The Proposal for an Indo-Pacific of Friendship and Cooperation: A Critical Reassessment

Vignesh Ram Manipal University,

Abstract

The emergence of the Indo- Pacific construct brings about interesting avenues for cooperation among states in the region. Characterised by the intertwining geographies of the Indian and the Pacific Oceans, the Indo- Pacific region is home to some of the most diverse peoples and economies in the world. In a speech delivered at the CSIS, Washington in 2013, the former Indonesian Foreign Minister Marty Natalegwa outlined the need for ®µ1Indo- /®™∞≠∞™13𨮪¿1∂≠1%π∞¨µ´∫Ø∞∑1®µ´1"∂∂∑¨π®ª∞∂µï1(µ1¨≠≠∂πª∫1ª∂1™∂µª∞µº¨1ª∂1®´´π¨∫∫1 the prospects and challenges for a treaty among the major powers in the Indo- Pacific region, the article argues that a treaty would be necessary step and but should be concluded when sufficient groundwork for it is concluded. The article also argues that, the Indo . pacific concept would be best addressed if there is increased institutionalization of the concept and increased cooperation among middle powers such as India, and .

Keywords: Indo-Pacific, cooperation, regional security

Introduction different strategies regarding security and various intertwined interests with The development of the Indo- different major powers. Hence the Pacific concept has led to widespread challenge for the success of the Indo- discussion among the members of the Pacific conceptualization would largely academic and the strategic community depend on the way in which the about the growing importance of the behaviour of states concerned can be ™∂µ™¨∑ª∫1 º∫®Æ¨1 in International affairs. moulded on the basis of norms and Though nascent, the potential for it to institutions that can be developed. For alter the regional discourse is immense. starters, in May 2013ð1(µ´∂µ¨∫∞®∫1%∂π¨∞Ƶ1 Geographical conceptualizations always Minister, Marty Natalegwa suggested an have the ability to alter and provide more Indo- Pacific Treaty of Friendship and flexible manoeuvring for policy making Cooperation to be floated and signed by and strategy. The strategic move to place all the states concerned. the Indo . Pacific concept as an alternative The growing convergence seems to paradigm has opened up the debate over be taking shape regardless of the this new concept. changing domestic political environment The region is a wide canvas of in the countries of the region. The change diverse states with different systems, in administration in Indonesia however identities and traditions. They have has not commented on pushing forward

Journal of ASEAN Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1 (2015), pp. 22-31 ©2015 by CBDS Bina Nusantara University and Indonesian Association for ISSN 2338-1361 print / ISSN 2338-1353 electronic

