create a new type of matter, a gas of atoms rapidly assemble the Red Tide marine toxins when that shows high-temperature superfluidity. they are induced by water. Such processes may be emulating how these toxins are made in nature and 2005 Vladimir Bulovic, professor of electrical en- may lead to a better understanding of what causes gineering and computer science, and Tim Swager, devastating Red Tide phenomena. These methods professor of chemistry, develop lasing sensors based also open up an environmentally green synthesis on a semiconducting polymer that is able to detect of new classes of complex highly biologically active the presence of TNT vapor subparts per billion con- compounds. centrations.

30 MIT Facts and History

2007 MIT mathematicians form part of a group of 2009 Researchers at MIT’s Picower Institute for 18 mathematicians from the U.S. and Europe that Learning and Memory show for the first time that maps one of the the most complicated structures multiple, interacting genetic risk factors may influ- ever studied: the exceptional Lie group E8. The ence the severity of autism symptoms. The finding “answer” to the calculation, if written, would cover could lead to therapies and diagnostic tools that an area the size of Manhattan. The resulting atlas target the interacting genes. has applications in the fields of string theory and geometry. 2009 Professor Gerbrand Ceder and graduate student Byoungwoo Kang develop a new way to manu- 2008 Mriganka Sur’s laboratory discovers that facture the material used in lithium ion batteries astrocytes, star-shaped cells in the brain that are as that allows ultrafast charging and discharging. The numerous as neurons, form the basis for functioning new method creates a surface structure that allows brain imaging. Using ultra high-resolution imaging lithium ions to move rapidly around the outside of in the intact brain, they demonstrate that astrocytes the battery. Batteries built using the new method regulate blood flow to active brain regions by linking could take seconds, rather than the now standard neurons to brain capillaries. hours, to charge.

2008 A team led by Marc A. Baldo designs a so- 2009 As neuroscience progresses rapidly toward an lar concentrator that focuses light at the edges of understanding of basic mechanisms of neural and a solar power cell. The technology can increase synapse function, MIT neuroscientists are discover- the efficiency of solar panels by up to 50 percent, ing the mechanisms underlying brain discorders substantially reducing the cost of generating solar and diseases. Li-Huei Tsai’s laboratory describes electricity. mechanisms that underlie Alzheimer’s disease, and propose that inhibition of histone deacetylases is 2008 Daniel Nocera creates a chemical catalyst that therapeutic for degenerative discorders of learn- hurdles one of the obstacles to widespread use of ing and memory. Her laboratory also discovers solar power — the difficulty of storing energy from the mechanisms of action of the gene Disrupted- the sun. The catalyst, which is cheap and easy to in-Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1), and demonstrates make, uses the energy from sunlight to separate why drugs such as lithium are effective in certain the hydrogen and oxygen molecules in water. The instances of schizophrenia. This research opens up hydrogen can then be burned, or used to power an pathways to discovering novel classes of drugs for electric fuel cell. devastating neuropsychiatric conditions.

2009 A team of MIT researchers led by Angela Belcher reports that it was able to genetically engineer viruses to produce both the positively and negatively charged ends of a lithium ion battery. The battery has the same energy capacity as those being considered for use in hybrid cars, but is produced using a cheaper, less environmentally hazardous process. MIT President Susan Hockfield presents a prototype battery to President Barack Obama at a press briefing at the White House.

31 32 2 Campus Research

Contents

Federal Research Support 34 American Reinvestment and Recovery 38 Act (ARRA) Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard 39 Campus Research Sponsors 40 Department of Defense 40 Department of Energy 42 Department of Health and Human 44 Services NASA 46 National Science Foundation 48 Other Federal Agencies 50 Non-Profit Organizations 52

33 Federal Research Support

MIT has historically viewed teaching and research into the present day, helping MIT fulfill its original as inseparable parts of its academic mission. mission of serving the nation and the world. Therefore, the Institute recognizes its obligation All federal research on campus is awarded competi- to encourage faculty to pursue research activities tively, based on the scientific and technical merit of that hold the greatest promise for intellectual ad- the proposals. In FY 2011, there were 2,476 active vancement. MIT maintains one of the most vigor- awards and 565 members of research consortiums. ous programs of research of any university, and conducts basic and applied research principally at Research activities range from individual projects two Massachusetts locations, the MIT campus in to large-scale, collaborative, and sometimes in- Cambridge and MIT Lincoln Laboratory, a Federally- ternational endeavors. Peer-reviewed research Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) accomplishments form a basis for reviewing the in Lexington. qualifications of prospective faculty appointees and for evaluations related to promotion and tenure MIT pioneered the federal/university research decisions. relationship, starting in World War II. Initially called upon by the federal government to serve the national war effort, that relationship has continued

CampusCampus Research Research Expenditures Expenditures and and Faculty Faculty ExcludingExcluding Broad Broad and and DefenseDefense Labs Labs 19401940-2011 to present $700 1,400

$600 1,200

$500 1,000 F a $400 800 c u s n Millions $300 600 l o i l l i t M $200 400 y

$100 200

$0 0 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Campus Federal Campus Non Federal Constant $ Faculty excluding DAPER & DSL

34 Campus Research

MIT Research Expenditures Fiscal Years 2002-2011

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Federal $328,430,122 $350,897,272 $376,476,261 $374,103,793 $382,784,774 Non-Federal $110,753,174 $120,857,180 $107,672,988 $110,675,892 $114,389,201 Total $439,183,296 $471,754,452 $484,149,249 $484,779,685 $497,146,554 Constant $ $544,906,461 $572,729,722 $575,196,019 $559,119,595 $552,348,371

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Federal $373,603,371 $369,008,780 $381,459,466 $430,154,479 $469,520,579 Non-Federal $114,389,201 $132,487,316 $158,595,887 $184,216,417 $191,304,692 Total $487,992,571 $501,496,096 $540,055,353 $614,370,896 $660,825,271 Constant $ $528,510,042 $523,727,994 $556,231,060 $626,707,585 $660,825,271

MIT Research Expenditures by Primary Sponsor Fiscal Years 2002-2011

$700 Internal

$600 State Local Foreign Govts Non Profits $500 Industry

$400 Other Federal s n o i

l NSF l i $300 M NASA

$200 Health and Human Services Department of $100 Energy Department of Defense $0 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

The bar graphs for campus research expenditures above and on the following pages show the amount MIT expended by fiscal year (July 1— June 30).

These figures do not include expenditures for MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Information for Lincoln Laboratory begins on page 55.

Federal research expenditures include all primary contracts and grants, including sub-awards from other organizations where the federal government is the original funding source.

35 Research Expenditures by Primary Sponsor FY 2002 State Local Internal FY 2011 FY2002 State Local FY2011 Internal Foreign 2% Foreign Govts Department 2% Department Govts 2% of Defense Non Profits of Defense 5% Non Profits 16% 3% 18% 7%

Industry 18% Industry Department Department 15% of Energy Other Federal of Energy 14% 3% 15% NSF Other Health and 12% Federal NSF Human 3% 11% NASA Health and Services 8% Human 23% Services NASA 19% 4%

MIT Research Expenditures by Primary Sponsor Primary Sponsor 2011 % of Total DOD $107,753,196 16% DOE $89,562,126 14% HHS $152,664,013 23% NASA $28,079,693 4% NSF $74,859,339 11% Other Federal $16,602,212 3% Industry $100,762,512 15% Non-Profits $44,436,470 7% State, Local and Foreign Govts. $32,968,834 5% Internal $13,136,876 2% Grand Total $660,825,271

Federal $469,520,579 71% Non-Federal $191,304,692 29%

36 Campus Research

The Institute provides the faculty with the infra- The Institute sees profound merit in a policy of open structure and support necessary to conduct re- research and free interchange of information among search, much of it through contracts, grants, and scholars. At the same time, MIT is committed to other arrangements with government, industry, acting responsibly and ethically in all its research and foundations. The Office of Sponsored Programs activities. As a result, MIT has policies related to the provides central support related to the administra- suitability of research projects, research conduct, tion of sponsored research programs, and it assists sources of support, use of human subjects, spon- faculty, other principal investigators, and their local sored programs, relations with intelligence agencies, administrators in managing and identifying resourc- the acquisition of art and artifacts, the disposition es for individual sponsored projects. In addition, of equipment, and collaborations with research- a Research Council — which is chaired by the vice oriented industrial organizations. These policies are president for research and associate provost and spelled out on the Policies and Procedures website composed of the heads of all major research labora- and on the Office of Sponsored Programs website. tories and centers — addresses research policy and administration issues. The Resource Development http://web.mit.edu/policies/ Office also works with faculty to generate proposals http://web.mit.edu/osp/ for foundation or other private support.

The red line represents an adjustment for inflation, using the Consumer Price Index for all Urban Consumers (CPI-U) as the deflator with the most recent fiscal year as the base.

MIT Research Expenditures 1940-2011 $1,600 Broad ARRA Institute Funding Lincoln Labs Non Federal 2004 - 2010 $1,400 Cancer Center Faculty Early Lincoln Labs Federal 1974 Retirement $1,200 1997

Defense Labs Federal

$1,000 Whitehead 1982 Project Broad Non Federal MAC s

Millions 1963

n $800 o i

l Broad Federal l i M

$600 Sputnik 1957 Campus Non Federal Draper Lab divested $400 1973 Campus Federal

$200 Total Research C$

$0 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

37 MIT and the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA)

Source of ARRA Number Obligated Total The following are a selection of some of the various Awards at MIT of Awards Amount research projects at MIT supported by ARRA: DOE 23 $52,115,838 NIH 87 $56,692,582 ARPA-E: Energy Storage for the Nation’s Energy Grid NSF 57 $28,833,406 With a nearly $7 million five-year grant from the NASA 3 $885,603 newly formed ARPA-E (Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy), a group led by Prof. Donald Sadoway All other agencies 4 $1,116,849 is developing an innovative solution to the problem MIT’s ARRA expenditures through December 31, of storing huge amounts of energy as part of the 2010 total $50,791,161. nation’s energy grid—a liquid metal battery. The first of its kind, the all-liquid battery is designed to use For the quarter 10/1/2010 to 12/31/2010 MIT low-cost, abundant molten metals. ARPA-E predicts reported that 468.23 jobs were created with ARRA the liquid battery technology “could revolutionize funding. the way electricity is used and produced on the grid, enabling round-the-clock power from America’s wind The 2009 economic stimulus package, the American and solar power resources, increasing the stability of Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) provided the grid, and making blackouts a thing of the past.” support for science funding at a time when universities nationwide were facing funding cutbacks and http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/liquid-battery. financial concerns due to the recession. Overall, html ARRA provided $22 billion in one-time research and development (R&D) funding for fiscal years 2009 Neutrino Physics at MIT (FY09) and 2010 (FY10), in addition to regularly New findings from physicists at MIT may force appropriated funds. This funding was included in scientists to rethink the Standard Model, the theory the legislation to help fulfill its purpose of “reinvest- that serves as the foundation of particle physics. ment”; since R&D support is directly related to the Scientists led by Prof. Janet Conrad at MIT’s Neutrino nation’s innovation capacity and therefore its longer and Dark Matter Group have observed unexpected term economic strength, the Congress allocated behavior in neutrinos, tiny particles generated by approximately 2 percent of the total funding in the nuclear reactions in the sun. These unexpected legislation to R&D. behaviors suggest there are more types of neutrinos than the three specified in the Standard Model. To In most cases, ARRA R&D funding was applied investigate these observations, the group is design- toward existing research proposals that had re- ing a state-of-the-art 100-ton liquid argon chamber ceived high ratings within agencies but had not been detection device in collaboration with the Fermi awarded due to funding limitations. In some cases, National Acceleration Laboratory. The detector is however, ARRA funding was applied toward new scheduled to begin operating in 2013. initiatives. For example at DOE, ARRA included the initial funding ($400 million) for the new Advanced http://www2.lns.mit.edu/neutrino/mixing.html Research Projects Agency—Energy (ARPA-E) and full five-year funding for additional Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRCs). MIT has received several ARPA-E awards to date, and houses two EFRCs, one of which is funded through ARRA.

38 Campus Research

The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard

The Broad Institute separated from MIT on July Broad scientists pursue a wide variety of projects 1, 2009. The chart below displays Broad Institute that cut across scientific disciplines and institu- research expenditures funded through MIT. Four tions. Collectively, these projects aim to: Assemble MIT faculty members are currently core members of a complete picture of the molecular components the Broad Institute. Their research expenditures are of life; Define the biological circuits that underlie not reflected in the campus research expenditures cellular responses; Uncover the molecular basis of totals found in the rest of this section. major inherited diseases; Unearth all the mutations that underlie different cancer types; Discover the The Broad Institute is founded on two principles – molecular basis of major infectious diseases; and that this generation has a historic opportunity and Transform the process of therapeutic discovery and responsibility to transform medicine, and that to development. fulfill this mission, we need new kinds of research institutions, with a deeply collaborative spirit across http://www.broadinstitute.org/ disciplines and organizations. Operating under these principles, the Broad Institute is committed to meeting the most critical challenges in biology and medicine.

Broad Institute Research Expenditures by Sponsor Fiscal Years 2007-2011 Broad Institute 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 HHS $87,315,284 $112,958,244 $138,935,579 $7,637,672 $0 NSF $2,107,756 $1,022,548 $990,917 -$772 $0 Other Federal Agencies $1,377,190 $919,377 $1,113,471 $79,716 $0 Industry $11,242,651 $6,935,104 $13,656,981 $680,132 $0 Non-Profit Organizations $7,683,458 $19,370,397 $23,376,207 $3,792,875 $0 Internal $549,160 The$341,683 Broad Institute at MIT$74,792 $0 $0 FY2004-2010 Total $110,275,500 $141,547,351 $178,147,946 $12,189,623 $0

$2,000,000 Internal

$1,800,000 Hundreds

$1,600,000 Non Profits

$1,400,000

$1,200,000 Industry

$1,000,000

$800,000 Other Federal

$600,000

NSF $400,000

$200,000 HHS $0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

39 Department of Defense Selected Current Projects

The Angstrom Project Nanoparticle Vaccine Delivery Computer chips’ clocks have stopped getting faster, One of the barriers to developing vaccines for making it difficult to maintain the regular doubling diseases like HIV, Malaria, and Hepatitis B, where of computer power that we now take for granted. To vaccines containing the virus would be too danger- keep up, chip makers have been giving chips more ous or difficult to make, is how to provoke a strong “cores,” or processing units; but distributing com- immune response. Current vaccines that do not use putations across these multiple cores is a complex a killed or altered virus do this by delivering synthet- problem. ic versions of proteins produced by the virus. These vaccines, while safer, do not provoke a strong im- In August 2010, the U.S. Department of Defense’s mune response. A nanoparticle developed by Dar- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency an- rell Irvine, may solve this problem. The particle is a nounced that it was dividing almost $80 million series of concentric fatty droplets called liposomes. among four research teams as part of a “ubiquitous Irvine hopes that encasing the proteins in this virus- high-performance computing” initiative. Three of like packaging could promote a stronger immune those teams are led by commercial chip manufac- response. Existing liposome packagings have failed turers. The fourth is led by MIT’s Computer Science because liposomes have poor stability in blood and and Artificial Intelligence Lab, and will concentrate bodily fluids. Irvine’s concentric spheres approach on the development of multicore systems. creates a particle that is less likely to break down too quickly following injection. However, once the The MIT-led Angstrom team will rethink computing nanoparticles are absorbed by the cell, they de- and create a fundamentally new computing archi- grade quickly, releasing the vaccine and provoking tecture to meet the challenges of extreme-scale an immune response. computing. One component of this goal is to create more efficient channels of communication among Irvine is now collaborating with scientists at the the multiple cores. A personal computer today may Walter Reed Army Institute of Research to test the have between 4 and 8 cores. Angstrom researchers nanoparticles’ ability to deliver an experimental hope to enable communication between hundreds malaria vaccine in mice. His work is sponsored by or even thousands of cores. They are also working the Department of Defense, as well as the National to develop a self-aware operating system that would Institutes of Health, and the Gates Foundation. communicate with this complex network of cores. The multicore operating system would constantly http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/nano-sized- monitor each of the cores, and would judge how to vaccines-0222.html best distribute tasks among them. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/multicore- series-1-0223.html http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/multicore- series-2-0224.html http://projects.csail.mit.edu/angstrom/

40 Campus Research

MIT Campus Research Expenditures Fiscal Years 2007-2011

Department of Defense 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Campus Research $90,570,607 $87,369,854 $97,528,094 $106,890,338 $107,753,196

Constant $ $98,090,582 $91,243,050 $100,449,250 $109,036,718 $107,753,196

Expenditures Constant $ $120

Millions $100

$80 s n o i l

l $60 i $107 $108 M $98 $91 $40 $87

$20

$0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Constant $ calculated using the CPI-U weighted for the fiscal year with 2011 = 100

