IEEE International Conference on Blockchain and Cryptocurrency
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Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget
Casper the Friendly Finality Gadget Vitalik Buterin and Virgil Griffith Ethereum Foundation Abstract We introduce Casper, a proof of stake-based finality system which overlays an existing proof of work blockchain. Casper is a partial consensus mechanism combining proof of stake algorithm research and Byzantine fault tolerant consensus theory. We introduce our system, prove some desirable features, and show defenses against long range revisions and catastrophic crashes. The Casper overlay provides almost any proof of work chain with additional protections against block reversions. 1. Introduction Over the past few years there has been considerable research into “proof of stake” (PoS) based blockchain consensus algorithms. In a PoS system, a blockchain appends and agrees on new blocks through a process where anyone who holds coins inside of the system can participate, and the influence an agent has is proportional to the number of coins (or “stake”) it holds. This is a vastly more efficient alternative to proof of work (PoW) “mining” and enables blockchains to operate without mining’s high hardware and electricity costs. There are two major schools of thought in PoS design. The first, chain-based proof of stake[1, 2], mimics proof of work mechanics and features a chain of blocks and simulates mining by pseudorandomly assigning the right to create new blocks to stakeholders. This includes Peercoin[3], Blackcoin[4], and Iddo Bentov’s work[5]. The other school, Byzantine fault tolerant (BFT) based proof of stake, is based on a thirty-year-old body of research into BFT consensus algorithms such as PBFT[6]. BFT algorithms typically have proven mathematical 2 properties; for example, one can usually mathematically prove that as long as > 3 of protocol participants are following the protocol honestly, then, regardless of network latency, the algorithm cannot finalize conflicting blocks. -
Beauty Is Not in the Eye of the Beholder
Insight Consumer and Wealth Management Digital Assets: Beauty Is Not in the Eye of the Beholder Parsing the Beauty from the Beast. Investment Strategy Group | June 2021 Sharmin Mossavar-Rahmani Chief Investment Officer Investment Strategy Group Goldman Sachs The co-authors give special thanks to: Farshid Asl Managing Director Matheus Dibo Shahz Khatri Vice President Vice President Brett Nelson Managing Director Michael Murdoch Vice President Jakub Duda Shep Moore-Berg Harm Zebregs Vice President Vice President Vice President Shivani Gupta Analyst Oussama Fatri Yousra Zerouali Vice President Analyst ISG material represents the views of ISG in Consumer and Wealth Management (“CWM”) of GS. It is not financial research or a product of GS Global Investment Research (“GIR”) and may vary significantly from those expressed by individual portfolio management teams within CWM, or other groups at Goldman Sachs. 2021 INSIGHT Dear Clients, There has been enormous change in the world of cryptocurrencies and blockchain technology since we first wrote about it in 2017. The number of cryptocurrencies has increased from about 2,000, with a market capitalization of over $200 billion in late 2017, to over 8,000, with a market capitalization of about $1.6 trillion. For context, the market capitalization of global equities is about $110 trillion, that of the S&P 500 stocks is $35 trillion and that of US Treasuries is $22 trillion. Reported trading volume in cryptocurrencies, as represented by the two largest cryptocurrencies by market capitalization, has increased sixfold, from an estimated $6.8 billion per day in late 2017 to $48.6 billion per day in May 2021.1 This data is based on what is called “clean data” from Coin Metrics; the total reported trading volume is significantly higher, but much of it is artificially inflated.2,3 For context, trading volume on US equity exchanges doubled over the same period. -
Validation of Smart Contracts Through Automated Tooling
Faculty of Sciences and Tecnology Department of Informatics Engineering Validation of Smart Contracts Through Automated Tooling Tom´asMorgado de Carvalho Concei¸c~ao Internship Report in the context of the Master in Informatics Engineering, Specialization in Software Engineering advised by Professor Raul Barbosa and Eng. Jo~aoBarbosa and presented to the Department of Informatics Engineering / Faculty of Sciences and Technology January 2019 Acknowledgements I would first like to thank Professor Raul Barbosa, my advisor at the University of Coimbra, for, with his valuable experience and insights, guiding me through this process and always challenging me to do better. I would like to thank my advisor, Jo~aoBarbosa, not only for his technical contributions to this dissertation but for always ensuring that I had my priorities straight and