23 Journal of ASEAN Studies the proposal but continues to propose employed and the trust deficit should be initiatives which show its receptiveness bridged. The paper recommends that towards maritime neighbourhood and the institutionalization of the concept is historical identification as a maritime important so that there is a solid gateway between both of the oceans. foundation to bring about a consensus for 2∞¥∞≥®π≥¿ð1 (µ´∞®∫1 ™ª1 $®∫ª1 ∑∂≥∞™¿1 ªØ®ª1 building any future cooperation in the seeks to embrace Southeast and Northeast region. Asia, adds more to the growing debate over why the concept could be more The Geopolitics of the Indo - Pacific: successful. Apart from the American Different Terminologies and Security acceptance of the term and widespread Interests usage, the Japanese receptivity is also seen in the various policies that have fallen Geopolitical definitions have often through. Hence, there is growing found their inspiration in concepts of relevance of such a treaty to be concluded. geography. The term Indo- Pacific similar However, a number of challenges to the other concepts finds its origin in the also confront the region. The attempt at bio geographic regional concept of the revising the existing status quo position Earth's seas, used mostly in fields such as by and the assertiveness of states in marine biology. Though the fields are pushing forward their agenda unilaterally different the concept forging two oceans will affect the security situation in the has caught the imagination of geopolitical region. Therefore, by developing a new analysts and policy makers in countries in understanding about regions would the region to come up with the concept, provide opportunities for developing which like the bio geographic concept cooperative mechanisms among states. embraces the two oceans i.e. the Indian Hence not discounting any intentions and the Pacific Oceans (Briggs, 1995). The behind the proposed idea, an Indo- Pacific Indo- Pacific has been used by various treaty will only be acceptable and realized government functionaries of the United if its clauses are acceptable to the smallest States but first picked up traction with its and the biggest player alike. Hence the mention in the Australian Defence White challenge would be to formulate a treaty Paper which specified the importance of that is centred on principles acceptable to the arc running from India to via all powers but at the same time is Indonesia for Australia (Department of accommodative to interests, which is only Defence , 2013). Similarly, it has also been possible if the treaty would promote conceptualized as an emerging Asian common area of convergence and would strategic system that encompasses both not overpower the ambitions and interests the Pacific and Indian Oceans, defined in of major powers in the region and play a part by the geographically expanding more facilitating role. interests and reach of China and India, Therefore, the paper argues that and the continued strategic role and given the growing challenges from the presence of the in both emerging geopolitical power play in the (Medcalf, 2012). region, a treaty in the Indo- Pacific needs The Indo- /®™∞≠∞™∫1 ∑π¨´¨™¨∫∫∂πð1 to be a gradual process and should be the Asia Pacific which has been widely developed over a period of time. It used in the realm of strategic studies has suggests that at the current juncture conflicting definitions. For instance, the confidence building measures should be UNESCAP defines the Asia Pacific as a

24 The Proposal for an Indo-Pacific Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation

region is made up of 53 Member States whether the Indo- Pacific region, can and 9 Associate Members, with a combine the total resources and balance geographical scope that stretches from the power relations in the region. in the west to the Pacific island The Australian vision was also nation of in the east, and from the supported by the Japanese assertion of the Russian Federation in the north to New "∂µ≠≥º¨µ™¨1∂≠1ªæ∂1∫¨®∫ (Abe, 2007). The Zealand in the south (UNESCAP). ªæ∂12¨®∫∫1æØ∞™Ø12Ø∞µ¡∂1 ©¨1¨ø∑≥®∞µ¨´1∞µ1 Moreover the Asia Pacific Economic his speech at the Indian Parliament were Cooperation (APEC) which again was a ªØ¨1 (µ´∞®µ1 ®µ´1 ªØ¨1 /®™∞≠∞™1 .™¨®µ∫ð1 ©π®∞µ™Ø∞≥´1 ∂≠1 º∫ªπ®≥∞®1 ∞µ1 ªØ¨1 W_^V∫1 metaphorically highlighting the growing comprises of almost all of the Pacific Rim convergence between India and key states countries but excludes India. India had such as Japan in the Pacific. been kept away from APEC due to its Though there is a wide gamut of prevailing economic situation. A ten year support, there has also been a widespread moratorium which was put in place also criticism of the Indo- Pacific construct. expired but India was still denied a While it has been argued from and membership in APEC. The newly Australian perspective that there i∫µª1 ®1 evolving trade pacts such as the TPP, sufficient concentration of risks or of which was criticised by a number of contested interests for the Indo- Pacific to scholars and policy practitioners ©¨1 ®1 º∫¨≠º≥1 ∞µ™≥º∫∞∂µ1 ∞µª∂1 º∫ªπ®≥∞®∫1 including at the hearing before the strategic construct (White, 2013), the subcommittee on trade of the committee Indian arguments have been more on ways and means U.S. house of concentrated in and around preserving representatives in March 2013 for the lack ªØ¨1 ™∂ºµªπ¿∫1 ∫ªπ®ª¨Æ∞™1 ®ºª∂µ∂¥¿1 of considering the inclusion of India (The including its ability to manoeuvre Committee of Ways and Means , 2013). between China and the United States Even though, the US Department (Scott, 2012) (Gupta, 2011).1 of State perceives the regions of East Asia Though there might not be tacit and the Pacific and South Asia as different usage of the terminology, there is realms of its operations and provides the acceptance of the terminology at the Asia Pacific strategy to the East Asia and highest echelons of power in the the Pacific Bureau (US Department of respective capitals. In India, the term has State), the United States Pacific been used even by former PM Manmohan "∂¥¥®µ´∫1 ®π¨®1 ∂≠1 ∂∑¨π®ª∞∂µ1 ∫ªπ¨ª™Ø¨∫1 Singh at the India- ASEAN Summit in from about half the earth's surface, from 2012 (Ministry of External Affairs , 2012). the waters off the west coast of the U.S. to The term has been widely used by Japan the western border of India, and from Antarctica to the North Pole (US Navy 1 While one set of arguments that are critical Pacific Command). Despite the cite the issues of the Indo . Pacific construct overlapping definitions, the usage of the driving India too close to the US ambit, the terminologies describes the intent, other set argues about the relations with China could be disturbed if this term become perceptions and calculations of different the operational framework. It has also been states in the region. The shift from the argued that the change in foreign policy Asia Pacific to the usage of the term Indo- ∑π∞∂π∞ª∞¨∫1∂≠1ªØ¨1421∫Ø∂º≥´1µ∂ª1´∞™ª®ª¨1(µ´∞®∫1 Pacific has great significance. It signals the approach and the emphasis on the word (µ´∂1µ¨¨´1µ∂ª1µ¨™¨∫∫®π∞≥¿1´¨µ∂ª¨1ªØ®ª1(µ´∞®1 changing dynamics of regional power has the paramount importance in the Indo- calculations. Hence, it must be seen Pacific construct.