Leading Departments, Laboratories and Centers Receiving Support in the Most Current Year

Research Laboratory of Electronics In the fall term of the 2010-2011 Academic Year, 349 Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory graduate students held research assistantships and Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies 83 held fellowships funded at least in part by the Microsystems Technology Laboratories Department of Defense. Mechanical Engineering McGovern Institute for Brain Research Aeronautics and Astronautics Materials Science and Engineering Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems Media Laboratory

41 Department of Energy Selected Current Projects

Detecting Cosmic Rays Improved Nuclear Energy Although physicists understand a lot about the MIT is committed to making nuclear power safer composition of conventional atomic matter, these and more efficient. It is a primary partner in the familiar materials represent only a small part of DOE Energy Innovation Hub on Modeling and the universe’s total mass and energy, about 4 Simulation for Nuclear Reactors. The Consortium percent. The composition of the other 96 percent for Advanced Simulation of Light Water Reac- is a mystery. Now a team of researchers from 56 tors (CASL), led by Oak Ridge National Laboratory institutions is working to solve this mystery with (ORNL), includes 4 national labs, 3 universities, and an instrument that measures cosmic rays, charged 3 industry organizations. It is a rare collaboration particles in space, before they react with the Earth’s among veteran researchers and technology applica- atmosphere. On its final mission, the Space Shuttle tion groups to achieve improved energy sources, in Endeavor delivered the instrument, the Alpha this case putting the power of modern computing Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS) to the International into a multi-scale representation of nuclear plants. Space Station—transforming the station into a high- MIT has a team of 7 faculty members working with energy physics laboratory, with access to the most the Hub, aided by 2 research scientists, 3 postdocs, powerful accelerator in the universe, the universe and 9 graduate students. itself. The AMS will search for primordial antimatter, the identity of dark matter, and the origin of cosmic CASL aims to provide state-of-the-art simulation rays. The principal investigator of the AMS experi- models of the important physics that govern the ment is Nobel Laureate and MIT professor Samuel behavior of nuclear power reactors. In particular, Ting, who led the design, construction, and com- CASL aims to improve the reliability of nuclear plant missioning of AMS with his Electromagnetic Inter- operation by enabling better prediction of materials actions Group at the MIT Laboratory for Nuclear failures limits and safety margins in the plants. The Science. simulation tools will enable plants to avoid some of the limiting factors in the operation of plants. This includes materials phenomena, such as corrosion in the radiation environment, and thermal hydrau- lic phenomena, such as deposition of crud on fuel elements, thereby limiting heat transfer conditions from the fuel to the coolant under realistic conditions of plant chemistry. Such improved models will aid the design of future reactors with enhanced safety and economics. The AMS at a test facility Photo Credit: Michele Famiglietti AMS-02 Collaboration http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2010/nuclear-ener- The original agreement to develop the AMS experi- gy-innovation-hub.html ment for the International Space Station was signed by NASA and the U.S. Department of Energy. The AMS is expected to operate for the lifetime of the International Space Station. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/ams-ting- shuttle-0525.html http://web.mit.edu/lns/research/emi.html

42 Campus Research

MIT Campus Research Expenditures Fiscal Years 2007-2011

Department of Energy 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Campus Research $64,898,790 $65,610,631 $65,773,294 $73,273,733 $89,562,126

Constant $ $70,287,263 $68,519,226 $67,743,332 $74,745,084 $89,562,126

Expenditures Constant $ $120

Millions $100

$80 s n o i l l

i $60

M $107 $108 $98 $91 $40 $87

$20

$0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Constant $ calculated using the CPI-U weighted for the fiscal year with 2011 = 100

Leading Departments, Laboratories and Centers Receiving Support in the Most Current Year In the fall term of the 2010-2011 Academic Year, Plasma Science and Fusion Center 187 graduate students held research assistantships Laboratory for Nuclear Science and 22 held fellowships funded at least in part by Materials Processing Center the Department of Energy. Research Laboratory of Electronics Nuclear Science and Engineering Materials Science and Engineering Chemical Engineering Center for Global Change Science Chemistry Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences

43 Department of Health and Human Services Selected Current Projects

Convergence: A New Era of Cancer Research Invisibility Cloaking Devices On October 9, 2007, MIT announced the launch of Researchers at the Singapore-MIT Alliance for a major new initiative in cancer research, supported Research and Technology (SMART) Centre have by a $100 million gift from MIT alumnus David H. created a device that can render an object the size Koch. The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative of a peppercorn invisible. The team’s “cloaking” Cancer Research, which opened officially in March device, which hides an object from view in ordinary 2011, will address one of the most pressing chal- visible light, is unique among previous attempts at lenges to human health: the ultimate eradication of invisibility. Other existing cloaking devices hide only cancer, starting with real improvements in detec- microscopic objects, do not affect light from the full tion, treatment, and prevention. visible spectrum, or use rare or difficult to manufacture materials. The “shields” used in this experi- The Koch Center strives to foster a new era of ment were made from calcite crystal, a component cancer research based on convergence, which is the of which, calcite, occurs naturally in sea shells. The principle of merging distinct technologies, devices, team placed a metal wedge 2 mm in height on a and disciplines into a unified whole that creates mirror covered in a layer of calcite crystal. Shields a host of new pathways and opportunities. The of calcite crystal with opposite crystal orienta- promise of the convergence approach is outlined in tions were glued together and suspended over the an MIT White Paper released in January 2011 by 12 wedge. When viewed from a certain angle, the members of the MIT faculty. “The Third Revolution: wedge “disappears,” and is undetectable. The re- The Convergence of Life Science, Physical Science, search team was led by MIT Mechanical Engineering and Engineering” outlines this new approach to life Professor George Barbastathis, SMART postdoctoral sciences that will enable advances in translational fellow Baile Zhang, MIT postdoctoral fellow Yuan medicine and the future of personalized medicine. Luo, and SMART researcher Xiaogang Liu, and the research was funded by and the U.S. National Insti- The Koch Institute brings together more than 40 tutes of Health and Singapore’s National Research laboratories and more than 500 researchers from Foundation. the fields of engineering, physical, and life sciences, including cancer biologists, genome scientists, http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/invisibility- chemists, engineers, and computer scientists. These cloak-0125.html scientists will press the front line of cancer research. http://prl.aps.org/abstract/PRL/v106/i3/e033901 Areas of research include developing nanotechnology-based cancer drugs; improving detection and monitoring; exploring the molecular and cellular basis of metastasis; advancing personalized medicine through analysis of cancer pathway and drug resistance; and engineering the immune system to fight cancer. http://ki.mit.edu/approach

44 Campus Research

MIT Campus and Broad Institute Research Expenditures* Fiscal Years 2007-2011

*The Broad Institute separated from MIT on July 1, 2009 and no longer receives funding through MIT. The chart below displays both campus research expenditures and Broad Institute research expenditures funded through MIT.

Research Expenditures 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Campus $114,242,082 $113,348,419 $116,960,115 $136,923,238 $152,664,013 Broad Institute $78,238,123 $112,958,244 $138,935,579 $7,637,672 $0 Total HHS $201,557,366 $226,306,663 $255,895,734 $144,560,910 $152,664,013 Constant $ $123,727,472 $118,373,284 $120,463,339 $139,672,683 $152,664,013

Campus Broad Institute Campus Constant $ $180

$160 $139 $140

$120 $113 s

n $100 $87 o i l l i $80 M $153 $137 $60 $114 $113 $117 $40

$20 $8 $0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Constant $ calculated using the CPI-U weighted for the fiscal year with 2011 = 100

Leading Departments, Laboratories and Centers In the fall term of the 2010-2011 Academic Year, 212 Receiving Support in the Most Current Year graduate students held research assistantships and 159 held fellowships funded at least in part by the Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research National Institutes of Health. Biology Chemistry The following MIT faculty and alumni have received Harvard/MIT Division of Health Sciences and the NIH Pioneer Award: Technology Picower Institute for Learning and Memory Current Faculty: Leona Sampson, 2009; Aviv Regev, McGovern Institute for Brain Research 2008; Alice Ting, 2008; Alex von Oudenaarden, Biological Engineering 2008; Emery Brown, 2007; Arup Chakrabarty, 2006. Center for Environmental Health Sciences Chemical Engineering Former Faculty: James Sherley, 2006 Research Laboratory of Electronics Alumni: Joshua M. Epstein, 2008; Krishna V. Shenoy, 2009

45 NASA Selected Current Projects

Detecting Ancient Radio Waves Probing the Violent Universe Astronomers at MIT’s Haystack Observatory are The Chandra X-ray observatory, launched in July building a radio array telescope in the Australian 1999, is one of NASA’s major astronomical satel- Outback that is orders of magnitudes more sensitive lites. X-rays mark the most energetic phenomena than any other existing instrument. The telescope, in the universe including black holes, highly active the Murchison Widefield Array, or MWA, should stars, supernovae and their remnants, quasars, and help to answer questions about a poorly understood the ten million degree gas that permeates clusters period of the universe’s formation called the Epoch of galaxies. Chandra carries by far the best X-ray of Reionization, or EOR. After the Big Bang, but -be telescope ever built, one capable of making images fore the formation of stars, there was no light in the at X-ray wavelengths that are comparable to those universe. During this time, gravity caused hydrogen made by the best ground-based optical telescopes and helium particles to form clouds. The energy in visible light. MIT’s Kavli Institute for Astrophysics from this condensation ignited the clouds, creat- and Space Research (formerly the Center for Space ing the first stars, and with them, light. It is nearly Research) built two of the four scientific instruments impossible to detect this early light, so astronomers that record the radiation focused by the telescope. hope to learn more about the birth of the stars by A great majority of the observations performed detecting ancient radio waves. with Chandra use one or both of these instruments, which were developed over more than a decade The MWA is unique in its construction. It will consist using technological advances made both on cam- of 8,000 antennas spread across 1.5 km of a radio- pus and at MIT Lincoln Laboratory. The specialized, silent area of the Australian Outback. The telescope X-ray sensitive Charge Coupled Devices (CCDs) and will have no moving parts. Instead, it will use sophis- the periodic, submicron structures at the cores of ticated computation to transform the huge amount these instruments remain unique in the world. They of data it collects into images of the sky. This digital provide astronomers with orders of magnitude im- approach gives the MWA an expansive field of view, provements in imaging and spectroscopic sensitivity. and allows astronomers to focus on a particular area MIT’s own researchers continue to use Chandra to in the sky without having to physically point the probe the violent universe and also participate in telescope. the Chandra X-ray Center, which operates the observatory from Cambridge, Massachusetts. In addition to studying ancient remnants of the EOR, the MWA will also study our sun and the surround- http://chandra.si.edu ing heliosphere to improve our understanding of how space weather affects the earth. The MWA is an international collaboration led by MIT Haystack Observatory. It is supported by NASA, as well as federal sources and institutional partners within the United States, Australia and India. http://www.haystack.mit.edu/ast/arrays/mwa/index.html

46 Campus Reseach

MIT Campus Research Expenditures Fiscal Years 2007-2011

NASA 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Campus Research $27,888,708 $25,479,571 $27,358,036 $30,629,006 $28,079,693

Constant $ $30,204,275 $26,609,109 $28,177,462 $31,244,042 $28,079,693

Expenditures Constant $ $35

Millions $30

$25 s n

o $20 i l l i M $15 $31 $28 $27 $28 $25 $10

$0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Constant $ calculated using the CPI-U weighted for the fiscal year with 2011 = 100

Leading Departments, Laboratories and Centers Receiving Support in the Most Current Year

Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research In the fall term of the 2010-2011 Academic Year, Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences 66 graduate students held research assistantships Aeronautics and Astronautics and 2 held fellowships funded at least in part by the Earth System Initiative NASA. Haystack Observatory Center for Global Change Science Harvard/MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology Research Laboratory of Electronics Mechanical Engineering Civil and Environmental Engineering

47 National Science Foundation Selected Current Projects Solar-Power Breakthrough and age-related neurological disorders. Scientists at MIT researchers led by Daniel Nocera have created MIT and partner institutions will work to perform what they call an artificial leaf—a device that can mathematical analysis of the body’s neural signals; turn energy from the sun into a storable fuel source. design and test implanted and wearable prosthetic The artificial leaf takes the form of a wireless solar devices; and build new robotic systems. cell that splits water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen gases, which can then be stored for later http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/nsf-neural- use. The cell is made of a silicon solar cell with a engineering-center.html different catalytic material bonded to each side. http://csne.washington.edu/ When it is placed in water and exposed to sunlight, one side generates H2 bubbles, and the other side Printable Solar Cells generates O2 bubbles. In conventional solar cells, the costs of the inactive components — the substrate (usually glass) that The artificial leaf is unique among existing solar- supports the active photovoltaic material, the struc- powered water-splitting systems, which use cor- tures to support that substrate, and the installation rosive or rare materials. The device is made entirely costs—are typically greater than the cost of the of inexpensive, abundant materials such as silicon, active components of the cells themselves, some- cobalt, and nickel. It needs only sunlight and water times twice as much. Researchers at MIT have come at room temperature to operate. Nocera hopes that up with a method of printing solar cells directly these properties will lead to an energy system that on to paper—a method that may greatly decrease is safe and cheap enough to be widely adopted in the cost and increase the versatility of solar power. homes around the world, including in areas without The technique represents a major departure from reliable access to electricity. the systems used to create most solar cells, which require exposing the substrates to potentially The team is currently working on the next step in damaging conditions, either in the form of liquids or creating a commercially viable device—collecting high temperatures. The new printing process uses and storing the gases produced by the catalysts. vapors, not liquids, and temperatures less than 120 degrees Celsius. These conditions make it possible http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/artificial- to use ordinary untreated paper, cloth or plastic leaf-0930.html as the substrate on which the solar cells can be printed. The resilient solar cells still function even Mind-Machine Interface when folded into a paper airplane. Researchers also MIT researchers at a new multi-institution research printed a solar cell on a sheet of PET plastic (a thin- center hope to make robotic systems that are truly ner version of the material used for soda bottles) integrated with the body’s nervous system. The and then folded and unfolded it 1,000 times, with NSF Engineering Research Center for Sensorimo- no significant loss of performance. By contrast, tor Neural Engineering was launched with an $18.5 a commercially produced solar cell on the same million grant from the NSF. Its mission is to “develop material failed after a single folding. The work was innovative ways to connect a deep mathematical supported by the National Science Foundation and understanding of how biological systems acquire the Eni-MIT Alliance Solar Frontiers Program. and process information with the design of effective devices that interact seamlessly with human http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/printable- beings.” Researchers from MIT and the University of solar-cells-0711.html Washington, among others, will develop new technologies for amputees, and people with spinal cord injuries, cerebral palsy, stroke, Parkinson’s disease,

48 Campus Research

MIT Campus Research Expenditures Fiscal Years 2007-2011

National Science Foundation 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Campus Research $62,949,419 $63,950,370 $60,394,853 $69,801,369 $74,859,339

Constant $ $68,176,038 $66,785,363 $62,203,796 $71,202,995 $74,859,339

Expenditures Constant $ $80

Millions $70

$60

$50 s n o i l l

i $40 $75

M $70 $64 $30 $63 $60

$20

$10

$0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Constant $ calculated using the CPI-U weighted for the fiscal year with 2011 = 100

Leading Departments, Laboratories and Centers Re- ceiving Support in the Most Current Year

Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory In the fall term of the 2010-2011 Academic Year, 269 Research Laboratory of Electronics graduate students held research assistantships and Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science 222 held fellowships funded at least in part by the Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research National Science Foundation. Haystack Observatory Mathematics The National Science Foundation has awarded the Chemistry Faculty Early Career Development (CAREER) Award Center for Materials Science and Engineering to 106 current MIT faculty and staff members. Earth System Initiative Mechanical Engineering

49 Other Federal Agencies Selected Current Projects

Graphene for Commercial Production Safer Skies A team of MIT researchers has found a way to In the last 10 years alone, 112 small planes have manufacture graphene that may eliminate some of been involved in midair collisions, and thousands the existing barriers to its commercial use. Gra- more have reported close calls. In an effort to re- phene, a form of carbon arranged in a chicken-wire duce the number of collisions, the Federal Aviation shaped lattice just one atom thick, is a material that Administration (FAA) has mandated that by 2020, all could revolutionize how nanoelectronics are made. commercial aircraft—and small aircraft flying near It is incredibly conductive, stronger than steel, most airports—must be equipped with a new track- flexible, and even transparent. Graphene is such ing system that broadcasts GPS data. In anticipa- an extraordinary material that two scientists from tion of the deadline, the FAA has charged MIT with the University of Manchester won the 2010 Nobel leading an investigation of the system’s limits and Prize in physics for its discovery. However, there is capacities. In October, 2011 at the 30th Digital Avi- no method of producing graphene that is suitable onics Systems Conference in Seattle, MIT research- for large-scale production. Furthermore, a single ers will present an early result of that investigation, layer of graphene has a low or no band gap, making a new algorithm that uses data from the tracking it impossible to turn off transistors, computer chips, system to predict and prevent collisions between and solar cells made from it. small aircraft.