was managing my time properly. Thank you for pushing me to always make healthy choices regarding my work-life balance. I want to thank the members of my jury, Professor Fernando Jos´eBarros and Professor C´esarAlexandre Domingues Teixeira, for their input and suggestions for improvement, and their constructive criticism. I would like to thank Whitesmith and Blocksmith, and in particular Gon¸caloLouzada, Maria Jo~aoFerreira and Rafael Jegundo, for accepting me on this internship, providing me with all the tools and conditions to achieve my goals and for inviting me to take part on other projects during this year. I would also like to thank my co-workers, who, since the first day and without exception, made me feel welcome and at home. I have learned something new with every single one of you. -
Short Selling Attack: a Self-Destructive but Profitable 51% Attack on Pos Blockchains
Short Selling Attack: A Self-Destructive But Profitable 51% Attack On PoS Blockchains Suhyeon Lee and Seungjoo Kim CIST (Center for Information Security Technologies), Korea University, Korea Abstract—There have been several 51% attacks on Proof-of- With a PoS, the attacker needs to obtain 51% of the Work (PoW) blockchains recently, including Verge and Game- cryptocurrency to carry out a 51% attack. But unlike PoW, Credits, but the most noteworthy has been the attack that saw attacker in a PoS system is highly discouraged from launching hackers make off with up to $18 million after a successful double spend was executed on the Bitcoin Gold network. For this reason, 51% attack because he would have to risk of depreciation the Proof-of-Stake (PoS) algorithm, which already has advantages of his entire stake amount to do so. In comparison, bad of energy efficiency and throughput, is attracting attention as an actor in a PoW system will not lose their expensive alternative to the PoW algorithm. With a PoS, the attacker needs mining equipment if he launch a 51% attack. Moreover, to obtain 51% of the cryptocurrency to carry out a 51% attack. even if a 51% attack succeeds, the value of PoS-based But unlike PoW, attacker in a PoS system is highly discouraged from launching 51% attack because he would have to risk losing cryptocurrency will fall, and the attacker with the most stake his entire stake amount to do so. Moreover, even if a 51% attack will eventually lose the most. For these reasons, those who succeeds, the value of PoS-based cryptocurrency will fall, and attempt to attack 51% of the PoS blockchain will not be the attacker with the most stake will eventually lose the most. -
Creation and Resilience of Decentralized Brands: Bitcoin & The
Creation and Resilience of Decentralized Brands: Bitcoin & the Blockchain Syeda Mariam Humayun A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Graduate Program in Administration Schulich School of Business York University Toronto, Ontario March 2019 © Syeda Mariam Humayun 2019 Abstract: This dissertation is based on a longitudinal ethnographic and netnographic study of the Bitcoin and broader Blockchain community. The data is drawn from 38 in-depth interviews and 200+ informal interviews, plus archival news media sources, netnography, and participant observation conducted in multiple cities: Toronto, Amsterdam, Berlin, Miami, New York, Prague, San Francisco, Cancun, Boston/Cambridge, and Tokyo. Participation at Bitcoin/Blockchain conferences included: Consensus Conference New York, North American Bitcoin Conference, Satoshi Roundtable Cancun, MIT Business of Blockchain, and Scaling Bitcoin Tokyo. The research fieldwork was conducted between 2014-2018. The dissertation is structured as three papers: - “Satoshi is Dead. Long Live Satoshi.” The Curious Case of Bitcoin: This paper focuses on the myth of anonymity and how by remaining anonymous, Satoshi Nakamoto, was able to leave his creation open to widespread adoption. - Tracing the United Nodes of Bitcoin: This paper examines the intersection of religiosity, technology, and money in the Bitcoin community. - Our Brand Is Crisis: Creation and Resilience of Decentralized Brands – Bitcoin & the Blockchain: Drawing on ecological resilience framework as a conceptual metaphor this paper maps how various stabilizing and destabilizing forces in the Bitcoin ecosystem helped in the evolution of a decentralized brand and promulgated more mainstreaming of the Bitcoin brand. ii Dedication: To my younger brother, Umer. -
The Amazing Story of Ethereum and the $55 Million Heist That Almost