25 Journal of ASEAN Studies as well, where former Foreign Minister together of member states was for more Fumio Kishida used the Indo- Pacific political objectives, stability and security framework to describe relations with (Yew, 2000). Hence how could small and India. While Jakarta, initiated and Idea of medium states in the region be able to an Indo - Pacific Treaty of Friendship and avoid the likes of competing Cooperation, China has opposed the idea superpowers? How could the stability of calling it and American plot to contain the crucial Sea Lines of Communication China and it urged India to join ∞ª∫ Indo . (SLOCS) be secured? For such reasons, Pacific Geo economic plan including the ASEAN had to be dynamic and without Maritime Silk Route and chart its own the involvement of Indonesia, it was not course. It can understood that China possible to build a regional consensus. might have a different conceptualization (µ´∂µ¨∫∞®∫1 π∂≥¨1 Ø®∫1 ©¨¨µ1 ™πº™∞®≥1 of the Indo- Pacific and it is more aligned for the region in terms of controlling the to its planning (Aneja, 2014). This instance security challenges as well as the political is clearly showcasing the different conditions in the region. Hence, a brief opinions of major powers with regards to understanding of the core foreign policy the issue and the emerging competition in behaviour of Indonesia and its relations the region. vis . a . vis ASEAN could give valuable insights into the role of Indonesia in ASEAN, Regional Consensus and Southeast Asia and its importance for the Indonesia: Stability of the Indo . Pacific larger Indo- Pacific framework. Geography has been the definitive feature ASEAN countries are strategically ∂≠1 (µ´∂µ¨∫∞®∫1 ∫ªπ®ª¨Æ∞™1 ºµ´¨π∫ª®µ´∞µÆ1 ∂≠1 placed, centrally between the Indo- Pacific its role in regional and International triangle which encompasses Japan, India affairs and indeed its role as an and Australia. A number of years before archipelagic state. the inception of ASEAN, the region faced The Archipelagic Sea Doctrine with major power rivalry and intra which was also pushed for by Indonesia regional disputes. Such a region in during the UNCLOS negotiations classical Geopolitics has been explained as becomes important to understand because ®1∫Ø®ªª¨π©¨≥ª (Hensel & Diehl, 1994). The under this circumstance, the sea becomes issues in part were overcome by the in a sense a uniting factor among the formation of ASEAN in 1967. There have various islands in the state (Hong, 2012). been a number of interpretations about All these elements form a part of the the use of ASEAN by regional states and µ®ª∞∂µ∫1∫ªπ®ª¨Æ∞™1™º≥ªºπ¨ï16Ø∞≥¨1®µ®≥¿∫∞µÆ1 one has been to collectively balance the ªØ¨1 ¨≥¨¥¨µª∫1 ∂≠1 (µ´∂µ¨∫∞®∫1 ∫ªπ®ª¨Æ∞™1 interests of major powers in the region. culture it has been noted that an The unspoken objective of important consciousness that shaped 2$ -∫1 ≠∂𥮪∞∂µð1 ®∫1 ∞µ´∞™®ª¨´1 ©¿1 +¨¨1 (µ´∂µ¨∫∞®∫1 ∫ªπ®ª¨Æ∞™1 ™∂¥¥ºµ∞ª¿1 ®µ´1 kaun Yew was to gain strength through µ®ª∞∂µ®≥1 ¨≥∞ª¨∫1 æ®∫1 ªØ¨1 ∞´¨®1 ∂≠1 6®æ®∫®µ1 solidarity ahead of a power vacuum that -º∫®µª®π®&1 π™Ø∞∑¨≥®Æ∞™1 .ºª≥∂∂≤ would come with an impending British, (Shekhar, 2014). and later a possible U.S., withdrawal. Hence being an archipelago Moreover, more candidly, Lee expresses stretching between Indian and Pacific that though ASEAN declared its .™¨®µ∫ð1(µ´∂µ¨∫∞®∫1≠∂™º∫1Ø®∫1©¨¨µ1largely objectives to be placed in the economic, related to the Pacific and lesser towards social and cultural realm the banding the Indian Ocean Region. The reasons for