The research team, led by Michael Strano, soaked The main challenge in designing a collision-detec- purified graphite in solutions of either bromine or tion algorithm is limiting false alarms. If a warning chlorine compounds. The compounds found their system using the algorithm goes off too easily, then way into the structure of the material, inserting pilots may ignore it, or turn the system off. At the themselves between layers, to create graphene same time, it needs to have room for error. While flakes two or three layers thick. The resulting bilayer GPS is more accurate than radar tracking, it’s not and trilayer graphene also had a band gap. The perfect; nor are the communications channels that team hopes that this manufacturing method will planes would use to exchange location information. dramatically lower the cost of producing graphene Moreover, any prediction of a plane’s future posi- and speed the commercial production of graphene- tion can be thrown off by unexpected changes of based devices. Their work was supported by grants trajectory. Much of the work on the new algorithm from the U.S. Office of Naval research, as well as thus involves optimizing the trade-off between -er the Army Research Office through the Institute for ror tolerance and false alarms. Researchers hope to Soldier Nanotechnologies at MIT. begin live testing of the algorithm soon. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/multilayer- http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/air-traffic- graphene-0628.html control-0705.html

50 Campus Research

MIT Campus Research Expenditures Fiscal Years 2007-2011

Other Federal Agencies 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Campus Research $13,053,766 $13,249,945 $13,445,035 $12,636,795 $16,602,212

Constant $ $14,137,605 $13,837,330 $13,847,740 $12,890,544 $16,602,212

Expenditures Constant $ $18 $16 $14 $12 s

n $10 o i l l i $8 $17 M $13 $13 $6 $13 $13 $4 $2 $0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Constant $ calculated using the CPI-U weighted for the fiscal year with 2011 = 100

Other Federal Agencies include: Department of Transportation, Department of Commerce, Department of the Interior, Department of Education, Department of Agriculture, Nuclear Reactor Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, etc.

Leading Departments, Laboratories and Centers Receiving Support in the Most Current Year

Aeronautics and Astronautics In the fall term of the 2010-2011 Academic Year, 50 Center for Transportation and Logistics graduate students held research assistantships and Sea Grant College Program 20 held fellowships funded at least in part by other Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab federal agencies. Center for Global Change Science Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Science Mechanical Engineering Economics Research Laboratory of Electronics Laboratory for Nuclear Science

51 Non-Profit Organizations Selected Current Projects

Synthetic Vocal Cords Sirtuin1-based treatments for neurodegenerative In 1997, the actress and singer Julie Andrews lost diseases. The research is supported by the National her singing voice following surgery to remove non- Institutes of Health, as well as the Simons Founda- cancerous lesions from her vocal cords. She came tion, the Swiss National Science Foundation, and the to Steven Zeitels, a professor of laryngeal surgery Howard Hughes Medical Institute. at Harvard Medical School, for help. Zeitels was already starting to develop a new type of material http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2010/sirtuins-0714. that could be implanted into scarred vocal cords to html restore their normal function. In 2002, he enlisted the help of MIT’s Robert Langer, an expert in de- Simons Initiative on Autism and the Brain veloping polymers for biomedical applications. The Disorders of learning and development affect up to team led by Langer and Zeitels has now developed 5 in 100 individuals in the United States. A subset af- a polymer gel that they hope to start testing in a fected by Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) includes small clinical trial in 2012. The gel, which mimics key approximately one in every 150 children. Recent traits of human vocal cords, could help millions of advances in neuroscience, including neurogenet- people with voice disorders—not just singers such ics, systems neuroscience, and cognitive neurosci- as Andrews and Steven Tyler, another patient of Zei- ence, have the promise of significantly advancing tels’. The team hopes that the polymer will benefit our understanding of the causes of ASD and other those with voices strained from overuse, children pervasive developmental disorders, and help in whose cords are scarred from intubation during their treatment. To be effective, however, a research surgery, and victims of laryngeal cancer. The project effort requires close interaction between neurosci- is funded by the Institute of Laryngology and Voice entists, cognitive scientists, and clinicians. Restoration, which consists of patients whose mis- In 2005, the Simons Foundation awarded a five-year sion is to support and fund research and education grant to fund autism research in 6 BCS labs at MIT in treating and restoring voice. under the Simons Autism Project. The projects aim to use advanced research tools and methods to de- http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2011/vocal- velop accurate diagnosis and treatment for children cords-0714.html with ASD and related developmental disorders, and for developing animal models of ASD. In 2009, the Protein linked to memory and learning may lead to Simons Foundation established a three-year grant novel Alzheimer’s treatments to improve the infrastructure for autism research Findings from the Picower Institute for Learning at MIT. This gift promotes innovative, collabora- and Memory may lead to new drugs for Alzheimer’s tive, and interdisciplinary research that bridges labs disease and other debilitating neurological diseases. and methods and that is targeted toward a deeper Sirtuin1, an enzyme associated with Resveratrol, a understanding of autism. This grant includes several compound found in red wine, is known to slow the components: funding for postdoctoral fellows and aging process. In the brain, it does this by shielding seed research grants, and funds for a colloquium neurons from damage. A team of researchers lead series. With the help of the SFARI, MIT’s autism by Prof. Li-Huei Tsai found that it also increases syn- research effort has grown into the Simons Initiative aptic plasticity, the ability to strengthen or weaken on Autism and the Brain. Many MIT researchers are neural connections in response to new information. members of the Autism Consortium, a collaboration This means that, in addition to preventing damage, of 75 clinicians and researchers across 13 Boston- Sirtuin1 actually promotes new learning and mem- area institutions to seek the causes and develop ory. Researchers hope to use this finding to create therapies for autism.

http://autism.mit.edu/

52 Campus Research

MIT Campus and Broad Institute Research Expenditures* Fiscal Years 2006-2010

Research Expenditures 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Campus $24,515,221 $28,324,003 $37,161,950 $46,846,106 $44,436,470 Broad Institute $7,683,458 $19,370,397 $23,376,207 $3,792,875 $0 Total NPO $32,198,679 $47,694,400 $60,538,156 $50,638,981 $44,436,470 Constant $ $26,550,692 $29,579,639 $38,275,022 $47,786,785 $44,436,470

Campus Broad Institute Campus Constant $ $60

$50

$40 s

n $30 o i l

l $23 i $47 M $19 $44 $20 $37 $28 $25 $10 $8 $4

$0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Constant $ calculated using the CPI-U weighted for the fiscal year with 2011 = 100

Leading Departments, Laboratories and Centers Receiving Support in the Most Current Year

Mechanical Engineering Technology and Development Program Earth System Initiative McGovern Institute for Brain Research MIT-SuTd Collaboration Koch Institute for intefrative Cancer Research Civil and Environmental Engineering Brain and Cognitive Sciences Civil and Environmental Engineering Economics

53 54 3 Lincoln Laboratory

Contents

Economic Impact 58 Research Expenditures 58 Air and Missile Defense Technology 59 Communication Systems and Cyber 60 Security Intelligence, Surveillance, 61 and Reconnaissance Technology Space Control 62 Advanced Technology 63 Tactical Systems 64 Homeland Protection 65 Lincoln Laboratory Staff 66 Test Facilities and Field Sites 67

55 Lincoln Laboratory MIT Lincoln Laboratory is a Federally Funded Two of the Laboratory’s principal technical Research and Development Center (FFRDC) objectives are (1) the development of components operated by the Massachusetts Institute of and systems for experiments, engineering Technology under contract with the Department measurements, and tests under field operating of Defense (DOD). The Laboratory’s core conditions and (2) the dissemination of information competencies are in sensors, information extraction to the government, academia, and industry. (signal processing and embedded computing), Program activities extend from fundamental communications, integrated sensing, and decision investigations through the design process, and support, all supported by a strong program in finally to field demonstrations of prototype systems. advanced electronics technology. Emphasis is placed on transitioning systems and technology to industry. Since its establishment in 1951, MIT Lincoln Laboratory’s mission has been to apply technology MIT Lincoln Laboratory also emphasizes meeting to problems of national security. The Laboratory’s the government’s FFRDC goals of maintaining technology development is focused on its primary long-term competency, retaining high-quality staff, mission areas—space control; air and missile providing independent perspective on critical defense technology; communication systems issues, sustaining strategic sponsor relationships, and cyber security; intelligence, surveillance, and and developing technology for both long-term reconnaissance systems and technology; advanced interests and short-term, high-priority needs. electronics; tactical systems; and homeland protection. In addition, Lincoln Laboratory undertakes government-sponsored, nondefense projects in areas such as air traffic control and weather surveillance.

FY 2011 Authorized Funding By Sponsor Other Government DHS, FAA, NOAA, Agencies NASA 14% 10% Air Force 36% Total Authorized FY 2011 Funding = $870.0 M

Other DOD 17%

Army MDA 7% OSD 6% 3% Navy DARPA 3% 4%

All data are for the period concurrent with the U.S. Government fiscal year, Oct. 1 to Sept. 30.

56 Lincoln Laboratory

Total DOD Authorized Funding FY07 to FY11 $900 $795.2 $785.7 $800

$700 $661.0 $613.6 $589.6 $600

$500 s n o

i $400 l l i M $300

$200

$100

$0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Non-DOD Programs FY07 to FY11 $120

$100.6 $100 $88.0 $84.3 $80 $62.0 s n $60 o i l l i

M $39.2 $40

$20

$0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

All data are for the period concurrent with the U.S. Government fiscal year, Oct. 1 to Sept. 30.

57 Lincoln Laboratory’s Economic Impact Goods and Services (including subcontracts) Lincoln Laboratory has generated and supported Expenditures Fiscal Year 2011 (In $millions) a range of national business and industrial activities. These charts show the Laboratory’s economic Type Amount impact by business category and state. In FY11, the Large Business 202.6 Lab issued subcontracts with a value that exceeded Small Business (SB) 123.9 $434 million; New England states are the primary Woman-owned SB 78.7 beneficiaries of the outside procurement program. Small Disadvantaged Business 20.5 Veteran-owned Veteran-owned SB 9.1 Small Small Business Total 434.8 Disadvantaged 2.1% Top Seven States Business Massachusetts 209.2 4.7% Woman-owned California 44.6 Small Business New Hampshire 26.4 Texas 19.5 New York 19.0 18.1% Virginia 11.2 Colorado 10.9

Other New England States Rhode Island 4.2 46.6% Connecticut 3.0 28.5% Vermont 0.2 Maine 0.04 Small Business Large Business All of the above data are for the period concurrent with the U.S. Government fiscal year, Oct. 1 to Sept. 30.

Lincoln Laboratory’s Research Expenditures Lincoln Lab employs 1,670 technical staff, 392 technical support personnel, 1,067 support personnel, 88.57% and 584 subcontractors. DOD $714.0 Research Expenditures (in millions) Fiscal Year 2011* Total: $806.1 million

0.31% 11.12% Non-federal Other federal $2.5 $89.6

*This graph shows research expenditures for the MIT fiscal year, which runs from July 1 to June 30. The data reported in this section reflect the period concurrent with the U.S. Government fiscal year, which runs from October 1 to September 30.

58 Lincoln Laboratory

Air and Missile Defense Technology

In the Air and Missile Defense Technology mission, The program includes a focused evaluation of the Lincoln Laboratory works with government, indus- survivability of U.S. air vehicles against air defense try, and other laboratories to develop integrated systems. The mission strongly emphasizes the rapid systems for defense against ballistic missiles, cruise prototyping of sensor and system concepts and al- missiles, and air vehicles in tactical, strategic, and gorithms, and the transfer of the resulting technolo- homeland defense applications. Activities include gies to government contractors responsible for the the investigation of system architectures, develop- development of operational systems. ment of advanced sensor and decision support technologies, development of flight-test hardware, extensive field measurements and data analysis, and the verification and assessment of deployed system capabilities.

Air and Missile Defense Technology DOD Authorized Funding, FY07 to FY11 $160 $140.5 $140 $127.5 $125.2 $121.8 $118.1 $120

$100 s

n $80 o i l l i

M $60

$40

$20

$0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

All data are for the period concurrent with the U.S. Government fiscal year, Oct. 1 to Sept. 30.

59 Communication Systems and Cyber Security In Communication Systems and Cyber Security, the Current efforts span all network layers (from physi- Laboratory works to enhance the capabilities of cur- cal to application), with primary focuses on satellite rent and future U.S. global defense communications communications, aircraft and vehicle radios and networks (space, air, land, and sea) in the transport antennas, tactical networking, language processing, and knowledge domains. The mission emphasizes net-centric operations, and cyber operations. developing architectures; identifying, prototyping, and demonstrating components, subsystems, and systems; and then transferring this technology to industry for use in operational systems.

Communication Systems and Cyber Security DOD Authorized Funding, FY07 to FY11 $180 $164.5 $160 $142.6 $140.3 $140 $120.9 $120 $112.9

$100 s n o i l l

i $80 M $60

$40

$20

$0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

All data are for the period concurrent with the U.S. Government fiscal year, Oct. 1 to Sept. 30.

60 Lincoln Laboratory

Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance Systems and Technology The Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance systems, electro-optic imaging, and laser radar. (ISR) Systems and Technology mission conducts For such systems, the Laboratory typically research and development into advanced sensing performs phenomenology analysis, system concepts, signal and image processing, high design, component technology development, and performance computing, networked sensor significant experimentation. Successful concepts architectures, and decision sciences. This work often develop into experimental prototype ISR focuses on providing improved surface and systems, sometimes on surrogate platforms, undersea surveillance capabilities for problems of that demonstrate new capability in operationally national interest. The Laboratory’s ISR program relevant environments. encompasses airborne imaging and moving target detection radar, radio frequency geolocation

ISR Systems and Technology DOD Authorized Funding, FY07 to FY11 $80 $71.7 $70.5 $69.8 $70

$60

$50 $45.8 s

n $40 o i l l i

M $30

$20

$10

$0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

The ISR Systems and Technology mission area was instituted in 2008.

All data are for the period concurrent with the U.S. Government fiscal year, Oct. 1 to Sept. 30.

61 Space Control The Space Control mission develops technology that The technology emphasis is the application of new enables the nation’s space surveillance system to components and algorithms to enable sensors with meet the challenges of space situational awareness. greatly enhanced capabilities and to support the Lincoln Laboratory works with systems to detect, development of net-centric processing systems for track, and identify man-made satellites; performs the nation’s Space Surveillance Network. satellite mission and payload assessment; and in- vestigates technology to improve monitoring of the space environment, including space weather and atmospheric and ionospheric effects.

Space Control DOD Authorized Funding, FY07 to FY11 $180 $166.9 $160

$140 $125.5 $119.7 $120 $104.4 $105.4 $100 s n o i l l

i $80 M $60

$40

$20

$0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

All data are for the period concurrent with the U.S. Government fiscal year, Oct. 1 to Sept. 30.

62 Lincoln Laboratory

Advanced Technology Research and development in the Advanced Tech- dimensional integrated circuits, biological- and nology mission focus on the invention of new devic- chemical-agent sensors, diode lasers and photonic es, their practical realization, and their integration devices using compound semiconductors and into subsystems. Although many devices continue silicon-based technologies, microelectromechanical to be based on solid-state electronic or electro- devices, radio-frequency components, unique lasers optical technologies, recent work is highly multidis- including high-power fiber and cryogenic lasers, ciplinary, and current devices increasingly exploit and quantum logic in both superconducting and biotechnology and innovative chemistry. The broad trapped-ion forms. scope of work includes the development of unique high-performance detectors and focal planes, three-

Advanced Technology DOD Authorized Funding, FY07 to FY11 $70 $62.2 $60 $51.7 $49.8 $50 $46.8 $42.4 $40 s n o i l l i $30 M

$20

$10

$0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

All data are for the period concurrent with the U.S. Government fiscal year, Oct. 1 to Sept. 30.

63 Tactical Systems In the Tactical Systems mission, Lincoln Laboratory type U.S. and threat systems, and detailed, realistic, assists the Department of Defense in improving the instrumented testing. A tight coupling between the acquisition and employment of various tactical air Laboratory’s efforts and the DOD sponsors and warf- and counterterrorist systems by helping the U.S. ighters involved in these efforts ensures that these military understand the operational utility and limi- analyses and prototype systems are relevant and tations of advanced technologies. Activities focus on beneficial to the warfighter. a combination of systems analysis to assess technology impact in operationally relevant scenarios, rapid development and instrumentation of proto-

Tactical Systems DOD Authorized Funding, FY07 to FY11 $120

$100 $97.1 $94.7

$79.2 $80 $67.4

s $57.9

n $60 o i l l i M $40

$20

$0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

All data are for the period concurrent with the U.S. Government fiscal year, Oct. 1 to Sept. 30.

