-i ~ e;;' e;;' 0< o c: SOCIAL SCIENCE .., o ~ o.... '/ 'INFO MATI N './ VOL.12 NOS. 2 &3 JULY-DECEMBER 1984

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* The Burden of Proof The Vargas-Laurel Collaboration Case By Teodoro A. Agonci llo

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* China and South East Asia Contemporary Politics and Economics Ch ina Studies Prog ram , De La Salle Un iversity

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in this issue: PAPERS OF THE PSSC FORUM SERIES NOS. 1,2&3 ON SOCIAL SCIENCE AND GOVERNMENT .fiE SOCIAL SCIENCE j Ia! INFORMATION '; editorial •

ON FILIPINO SOCIAL SCIENTISTS AND NATIONALISM

Philippine Political Science Association

At no other time in our recent history are Filipino of development which include economic, psycho­ socialscientists called upon to help clarify and resolve logica( cultural and political costs - have not been the immense problems confronting our country and sufficiently considered. The socially/generally pre­ people today. This social responsibility of social ferred development indicators, some of which are scientists has become more compelling in the context listed above arenot present at the moment.

ofour current economic and political crisis. As social scientists concerned about the deteriora­ •.\ In the light of this national crisis, a nationalist re­ tion in these areas of Filipino life, we feel it our duty appraisal of the fundamental issues that lie at the roots to do our part in raising the consciousness of our L of our problems is in order. A nationalistconsciousness people, especially our leaders, towards a nationalist " can provide the unifying framework by which IIIe can ideology that truly takes into account the welfare of

re-svetuete policies, re-order priorities, and re-think the Filipino. "­ ;. alternatives. A truly nationalist ideology is best advanced and A nationalist consciousness takes as its point of actualized by a broadly basedpeople's movement fully departure the delineation, protection and advancement conscious and assertive of its sovereign and democratic of the interests of the overwhelming majority of our rights. As socialscientists, we possess certain qualities people against selfish local, sectoral and alien claims and skills that can enableus to become active members and interests. Necessarily, such a consciousness is of this movement in our various roles as teachers, committed to guaranteeing the full sovereign rights researchers, shapers of public opinion and policies, of our people. A nationalist consciousness is therefore and as plain concernedcitizens. committed to an economic and political order effec­ As teachers, we have our schools and communities tively controlled by Filipinos whose leaders in turn as continuing forums for the inculcationand dissemina­ are fully accountable to the people and at the same tion ofa nationalist consciousness. As researchers, time fully responsive to their sentiments and aspira­ Vl

REPORT ON A SURVEY OF OPINIONS· OF THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE. PHILIPPINE ECONOMIC SOCIETY ON THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CRISIS

t, Background of the Survey The latest Annual Conference of the Philippine a response rate of 21%, which is fairly good for a mail Economic Society, held on December 17, 1983, had as survey. . :ts theme "Crisis Management of the Philippine Eco­ It may bear pointing out that the PES survey is nomy." At the conference, there was a discussion of not a sample survey. The Secretariat tried diligently the need for greater expression of the sentiments of to allow every member, whether or not up-to-date in economists in this time of economic crisis. and of the his dues, to participate. Non-responses may be due to many factors, including improper addressing (30 forms manner in which the Society 'could respond to this were returned by the Post Office), failure of delivery, need. and any failure, inadvertent or deliberate, of the mem­ It was pointed out that the Society's consistent ber to complete and return the forms. policy. by now a tradition, has been that it serves as As shown in the table below, the plurality of a forum for the opinions of all members and, while respondents are the government economists, followed encouraging each to speak in his/her individual capa­ by the academics and the private sector economists.' city, does not take any official PES position or stance The government respondents have the same proportion on any issue. Nevertheless, it appeared to the con­ to total respondents (36%) as the government member­ ference participants that the PES could play a more ship in the PES because the survey response' rate of the active role in eliciting and disseminating the opinions government economists is the same as -the overall of economists, not limited to its standard conferences, response rate (21%). The response rate among acade­ seminars and workshops, and thus elicit greater involve­ mics is above-average at 36%, while the response rate ment and participation from its membership. among private sector economists is below average at At its first regular meeting for 1984, last January only 16%. 19th, the PES Board of Directors decided to conduct a survey of the opinions of the membership on impor­ Survey forms Survey forms Response tant issues related to the economic crisis, and appoint­ Sector sent out returned rate * ed an ad hoc Survey Committee to design the question-__ naire. Subsequently, on March 13, 1984, the Board Government 232 36% 48 36% 21% approved the draft questionnaire prepared by the Private 237 37% 37 27% 16% Committee, subject to some revls'ons which the Board Academic 112 17% 40 30% 36% directed. Not Known** 65 10% 10 7% 15% The questionnaire was sent out to the Philippine resident membership by the Secretariat during April Total 646 100% 135 100% 21% 9-13, 1984, under a letter from the PES President stating that the full results of the survey, covering both Majority and minority views, would be disseminated *Forms returned divided by forms sentout. through the media and -published in the Philippine "Members steting onlytheir home addresses. Economic Journal. Transmittal was either by mail or by delivery to key institutions having a substantial membership. The survey forms were of the self-ad­ 1. This corrects the report published in Business ministered type; completed forms were received by Day on June 26, 1984 that the sur\ieY'allegedly "main­ the Secretariat .during April 18·May 28, 1984. Iy reflected the views of the academic sector," based This report, completed in July 1984, is based on on an early draft of the survey which contained errors 135 completed forms out of a total of 646 sent out, or ... . . in classification of respondents. I 4/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION ~