26 The Proposal for an Indo-Pacific Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation

this could be manifold. One could be the country to any foreign Head of State. Suharto era initiated Foreign Policy which Apart from that there was also a defence was more low profile, pragmatic, west cooperation framework agreement and friendly and ASEAN centric. This led to deeper Military to Military linkages the weakening of ties with India, which established. Indonesia was also one of the was ideologically incompatible at that countries which lobbied for the inclusion time. Second could be the economic of India as a core member of the East Asia potential of the Pacific region including Summit in 2005. the assistance and aid which the countries However analysts have argued ∂≠1ªØ¨1π¨Æ∞∂µï1(µ1ªØ¨1W_]V∫1(µ´∂µ¨∫∞®1æ®∫1 that there has been a shift in the policy one of the largest recipients of Japanese regarding ASEAN with the aid and investments in the region. In the administration of President Joko Widodo larger security environment another factor coming to power. While the focus on was that a more likely threat to the region developing ties with India remains at that time was considered more of a ongoing, the shift from ASEAN being possibility as emerging from Mainland ªØ¨1 ™∂πµ¨π∫ª∂µ¨1 ∂≠1 (µ´∂µ¨∫∞®∫1 ≠∂π¨∞Ƶ1 East Asia/ China and less from the Indian ∑∂≥∞™¿1 ª∂1 ®1 ™∂πµ¨π∫ª∂µ¨1 𨥮∞µ∫1 Ocean Region. The defacto US security significant (Parameswaran, 2014). cover in the region was another reason. 3ب1 ,®π∞ª∞¥¨1 ø∞∫1 #∂™ªπ∞µ¨1 In the post transition era there has which was initiated by the Jokowi been growing relevance of Indonesia administration is also significant to note. towards its Western neighbourhood. It This policy was initiated during the East especially became important with the Asia Forum Summit in Naypyitaw clearly growing levels of piracy in the Strait of highlighted the maritime importance of Malacca. The Yudhoyono Administration Indonesia as the fulcrum between the continued a region focused foreign policy Indian and the Pacific Ocean and also and ASEAN was still considered the focus on building relations with maritime corner stone of Indonesian Foreign Policy. powers such as India (Witular, 2014). Apart from the Piracy being a growing The shifting priorities of Indonesia concern, there was also improvement in and ASEAN will have a key impact on the ties with India. In the ASEAN front Indo . Pacific. The consensus within (µ´∂µ¨∫∞®∫1 ™Ø®∞π¥®µ∫Ø∞∑1 ∫®æ1 ≤¨¿1 ASEAN is also an important factor. The developments including augmenting of breakdown of the consensus in 2012 was a the fact about why Indonesia is important key reason why a strong leadership is an for ASEAN. ASEAN was able to ∞¥∑∂𪮵ª1 ≠®™ª∂π1 ≠∂π1 2$ -∫1 ∫ª®©∞≥∞ª¿ï1 successfully defuse tensions between Moreover, a policy of acknowledging the Thailand and and for the very centrality of Indonesia to the Indo . first time mediate between two member Pacific architecture is important factor states and in 2012, it was at the behest of because of its strategic location. Hence the Indonesia and its Foreign Minister Marty ASEAN region also been termed as the Natagelwa that a face saving statement Indo . Pacific Security Connector was issued after the failure at the ASEAN (Santikajaya, 2013). Hence with the summit. growing convergence of major power In the relations with India, policies in the region, the security and the President Yudhoyono visited India as the safety of the Indo- Pacific revolves around "Ø∞¨≠1&º¨∫ª1∂≠1 (µ´∞®∫11¨∑º©≥∞™1#®¿ð1∂µ¨1 the focus on Southeast Asia. of the highest honours given in the