64 Lincoln Laboratory

Homeland Protection The Homeland Protection mission supports the Recent efforts include architecture studies for the nation’s security by innovating technology and defense of civilians and facilities against biological architectures to help prevent terrorist attacks within attacks, development of the Enhanced Regional the United States, to reduce the vulnerability of the Situation Awareness system for the National Capital nation to terrorism, to minimize the damage from Region, the assessment of technologies for border terrorist attacks, and to facilitate recovery from and maritime security, and the development of either man-made or natural disasters. The broad architectures and systems for disaster response. sponsorship for this mission area spans the Depart- ment of Defense (DOD), the Department of Home- land Security (DHS), and other federal, state, and local entities.

Homeland Protection DOD Authorized Funding, FY07 to FY11 $50 $45 $43.3 $40 $36.0 $35 $30.6 $30 s

n $25 o i l l

i $19.7

M $20 $15 $10 $5 $0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

The Homeland Protection mission area was instituted in 2008.

All data are for the period concurrent with the U.S. Government fiscal year, Oct. 1 to Sept. 30.

65 Lincoln Laboratory Staff Approximately 1,700 professional technical staff are nation’s top technical universities, with 65% to involved in research programs. Almost three-quar- 75% of new hires coming directly from universities. ters of the technical staff have advanced degrees, Lincoln Laboratory augments its campus recruiting with 41% holding doctorates. Professional develop- by developing long-term relationships with research ment opportunities and challenging cross-disciplin- faculty and promoting fellowship and summer in- ary projects are responsible for the Laboratory’s ternship programs. ability to retain highly qualified, creative staff. Lincoln Laboratory recruits at more than 60 of the

Technical Staff Profile

No Degree 4% Bachelor’s

23% 41% Doctorate

Academic Disciplines of Lincoln Laboratory Technical Staff

Aerospace/ Mechanical Astronautics Engineering Electrical 32% 5% 6% Engineering Mathematics Master’s 9% 37% Degrees Held by Lincoln Laboratory Technical Staff Computer Science 11%

15% Computer Engineering, Biology, Chemistry, 17% Meteorology, Materials Science Physics

All data are for the period concurrent with the U.S. Government fiscal year, Oct. 1 to Sept. 30.

66 Lincoln Laboratory

Test Facilities and Field Sites Hanscom Field Flight and Antenna Test Facility The Laboratory operates the main hangar on the Hanscom Air Force Base flight line. This 93,000-sq-ft building accommodates the Laboratory Flight Test Facility and complex of state-of-the-art antenna test chambers. The Flight Facility houses several Lincoln Laboratory-operated aircraft used for rapid prototyping of airborne sensors and communications.

Hanscom Field Flight and Antenna Test Facility

Millstone Hill Field Site, Westford, MA MIT operates radio astronomy and atmospheric research facilities at Millstone Hill, an MIT-owned, 1,100-acre research facility in Westford, Massachu- setts. Lincoln Laboratory occupies a subset of the facilities whose primary activities involve tracking and identification of space objects.

Millstone Hill Field Site, Westford, Massachu- setts Reagan Test Site, Kwajalein, Marshall Islands Lincoln Laboratory serves as the scientific advisor to the Reagan Test Site at the U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll installation located about 2,500 miles WSW of Ha- waii. Twenty staff members work at this site, serving two- to three-year tours of duty. The site’s radars and optical and telemetry sensors support ballistic missile defense testing and space surveillance. The radar systems provide test facilities for radar technology development and for the development of ballistic missile defense techniques.

Reagan Test Site, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Other Sites Islands Pacific Missile Range Facility, Kauai, Hawaii Experimental Test Site, Socorro, New Mexico

67 68 4 MIT and Industry

Contents

Innovation Ecosystem 70 Benefits to the National Economy 71 Selected Current Projects 72 Research Funded by Industry 73 Service to Industry 74 Strategic Partnerships 76

69 MIT and Industry Innovation Ecosystem Industrial Liaison Program/Office of Corporate MIT is built on a foundation of innovation and entre- Relations preneurship. Since its creation in 1861 by the Mas- MIT has long held that breakthrough research sachusetts State Legislature, MIT has been charged hinges on open, consultative dialogue. The Office of with the “development and practical application of Corporate Relations’ Industrial Liaison Program (ILP) science in connection with arts, agriculture, manu- was established in 1948, making MIT the first aca- factures, and commerce.” The Institute’s motto, demic institution with a formal program designed mens et manus – mind and hand – codifies its con- to nurture university/industry collaboration. For six tinuing commitment to serving society through the decades, the ILP has connected member companies practical application of university research. with the latest research developments at MIT and enabled industry to support the Institute’s research An institutional culture with a dynamic relationship and educational activities. Industry-sponsored to industrial innovation has grown on top of this research at MIT totaled $110 million in FY10, or 15% foundation. The components of this ecosystem of of all MIT research funding. innovation encompass education, business connections, and the commercialization of university The Deshpande Center for Technological research. MIT’s innovation model encourages Innovation members of its research community – its students, Established in 2002, the Deshpande Center is a researchers, faculty, staff, and alumni – to reach Proof of Concept Center (POCC) that trains univer- beyond MIT’s campus. The success of this model sity faculty and researchers in forming companies is outlined in a 2009 Kauffman Foundation report and commercializing technologies. The center helps 1 on the Entrepreneurial Impact of MIT. The report bridge the gap between basic research and a valid estimates that living MIT graduates have founded proof of concept. This training reduces technology about 25,800 active companies, employing 3.3 mil- risks and market risks so investors feel comfortable lion people and generating estimated annual world committing the resources to develop the technology revenues of $2 trillion. outside of the university. Since 2002, The Center has funded more than 80 projects with over $10 mil- MIT’s Innovation Ecosystem is sustained by the deep lion in grants. Twenty projects have spun out of the understanding of science and engineering instilled center into commercial ventures, collectively raising in its students, and is enhanced by several Insti- more than $180 million in outside financing and tute initiatives. A sampling of these initiatives are employing more than 200 people. described below. Innovation Prizes The Technology Licensing Office A number of prizes at MIT spur students and faculty For decades, MIT’s Technology Licensing Office has to explore difficult problems. One example is the helped MIT faculty and researchers with patenting, MIT $100K Entrepreneurship Competition, a year- licensing, and starting firms that build upon technol- long educational experience designed to encour- ogy developed at MIT. In FY2011, MIT received 153 age MIT students to act on their talent, ideas, and U.S. patents and filed 187 new U.S. patent applica- energy to produce tomorrow’s leading firms. Since tions. (See page 11 for more detailed TLO statistics.) the $100K competition was founded in 1989, it has served as the launch pad for more than 120 companies, which have generated over $16 billion in market value and created over 4,000 jobs.

1Roberts, E. and Eesley, C; Entrepreneurial Impact: The Role of MIT; The Kauffman Foundation, February 2009 (http://www.kauffman. org/research-and-policy/mit-entrepreneurs.aspx)

70 MIT and Industry

MIT Entrepreneurship Center Venture Mentoring Service Proposed in 1990 by the then Dean of the MIT The MIT Venture Mentoring Service (VMS) con- Sloan School of Management as a center to support nects members of the MIT community with advisory entrepreneurship across the five Schools at MIT, the resources to increase successful outcomes and ac- Entrepreneurship-Center (E-Center) creates great celerate the commercialization of university innova- value for its stakeholders by connecting technolo- tions. The MIT VMS harnesses the knowledge and gists and business people and fostering an environ- experience of volunteer alumni and other business ment that helps them accelerate the creation of leaders to help prospective entrepreneurs in the new companies together. The E-Center’s educational university community bring their ideas and inven- and networking programs help instill in students the tions to market. Since its launch in 2000, more than skills and attitudes it takes to succeed as entrepre- 1,400 entrepreneurs involved in nearly 800 ventures neurs. The E-Center also builds alliances between have enrolled in VMS mentoring. Of these, more MIT entrepreneurs and local corporate and venture than 130 have advanced to become operating busi- capital leaders, building a community of academic, nesses. government, and industry leaders focused on entrepreneurial ventures.

Benefits to the National Economy

In 2009, the Kauffman Foundation of Entrepreneur- semiconductors, and computers), and biotech. ship released a study on MIT’s Entrepreneurial im- These firms are the cutting edge of what we think pact on the nation’s economy. The study found that of as high technology and, correspondingly, are the five states benefiting most from MIT-related more likely to be planning future expansion than jobs were Massachusetts, with just under 1,000,000 companies in other industries. They export a higher jobs; California, with 526,000 jobs; New York, with percentage of their products, hold more patents, 231,000 jobs; Texas, with 184,00 jobs; and Virginia, and spend more of their revenues on research and with 136,000 jobs. development.”

Nearly 60 percent of companies founded by MIT The study also found that MIT acts as a magnet for alumni are located outside the Northeast. These foreign entrepreneurs. It reported that 30 percent companies have a large presence in the San Francis- of foreign students who attend MIT found compa- co Bay area (Silicon Valley), Southern California, the nies at some point in their lives. It stated that “half Washington-Baltimore-Philadelphia belt, the Pacific of those companies created by ‘imported’ entrepre- Northwest, the Chicago area, southern Florida, neurs, 2,340 firms, are headquartered in the United Dallas and Houston, and the industrial cities of Ohio, States, generating their principal revenue ($16 Michigan, and PennsylvaThe study also noted that billion) and employment (101,500 people) benefits “an important subset of the MIT alumni companies here.” is in software, electronics (including instruments,

71 Industry Selected Current Projects

Micro-Ants Closing in on Bionic Speed Researchers at MIT, in collaboration with research- Robots have the potential to go where it is too hot, ers at Boston University and in Germany, have cre- too cold, too remote, too small, or too dangerous ated a new system that uses microscopic magnetic for people to perform any number of tasks, from beads suspended in liquid to move objects inside repairing water leaks to stitching blood vessels microfluidic chips. The beads, which are made of together. Now MIT researchers, led by Sidney Yip, polymers with specks of magnetic material sus- professor of nuclear engineering and materials pended in them, have been dubbed “micro-ants” science and engineering, have proposed a theory for their ability to transport objects much larger that might eliminate an obstacle to achieving these than themselves. When they are placed in a rotat- goals – the limited speed and control of the “artifi- ing magnetic field the beads spontaneously form cial muscles” that make these robots move. Today, short chains and spin, creating a current that can engineers construct robotic muscles from polymers transport surrounding particles as much as 100 that carry an electronic current, which are triggered times larger than the beads. The new method could by activating waves called “solitons.” Proposing a provide a simpler, less-expensive alternative to model that explains how these waves work, Xi Lin, a current microfluidic devices, a technology involv- postdoctoral associate in Yip’s lab, has developed an ing the precise control of tiny amounts of liquids understanding which will permit engineers to design flowing through microscopic channels on a chip in lighter, much more flexible polymers. Able to trans- order to carry out chemical or biological analysis mit the wave much more quickly, they can make the of tiny samples. The work may also help scientist robot muscles move 1,000 times faster than those better understand the human body. The micro-ants of humans. This work was supported by Honda R&D function similarly to cilia, which are tiny hair-like Co. Ltd., and DARPA. filaments that line organs like the trachea and the intestines. Like the micro-ants, cilia work in unison to create currents that sweep along cells, nutrients, and other particles. The work was led by Professor Alfredo Alexander-Katz and was funded by a grant from DuPont and grants from the German Govern- ment. http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/micro- ants.html

72 MIT and Industry

MIT Campus Research Expenditures Fiscal Years 2007-2011

Research Expenditures 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Campus $68,482,744 Industry$75,259,081 $85,562,146 $92,649,701 $100,762,512 Broad Institute $11,242,651 $6,935,104 $13,656,981 $680,132 Total Industry $79,725,395 $82,194,185 $99,219,127 $93,329,833 $100,762,512 Constant $ $74,168,788 $78,595,403 $88,124,899 $94,510,126 $100,762,515

Campus Broad Institute Campus Constant $ $120

$100

$80 s n o i

l $60 l i

M $101 $93 $86 $40 $75 $68

$20

$11 $7 $14 $1 $0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Constant $ calculated using the CPI-U weighted for the fiscal year with 2011 = 100

Leading Departments, Laboratories, and Centers Sponsored Research Receiving Support in the Most Current Year MIT is a leader in conducting research sponsored by industry. More than 400 corporations supported MIT Energy Initiative research projects on the MIT campus in FY 2010, Chemical Engineering with expenditures exceeding $110 million. Compa- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory nies often join together in these collaborations to Media Laboratory support multi-disciplinary research programs in a Mechanical Engineering wide range of fields. Sloan School of Management The Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research Aeronautics and Astronautics Center for Technology, Policy, and Industrial Development Research Laboratory of Electronics

73 Service to Industry Deshpande Center for Technological Innovation MIT Center for Biomedical Innovation The Deshpande Center for Technological Innovation An Institute-wide collaboration of faculty from the nurtures marketable inventions by engaging indus- MIT Schools of Engineering, Management, and Sci- try to spark inventions that solve existing needs, and ence, the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences by funding proof-of-concept explorations with Igni- & Technology, and their counterparts from govern- tion Grants. The Center fuels market-driven innova- ment and industry, the MIT Center for Biomedical tion by funding research with Innovation Grants, Innovation addresses the challenges of translating getting the business community involved at an early advances in the life sciences more efficiently and stage to help shape the direction of research, and safely, from the laboratory to the public. The center by educating the research community about com- provides a “safe harbor” in which major players mercialization. It also implements innovation in the across the biomedical spectrum – from medical re- marketplace by catalyzing collaborations, directing searchers to federal regulators, payers, and experts researchers to appropriate business and entrepre- in finance and marketing – can better appreciate neurial resources, and serving as a liaison between each other’s concerns and communicate and col- MIT and the local business community. laborate more effectively.

The Industrial Performance Center MIT International Science and Technology Initiatives The Industrial Performance Center supports interdisciplinary research and education aimed at The MIT International Science and Technology Initia- understanding and improving industrial productiv- tives program (MISTI) enlarges students’ opportuni- ity, innovation, and competitiveness. Faculty and ties for international learning through on-campus students from all five MIT schools participate in its resources and internships in foreign companies and programs. Since its founding in 1992, the Center laboratories; supports faculty collaborations with has conducted research at more than 1,000 firms in researchers abroad; and works with corporations, major manufacturing and service industries in both government, and nonprofit organizations to pro- advanced and emerging economies. mote international industry, education, and research. More than 400 students participate annually in MISTI internships, preparing for their stay abroad Leaders for Global Operations with integrated courses in foreign languages and Leaders for Global Operations (LGO) is an educa- cultures. MISTI programs are organized by region. tional and research program that the MIT Sloan The first one established, MIT Japan, today is the School of Management and the School of Engineer- largest center of applied Japanese studies for scien- ing conduct in partnership with more than 25 global tists and engineers in that country. Other programs manufacturing and operations companies. The are in China, France, Germany, India, and Italy. program educates new leaders in manufacturing MISTI also supports conferences and workshops and operations, and advances the understanding of that promote international learning and research at manufacturing and operations principles. LGO views MIT, and provides training for corporations. these two functions in the broadest sense, from product concept through delivery. Its 24-month program leads to two Master of Science degrees – one in engineering and the other in management. Students work with faculty in both schools and take part in activities that include six-month internships at partner companies.