One he clock above baggage claim at Toronto’s Pearson Airport read 21:45 as Vitalik Buterin, six years old, played with a rubber Tducky. A gift from the Lufthansa flight attendant on the long journey from Moscow, it would become one of his favorite bath toys in the years ahead. As the towheaded, blue-eyed boy looked around this new place, COPYRIGHTEDhe thought about recently celebrating MATERIAL his birthday with his parents and grandparents in Kolomna, the ancient Russian city southeast of Moscow where the Moskva and Oka rivers meet. A few days later, when he was told they were going to Canada, he asked if it was for a week or a month. No, zaya, it’s for good, he was told. Vladimir Putin would soon be president in Russia, and his parents were seeking better opportunities – as well as some adventure – abroad. There are few bigger 27 Leising602934_c01.indd 27 8/12/2020 8:20:50 AM 28 out of the ether changes in a life than moving across an ocean, and like anyone, the skinny six-year-old felt afraid of the unknown he now faced. He carried fond, but few, memories of Russia with him. He remem- bered living with his grandparents while his mom and dad were busy with their careers, and as they worked out the details of an amicable divorce. His mother’s parents had an apartment in Kolomna as well as a dacha where his grandmother tended a vegetable garden. The nearby forest was his favorite place to play. He remembered it being cold. -
Software Developers As Fiduciaries in Public Blockchains
Digital Commons at St. Mary's University Faculty Articles School of Law Faculty Scholarship 2019 In Code(rs) We Trust: Software Developers as Fiduciaries in Public Blockchains Angela Walch Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.stmarytx.edu/facarticles Part of the Banking and Finance Law Commons 3 In Code(rs) We Trust SoftwareDevelopers as Fiduciaries in Public Blockchains Angela Walch,. I. Introduction 'Those who are not expert developers or computer scientists who have invested a great deal of time in learning the design principles and codebaseof a blockchain must place a great deal of faithin theexpert developer community:' 'Acomputer operates only in accordance with the informationand directions supplied by its human programmers. If the computer does not think like a man, it is man's fault? A decade into Bitcoin's existence, governance questions around it and other public blockchains abound. Do these 'decentralized' structures even have governance? If so, what does it look like? Who has power, and how is it channelled or constrained? Are power struc turesimplicit or explicit? How can we improve upon the ad hoc governance structures of early blockchains? ls 'on-chain governance:like that proposed byTezos and others, the path forward? In August 20 I 6, in the aftermath of the DAO theft and resulting Ethereum hard fork, I argued in American Banker that the core developers and significant miners of public blockchains functionas fiduciaries of those who rely on these systems and should, therefore, be accountable as such.' The DAO episode provided a gripping real-world demonstration that certain people within nominally decentralized public blockchains were malting deci sions about other people's money and resources, yet this power was largelyunacknowledged, undefined, andunaccountable. -
Cryptocurrency and the Blockchain: Technical Overview and Potential Impact on Commercial Child Sexual Exploitation
Cryptocurrency and the BlockChain: Technical Overview and Potential Impact on Commercial Child Sexual Exploitation Prepared for the Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography (FCACP) and the International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) by Eric Olson and Jonathan Tomek, May 2017 Foreword The International Centre for Missing & Exploited Children (ICMEC) advocates, trains and collaborates to eradicate child abduction, sexual abuse and exploitation around the globe. Collaboration – one of the pillars of our work – is uniquely demonstrated by the Financial Coalition Against Child Pornography (FCACP), which was launched in 2006 by ICMEC and the National Center for Missing & Exploited Children. The FCACP was created when it became evident that people were using their credit cards to buy images of children being sexually abused online. Working alongside law enforcement, the FCACP followed the money to disrupt the economics of the child pornography business, resulting in the virtual elimination of the use of credit cards in the United States for the purchase of child sexual abuse content online. And while that is a stunning accomplishment, ICMEC and the FCACP are mindful of the need to stay vigilant and continue to fight those who seek to profit from the sexual exploitation of children. It is with this in mind that we sought to research cryptocurrencies and the role they play in commercial sexual exploitation of children. This paper examines several cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin, and the Blockchain architecture that supports them. It provides a summary of the underground and illicit uses of the currencies, as well as the ramifications for law enforcement and industry. ICMEC is extremely grateful to the authors of this paper – Eric Olson and Jonathan Tomek of LookingGlass Cyber Solutions. -
Fintech and Regtech, Disruption Or More of the Same?
