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Multi-Messenger Astrophysics with THESEUS in the 2030S

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Multi-Messenger Astrophysics with THESEUS in the 2030S Noname manuscript No. (will be inserted by the editor) Multi-Messenger Astrophysics with THESEUS in the 2030s Riccardo Ciolfi · Giulia Stratta · Marica Branchesi · Bruce Gendre · Stefan Grimm · Jan Harms · Gavin Paul Lamb · Antonio Martin-Carrillo · Ayden McCann · Gor Oganesyan · Eliana Palazzi · Samuele Ronchini · Andrea Rossi · Om Sharan Salafia · Lana Salmon · Stefano Ascenzi · Antonio Capone · Silvia Celli · Simone Dall’Osso · Irene Di Palma · Michela Fasano · Paolo Fermani · Dafne Guetta · Lorraine Hanlon · Eric Howell · Stephane Paltani · Luciano Rezzolla · Serena Vinciguerra · Angela Zegarelli · Lorenzo Amati · Andrew Blain · Enrico Bozzo · Sylvain Chaty · Paolo D’Avanzo · Massimiliano De Pasquale · Husne¨ Dereli-Begu´ e´ · Giancarlo Ghirlanda · Andreja Gomboc · Diego Gotz¨ · Istvan Horvath · Rene Hudec · Luca Izzo · Emeric Le Floch · Liang Li · Francesco Longo · S. Komossa · Albert K. H. Kong · Sandro Mereghetti · Roberto Mignani · Antonios Nathanail · Paul T. O’Brien · Julian P. Osborne · Asaf Pe’er · Silvia Piranomonte · Piero Rosati · Sandra Savaglio · Fabian Schussler¨ · Olga Sergijenko · Lijing Shao · Nial Tanvir · Sara Turriziani · Yuji Urata · Maurice van Putten · Susanna Vergani · Silvia Zane · Bing Zhang Received: date / Accepted: date Riccardo Ciolfi 3, 20126 Milano, Italy INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Padova, Vicolo dell’Osservatorio Stefano Ascenzi 5, I-35122 Padova, Italy; INFN, Sezione di Padova, Via Francesco Institute of Space Sciences (ICE, CSIC), Campus UAB, Carrer de Can Marzolo 8, I-35131 Padova, Italy Magrans s/n, 08193, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d’Estudis Espacials de E-mail: riccardo.ciolfi@inaf.it Catalunya (IEEC), Carrer Gran Capita 2-4, 08034 Barcelona, Spain Giulia Stratta Antonio Capone, Silvia Celli, Irene Di Palma, Michela Fasano, Paolo INAF, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, via Piero Go- Fermani, Angela Zegarelli betti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy; INFN, Sezione di Firenze, via San- Dipartimento di Fisica dell’Universita` La Sapienza, P.le Aldo Moro 2, sone 1, I-50019, Firenze, Italy I-00185 Rome, Italy; INFN, Sezione di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, I- Marica Branchesi, Stefan Grimm, Jan Harms, Gor Oganesyan, 00185 Rome, Italy Samuele Ronchini Simone Dall’Osso Gran Sasso Science Institute, Viale F. Crispi 7, I-67100 L’Aquila (AQ), Gran Sasso Science Institute, Viale F. Crispi 7, I-67100 L’Aquila (AQ), Italy; INFN, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, I-67100 Assergi, Italy Italy Dafne Guetta Bruce Gendre, Ayden McCann, Eric Howell ORT-Braude College, Carmiel, Israel OzGrav-UWA, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, M013, 6009 Crawley, WA, Australia Stephane Paltani Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, 1205 Versoix, Gavin Paul Lamb, Andrew Blain, Paul T. O’Brien, Julian P. Osborne, Switzerland Nial Tanvir Luciano Rezzolla arXiv:2104.09534v1 [astro-ph.IM] 19 Apr 2021 School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK Institut fur¨ Theoretische Physik, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Ruth- Antonio Martin-Carrillo, Lana Salmon, Lorraine Hanlon Moufang-Strasse 1, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany; School of Mathe- School of Physics and Centre for Space Research, University College matics, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland Serena Vinciguerra Eliana Palazzi, Andrea Rossi, Lorenzo Amati Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, INAF, Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio, via Piero Go- Science Park 904, 1090GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands betti 93/3, 40129 Bologna, Italy Enrico Bozzo Om Sharan Salafia, Paolo D’Avanzo, Giancarlo Ghirlanda Department of Astronomy, University of Geneva, Chemin d’Ecogia 16, INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera, Via E. Bianchi 46, 23807 CH-1290 Versoix, Switzerland Merate, Italy; INFN, Sezione di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2 Riccardo Ciolfi et al. Abstract Multi-messenger astrophysics is becoming a ma- tral role during the 2030s in detecting and localizing the jor avenue to explore the Universe, with the potential to span electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational wave and neu- a vast range of redshifts. The growing synergies between dif- trino sources that the unprecedented sensitivity of next gen- ferent probes is opening new frontiers, which promise pro- eration detectors will discover at much higher rates than the found insights into several aspects of fundamental physics present. Here, we review the most important target signals and cosmology. In this context, THESEUS will play a cen- from multi-messenger sources that THESEUS will be able to detect and characterize, discussing detection rate expec- Sylvain Chaty tations and scientific