-i ~ e;;' e;;' 0< o c: SOCIAL SCIENCE .., o ~ o.... '/ 'INFO MATI N './ VOL.12 NOS. 2 &3 JULY-DECEMBER 1984 NOW AVAILABLE FROM THE PSSC CENTRAL SUBSCRIPT ION SERVICE * The Burden of Proof The Vargas-Laurel Collaboration Case By Teodoro A. Agonci llo * Business Page o C <II Vo lume 1 Number 7 N o October 1984 ::l Q * C.A.R.D. w o o By Nat i A. Nuguid .l:> * China and South East Asia Contemporary Politics and Economics Ch ina Studies Prog ram , De La Salle Un iversity * Developing Methods For Utilizing Research Findings Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization Regional Center for Educational Innovation and Technology s: III * The Philippine Econom ic Journal -< ; Vo lum e 2 1 Numbers 3 and 4 1982 0- CD 0 "C * Philippine Journal of Public CD ::J Administration CD 0- Volume 26 Numbers 3 and 4 .,0 . - -~; July-October 1982 - - "C 0 l!\. " * The Manipulated Press ~ AHistory of Philippine Journalism ::J III since 1945 "C by Rosa linda Pineda-Ofreneo ~ ~. 0 ::J in this issue: PAPERS OF THE PSSC FORUM SERIES NOS. 1,2&3 ON SOCIAL SCIENCE AND GOVERNMENT .fiE SOCIAL SCIENCE j Ia! INFORMATION '; editorial • ON FILIPINO SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND NATIONALISM Philippine Political Science Association At no other time in our recent history are Filipino of development which include economic, psycho­ socialscientists called upon to help clarify and resolve logica( cultural and political costs - have not been the immense problems confronting our country and sufficiently considered. The socially/generally pre­ people today. This social responsibility of social ferred development indicators, some of which are scientists has become more compelling in the context listed above arenot present at the moment. ofour current economic and political crisis. As social scientists concerned about the deteriora­ •.\ In the light of this national crisis, a nationalist re­ tion in these areas of Filipino life, we feel it our duty appraisal of the fundamental issues that lie at the roots to do our part in raising the consciousness of our L of our problems is in order. A nationalistconsciousness people, especially our leaders, towards a nationalist " can provide the unifying framework by which IIIe can ideology that truly takes into account the welfare of re-svetuete policies, re-order priorities, and re-think the Filipino. "­ ;. alternatives. A truly nationalist ideology is best advanced and A nationalist consciousness takes as its point of actualized by a broadly basedpeople's movement fully departure the delineation, protection and advancement conscious and assertive of its sovereign and democratic of the interests of the overwhelming majority of our rights. As socialscientists, we possess certain qualities people against selfish local, sectoral and alien claims and skills that can enableus to become active members and interests. Necessarily, such a consciousness is of this movement in our various roles as teachers, committed to guaranteeing the full sovereign rights researchers, shapers of public opinion and policies, of our people. A nationalist consciousness is therefore and as plain concernedcitizens. committed to an economic and political order effec­ As teachers, we have our schools and communities tively controlled by Filipinos whose leaders in turn as continuing forums for the inculcationand dissemina­ are fully accountable to the people and at the same tion ofa nationalist consciousness. As researchers, time fully responsive to their sentiments and aspira­ Vl<e apply the full weight of our scientific training and tions. The promotion of the interests of the people expertise to better understand the problems that shall be measured by certain social indicators such impede the development of our country and people. as the level of quality of life, access to educational As concerned citizens with eccess to well-researched opportunities and sense of security enjoyed by the. and reasoned studies, we can initiate and stimulate average citizen., wider public discussion and participationin the making Lately, however, this sense of security has been ofpoliciesand decisions. considerably shaken by very palpable threats to the A critical mass of concerned socialscientists effec­ ~. wellbeing of the Filipino. Presented in the name of tively linked with a nationalist people's movement development these threats emanate as much from will go a long way in advancing the causeand interests avowed government policy as .trom the absence of ofour people and country. .; policy, thus providing evidence that the human costs JULY-DECEMBER 1984 / 3 REPORT ON A SURVEY OF OPINIONS· OF THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE. PHILIPPINE ECONOMIC SOCIETY ON THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CRISIS t, Background of the Survey The latest Annual Conference of the Philippine a response rate of 21%, which is fairly good for a mail Economic Society, held on December 17, 1983, had as survey. :ts theme "Crisis Management of the Philippine