74 MIT and Industry

MIT Sloan Fellows Program in Innovation and Professional Institute Global Leadership Founded in 1949, MIT’s Professional Institute (PI) The MIT Sloan Fellows Program in Innovation and brings more than 600 technical, scientific, busi- Global Leadership is a 12-month, full-time program ness, and government professionals from around for high-potential mid-career managers with strong the world to campus each year for two- to- five-day technical and entrepreneurial backgrounds. Inte- courses that allow them to develop working knowl- grating management, technology, innovation, and edge in rapidly evolving technologies, industries, global outreach, the program provides students and organizational structures. PI’s more than 40 with a rigorous academic curriculum, frequent courses, which can involve lectures, discussions, interaction with international business and govern- readings, interactive problem solving, and labora- ment leaders, and an exchange of global perspec- tory work, cover a broad range of topics, such as hy- tives that enables them to develop their capacities drologic modeling, bioinformatics, nanostructured as global innovators. The program attracts people fluids, supply chain network optimization, scientific from all over the world from a wide variety of for- marketing, and high-speed videography. Recent PI profit and nonprofit industries organizations, and participants include employees from Amgen, Archer functional areas. Students can earn an M.B.A., an Daniels Midland, Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Lab, M.S. in management, or an M.S. in the management Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Nagoya City University, of technology. San Mateo County Transit District, Delft University of Technology, and the Department of Defense. Office of Corporate Relations MIT’s Office of Corporate Relations promotes System Design and Management creative collaboration among MIT, industry, and System Design and Management (SDM) educates government. Its Industrial Liaison Program enables engineering professionals in the processes of member firms to draw upon MIT expertise to inform engineering and designing complex products and their own technology strategies, and at the same systems, and gives them the management skills they time helps faculty members stay abreast of the lat- need to exercise these capacities across organiza- est industrial developments. tions. Sponsored by the School of Engineering and the Sloan School of Management, the program of- Professional Education Programs fers a joint Master’s degree from both schools. Stu- To meet industries’ need to bring large groups of dents can pursue these degrees either on campus employees up to speed in new or evolving areas or through a hybrid on-campus/off-campus curricu- of knowledge, in 2002 the MIT School of Engineer- lum that uses video conferencing and web-based ing established its Professional Education Programs instruction. This flexibility has made it possible for (PEP). An extension of MIT’s Professional Institute people like a captain in the U.S. Army commanding a (see following entry), PEP offers Internet-based division in Iraq, a captain in the Hellenic Air Force, or courses that employees can participate in at their a General Electric aerospace engineer in Cincinnati home institutions without traveling to Cambridge. to take advantage of SDM’s technical, engineering, MIT faculty also work with corporations to design and management breadth. More than 50 companies customized curriculums that meet their specific and organizations from a wide range of fields have needs, including those that integrate management sponsored students in this program. with technological advances.

75 Strategic Partnerships In 1994, MIT began to build new kinds of research Ford Motor Company partnerships, creating longer-term alliances with Since it was launched in 1997, the Ford-MIT Al- major corporations that would allow these com- liance has joined MIT and Ford researchers on a panies to work with MIT to develop programs and wide range of education and research projects strategies that address areas of rapid change. In that emphasize environment and design. Built on a return for their research and teaching support, the long history of working together, the alliance grew corporations share ownership of patentable inven- from a recognition that changes brought about by tions and improvements developed from the part- globalization and the impact of advanced informa- nership. In a number of these alliances, funds are tion technologies require new models of university/ earmarked for specific education projects. industry collaboration. The more than 80 research projects supported by the Ford-MIT Alliance in- Dupont clude climate and environmental research, the Established in 2000 and extended in 2005, the development of cleaner engine and fuel technolo- DuPont MIT Alliance (DMA) brings together each gies, computer-aided design, and automobile voice institution’s strengths in materials, chemical, and recognition systems, such as the one MIT and Ford biological sciences to develop new materials for researchers are working on to allow drivers to direct bioelectronics, biosensors, biomimetic materials, their autos’ navigation systems by speaking, rather alternative energy sources, and other high value than by entering the information with keystrokes. substances. DuPont also works with MIT’s Sloan School of Management to define new business Hewlett-Packard Company models for these emerging technologies. Among With the ultimate goal of expanding the perfor- DMA’s accomplishments is a device for the tissue- mance and flexibility of the commercial, education- like culturing of liver cells that provides a medium al, and personal services that digital information sys- for testing the material similar to the toxicity of new tems provide, Hewlett-Packard and MIT established pharmaceuticals. Another is the development of a an alliance in 2000 to investigate new architectures, material similar to the water-repellent surfaces of devices, and user interfaces, and to develop new lotus leaves, which has potential for applications like ways to create and handle digital information. The self-cleaning fabrics, water-repellent windshields, HP/MIT Alliance has helped launch Dspace, the MIT and plumbing that resists the growth of harmful Libraries’ pathbreaking digital archive which opens bacteria. To date, MIT and DuPont scientists have up the intellectual output of MIT faculty and re- applied for more than 40 patents based on their search staff to researchers around the world. It also research. In its second stage, DMA has moved into supports the MIT Ultra-Wideband group, which is nanocomposites, nanoelectronic materials, alterna- advancing UWB communication, and the MIT Cen- tive energy technologies, and next-generation safety ter for Wireless Networking, which explores ways to and protection materials. expand the capabilities of wireless appliances and the networks and server architectures that they use.

76 MIT and Industry

Microsoft Corporation Project Oxygen Alliance Called iCampus, the Microsoft/MIT collaboration A partnership among the MIT Computer Science supports projects among Microsoft researchers and and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and six corpo- MIT students, faculty, and staff that advance IT-en- rations – the Acer Group, Delta Electronics, Hewlett- abled teaching models and learning tools for higher Packard, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone, Nokia, education. Established in 1999, iCampus has funded and Philips – Project Oxygen’s goal is to make com- dozens of faculty and student projects. Among its putation and communication resources as abundant products are a new course in introductory physics; and as easy to use as oxygen. Working also with sup- a Web-accessible microelectronics teaching labora- port from the Defense Advanced Research Projects tory; and a new tool for environmental researchers Agency, the project seeks to free people from com- in the field – an electronic notebook that makes it puter jargon, keyboards, mice, and other specialized possible to streamline data collection and improve devices they rely on now for access to computation its accuracy. This breakthrough was the product of a and communication. The researchers are creating, student-designed course set up with iCampus fund- for example, speech and vision technologies that ing specifically for developing a software applica- enable humans to communicate as naturally with tion that would enable environmental scientists to computers as they do with people. They are devel- dispense with paper notebooks, gather data elec- oping centralized networks and robust software/ tronically, integrate it with environmental and GPS hardware architectures that can adapt to mobile sensors, and carry out computations in the field. uses, currently available resources, and varying The tool also lets them transmit data wirelessly to operating conditions. Researchers also are at work a remote server, where not only are their records devising security and privacy mechanisms that safe- invulnerable to the hazards of wind, water, and guard personal information and resources. other factors that make data collection in the field precarious; they also are readily available to other Quanta Computing researchers. In today’s computing environment, people using personal service technologies must navigate among Pirelli Labs an array of devices – from cell phones to comput- Working on the MIT campus and in Pirelli Labora- ers to personal digital assistants. In 2005, MIT and tories near Milan, Italy, scientists from both orga- Quanta Computing established Project TParty to nizations are collaborating on a new generation address this complexity. Engineers from Quanta are of nanotechnology integrated optical systems. By collaborating with researchers from MIT’s Computer miniaturizing the components and using all of the Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory to de- wavelengths available in a fiber optic cable to maxi- sign new platforms for computing and communica- mize the amount of data transmitted on each fiber, tion, reengineer and extend the underlying technical this technology will both dramatically reduce manu- infrastructures, create new interfaces, and explore facturing and delivery costs and make it possible to new ways of imaging, accessing, and integrating in- provide enormous broadband capacity to consum- formation. Their goal is to design new products that ers. The collaboration’s ultimate goal is to provide will make the personal use of computer technolo- residential subscribers highest-quality broadband gies much easier and more productive. telecommunication services and much lower cost.

77 78 5 Global Engagement

Contents

International Collaboration 80 International Scholars 85 International Students 86 International Entrepreneurs 90 International Alumni 91 Faculty Country of Origin 92 International Study Opportunities 93 MISTI 94 International Research 96

79 Global Engagement The expanding global connections of the 21st Cen- SUTD, MIT, and partner institutions to collaborate tury provide MIT with increasing opportunities to in the design of devices, systems, and services that engage in projects and collaborations outside the address the needs of Singapore and the world. In United States. As President Susan Hockfield noted doing so, the IDC will seek to address design chal- in a speech delivered to the Confederation of Indian lenges facing the world today — including sustain- Industries in Mumbai, India in November 2007, able built environments, engineering for the developing world, and Information and Communication It has never been more clear that the future of Technology-enabled devices for better living. innovation will be told in many, many different languages. In a world with so much talent, no one has Singapore-MIT Alliance a monopoly on good ideas. As researchers, if we are The Singapore-MIT Alliance (SMA) is an innovative driven to find the most gifted collaborators and the engineering education and research collabora- most intriguing ideas, we must be prepared to look tion among the National University of Singapore far beyond our own backyards. And as educators, if (NUS), Nanyang Technological University (NTU), and we fail to help our students learn to live and work the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). with their peers around the world, then we have Founded in November 1998 to promote global failed them altogether. engineering education and research, SMA brings together the resources of three premiere academic MIT strives to encourage the free flow of people and institutions — MIT, National University of Singapore, ideas through engaging in international research and Nanyang Technological University — while pro- collaborations, providing international study and viding students with unlimited access to exceptional research opportunities for its students, and by host- faculty expertise and superior research facilities. ing international students and scholars. The follow- http://web.mit.edu/sma/index.htm ing are some of MIT’s many international research collaborations: Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research & Technology (SMART) Centre MIT-Singapore Established in 2007, the SMART Centre is MIT’s first Singapore University of Technology and Design research centre outside of Cambridge, MA and its In 2010, MIT and the Singapore University of Tech- largest international research endeavor. The Centre nology and Design (SUTD) signed an agreement for- is also the first entity in the Campus for Research malizing a detailed collaboration between the two Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) institutions. The partnership is MIT’s most signifi- currently being developed by Singapore’s National cant educational collaboration to date, and includes Research Foundation. both education and research components. The alliance will give MIT new opportunities to push the The SMART Centre will: identify and carry out boundaries of design research through cooperation research on critical problems of societal signifi- on teaching, curriculum development, and faculty cance and develop innovative solutions through its recruitment and development. MIT will also assist interdisciplinary research groups (IRGs); become a in designing programs to encourage innovation and magnet for attracting and anchoring global research entrepreneurship. A key feature of the research talent to Singapore; develop robust partnerships component of the agreement is the establishment with local universities and institutions in Singapore; of an International Design Centre (IDC). Situated engage in graduate education by co-advising local at the heart of SUTD, with a mirror facility at MIT, doctoral students and post-doctoral associates; and the IDC is intended to become the world’s premier help instill a culture of translational research, entre- hub for technologically intensive design. The IDC preneurship and technology transfer through the will be a focal point for faculty and students from SMART Innovation Centre.

80 Global Engagement

MIT Energy Initiative (MITEI) MIT-Greater China Initiative MITEI, established in September 2006, is an In- There are currently approximately 100 research stitute-wide initiative designed to help transform initiatives and activities between MIT and China, the global energy system to meet the needs of the including the following: future and to help build a bridge to that future by improving today’s energy systems. MITEI strives to Tsinghua-MIT-Cambridge Alliance (TMCA) address the technical and policy challenges of the coming decades, such as meeting the world’s grow- Founded in 2009, the TMCA is a research collabo- ing demand for energy; minimizing related impacts ration focused on low carbon energy, including: on the environment; and reducing the potential clean-coal technology and carbon-capture and geopolitical tensions associated with increased sequestration; energy-efficient buildings, urban competition for energy. design, and sustainable transportation systems; biomass energy; and nuclear energy. The Alliance To solve these problems, MITEI pairs the Institute’s will provide seed funding for early stage research world-class research teams with varied entities projects on low carbon energy solutions; support across the global research spectrum. For example, development of the MIT Emissions Prediction and the Initiative is launching a new multi-disciplinary Policy Analysis (EPPA) model for integrated assess- program addressing the energy challenges of the ment of the Chinese energy economy in response developing world. It has also formed international to carbon dioxide emission mitigation (with close alliances with research institutions in key regions of collaboration from Tsinghua in providing the neces- the world. One of these alliances is the Low Carbon sary inputs for the model); fund studies of policy Energy University Alliance (LCEUA), which is a part- and energy sector decision-making in China, the nership among MIT, Tsinghua University, and the U.S. and the U.K.; fund visits by faculty, students and University of Cambridge. MITEI is also a resource research scientists participating in Alliance work to for policy makers and the public, providing unbiased other parties and to explore mechanisms for joint analysis and serving as an honest broker for indus- training programs; and support a major annual con- try and government. http://web.mit.edu/mitei ference and workshops.

The following are examples of MITEI’s research: MIT China Educational Technology Initiative (CETI) MIT researchers and their collaborators from South The goal of MIT-CETI is to promote cultural ex- Africa and England have demonstrated that it is change between American and Chinese students possible to create elegant, energy-efficient buildings by exploring science and technology. Each summer with little energy consumption and essentially no since 1996, CETI has sent between 15 and 21 MIT energy-intensive materials. http://web.mit.edu/mi- students to high schools in the cities and towns tei/research/spotlights/innovative-buildings.html of Anxian, Beijing, Chengdu, Guangzhou, Guilin, Kunming, Mianyang, Nanjing, Shanghai, and Xi’an. MIT researchers are working with Chiquita Brands Teaching in teams of three, some of the past CETI International Inc. to help gauge the carbon footprint participants have taught curriculums on web design, of the supply chain that transports bananas by truck programming, robotics, electrical engineering, civil and ship from Central America to the United States. engineering, English, biology, aerospace engineering The case study will lead to a Web-based tool that and more. http://web.mit.edu/mit-ceti/www/ will help other companies calculate and potentially reduce the energy consumption of products moved by land, water, and/or air. http://web.mit.edu/mitei/research/spotlights/bananas.html

81 MIT-India Initiative Launched in 2007, the MIT-India Initiative seeks to MISTI India Program lead the Institute into a dramatic new phase in its The MIT-India Program, part of the MIT Interna- historic relationship with India. The primary mission tional Science and Technology Initiatives (MISTI), of the MIT-India Initiative is to foster collaboration arranges summer internships in Indian research, between the faculty and students at MIT, and fac- corporate, and nonprofit settings for MIT students. ulty and students at academic and research institu- Among participating organizations are the ICICI tions in India. Among its specific goals are enabling Bank, Hikal Pharmaceuticals, and Dr. Reddy’s Labo- the creation of long-term projects involving groups ratories. MIT students have also worked in labs at IIT from both MIT and Indian institutions; and promot- Madras, IIT Bombay, the National Centre for Biologi- ing inclusive growth, sustainable development, edu- cal Sciences, and the Indian Institute of Information cational leadership, entrepreneurship, new models Technology, Bangalore. The program similarly helps of governance, and advanced, results-focused MIT faculty arrange research partnerships with research in India. http://web.mit.edu/india/ Indian counterparts. http://web.mit.edu/misti/mit- india/ The following are some of the many elements that the Initiative encompasses: THSTI The Translational Health Science and Technology The Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) Institute (THSTI), in Faridabad, India is modeled The Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab, based in after the Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences the MIT Department of Economics, pioneered the and Technology, and will include physicians, engi- use of controlled trials as a means of gauging the neers and scientists working together to generate effectiveness of anti-poverty strategies. There are discoveries and inventions that are translated to more JPAL projects in India than in any other coun- advance health in the region and around the world. try. Topics under study include health, education, MIT is working with THSTI to recruit and mentor the indoor air pollution, government corruption, and founding faculty of THSTI. http://thsti.org/ the optimal use of micro-credit. Indian organizations collaborating in the Lab’s work include government MIT Urban Laboratory agencies, non-profit organizations, and leading cor- The MIT Urban Laboratory (UrbLab) is a collabora- porations. http://www.povertyactionlab.org/ tive effort between MIT and the southern Indian town of Erode. UrbLab responds to the challenges J-PAL South Asia at the Institute for Financial associated with India’s rapid growth, increasing in- Management and Research (IFMR) dustrialization, and urbanization. The project builds J-PAL South Asia at IFMR is a regional office of the on a long history of cooperation between India and Jameel Poverty Action Lab at MIT, which is a focal MIT, including a relationship with the Institute for Fi- point for development and poverty research based nancial Management and Research in Chennai, and on randomized trials. Based at the Institute for planning officials in Southern India. As a result of Financial Management and Research, a leading busi- MIT’s efforts, the Indian government has taken steps ness school in Chennai, India, IFMR also houses the to better integrate physical planning and economic Centre for Microfinance and the Centre for Develop- planning at the local level. Future collaborations ment Finance. Both are key partners of J-PAL South will be aimed at environmental and urban renewal. Asia. http://povertyactionlab.org/southasia/ http://sap.mit.edu/resources/portfolio/erode/

82 Global Engagement

Other Global Initiatives MIT Portugal Program Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy at MIT The MIT Portugal Program is a large-scale interna- and KFUPM tional collaboration involving MIT and government, A collaboration between MIT and King Fahd Uni- academia, and industry in Portugal to develop edu- veristy of Petroleum & Minerals in Saudi Arabia. cation and research programs related to engineering research focuses on the production of fresh water systems. The high-level partnership represents a and low-carbon energy and participating faculty strategic commitment by the Portuguese govern- from each Institution conduct research on topics ment to science, technology, and higher education of mutual interest. This collaboration allows faculty that leverages MIT’s experience in these important and graduate students the opportunity to spend areas in order to strengthen the country’s knowl- time at each Institution transferring technology, edge base through an investment in human capital culture and promoting world-wide projects through and institution building. http://www.mitportugal. Mechanical Engineering and other engineering org/ related technologies. The experience of this collaboration has led to curriculum development mov- Global Supply Chain and Logistics Excellence ing forward the academic teachings to compliment (SCALE) Network the ever-changing technological environment and The Center for Transportation and Logistics created its mechanical applications. The Center at MIT also the Global SCALE Network to increase the develop- includes a unique outreach program that will bring ment and adoption of new innovations in supply Saudi women engineers and scientists to MIT to chain management across the world. The SCALE participate in its research and educational projects. Network consists of independent yet collaborating http://ccwce.mit.edu/ centers dedicated to shaping the future of education and research in transportation, logistics and Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology supply chain management. Currently there are two In June, 2011 MIT and the Skolkovo Institute of Sci- international centers in the network located in Eu- ence and Technology signed a preliminary agree- rope and South America. The network plans to con- ment to create the Skolkovo Institute of Science tinue opening centers in Asia, Africa, and elsewhere. and Technology in Skolkovo, Russia. Under the proposed collaboration, MIT will assist the Skolkovo Alliance for Global Sustainability Foundation in building SIST as a unique, world-class Established in 1995, the Alliance for Global Sustain- graduate research university. MIT faculty will assist ability (AGS) is an international partnership among in defining the structure and organization of SIST MIT, the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, the and its educational and research programs, with a University of Tokyo, and the Chalmers University of strong emphasis on innovation and entrepreneur- Technology in Sweden. AGS brings together scien- ship. SIST is envisioned to connect international tists, engineers, and social scientists from govern- scientists to their peers in Russia, in an effort to ment, industry, and other organizations to address help make SIST a global, collaborative project. SIST the environmental issues that affect social and is meant to advance the missions of both MIT and economic progress. With research focused on six the Skolkovo Foundation, a nonprofit organization sectors — energy, mobility, water, urban systems, in Russia charged by Russian President Medvedev cleaner technologies, and climate change — AGS with creating a new science and technology city in advances the understanding of complex global the Moscow suburb of Skolkovo. The university will problems and develops policies and practices that be funded by the Russian government with support are urgently needed to solve them. http://globalsus- from the Russian and international business com- tainability.org/ munity.