impact. Universite´ de Paris and Universite´ Paris Saclay, CEA, CNRS, AIM, F-91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Universite´ de Paris, CNRS, AstroPar- Keywords multi-messenger astrophysics · gamma-ray ticule et Cosmologie, F-75013 Paris, France burst · compact binary merger · kilonova · X-ray sources · Massimiliano De Pasquale neutrino sources Department of Astronomy and Space Sciences, Istanbul University, Beyazıt 34119, Istanbul, Turkey Antonios Nathanail Husne¨ Dereli-Begu´ e´ Department of Physics, National and Kapodistrian University of Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Giessenbachstrasse Athens, Panepistimiopolis, GR 15783 Zografos, Greece 1, D-85748 Garching, Germany; Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan Uni- Asaf Pe’er versity, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel Department of Physics, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel Andreja Gomboc Silvia Piranomonte Center for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica, INAF, Osservatorio Astronomico di Roma, via Frascati 33, I-00078 Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia Monte Porzio Catone (RM), Italy Diego Gotz¨ Piero Rosati AIM-CEA/DRF/Irfu/Departement´ d’Astrophysique, CNRS, Univer- Department of Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Fer- site´ Paris-Saclay, Universite´ de Paris, Orme des Merisiers, F-91191 rara, Italy Gif-sur-Yvette, France Sandra Savaglio Istvan Horvath Physics Department, University of Calabria, via P. Bucci, 87036 University of Public Service, Budapest, Hungary Rende, Italy Rene Hudec Fabian Schussler¨ Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Electrical Engineer- IRFU, CEA, Universite´ Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France ing, Prague, Czech Republic; Astronomical Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ondrejov, Czech Republic; Kazan Federal University, Olga Sergijenko Kazan, Russian Federation Astronomical Observatory of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Observatorna str. 3, Kyiv 04053, Ukraine; Main Astronomical Luca Izzo Observatory of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Zabolot- DARK, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Lyngbyvej 2, noho str. 27, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark Lijing Shao Emeric Le Floch Kavli Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Peking University, Laboratoire AIM, CEA/DSM/IRFU, CNRS, Universite´ Paris-Diderot, Beijing 100871, China; National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Bat. 709, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100012, China Liang Li Sara Turriziani ICRANet, Piazza della Repubblica 10, I-65122 Pescara, Italy Physics Department, Gubkin Russian State University, 65 Leninsky Francesco Longo Prospekt, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation Universita` degli Studi di Trieste, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; Yuji Urata INFN, Sezione di Trieste, via Valerio 2, I-34127 Trieste, Italy; Institute Institute of Astronomy, National Central University, Chung-Li 32054, for Fundamental Physics of the Universe (IFPU), I-34151 Trieste, Italy Taiwan S. Komossa Maurice van Putten Max-Planck Institut fur¨ Radioastronomie, Auf dem Hugel¨ 69, 53111 Physics and Astronomy, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-Dong Gwangin- Bonn, Germany gu, Seoul 143-747, Korea; OzGrav-UWA, University of Western Aus- Albert K. H. Kong tralia, 35 Stirling Highway, M013, 6009 Crawley, WA, Australia Institute of Astronomy, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu Susanna Vergani 30013, Taiwan GEPI, Observatoire de Paris, PSL University, CNRS, Place Jules Sandro Mereghetti Janssen, 92190 Meudon, France INAF, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Via A. Corti Silvia Zane 12, I-20133 Milano, Italy Mullards Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Roberto Mignani Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey, RH56NT, UK INAF, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica, Via A. Corti Bing Zhang 12, I-20133 Milano, Italy; Janusz Gil Institute of Astronomy, Univer- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nevada Las Ve- sity of Zielona Gora,´ ul Szafrana 2, 65-265, Zielona Gora,´ Poland gas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA Multi-Messenger Astrophysics with THESEUS in the 2030s 3 1 Introduction decision/construction operation Gravitational 2G Expected extension waves The breakthrough discoveries of the last few years have demon- strated the great scientific potential of gravitational wave 3G (GW) astronomy and of multi-messenger astrophysics with GW and neutrino sources. Since the first detection of GWs Neutrinos in 2015 from coalescing binary black hole (BH-BH) sys- IceCube-Gen2 tems [1,2], tens of additional stellar-mass black hole coa- lescences [3] as well as two confirmed binary neutron star KM3NeT (NS-NS) mergers and at least one possible NS-black hole (NS-BH) merger [4,5,6] have been detected so far with Ad- THESEUS vanced LIGO [7]
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