FinTech and RegTech, disruption or more of the same? By Gillian Faichnie Introduction ‘Peak hype’ I think right now there already is a lot of institutional hype in this space and just public hype, so when you have Vladimir Putin having, you know, knowing what blockchain and Ethereum are and when you have Paris Hilton going out promoting ICOs on twitter, you know that’s peak hype. But the reason, I think a large part of the reason why a lot of this hasn’t materialized into action yet is precisely because of some of these technical obstacles that need blockchains, you know work ok for niche use cases but not really work well for mainstream use. Vitalik Buterin, the founder of Ethereum, speaking at TechCrunch Disrupt, September 18 2017 FinTech and RegTech have been part of the business compliance was back room, tick-box version of itself, and narrative for some time now, and there are many costs have jumped dramatically since the mid-2000s. expectations of how sophisticated technology will help to Around USD 80 billion is spent today in regulatory solve many of the current compliance challenges, and at compliance by the financial industry alone, and this figure the same time revolutionize the financial sector. As with is expected to rise by a substantial 50% to USD 120 billion all new technology, however, there is some degree of hype in the next five years1. Just staying up-to-date with the - while there is an undeniable drive towards increasingly stream of regulatory information is a significant task - in sophisticated technology, will it bring about a revolution or 2008, Thomson Reuters’ regulatory tracker reported disruption in compliance and financial services, or will it be approximately ten updates a day, today it’s around 200, more of the same? And if we are standing at the cusp of a and we can expect this number to continue to climb. -
Hall of Fame
HALL OF FAME 2020 EDITION National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication Data Main entry under title: City of Orillia Hall of Fame 2020 edition Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Isabel Brillinger, 1916-2011 author Commemorative Awards Committee / Kym Kennedy / Ellen Cohen -- 2020 edition. ISBN 978-0-9689198-2-8 (paperback) 1. Orillia (Ont.)--Biography. 2. Awards--Ontario--Orillia. I. Orillia (Ont.). Commemorative Awards Committee, issuing body II. Title. FC3099.O74Z48 2020 971.3’17 C2020-905298-X HALL OF FAME 2020 Edition Updated by: The Commemorative Awards Committee City of Orillia Cover Art by: Jieun Kim Introduction The Orillia Hall of Fame was established in 1964 to recognize residents, or past residents, of Orillia and area for their outstanding accomplishments. The award serves to build upon the history of our city and the incredible patrons who have built its past and present. Those nominated have received national and/or international recognition in their field of work or endeavour. Nominees have included those in the arts, professions, politics, business, philanthropy, athletics and more. In all cases, the nominees and, ultimately the inductees, have made a substantial impact on the destiny of Orillia. In order to ensure the legacy of the deeds and achievements of our Orillia citizenship, we invite nominations of those who inspire and illuminate. Details regarding criteria and deadlines are available at orillia.ca/halloffame. Take some time to visit the display of the 50+ inductees at the Orillia City Centre in the hall outside of the council chamber. 4 Chair’s Remarks Orillia isn’t just a beautiful city. -
Alan Greyeyes ’01 Nurturing First Nations and Métis Music
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NEW DIRECTIONS for GOVERNMENT in the SECOND ERA of the DIGITAL AGE Strategy, Policy, and Action for the Biden-Harris Administration Don Tapscott and Anthony D
IN COLLABORATION WITH NEW DIRECTIONS FOR GOVERNMENT IN THE SECOND ERA OF THE DIGITAL AGE Strategy, Policy, and Action for the Biden-Harris Administration Don Tapscott and Anthony D. Williams, Co-Authors, Wikinomics Kirsten Sandberg, Editor-in-Chief, Blockchain Research Institute Foreword by Tony Scott, former Federal CIO of the United States February 2021 A BLOCKCHAIN RESEARCH INSTITUTE SPECIAL REPORT Realizing the new promise of the digital economy In 1994, Don Tapscott coined the phrase, “the digital economy,” with his book of that title. It discussed how the Web and the Internet of information would bring important changes in business and society. Today the Internet of value creates profound new possibilities. In 2017, Don and Alex Tapscott launched the Blockchain Research Institute to help realize the new promise of the digital economy. We research the strategic implications of blockchain technology and produce practical insights to contribute global blockchain knowledge and help our members navigate this revolution. Our findings, conclusions, and recommendations are initially proprietary to our members and ultimately released to the public in support of our mission. To find out more, please visitwww.blockchainresearchinstitute.org . Blockchain Research Institute, 2021 Except where otherwise noted, this work is copyrighted 2021 by the Blockchain Research Institute and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International Public License. To view a copy of this license, send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA, or visit creativecommons.org/ licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/legalcode. This document represents the views of its author(s), not necessarily those of Blockchain Research Institute or the Tapscott Group.