83 OpenCourseWare (OCW) Launched in 2002, OpenCourseWare makes materi- in demonstrating these ideas through examples. als for MIT’s courses freely available on the Web. At MIT, most of the time is spent on clarifying the Materials from more than 2,000 MIT courses — ideas, and very few examples are given during the including lecture notes, multimedia simulations, lectures.” problem sets and solutions, past exams, reading lists, and selections of video lectures — are now Zaria, Nigeria posted on the OCW website. OCW records an aver- Kunle Adejumo is finishing up his fourth year of age of over 40,000 visits a day, with nearly a million engineering studies at Ahmadu Bello University in unique visitors every month. Zaria, Nigeria. Though the university boasts a large and well-maintained physical infrastructure, its In- About half of OCW usage originates outside of ternet access — like that of almost all Nigerian uni- North America. OCW materials are used extensively versities — is extremely limited. When Adejumo was in China (110,000 visits per month), India (100,000 first introduced to MIT’s OpenCourseWare through visits per month) and the Middle East (77,000 visits a CD-ROM in the university computer lab he had per month). OCW materials have been translated only 20 minutes to look through the material. “For into Chinese, Spanish, Portuguese, Persian and Thai. example, last semester, I had a course in metallurgi- OCW also distributes and maintains mirror copies cal engineering,” offers Adejumo. “For one of the of the site at universities in bandwidth-constrained lectures, having to do with ion making, I didn’t have regions, primarily Sub-Saharan Africa. To date, the notes, and I couldn’t find the information I needed, OCW staff has distributed more than 200 such mir- so I went to OCW. I was able to download a course rors. outline on this, and also some review questions. I actually took these to the university and gave them MIT is pursuing two missions with OCW — sharing to the lecturer to answer. He was able to answer its educational materials freely and openly, and, by these questions, and helped me gain a deeper creating a model other universities can follow and understanding of the material.” To improve access advance, promoting a universally available store- to OCW for other Nigerian students, Adejumo hopes house for human knowledge. About 43 percent of to work with a local radio station to broadcast OCW OCW’s visitors identify themselves as self-learners, course material, as well as publicize the site. 42 percent as students enrolled in academic programs, and 9 percent as educators. The following Saint Lucia are examples of ways educators, students, and self- Robert Croghan, an entrepreneur in Saint Lucia, has learners in the international community use OCW spent the past several years looking for a way to content: harness geothermal energy created by a dormant volcano underneath the island to create an alterna- Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia tive energy source for the region. Croghan is now A secondary school mathematics teacher in Kuala developing a high-voltage grid that would deliver Lumpur, Malaysia, Kian Wah Liew introduces his energy to several islands through an undersea cable. students to a range of complex concepts, such as Crogan used OCW to research the topic of geother- matrices, determinants, and differential equations. mal heat sources. “When I saw OpenCourseWare,” “I sometimes use the lectures in the classroom. I Croghan concludes, “it went right to the very core let the students watch a lecture — for example, the of what I believe: if we hoard information, we can’t 18.03 Differential Equations video — accompanied have progress. We get stagnant, and it gets accumu- by my own explanations,” Liew says. Having access lated in the hands of a few. And if that happens, we to the lectures has impacted his own teaching style, miss all sorts of incredible developments and op- Liew says. “The Western style spends more time on portunities.” ‘ideas’ than ‘examples.’ Here, we spend 20 per- http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/web/home/home/ cent of the time introducing ideas and 80 percent index.htm

84 Global Engagement

International Scholars MIT hosts many international researchers and faculty who come to the U.S. for teaching, research, and a variety of other reasons. During the year July Top Ten Countries 2010-2011 1, 2010 through June 30, 2011, MIT’s International Country Number of Scholars Scholars Office (ISchO) served 2,060 international China 383 scholars affiliated with MIT and their accompanying South Korea 162 family members (“international” is defined as non- India 154 U.S. citizen, non-U.S. permanent resident). Germany 130 Canada 118 This reflects an increase of approximately 9.5% over Japan 107 last year (1,882). According to the most recent Italy 92 Institute of International Education Open Doors Spain 90 report (2009–2010), MIT ranked 12th nationally France 76 with regard to the numbers of international schol- Israel 65 ars at U.S. institutions. Postdoctoral associates and postdoctoral fellows accounted for 55% of MIT’s international scholars.

Foreign national scholars came to MIT from 91 International Scholars countries, with the highest numbers coming from by Geographic Region the People’s Republic of China, the Republic of Korea, India, Germany, Canada, Japan, Italy, Spain, Americas and Caribbean France, and Israel. The top ten countries of origin 9% of the entire international scholar population in the U.S. are roughly the same. Scholars from these top 10 countries constituted 67% of MIT’s international scholar population. 75% of international scholars were men and 22.5% were women. Asia 46% http://web.mit.edu/scholars/ Europe 37%

Africa, Australia, Middle East 8%

85 International Students

MIT has welcomed international students essential- Changes in immigration law in 1965 opened up ly since its inception. The first student from Canada the doors to a steadily increasing pool of interna- came to MIT in 1866, the second year MIT offered tional talent. As world events and political decisions classes. This student was followed by a steady impact immigration, so MIT’s international student stream of students from around the globe through- population fluctuates in response to a changing out the 19th century. By 1900, some 50 foreign- international environment. World wars decrease born students had traveled to Massachusetts for the international student population, while peace- study; however, the number increased dramatically time pressures, such as changing immigration laws, after World War II when an influx of these students the demise of the iron curtain, the Vietnam War began attending the Institute. The rapid rise of protests, and the Asian financial crisis cause their international students from East Asia, led by stu- respective ebbs and surges. dents from China, changed the demographics of this group beginning in the 1950s.

Africa, Australia, Middle East 2% Europe 2% Asia Americas and Africa, Australia, Caribbean Asia 4% Middle East 3% 14% 3% Europe 6% Americas and Caribbean U.S. Citizens and 4% U.S. Citizens and Permanent Permanent Residents Residents 73% 89%

Total Student Population Total Student Population Country of Residence Country of Residence 1961 2011

86 Global Engagement

The United States has been the destination of sources, and 70 percent of all international stu- choice for international students and scholars for dents’ primary funding comes from sources outside the past 50 years. The number of foreign students the United States. (see www.opendoors.iienetwork. has risen steadily since the 1970s, and, according to org). the 2009 Open Doors Report published by the Insti- tute of International Education, there were 671,616 Of the 75 MIT-affiliated Nobel Prize winners (includ- international students enrolled in U.S. colleges during faculty, researchers, alumni, and staff), about ing the 2008-2009 academic year. The same report one-third were foreign born. International faculty found that these international students contributed recruited through international searches for tenure- $17.8 billion to the U.S. economy in tuition and fees, track positions remain in the U.S. to teach the next and living expenses. According to the Open Doors generation of American cancer researchers, physi- Report, 65 percent of international students receive cists, biomedical engineers, business leaders, and the majority of their funds from personal and family computer scientists.

Total Number of International Students at MIT (1901-2011)

Asia Africa, Australia, Middle East Europe Americas and Caribbean

3000

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Region 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

Asia 2 31 86 47 48 84 216 485 675 952 1033 1475

Africa, Australia, 0 7 6 11 25 57 122 159 290 234 224 299 Middle East Europe 14 13 75 65 45 108 143 359 459 526 716 645

Americas and 17 51 101 83 105 189 224 361 393 382 501 490 Caribbean

Total 33 102 268 206 223 438 705 1364 1817 2094 2474 2909

87 International Students (continued) Many international students remain in the U.S. after graduation. The graph below shows the post-graduation plans of international students graduating in 2009, as reported in a survey administered by MIT. Overall, 67 percent of international students plan to remain in the U.S. after graduation.

The majority of international students at MIT have F-1 Visa status. The majority of international non-student scholars at MIT were sponsored on MIT’s J-1 exchange visitor program.

Currently MIT undergraduate freshman admissions policy has a target for international students of 8 percent of the total student population.

Percentage of 2009 International Student Graduates Remaining in U.S. by Degree and Post-Graduation Plans 100.0%

90.0%

80.0%

70.0%

60.0%

50.0% 93.3% 90.0% 40.0% 75.0% 66.1% 30.0% 53.2% 20.0%

10.0%

0.0% 93.3% 75.0% 90.0% 53.2% 66.1%

Grad Study Working Grad Study Working Working Bachelor’s Degree Master’s Degree Ph.D.

88 Global Engagement

Top countries of International Undergraduates Enrolled in fall 2011

Home Country Number of Students China 46 India 33 South Korea 29 Canada 22 Thailand 17 Asia Brazil 10 Americas and 31% Taiwan 10 Caribbean Saudi Arabia 9 31% Vietnam 9

Africa, Australia, Middle East Europe 15% 23%

Top countries of International International Students Graduate Students Enrolled in fall 2011 Region of Residence 1961 Home Country Number of Students China 426 India 253 Korea 234 Canada 217 Taiwan 84 Americas and Singapore 82 Caribbean France 68 17% Japan 68 Germany 57 Spain 57 Europe Asia 22% 51%

Africa, Australia, Middle East 10% International Students Region of Residence 2011

89 International Entrepreneurs A 2009 Kauffman Foundation report on the Entre- the largest number of MIT alumni companies, but preneurial Impact of MIT found the following: significant numbers of companies are also in the South, the Midwest, the Pacific Northwest, and in “As a result of MIT’s presence, Massachusetts is ‘im- Europe. About 30 percent of MIT’s foreign students porting’ company founders. More than 38 percent form companies, of which at least half are located of the software, biotech, and electronics companies in the United States. Those estimated 2,340 current founded by MIT graduates are located in Massa- firms located in the United States but formed by chusetts, while less than 10 percent of arriving MIT MIT foreign-student alumni employ 101,500 people. freshmen are from the state. Not only do MIT alum- In other words, talented foreign-born students at- ni, drawn from all over the world, remain heavily in tending MIT play an increasingly important role in Massachusetts, but their entrepreneurial offshoots creating U.S. companies, making MIT a magnet for benefit the state and the country significantly. worldwide talent that significantly benefits the U.S. Greater Boston, in particular, as well as northern economy.” California and the Northeast, broadly, are homes to

Location of Companies Founded by Location of Companies Founded by "Foreign"International MIT MIT Alumni Alumni

Asia 9% Latin Estimated Number of Companies America Founded by International MIT Alumni 12% Location Total United States United States 2,340 Europe Europe 790 59% 20% Latin America 495 Asia 342

90 Global Engagement

International Alumni MIT alumni and scholars have made extraordinary mented a series of economic and social reforms, contributions in their home countries, the United including a zero-tolerance policy for corruption; States, and the world. The following are some ex- international and local governmental contract bid- amples: ding; privatizing state-owned refineries; and the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative, which Kofi Annan, M.S. Management 1972 aims to bring openness to the oil sector. Under her Kofi Annan, the seventh Secretary-General of the leadership, the country has tripled its reserves from United Nations and recipient of the Nobel Peace $7 billion to $20 billion; the annual GDP grew at 6 Prize, was born in Kumasi, Ghana, and attended percent; and inflation is down from 23 percent to the University of Science and Technology in Ku- 9.5 percent. Okonjo-Iweala started her career at the masi before completing his undergraduate studies World Bank, where she was the first woman ever to at Macalester College in St. Paul, Minnesota. He achieve the positions of vice president and corpo- undertook graduate studies in economics at the rate secretary. http://sap.mit.edu/resources/portfo- Institut universitaire des haute etudes internationals lio/ngozi_okonjo-iweala/ in Geneva, and earned his M.S. in Management as a Sloan Fellow at MIT. Annan worked for the World Benjamin Netanyahu, S.B. Architecture 1975 Health Organization and the Ghana Tourist Develop- S.M. Management 1976 ment Company, but has spent most of his career Current Prime Minister of Israel and formerly Israel’s at the United Nations. In 2001 Kofi Annan and the ambassador to the United Nations, Benjamin Netan- United Nations received the Nobel Peace Prize for yahu was born in 1948 in Tel Aviv, Israel and grew “their contributions to a better organized and more up in Jerusalem. He served as Israel’s ambassador peaceful world.” to the United Nations from 1984 to 1988, during which time he led the effort to declassify the United Tony Tan, Singapore, S.M. Physics 1964 Nations’ archive on crimes committed by Nazi Ger- many. Netanyahu, a member of the Likud party, was Following his degrees from MIT and his Ph.D. from Israel’s Prime Minister from 1996 until 1999. During the University of Adelaide in applied mathemat- his term as Prime Minister, Netanyahu implemented ics, Tan taught mathematics at the University of policy that combined fighting terror with advance- Singapore. Tan was elected to the Parliament of ment of the peace process. Its cornerstone was the Singapore in 1979, and has served in numerous conclusion of well-measured agreements with the leadership positions in the Singapore govern- Palestinians that insisted on reciprocity. During his ment. In December 1991, Tan stepped down from three-year term the number of terror attacks drasti- the Cabinet to return to the private sector as the cally decreased. http://www.netanyahu.org/ Overseas-Chinese Banking Corporation’s Chairman and Chief Executive Officer. He rejoined the Cabinet I. M. Pei, S.B. Architecture 1940 in 1995 as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Defense. In August 2003, Tan became Deputy Prime Ieoh Ming Pei, influential modernist architect and Minister and Co-ordinating Minister for Security and founder of the firm Pei Cobb Freed & Partners, was Defense. born in China in 1917. He completed his Bachelor of Architecture degree at MIT in 1940. Pei has de- Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Nigeria, M.C.P. 1978 signed more than 60 buildings, including the John Ph.D. Planning 1981 Fitzgerald Kennedy Library in Boston, Massachu- Currently the Managing Director of World Bank, setts, the Grand Louvre in Paris, France, the Miho Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala was the first woman to hold Museum in Shiga, Japan, the Bank of China Tower in the position of Finance Minister in Nigeria. During Hong Kong, and the Gateway Towers in Singapore. her term from 2003 to 2006 she launched an ag- gressive campaign to fight corruption. She imple-

91 Origin of MIT Faculty

Faculty Country of Origin Country of Origin of Internationally Born Faculty

India 9% United Kingdom 8%

Canada Foreign Born All others 7% 40% 37% United States China 60% 6%

Germany Spain 5% 3% Greece South Korea 5% Russia 3% France Italy 3% Poland Israel 4% 4% 3% 3%