27 Journal of ASEAN Studies

Revisiting the Prospects for an Indo- Therefore, though the norms of ASEAN Pacific Treaty of Friendship and have faltered at times regardless of Cooperation accession of major powers (such as China) to the TAC, just extending the TAC for The idea for a Treaty of Friendship signature may not suffice the and Cooperation was suggested by the requirements for stability in the larger former Indonesian Foreign Minister Indo-Pacific region. Second, there is a Marty M. Natelegwa at the CSIS in clear absence of China among the Washington in 2013. The proposal called established architecture via the existing ≠∂π1®µ1(µ´∂- Pacific Treaty of Friendship conceptualization of the Indo- Pacific ®µ´1 "∂∂∑¨π®ª∞∂µï1 (ª1 ¨µΩ∞∫®Æ¨´1 framework. Hence any calculations will establishing a treaty much in line with the get severely restricted. established norms and rules or Third there is also a contention engagement which has been taking place about the dilution of forums such as the through ASEAN and its affiliated entities East Asia Summit (EAS). On the cusp of (Natalegawa, 2013). ªØ¨1$ 21™π¨®ª∞∂µ1ªØ¨1´¨©®ª¨1π®µÆ¨´1≠π∂¥1 However, the responses for the ∞µ™≥º´∞µÆ1 µ∂µ1 $®∫ª1 ∫∞®µ1 /∂æ¨π∫1 ûª∂1 same were mixed and the efficacy of the some extent India and to a greater extent idea was questioned. The proposal has Australia and New Zealand) as core been questioned by a number of members to the inclusion of the United academics in Indonesia who have asked States and , thereby questioning the about the merit of such treaty and raised core nature of the new formulation. ∫º∫∑∞™∞∂µ∫1 ∂µ1 )®≤®πª®∫1 ≥¨®µ∞µÆ1 ™≥∂∫¨µ¨∫∫1 Malaysia and especially China was to the United States (Sukma, 2013). worried about the EAS composition Similarly, it has been argued that without fearing the dilution but at the same time ªØ¨1 ¥∂∫ª1 ∑∂æ¨π≠º≥1 ∫ª®ª¨∫1 ∞µ1 ªØ¨1 (µ´∂- possessing an inherent fear of geopolitical Pacific sy∫ª¨¥1 ©®™≤∞µÆ1 ªØ¨1 ªπ¨®ª¿ð1 states marginalization (Muni, 2006). Hence will continue to rely on traditional considering the prevailing conditions, it alliance partners for protection or to would be premature at the current provide a balance to other aggressive juncture to go ahead with a treaty but it actors (Sambhi, 2013). While others argue would be a worthwhile exercise to build that there is no guarantee that major incremental steps towards putting one in powers will behave as Indonesia expects, place in the near future. nor there is a capability through which The first step would be to build Indonesia can dictate their strategic trust and confidence among major direction. Hence the probability of such powers. This proposition is a very an instrument being successful is important requisite for anything to debatable (Bandoro, 2013). succeed. The trust deficit which was also Then the question that arises is highlighted in the CSIS speech by Marty that how existing mechanisms such as the Natelegwa still continues to plague the 3𨮪¿1∂≠1 ¥∞ª¿1®µ´1"∂∂∑¨π®ª∞∂µ (TAC) region and has been a continuing does not aid in supplementing the same phenomenon. The ASEAN Regional issue of security in the region. The TAC Forum, one of the only few security was devised on the premise of building dialogue forums has been able to bring certain norms of interaction and build together major powers in a dialogue but cohesion amongst ASEAN members there has been widespread contention against divisive regional politics. about the results which it has been able to