Eco­ It may bear pointing out that the PES survey is nomy." At the conference, there was a discussion of not a sample survey. The Secretariat tried diligently the need for greater expression of the sentiments of to allow every member, whether or not up-to-date in economists in this time of economic crisis. and of the his dues, to participate. Non-responses may be due to many factors, including improper addressing (30 forms manner in which the Society 'could respond to this were returned by the Post Office), failure of delivery, need. and any failure, inadvertent or deliberate, of the mem­ It was pointed out that the Society's consistent ber to complete and return the forms. policy. by now a tradition, has been that it serves as As shown in the table below, the plurality of a forum for the opinions of all members and, while respondents are the government economists, followed encouraging each to speak in his/her individual capa­ by the academics and the private sector economists.' city, does not take any official PES position or stance The government respondents have the same proportion on any issue. Nevertheless, it appeared to the con­ to total respondents (36%) as the government member­ ference participants that the PES could play a more ship in the PES because the survey response' rate of the active role in eliciting and disseminating the opinions government economists is the same as -the overall of economists, not limited to its standard conferences, response rate (21%). The response rate among acade­ seminars and workshops, and thus elicit greater involve­ mics is above-average at 36%, while the response rate ment and participation from its membership. among private sector economists is below average at At its first regular meeting for 1984, last January only 16%. 19th, the PES Board of Directors decided to conduct a survey of the opinions of the membership on impor­ Survey forms Survey forms Response tant issues related to the economic crisis, and appoint­ Sector sent out returned rate * ed an ad hoc Survey Committee to design the question-__ naire. Subsequently, on March 13, 1984, the Board Government 232 36% 48 36% 21% approved the draft questionnaire prepared by the Private 237 37% 37 27% 16% Committee, subject to some revls'ons which the Board Academic 112 17% 40 30% 36% directed. Not Known** 65 10% 10 7% 15% The questionnaire was sent out to the Philippine resident membership by the Secretariat during April Total 646 100% 135 100% 21% 9-13, 1984, under a letter from the PES President stating that the full results of the survey, covering both Majority and minority views, would be disseminated *Forms returned divided by forms sentout. through the media and -published in the Philippine "Members steting onlytheir home addresses. Economic Journal. Transmittal was either by mail or by delivery to key institutions having a substantial membership. The survey forms were of the self-ad­ 1. This corrects the report published in Business ministered type; completed forms were received by Day on June 26, 1984 that the sur\ieY'allegedly "main­ the Secretariat .during April 18·May 28, 1984. Iy reflected the views of the academic sector," based This report, completed in July 1984, is based on on an early draft of the survey which contained errors 135 completed forms out of a total of 646 sent out, or ... in classification of respondents. I 4/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION ~ Hence private sector respondents are only one-fourth of the total respondents even though Item Number: SN N U· p SP Total private sector membership in PES is relatively large. 4. "The completion of 1% ~5% 27% 47% 20% 100% the investigation of 2. Results of the Survey: Relative Frequencies of the Agreve Fact- Response2 Finding Board:' A. Diagnosing the origins of the economic crisis 5. "Free and·credibla 0% 3% 7% 30% 59% 100% Question 1. "In your opinion, was the current elections for the Batasan in May crisis brought about more by domestic factors 1984:' or more by international factors? 6. "Continuance ofanti- 11% 35% 27% 30% ;J% 100% administration ral- Domestic 87% liesand damonstra· International 10% tions," 7. "Formalization of 2% 3% 15% 50% 30% 100% Undecided/No Answer 2% the procedura for Presidential succes- Question 2. "Among the domestic factors which sion:' may have led to the c:risis, which were more important - the economic factors or the ·Includes No Answer. political factors? Economic 24% C. Importance of government response to con- Political 70% temporary criticisms. Undecided/No Answer 6% "Items 8-10. In your opinion,now important is it for the government to respond to the following Question 3. "Among the domestic economic criticisms, as means of attaining an economic factors which may have led to the crlsis, recovery." . which were more important - those within the private sector or those within the govern­ ment sector? Not Undecidedl Very Impor· No Impor- Impor- Private 13% Item Number: tant Answer tant tant Total Government 73% Undecided/No Answer 13% 8.