92 Global Engagement

International Study Opportunities Just as with other aspects of an MIT education, D-LAB and the Public Service Center there is a broad range of global activities for stu- D-Lab and the Public Service Center help students dents to choose from. These run the gamut from undertake hands-on public service projects in devel- traditional study-abroad programs to innovative oping countries. http://web.mit.edu/d-lab/ short term projects, but most are infused with the http://web.mit.edu/mitpsc/ Institute’s philosophy of mens et manus. In the spring of 2009, 32 percent of students graduating G-LAB with a Bachelor’s Degree, and 41 percent of students graduating with a Master’s Degree reported The flagship international internship course offered having educational experiences abroad. at the Sloan School of Management, G-Lab is a mix of classroom learning matched with a global intern- The following are examples of programs that pro- ship in an emerging market. vide students with experiences abroad: http://actionlearning.mit.edu/g-lab/

Cambridge-MIT Exchange SMART Centre The Cambridge-MIT Exchange (CMI) is a collaboration between the University of Cambridge and MIT The Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Tech- that allows MIT juniors to study at the University nology (SMART) Centre gives undergraduates the of Cambridge in England. Now in its eighth year of opportunity to spend the summer collaborating on operation, 14 MIT departments and 10 Cambridge research projects with faculty and students in Singa- departments participate in the exchange. Funded pore. http://web.mit.edu/smart/ by British government and industry, CMI’s mission is to enhance competitiveness, productivity, and Study-Abroad Programs entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom. CMI sup- MIT manages a variety of programs that provide stu- ports student and faculty exchanges, educational dents with educational experiences abroad. There innovation, and research partnerships between MIT are semester-long programs, such as MIT-Madrid, as and Cambridge faculty, particularly in the area of well as shorter programs available during the winter knowledge exchange among universities, govern- Independent Activity Period, such as IAP-Madrid ment, and industry. CMI also works with other U.K. and IAP-Germany. http://web.mit.edu/geo/ universities to share best practices and innovative approaches to education. http://web.mit.edu/cmi/ ue/

Departmental Exchanges Several academic departments — Aeronautics/As- tronautics, Architecture, and Materials Science and Engineering — have launched small departmental exchanges involving one to three students, most of whom are undergraduates. Partner institutions include Imperial College London, Delft University of Technology, the University of Hong Kong, and Oxford University. http://web.mit.edu/geo/

93 The International Science and Technology Initiatives MISTI, MIT’s primary international program, connects MIT students and faculty with research and innovation around the world. Working closely with a network of premier corporations, universities and research institutes, MISTI matches nearly 600 MIT students with internships and research abroad each year. After several semesters of cultural and language preparation on campus, MISTI students plunge into rigorous, practical work experience in industry and in academic labs and offices. Projects are designed to align the skills and interests of the student with the needs of the host. MISTI also organizes the MISTI Global Seed Funds, which encourage MIT students to work on faculty-led international research and projects. MISTI programs are available in Africa, Brazil, Chile, China, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, and Spain.

MISTI’s approach to international education builds on MIT’s distinctive traditions of combining classroom learning and hands-on experience in Under- graduate Research Opportunities (UROPs), cooperative programs with industry, practice schools, and internships. In contrast to other universities’ inter- Photo Credit: MISTI nationalization programs that mainly involve study abroad, MISTI matches individual students with Matthew Zedler, a Mechanical Engineering gradu- work or research opportunities in their own fields. ate, examined Chinese auto growth and energy at web.mit.edu/misti Cambridge Energy Research Associates in Beijing. Here are a few examples from the more than 4,000 Physics major Jason Bryslawskyj designed supercon- students MISTI has placed since it began by sending ducting magnetic bearings for electric motors at Sie- a handful of interns to Japan at the end of the 80s: mens in German. He wrote two patents at Siemens. Chemical Engineering student Nathalia Rodriguez Ammar Ammar, an EECS undergrad, designed and worked on gene therapy for muscular dystrophy at tested a Google/YouTube project at Google Israel. Genpole, a French biotech cluster.

94 Global Engagement

MISTI Annual Internship Placements 1995 - 2011 600

500

400

300

200

100

0 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Year Japan China Germany India Italy France Mexico Spain Israel Brazil Total 1983-1994 318 318 1995 36 2 38 1996 42 22 64 1997 37 28 22 87 1998 25 48 37 6 116 1999 32 35 33 15 5 120 2000 28 48 38 17 5 136 2001 17 57 36 14 8 28 160 2002 28 44 36 0 8 31 147 2003 35 15 40 6 13 49 158 2004 33 35 25 16 9 52 1 171 2005 32 42 45 26 9 33 9 196 2006 35 33 50 28 9 49 12 3 2 221 2007 32 40 60 26 25 40 20 27 0 270 2008 33 45 73 39 28 44 26 37 15 340 2009 33 43 77 41 32 78 23 47 33 40 2010 38 55 88 55 44 84 29 51 37 5 486 2011 24 65 107 47 50 97 36 49 50 6 531 Total 868 654 932 339 248 574 154 212 137 11 4,133

95 Campus Research Sponsored by International Organizations Current Selected Projects

Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy at MIT leaner processing, higher quality, more flexibility, and KFUPM and in the end, cost savings. In order to accomplish A group of Mechanical Engineering faculty have this goal of continuous pharmaceutical processing, entered into a seven-year research and educational the Center is developing new technologies across a collaboration with King Fahd University of Petro- diverse range of areas, including chemical reactions, leum and Minerals (KFUPM) in Dhahran, Saudi Ara- reactors, separations approaches, final finishing bia, leading to the creation of the Center for Clean steps, and process modeling and control. In addi- Water and Clean Energy at MIT and KFUPM within tion to pursuing these research activities, the team the department. The Center’s research focuses on is working on developing a full, end-to-end continu- water desalination and purification and on low- ous bench scale pharmaceutical plant at MIT. This carbon energy production from both solar energy bench scale plant will be a modular research tool, in and fossil fuels. Additional research activities involve which various approaches to continuous manufac- design and manufacturing, with a focus on technol- turing will be evaluated, in addition to the various ogies related to water and energy production. This technologies that will be developed by the Center. collaboration began in fall 2008; and, during the The plant will produce a Novartis drug, and in addi- first year, a diverse group of approximately 20 MIT tion to yielding important research results, it will be faculty participated in the Center along with 35 MIT an excellent educational tool for our students. graduate students and 10 MIT postdocs. The Center will grow further in years two and three. Funds from http://engineering.mit.edu/research/labs_centers_ the Center will support major space renovations in programs/novartis.php the Department over the coming years. In addition, the Center includes a program to bring Saudi Reinventing the Wheel Arabian women to MIT for research and educational A new bicycle wheel designed by MIT researchers activities. The Center is directed by Professor John can boost a rider’s power while tracking the rider’s H. Lienhard V and co-directed by Professor Kamal friends, fitness, smog, and traffic. The wheel, called Youcef-Toumi. the Copenhagen Wheel, stores energy every time the rider brakes, which can then be used to assist http://engineering.mit.edu/research/labs_centers_ the rider in going up a hill or add a burst of speed in programs/kfupm.php traffic. In addition to storing power, the Copenhagen Wheel uses a series of sensors and a Bluetooth con- Novartis-MIT Center for Continuous Manufacturing nection to the rider’s iPhone to collect data about The Novartis-MIT Center for Continuous Manufac- the bicycle’s speed, direction and distance traveled, turing is a $65 million Center fully funded by No- as well as picking up data on air pollution, and even vartis with the aim of transforming pharmaceutical the proximity of the rider’s friends. The resulting manufacturing. Currently, pharmaceutical manu- data can both help the individual rider – for ex- facturing is performed in batch mode, in which ample, by providing feedback on fitness goals – and each step of a manufacturing process is physically help the city (if the user opts to share the informa- separated from the other steps. The contents from tion) by building a database of air quality, popular a given process unit must be removed after comple- biking routes, and areas of traffic congestion. The tion of the operation, placed in a transportation Copenhagen Wheel was developed by Associate vessel, and moved to the next process unit, through Professor Carlo Ratti, and was funded by the city of perhaps 20 steps. Each time the equipment must Copenhagen, the Italian company Ducati, and the be cleaned and potential variation in batches must Italian environment ministry. be watched vigilantly. On the other hand, continuous processing, in which materials flow uninter- http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2009/ratti-copenha- rupted through the process, offers the potential for gen-1216.html

96 Global Engagement

Campus Research Sponsored by International Organizations Fiscal Years 2007-2011

International Primary 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Sponsor Type International Foundations $9,516,858 $11,392,919 $17,375,071 $23,170,052 $20,233,545 and Non-Profits

International Government $12,133,685 $17,444,906 $26,299,968 $32,633,438 $32,471,318

International Industry $17,188,998 $27,146,950 $34,592,066 $41,030,728 $45,603,282

Total International $38,839,542 $55,984,776 $78,267,104 $96,834,218 $98,308,146 Sponsorship

Expenditures in Constant $ $42,064,345 $58,466,645 $80,611,356 $98,778,668 $98,308,146

120

$97 $98 100

$20 $78 $23 80 $17

s $56 n

o 60 i l l i $41 $46

M $39 $11 $35 40 $10 $27 20 $17 $33 $32 $26 $12 $17 0 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Foreign Foundations and Non-Profits Foreign Industry Foreign Government Constant $

Constant $ calculated using the CPI-U weighted for the fiscal year with 2010 = 100

97 98 6 Undergraduate Financial Aid

Contents

Principles of MIT Undergraduate Aid 100 Who Pays for an MIT Undergraduate 101 Educaton Forms of Undergraduate Financial Aid 102 Sources of Undergraduate Financial Aid 103

99 Undergraduate Financial Aid Principles of MIT Undergraduate As a result of these guiding principles, the Institute Financial Aid has historically assumed an increasingly higher percentage of net undergraduate tuition and fees, To ensure that MIT remains accessible to all quali- which reduces the cost to the student. However, fied students regardless of their financial resources, 2011 saw a slight increase in net tuition and fees MIT is committed to three guiding financial aid when compared to total tuition and fees, as exhib- principles: ited by the chart below. Need-blind admissions: MIT recruits and enrolls the most talented and promising students without regard to their financial circumstances.

Need-based financial aid: MIT awards aid only for financial need. It does not award undergraduate scholarships for academic or athletic achievements or for other non-financial criteria.

Meeting full need: MIT guarantees that each student’s demonstrated financial need is fully met.

Net Undergraduate Tuition and Fees as a Percentage of Total Tuition and Fees* 100%

90%

80% 71% 72% 71% 70% 69% 65% 70% 64% 61% 60% 58% 55% 60% 55% 51% 47% 49% 50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0% 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

*Net tuition and fees calculated as gross undergraduate tuition and fees received, minus MIT undergraduate scholarships.

100 Undergraduate Financial Aid

Who Pays for an MIT Undergraduate Education In 2010–2011, the annual price of an MIT education Additionally, for students who received MIT schol- totaled $53,610 per student—$39,212 for tuition arships the family share is mainly based on family and fees, $11,234 for room and board, an estimated income with needier families paying a significantly $2,764 for books, supplies, and personal expenses, smaller share of the price. and a per-student average of $400 for travel. With 4,285 undergraduates enrolled, the collective price for undergraduates was $229.7 million. Of this amount, families paid $111.1 million, or 48 percent, and financial aid covered the remaining 52 percent. Since MIT subsidizes the cost of educating undergraduates through its tuition pricing and continues to be the largest source of financial aid to its undergraduates, the Institute is the primary source for paying for an MIT undergraduate education, and families the secondary source.

Average 2010-2011 Scholarship Packages and Share of Price by Family Income for MIT scholarship recipients Percentage of Number of MIT Average Family income of MIT undergraduates Family share of Financial aid scholarship scholarship undergraduates 1 with MIT price share of price 3 recipients package 2 scholarship $0-25,000 366 99% $48,551 9% 91% $25,001-50,000 458 99% $47,691 11% 89% $50,001-75,000 379 97% $43,601 17% 83% $75,001-100,000 380 99% $37,205 29% 71% $100,001-125,000 326 94% $30,380 42% 58% $125,001-150,000 322 93% $24,190 54% 46% $150,001-175,000 202 84% $18,930 64% 36% $175,001-200,000 108 68% $15,133 72% 28% $200,001 and up 118 7% $13,701 74% 26% Totals 2,659 62% $33,744 32% 68% 1 Median family income for the 2010-2011 MIT scholarship recipients is $96,935. 2 Average scholarship package equals the average scholarship from any source (Institutional, Federal, state and private) for MIT scholarship recipients only. 3 Family share of price is computed as the difference between each MIT scholarship recipient’s expense budget and their average scholarship package; it may differ from the calculated family contribution.

101 Forms of Undergraduate Financial Aid The primary form of financial aid to MIT undergrad- Over the last academic year, approximately 30 uates is grants or scholarships—terms that are used percent of undergraduates borrowed $8.7 million interchangeably, although grants are gift aid based in student loans from all sources. The average loan on need and scholarships are gift aid based on was $6,741. Student employment from on-campus merit. The share of undergraduate financial aid in jobs and Federal Work- Study Program positions the form of grants/scholarships is steadily increasing (which include both on- and off-campus work) with MIT’s efforts to reduce student self-help (i.e. totaled $7.8 million, with 62 percent of undergradu- loan and job expectations). Since 2005-2006 the ates working and earning an average of $2,947 share of undergraduate aid in the form of grants/ each. scholarships increased from 81 to 86 percent, while the share in the form of student loans decreased from 11 to 7 percent, and term-time work decreased from 8 to 7 percent.

From students’ perspectives, grants are the sole form of aid that unambiguously increases the financial accessibility of college, since they don’t require repayment and don’t increase the students’ indebt- edness. The preponderance of grant aid at MIT sets the Institute apart from the national trend toward student loans as the primary form of undergraduate financial aid.

Types of Financial Aid for MIT Undergraduates 2010-2011 Term-time Student employment Loans 7% 7% Grants and Scholarships: $102,175,397 Student Loans: $8,688,672 Term-time employment: $7,797,379 Total: $118,661,448

86% Grants and Scholarships

102 Undergraduate Financial Aid

Sources of Undergraduate Financial Aid In 2010-2011, MIT provided 77 percent of under- offers both subsidized and unsubsidized loans. It graduate financial aid. The federal government also participates in the Federal Work-Study Pro- provided 14 percent, and the remaining 9 percent gram, which provides student jobs, including paid came from state and private resources. MIT also community service positions. All of these programs differs here from the national trend of relying on the are partnerships between the government and par- federal government as the largest source of financial ticipating institutions, where institutions match the aid. federal contributions with their own funds. MIT has participated in these programs since their inception MIT Financial Aid and values their role in making an MIT education Ninety-three percent of the financial aid that MIT accessible to all qualified students. provides comes in the form of grants. In 2010-2011, approximately 62 percent of MIT undergraduates re- In addition, MIT undergraduates receive federal aid ceived an MIT grant, averaging $31,926 each. These for their participation in the Air Force, Army, and grants come primarily from MIT’s endowed funds, Navy ROTC. This aid is not based on need. gifts from alumni and friends, and general Institute funds. Private and State Financial Aid Private sources of financial aid—including charitable Federal Financial Aid and civic organizations, corporations, foundations, The US Department of Education is the second- banks, and other financial institutions—are the largest source of financial aid to MIT undergradu- third-largest source of financial aid to MIT under- ates. MIT participates in the Federal Pell Grant, the graduates. This aid includes private grants and alter- Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity native student loans (so called to distinguish them Grant, the Academic Competitiveness Grant and from federal loans). the National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain Talent Grant Programs, all of which provide Students receive private scholarships in recognition need-based aid. Approximately 20 percent of MIT of their academic accomplishments, athletic or mu- undergraduates receive Pell Grants. As of June 30th, sical skills, career interests, and many other criteria. 2011, the Academic Competitiveness Grant and the Alternative loans ordinarily are unsubsidized and are National Science and Mathematics Access to Retain based on the cost of education, less other financial Talent Grant Programs will be eliminated. awards, without any additional consideration for MIT undergraduates also receive Robert C. Byrd financial need. Scholarships, the federally funded, state-administered grants which recognize exceptionally able high Several states, in addition to Massachusetts, allow school seniors. their residents to receive a state grant while attending MIT. They include Connecticut, Delaware, Forty-one percent of the federal aid that MIT under- Maine, New Hampshire, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island graduates receive is in the form of loans. In 2010- and Vermont. Most state grants are need-based. No 2011, approximately 28 percent of MIT undergradu- state loan or employment programs are available to ates received a federal loan, which averaged $5,625 MIT undergraduates. each.