28 The Proposal for an Indo-Pacific Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation

produce. Hence, the first step would be to develop a broad based consensus on the Conclusion rules of engagement in the region. A first step would be to put forth a #¨™≥®π®ª∞∂µ1 The Indo- Pacific is still a nascent of Friendship and Cooperation in the conceptualization that is being widely Indo- /®™∞≠∞™ò the declaration should debated in the region. While the status espouse the various tenets of behaviour quo in the region is on the path of being taking into account the diversity of the altered in favour of a more assertive region. power, the time might be right to float the The next step would be to idea and concretise the proposal to institutionalise the Indo- Pacific regulate and increase the prosperity of the architecture. This would be a challenging region. Apart from the requirement of a task and would require factoring in the consensus among major powers there will conflicting interests of major powers in be a need to create a common the region. In the brewing rivalry between understanding amongst medium and China and the US, it would be difficult to rising powers such as Indonesia, India hold together an informal and loose and Australia, which are vital and forum of member states and it will important considering the strategic ™∂µª∞µº¨1 ª∂1 𨥮∞µ1 ®1 ∑®∑¨π1 ª∞ƨπ1 ∞µ1 ªØ¨1 location and the important Sea Lines of face of growing tensions, or worse will Communication. The consideration for An develop into a forum which is used to (µ´∂1 . /®™∞≠∞™1 3𨮪¿1 ∫Ø∂º≥´1 µ∂ª1 ©¨1 target other member states and propagate abandoned but as suggested should be a particular point of view. This will be pursued by building incremental steps specifically detrimental for small and towards such an endeavour. medium states and middle powers. The key to sustaining the Indo- Hence, the a new institution can only be at Pacific idea is the prosperity of the region a consensus point of organisation which by developing a cooperative framework have considerable inclusion in the Indian where each county is a stakeholder and Ocean and include the principles of that is not a possibility without the ASEAN and East Asian countries such as assistance of a grouping such as ASEAN. the East Asia Summit. 3ب1∫º™™¨∫∫¨∫1∂≠1 2$ -∫1®©∞≥∞ª¿1ª∂1©π∞µÆ1 In International Relations, the about major powers within its framework creation of a new region has been in has mostly been due to the fact that major relation to geopolitical aspirations and powers have found it comfortable to also ambitions. The Indo- Pacific concept invest in the informal, consensus driven can be argued in the same light. The µ®ªºπ¨1 ∂≠1 ∞µª¨π®™ª∞∂µ1 ®µ´1 2$ -1 ∫ª®ª¨∫1 conceptualization may require a more non threatening posture towards major inclusive understanding if there is a need powers. Widening the framework will for a stable conduct of relations in the help to form a basis for the Indo- Pacific region. While great power calculations institutionalization. may have various characteristics that can A number of other security and limit conflict amongst themselves, small economic challenges need a consensus to and medium powers will have to endure be arrived on also before such a proposal the rising vulnerabilities and the risk of is reached. At the current juncture the escalation. Therefore, it is a valid idea to Indo . Pacific region is facing competing think about conceptualization that would interests in both the economic and be supported by a treaty. strategic realm in terms of emerging trade

