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Science Fiction and Economic Disparity

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Science Fiction and Economic Disparity CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Science Fiction and Economic Disparity A Study of Utopian Longings Karl Kristian Swane Bambini A Thesis Presented to the Department of Literature, Area Studies and European Languages University of Oslo in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the MA Degree Spring 2015 II Science Fiction and Economic Disparity A Study of Utopian Longings Karl Kristian Swane Bambini III © Karl Kristian Swane Bambini 2015 Science Fiction and Economic Disparity: A Study of Utopian Longings Karl Kristian Swane Bambini http://www.duo.uio.no/ Print: Reprosentralen, Universitetet i Oslo IV Abstract This study looks at how Kim Stanley Robinson’s Mars trilogy (1993-96), Iain M. Banks’s Culture novel The Player of Games (1988), and John Ringo’s novel Live Free or Die (2010) work within the genre of SF to establish and upset economic norms present in society today. This study considers these contemporary SF novels alongside recent economic research to explore how SF directly and indirectly portrays the growing trend of economic disparity. I show how these representations engage the reader to question and resist established aspects of economic exploitation and, more broadly, contemporary capitalist ideology in general. The cognitive estrangement of current socio-historical conditions allows readers to identify and consequently analyze established norms (ideology) from alternative perspectives. Within this context, I argue then that cognitive SF can utilize its popular generic trappings to both interrogate and reimagine real-world economic disparities. V VI Acknowledgements First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Associate Professor Bruce Barnhart, for his encouragement, insight, and patience throughout this project. He provided the first spark of possibility in his recommendation of Jameson’s Archaeologies and the last ounce of energy at the finish line. I would also like to send out a huge thanks to all of my professors at the University of Oslo. God only knows how often I’ve plagued all of you with my ramblings, chaotic ideas, estranged essays, and myriad other annoyances. Thank you all for your consideration and understanding! A special thanks needs to be given all of my many fine friends! Kjetil Albertsen and Ivar Moberg made a huge effort towards the end in the final reading and editing process of my drafts. Kristina Dvergsdal provided invaluable support with the formatting of this paper. I also want to thank Silas Dvergastein and Axel Heidenreich for the countless great conversations about literature and culture in general. I also want to acknowledge the English Masters Society, which has always been an open place to freely discuss ideas with fellow thesis-writers. I also want to thank my parents. They have supported me in everything I have ever done. When I was young, my mother would always come home with bags of books from the local thrift shop. Cheap books go a long way towards increasing one’s awe of the universe. I would also like to say “thank you” to my broader family. There have been many a good night filled with wine and merry, with diverse conversations of politics and finance, all of which filters into this thesis in one fashion or another. Lastly, I would like to thank my girlfriend, Martina Mercellová, for being my academic sparring partner. I bounce all of my ideas off her and, in many ways, she knows this thesis better than I do. VII VIII Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 Theory and Methodology ........................................................................................... 2 Chapter Outline .......................................................................................................... 8 Genre and History ..................................................................................................... 11 Ideology .................................................................................................................... 16 Socio-Historical Context .......................................................................................... 19 1 The Mars Trilogy ................................................................................................... 25 1.1 Cornucopia of Difference ............................................................................... 28 1.2 Utopian and Dystopian Synthesis ................................................................... 32 1.3 Undermining Privilege ................................................................................... 44 2 The Player of Games .............................................................................................. 50 2.1 Post-Scarcity ................................................................................................... 54 2.2 Dystopian Destabilization............................................................................... 63 2.3 Gurgeh’s Socialization ................................................................................... 69 3 Live Free or Die ..................................................................................................... 77 3.1 Space Opera and Space Invaders .................................................................... 79 3.2 The Conservative Utopia ................................................................................ 86 3.3 Fixing Ideology............................................................................................... 99 4 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 106 Works Cited ................................................................................................................ 108 IX Introduction Marxism is a scientific theory of human societies and of the practice of transforming them; and what that means, rather more concretely, is that the narrative Marxism has to deliver is the story of the struggles of men and women to free themselves from certain forms of exploitation and oppression. There is nothing academic about those struggles, and we forget this at our cost. -Terry Eagleton This study looks at how Kim Stanley Robinson’s Mars trilogy (1993-96), Iain M. Banks’s Culture novel The Player of Games (1988), and John Ringo’s novel Live Free or Die (2010) work within the genre of SF to establish and upset economic norms present in society today. Recent research by economists like Thomas Piketty has shown that economic disparity is a rising global problem and I believe that science fiction (SF) can establish a strong critical connection between this problem and the tropes common to popular SF. I believe that SF can play an active role in this issue as it encourages readers to think about the more normalized aspects of capitalism in new and different ways, making people more aware of the dominant ideology in which they live. In this way, SF functions as a privileged genre to both spark debate and encourage alternative thinking in ways not possible in other forms of fiction. The cognitive estrangement of current socio-historical conditions allows readers to identify and consequently analyze established norms (ideology) from alternative perspectives. This study will discuss how economic disparity is directly and indirectly portrayed in contemporary SF and then attempt to show how these representations engage the reader to question and resist established aspects of economic exploitation and, more broadly, contemporary capitalist ideology in general. Within this context, I argue then that cognitive SF can utilize its popular generic trappings to both interrogate and reimagine real-world economic disparities. This thesis project has been an attempt to combine two areas of interest: socio-political economics and SF. The former because increasing economic disparity is becoming ever more evident in many parts of the world today. The latter because I believe that SF is the genre most equipped to explore, re-imagine, and ultimately undermine this socio-political trend. In undertaking this study, I have drawn heavily from Darko Suvin’s early research on the genre of SF. He has mapped out the genre’s utopian roots and established the theoretical framework of “cognitive estrangement.” Cognitive estrangement is the most potent aspect of SF’s socio- political commentary; Suvin defines it as the dynamic transformation of the author’s environment into an aesthetic representation that often reflects critically on that original environment (Metamorphosis 10). All of the SF texts discussed herein mobilize cognitive 1 estrangement in depicting their respective “utopic” worlds. While none of these texts are strictly speaking utopias, they all feature narrative constructs with idealized socio-political settings usually focused around more collective and egalitarian norms. I explore these texts in conjunction with contemporary economic research to help discuss their more ideological aspects, particularly from the perspective of rising economic disparity. While I am aware that any form of economic research can itself be considered ideological, these reports help provide a socio-political backdrop to many of the more aesthetic facets of SF discussed in this thesis. The juxtaposition of SF and macro-economic theory is also useful for identifying trends in the cultural circulation of ideas around rising economic inequality.
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