MIT is a lender under the Federal Perkins Loan Pro- gram, which provides subsidized student loans; and takes part in the Federal Direct Loan Program, which

103 Sources of Financial Aid for MIT Undergraduates 2010-2011

State Financial Aid Private Financial (>1%) Aid

9% Federal Financial Aid 14% MIT Financial Aid: $91,393,979 Federal Financial Aid: $16,486,917 State Financial Aid: $214,513 Private Financial Aid: $10,566,039 Total: $118,661,448

77%

MIT Financial Aid

The following table summarizes the sources and types of financial aid MIT undergraduates received in 2010-2011. Scholarships/Grants Loans Employment Total* Source Amount ($) Students Amount ($) Students Amount ($) Students Amount ($) Students MIT 84,891,146 2,659 188,320 60 6,314,513 2,304 91,393,979 3,573 Federal 8,170,193 1,243 6,833,858 1,215 1,482,866 483 16,486,917 2,333 State 214,513 112 N/A N/A N/A N/A 214,513 112 Private 8,899,545 1,328 1,666,494 83 N/A N/A 10,566,039 1,389 Subtotal* 102,175,397 3,273 8,688,672 1,289 7,797,379 2,646 118,661,448 3,933 *The total column and row are unduplicated numbers of students.

104 Undergraduate Financial Aid

105 106 7 Service to Local, National, and World Communities

Contents

Key Programs 109 Selected Recent Projects 111

107 Service to Local, National, and World Communities Founded with the mission of advancing knowledge While MIT faculty, students, and staff regularly to serve the nation and the world, MIT has been engage in conventional projects that such as raising strongly committed to public service from its start. money for hurricane victims, renovating old hous- Members of the MIT community helped build the ing, or restoring local nature reserves, MIT’s scien- Boston Public Library in the late 19th century and tific and technological orientation gives its public dam the Charles River early in the 20th century. service outreach a particular emphasis. Many of Research and development during World War II its public service programs are specifically devoted included radar systems; submarine and aircraft to inventing new technologies and applying new detection systems; a long-range navigation scheme knowledge that will advance social well-being. based on radar principles; the SCR-584 radar for directing anti-aircraft fire; the Ground Controlled Approach System for landing aircraft in low visibility; and the Draper Gun Sight which positions a gun at the proper lead angle to fire at moving targets.

In 1985, Eric Chivian, a physician in MIT’s medical department and a founder of International Physi- cians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, shared a Nobel Peace Price for the group’s service to human- ity. More recently, Amy Smith, an MIT alumna and mechanical engineering instructor in MIT’s Edgerton Center, won a MacArthur “genius grant” for her commitment to inventing simple technologies to solve problems in the world’s poorest places, such as low cost water-purification systems, or a simple and efficient technology for grinding grain. A recent Washington Monthly article ranking the public service commitment of the nation’s colleges and universities named MIT first in the country.

108 Service to Local, National, and World Communities

Key Programs

Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) Service Learning Founded in 2003 by faculty in MIT’s Department of In 2001, MIT’s Public Service Center and Edgerton Economics, the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Center began working with faculty to design service- Lab’s (J-PAL) goal is to reduce poverty by ensuring learning courses that enable students to contribute that policy is based on scientific evidence. The lab to society as they learn. At the program’s beginning, runs randomized evaluations of poverty programs MIT offered three such courses, with 35 students in over 30 countries, builds capacity of others to run enrolled. Five years later, the Institute was offering these evaluations (including graduate students at 19 courses to more than 200 students. Students MIT), and works to disseminate results and promote have used these classes to develop a voice-activated the scale-up of effective policies. Working on issues toy that helps speech therapists working with chil- as diverse as boosting girls’ attendance at school, dren, a technology for converting sawdust, a com- improving the output of farmers in Sub-Saharan mon waste product in some developing countries, Africa, or overcoming racial bias in employment in into cooking fuel, and a tree mover that eases the the U.S., the lab’s objective is to provide policy mak- job of public service forestry volunteers who plant ers with clear scientific results that will enable them trees in urban areas. to improve the effectiveness of programs designed to combat poverty. The J-PAL has a target that 100 International Development Initiative million lives will be reached through the scale-up of With a focus on invention, wide-spread dissemina- programs found to be effective through its research tion, and technology transfer, MIT’s International by 2013. Development Initiative works with impoverished communities around the world to help them de- OpenCourseWare velop and deploy appropriate solutions that en- Launched in 2002, OpenCourseWare (OCW) makes able them to improve their ability to provide for materials for MIT’s courses freely available on the their basic needs and develop their economies. Web. Materials from more than 2,000 MIT courses Its programs let MIT students travel to developing – including lecture notes, multimedia simulations, countries, work with partner organizations to iden- problem sets and solutions, past exams, reading tify needs and the challenges in meeting them, and lists, and selections of video lectures – are now develop solutions. posted on the OCW website. OCW records an average of over 40,000 visits a day, with nearly a million unique visitors every month.

About 43 percent of OCW’s visitors identify themselves as self-learners, 42 percent as students enrolled in an academic program, and 9 percent as educators who use the material to develop curriculum, enhance their understanding, advise students, and support their research. MIT is pursuing two missions with OCW – sharing its educational materials freely and openly, and, by creating a model other universities can follow and advance, promoting a universally available storehouse for human knowledge. MIT helped to create the OCW Consortium, an association of more than 200 universities worldwide that now share materials from an estimated 13,000 courses.

109 Key Programs (continued) D-Lab International evelopmentD Grants A year-long series of classes and field trips, D-Lab These grants support international development enables students to learn about the technical, projects that involve MIT students. Faculty, stu- social, and cultural aspects of development work dents, and other MIT community members can use in selected countries, then provides them with the them to cover materials, travel, and other expenses opportunity for field work and implementation. in projects that serve communities in developing Among D-Lab’s achievements are a low-cost, low- regions. maintenance device that allows health care workers in Uganda, who lack access to conventional – and expensive – electrically-powered equipment, to test for microorganisms in local water supplies and determine which chemicals will kill them; a technology developed for Haiti that makes cooking fuel out of sugar cane waste, thus helping the island nation preserve its forests and prevent health problems caused by inhaling wood smoke (D-Lab students are now adapting this technology for paddy straw to use in India); and an automated flash-flood warning system developed with engineers in Honduras.

IDEAS Competition The IDEAS Competition encourages teams of students to develop innovative solutions that address community needs. With a grant that covers the cost of materials and mentoring from faculty, staff, and industry professionals, competing teams of students work through a needs analysis, the products development process, and group organization. Winners receive cash grants that provide seed money for launching their projects.

International Fellowships These fellowships provide stipends that enable students to work full-time on capacity-building community projects all over the world. Projects can be initiated by students or by community organizations or donors.

110 Service to Local, National, and World Communities

Selected Recent Projects

Cell Phone Applications in Developing Countries Bicilavadora – The Human-Powered Washing With more than 4 billion users worldwide, cell Machine phones have become one of the world’s most In areas without electricity, laundry is time consum- readily available technologies. MIT students are ing and washing clothes in lakes and streams creates using these common devices to bring life-changing pollution. The bicilavadora, winner of the 2004-2005 technology to developing countries. Students from MIT IDEAS Competition, is a pedal-powered washing MIT Media Lab’s NextLab program have created an machine designed for use in the developing world. opensource medical diagnosis application called MIT students and staff created the machine as an Mobile Care, or Moca. The application gives resi- inexpensive solution that uses bicycle parts and dents of underdeveloped rural areas easy access empty barrels. The bicilavadora can be assembled to diagnostic medical care. Zaca, also a NextLab locally, and the washing mechanism can be taken project, aims to economically empower farmers apart and stored flat for transportation. In 2009, in the Mexican state of Zacatecas. The application students tested a prototype in an orphanage out- connects farmers to a peer-to-peer network to help side Lima, Peru. them obtain fair pricing for their crops. Yet another NextLab project, Celedu, short for cellular educa- Monitoring Drug-Resistant TB with PDAs tion, is teaching children in rural Indian villages to read using cell phone-based games and quizzes. Treatment of drug-resistant Tuberculosis is a two- Adnan Shahid, a fellow at the Legatum Center for year process that involves close monitoring of treat- Development and Entrepreneurship, is developing ment schedules. In areas without electronic records, a cell phone recycling program in Pakistan. Another this process generates huge amounts of paperwork. Legatum fellow, Ravi Inukonda, is developing a Joaquin Blaya, a Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and program to bring mobile services, such as updates Technology Ph.D. student, worked with MIT faculty on water and power shutdowns and current market and experts at Brigham and Women’s hospital to rates for produce, to rural phone users in India. create a personal digital assistant (PDA) application to track these treatment schedules. The program’s goal was to improve doctors’ access to timely and Legatum Center for Development and accurate test results. When it was launched in Lima, Entrepreneurship Peru, the application reduced the average time it The Legatum Center for Development and Entrepre- took test results to reach doctors from 23 days to 8 neurship operates on the premise that economic days. The program has since been implemented in progress and good government grow from the bot- all five of Lima’s districts. tom up. Founded in 2007, and led by Iqbal Z. Quadir, the founder of GrameenPhone and Emergence BioEnergy, the Center supports individual entrepreneurship in low-income countries. The Center provides seed grants for MIT students who intend to launch enterprises in these areas. In the summer of 2009, the Center awarded grants to eight student teams. One team, IDC India, plans to manufacture wheelchairs to help handicapped people in Mumbai, India, start their own businesses. Another team, Creaciones Norteñas del Peru: Scaling Up, plans to help women and their families achieve financial stability by expanding a Peruvian women’s knitting cooperative, Creaciones Nortenas.

111 Selected Recent Projects (continued) Portable Pedal-Powered Corn Processor Post-Katrina Environmental Issues In Tanzania and other parts of Africa, processing Members of the Department of Urban Studies and the corn harvest is a labor-intensive process that Planning (DUSP) participated in a variety of proj- can last as long as two weeks. A bicycle-powered ects in response to the devastation of New Orleans machine, adapted by MIT undergraduate Jodie Wu, by Hurricane Katrina. Included among them was can make this process up to 30 times faster. Wu the spring 2006 “The Katrina Practicum” taught in designed the bicycle add-on as a D-Lab: Design class New Orleans by DUSP faculty members. The class project, creating a machine that was both afford- researched affordable housing, community develop- able and portable. Previous models had required ment, and post-disaster environmental issues on complete conversion of a bicycle, making the bike behalf of two community development corporations unrideable. Wu refined the corn sheller so it could in New Orleans. The MIT practicum group focused be attached to the chain of a regular bicycle and on the historic Treme neighborhood, sometimes then later removed. Wu then spent a summer visit- identified as the oldest African-American neighbor- ing villages in Tanzania introducing the device. hood in the United States.

MIT Public Service Center Lake Pontchartrain Ecosystem Created to motivate, facilitate, and celebrate the The Department of Civil and Environmental Engi- ethic and activities of public service at MIT, the neering has participated in several Katrina-related Public Service Center supports more than 15 service projects. Instructors and students from the Aquatic programs. Many of these programs focus on con- Chemistry and Biology Lab traveled to New Orleans necting MIT students with the local community. to focus on the impacts of dewatering operations on CityDays, which is part of freshman orientation, the Lake Pontchartrain ecosystem. The project also places MIT students with community agencies for a saw collaboration with professors from Louisiana day to complete service projects, including painting, State University who were examining the occur- cleaning, working with children, and working in food rence and distribution of pathogens in the sedi- distribution. Every spring, MIT hosts the MIT/Cam- ments. bridge Science Expo, an event that gives 7th and 8th grade students from Cambridge public schools Inexpensive Glasses: Sight for the Poor the opportunity to meet student volunteers from As many as 1.4 billion people around the world MIT. The Public Service Center also co-sponsors the need corrective lenses but can’t afford them. Not ReachOut: Teach a Child to Read program, which only is their quality of life significantly reduced, but connects tutors with local children who are identi- their productivity also slows, they are more prone fied as needing help with reading. to accidents, and, in some cases, they can’t function. As an alternative to far more expensive glass molding machines currently in use, MIT Media Lab graduate student Saul Griffith invented a portable machine with a programmable mold that in about 10 minutes forms a low-cost acrylic lens in the exact shape required. Griffith also has a patent pending for a low-cost prescription testing device that will make vision evaluation much more accessible.

112 Service to Local, National, and World Communities

Clean Water for Developing Countries Gasoline Storage Tank Leak Detection According to UNICEF, 1.7 billion people lack access Developed by Andrew Heafitz, a graduate student in to clean drinking water. Waterborne diseases are a Mechanical Engineering, and Carl Dietrich, a gradu- major cause of illness and death across much of the ate student in Aeronautics and Astronautics, this developing world. In Nepal alone, 44,000 children new low-cost technology enables owners of gasoline under the age of five die annually from such diseas- tanks in developing countries to continually test the es. In 1999, Susan Murcott, a research engineer in water in the tanks’ monitor wells, thus reducing the the Department of Civil and Environmental Engi- risks of environmental and health damage caused neering, launched the Nepal Water Project, a Mas- when the tanks leak. If the system detects gasoline ter’s program whose goal is to develop quick, cheap, in the well, a window in the well cover changes from and relatively simple systems that Nepal’s rural poor green to red; and because they no longer have to can use to clean their water. In collaboration with unbolt the cover, tank owners can check wells for the Environment and Public Health Organization in contamination much more frequently. The new sys- Katmandu and the Rural Water Supply and Sanita- tem replaces the need for both unaffordable elec- tion Support Programme in Butwal, Tommy Ngai, tronic detection equipment and the tedious process one of Murcott’s students, developed an arsenic- of testing water manually. A simple practical, and biosand filter (ABF) constructed of a round plastic inherently safe mechanical system, the technology is bin, layers of sand, brick chips, gravel, and iron nails. particularly useful for a very cost-sensitive industry. The system removes both arsenic and pathogens that can lead to dehydration, malnutrition, stunted growth in children, and sometimes death. In 2004, Passive Incubator for Premature Infants with an award from the World Bank, Ngai, his MIT Every year, 4 million infants die within the first 28 team, and their Nepali partners, installed ABFs in days of life. Of this number, 3.9 million live in the 25 Nepalese villages and established a center to developing world. Complications of prematurity — forward research and provide villagers with training most frequently heat loss and dehydration — cause in the ABF technology. 24 percent of these deaths. Electric incubators can minimize this problem, but in the developing world Water-chemistry variation among countries makes the lack of electricity in most rural regions and the it difficult to find one technology that will suit all- ar frequent loss of power in urban areas render this eas, so Murcott and her students have been devel- technology worthless. Using phase-change material oping a collection of water-treatment systems that that once heated, for example by wood or coal fire, are low-cost, easy to maintain, and match the tar- maintains its temperature for 24 hours, and devising geted country’s needs and resources. The program ways to use indigenous raw materials for an outer has now expanded to include water and wastewater shell, a team of MIT students are designing a low- research in Bolivia, Brazil, Haiti, and Nicaragua. cost incubator that will operate without electricity. The students now are reviewing their design with Médecins Sans Frontières in Sri Lanka, and once they have built a working model, they will meet with Sri Lankans to implement field tests.

113 Selected Recent Projects (continued) iMath – Keeping Kids Interested in School tem to ensure users’ privacy. The Cambridge Salva- Invented by MIT undergraduate John Velasco while tion Army has been using the system since 2003. visiting his own middle school in San Diego as a volunteer, iMath is an interactive Internet-based curriculum that, with its mentoring component, helps eighth graders understand and apply math concepts and expand their technical skills, while motivating and inspiring them to pursue their education. When he returned to MIT, Velasco implemented his new program in the Cambridge public schools. iMath now involves 70 eighth graders and MIT undergraduates, graduate students, and alumni – with teachers and parents reporting a dramatic change in students’ attitudes toward math and learning in general. In 2005 Velasco received the prestigious national Howard R. Swearer Student Humanitarian Award, presented annually to five students across the country for outstanding commitment to community service.

Understanding How to Serve the Homeless Lack of data is one of the major barriers to com- bating the root causes of homelessness. Because groups undertaking research on questions con- cerning the links between homelessness and poor health or education have little hard data, their -re sults and proposed solutions are often questioned. Furthermore, with no good way to collect data, organizations that serve the homeless have no way to evaluate their clients’ needs and monitor the effectiveness of their services. The Salvation Army of Cambridge, Massachusetts, came to a group of MIT students on MIT Graduate Student Volunteer Day and asked if they could help with this problem. The students designed a system that, instead of asking clients who came to the shelter for services to sign in with paper and pencil, enabled them to register with a bar-coded card. Now able to collect data accurately and reliably, the shelter can study how to best use its resources to meet its clients’ needs. To encourage use of the card, the Salvation Army worked with community partners to provide benefits such as meal discounts and free use of public transportation. The students also designed the sys-

114 Service to Local, National, and World Communities

115 116 Institutional Research

Produced by Institutional Research in the Office of the Provost http://web.mit.edu/ir