29 Journal of ASEAN Studies blocs and overlapping security stable order in the region for time to manoeuvring; hence a harmonization of come. interests is a pre requisite if there is a possibility of such as treaty ever taking About the Author shape. This again would depend on the confidence building mechanisms that are The author is a Ph. D Candidate at put in place and the pace at which the Department of Geopolitics and institutionalization of this concept can International Relations, Manipal occur. University, India. The Ph. D. thesis is Overall, there is a clear understanding ¨µª∞ª≥¨´1 $øªπ®1 1¨Æ∞∂µ®≥1 /∂æ¨π∫1 ®µ´1 ªØ¨1 that a treaty is not possible nor is feasible Geopolitics of Southeast Asia: A Case at the current moment but with the Study of ASEAN increasing influence and the shifting of possibilities there needs to be important Reference alignments that need to be put into place so that conflict can be averted and the dividends of positive influence can be ©¨ð12ï1ûXVV]ð1 ºÆº∫ª1XXüï1"∂µ≠≥º¨µ™¨1∂≠1 built upon. Any alignment based on ªæ∂1∫¨®∫ï1Speech by H.E.Mr. Shinzo ideology will be problematic unless it is Abe, Prime Minister of Japan. New intended to be that way. It would be Delhi , India : Ministry of Foreign advisable that states in the region follow a Affairs, Japan. dynamic approach, as economic and Aneja, A. (2014). China invites India for an security dividends will be equally Indo- Pacific partnership. Beijing: beneficial for the region. The Hindu. Retrieved from The Indo . Pacific is a http://www.thehindu.com/news/in conceptualization which has arrived in ternational/world/china-invites- the cusp of time, with more debates and india-for-indopacific- deliberations, along with a treaty could be partnership/article6664706.ece seen as a feasible way to regulate the Bandoro, B. (2013, October 3). Will Good affairs in the region in the longer term. (µª¨µª∞∂µ∫1∞µ1(µ´∂µ¨∫∞®∫1!≥º¨∑π∞µª1 Laying foundation stones for a future for Asia-Pacific Security Collide treaty could be started with the declaring with Harsh Realities? ISEAS the intent by all stakeholders to move Prespectives. Retrieved from forward and accept the concept as a http://www.iseas.edu.sg/documen feasible option. Hence for such an ts/publication/iseas_perspective_2 outcome there needs to be strong 013_54_will_good_intentions_in_i emphasis to solve disputes that plague the ndonesia_blueprint.pdf region, therefore a better equipped Briggs, J. (1995). Global Biogeography The regional apparatus will be a good . The Netherlands: initiative to begin with. Elsevier Science B.V. The time might be ripe to develop Department of Defence . (2013). Defence a mechanism that will smoothen relations White paper 2013. Canberra : among nation states in the time to come. Department of Defence . Retrieved The Indo- Pacific will develop as a major from region in International affairs and no http://www.defence.gov.au/white opportunity must be wasted to maintain a paper/2013/

30 The Proposal for an Indo-Pacific Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation

Gupta, R. (2011, December 5). On http://thediplomat.com/2014/12/is- ¥¨π∞™®∫1 /®™∞≠∞™1 "¨µªºπ¿ï1 -¨æ1 indonesia-turning-away-from- Delhi, India: Centre for Land asean-under-jokowi/ Warfare Studies. Retrieved from Sambhi, N. (2013). Do we need an Indo- http://www.claws.in/733/on- Pacific treaty? Braton, ACT: ASPI. americas-pacific-century-rukmani- Retrieved from gupta.html http://www.aspistrategist.org.au/d Hensel, P. R., & Diehl, P. F. (1994). Testing o-we-need-an-indo-pacific-treaty/ empirical propositions about Santikajaya, A. (2013, June 29). Challenges shatterbelts, 1945-1976. Political to ASEAN as an Indo-Pacific Geography, 13(1), 33 - 51. security connector. East Asia Hong, N. (2012). UNCLOS and Ocean Forum. Retrieved from Dispute Settlement: Law and Politics http://www.eastasiaforum.org/201 in the South China Sea. New York: 3/06/29/challenges-to-asean-as-an- Routledge. indo-pacific-security-connector/ Medcalf, R. (2012). Pivoting The Map: Scott, D. (2012). India and the Allure of º∫ªπ®≥∞®∫1 (µ´∂-Pacific System. ªØ¨1 (µ´∂-Pacific . International Sydney: The Lowy Institute. Studies, 49(3), 1 - 24. Retrieved from Shekhar, V. (2014). (µ´∂µ¨∫∞®∫11∞∫¨ñ12¨¨≤∞µÆ1 http://ips.cap.anu.edu.au/sites/def Regional and Global Roles. New ault/files/COG1_Medcalf_Indo- Delhi: Pentagon Press. Pacific.pdf Sukma, R. (2013, May 28). Insight: Ministry of External Affairs . (2012, Friendship and Cooperation the #¨™¨¥©¨π1 XVüï1 /,∫1 .∑¨µ∞µÆ1 Indo-Pacific: Will a treaty help? Statement at Plenary Session of The Jakarta Post. Retrieved from India-ASEAN Commemorative http://www.thejakartapost.com/ne Summit. New Delhi , India . ws/2013/05/28/insight-friendship- Retrieved from and-cooperation-indo-pacific-will- http://pmindia.nic.in/speech- a-treaty details.php?nodeid=1259 The Committee of Ways and Means . Muni, S. D. (2006, October 3). East Asia (2013). Hearing on U.S.-India Summit and India. ISAS Working Trade Relations: Opportunities Paper Series. Singapore: ISAS. and Challenges. Testimony of Dan Natalegawa, M. M. (2013, May 16). An Twining before the Subcommittee on Indonesian Perspective on the Trade of The Committee on Ways and Indo . Pacific. Keynote address at the Means, U.S. House Of representatives CSIS conference on Indonesia. One Hundred Thirteenth Congress Washington, Washington D.C., First Session. Washington : The United States: CSIS. Retrieved Committee on Ways and Means. from UNESCAP. (n.d.).  ©∂ºª1 $2" /. http://csis.org/files/attachments/13 Retrieved from UNESCAP: 0516_MartyNatalegawa_Speech.p http://www.unescap.org/about df US Department of State. (n.d.). Bureau of Parameswaran, P. (2014, December 18). East Asian and Pacific Affairs. (∫1(µ´∂µ¨∫∞®13ºπµ∞µÆ1 殿1%π∂¥1 Retrieved from US Department of ASEAN Under Jokowi? The State : http://www.state.gov/p/eap/ Diplomat. Retrieved from

31 Journal of ASEAN Studies

US Navy Pacific Command. (n.d.).  ©∂ºª1 Witular, R. A. (2014, Novermber 14). ªØ¨1 42/ ".,1 . Retrieved from Presenting maritime doctrine. The http://www.pacom.mil/AboutUSP Jakarta Post. Retrieved from ACOM.aspx http://www.thejakartapost.com/ne White, H. (2013). Indo-Pacific: listing our ws/2014/11/14/presenting- interests not making strategy. Braton, maritime-doctrine.html ACT: ASPI . Retrieved from Yew, L. k. (2000). From Third world to First: http://www.aspistrategist.org.au/i Singapore and the Asian Economic ndo-pacific-listing-our-interests- Boom. New York: Harper Collins. not-making-strategy/