Hence private sector respondents are only one-fourth of the total respondents even though Item Number: SN N U· p SP Total private sector membership in PES is relatively large. 4. "The completion of 1% ~5% 27% 47% 20% 100% the investigation of 2. Results of the Survey: Relative Frequencies of the Agreve Fact- Response2 Finding Board:' A. Diagnosing the origins of the economic crisis 5. "Free and·credibla 0% 3% 7% 30% 59% 100% Question 1. "In your opinion, was the current elections for the Batasan in May crisis brought about more by domestic factors 1984:' or more by international factors? 6. "Continuance ofanti- 11% 35% 27% 30% ;J% 100% administration ral- Domestic 87% liesand damonstra· International 10% tions," 7. "Formalization of 2% 3% 15% 50% 30% 100% Undecided/No Answer 2% the procedura for Presidential succes- Question 2. "Among the domestic factors which sion:' may have led to the c:risis, which were more important - the economic factors or the ·Includes No Answer. political factors?

Economic 24% C. Importance of government response to con- Political 70% temporary criticisms. . Undecided/No Answer 6% "Items 8-10. In your opinion,now important is it for the government to respond to the following Question 3. "Among the domestic economic criticisms, as means of attaining an economic factors which may have led to the crlsis, recovery." . which were more important - those within the private sector or those within the govern­ ment sector? Not Undecidedl Very Impor· No Impor- Impor- Private 13% Item Number: tant Answer tant tant Total Government 73% Undecided/No Answer 13% 8. "Crony capi­ 5% 5% 21% 69% 100% talism" 9. "Government B. Contemporary political developments as factors 5% 11% 33% 50% 100% 'encroachment' affecting the economic recovery on the priVate "Suppose 'economic recovery' is defined as the . sector" recovery of the GNP growth rate to at least 4% 10. "Loss of con­ 4% 8% 32% 56% 100% per year. Please rate the items 4·7 as factors fidence in offi­ affecting the recovery, by encircling the proper cial economic statistics abbreviations:

SP - Strong positive effect O. Expected length of the crisis P - Positive effect U - Undecided N - Negativeeffect Question 11. "Would you venture to forecast SN- Strong negative effect when the economic recovery will be achieved? "

Within 1984 0% 2. Totals which do not add up exactly to 100% are 1-2 years 4% .due to rounding error. 3·4 years 39% I l JULY-DECEMBER 1984 / 5

5 or more years 44% 19. "Central Bank" 22% 39% 38% 7% 1% 3% 100% Undecided 13% 20. "Mi· nistry of E. Rating of government management of problem Finance" 10% 36% 33% 16% 1% 4% 1,00% areas "In Ltems 12 to 25 below, please encircle the 21. "Mi- proper rating using the following abbreviations: nistry of Trede and Industry" 14% 35%36% 13% 1% 2% 100%

VG - Very Good 22. "Mi­ G - Good nistry of F - Fair Human Settle- P - Poor ments" 44% 22% 21% 10% 2% 1% 100% VP - Very Poor 23. "Mi­ nistry of Agri- "All in all, how would you rate the present culture" 8% 23% 37% 28% 2% 2% '00%· government management of the following prob­ lem areas? " 24. "Mi· nistry of Energy" 11% 18% 33% 33% 4% 1% 100% Item Number: VP P F G VG NA-Total -No Answer. 12. "The external debt:' 51% 26% 16% 4% 2% ,% 100% G. Government . consultation with the public, business and the economicsprofession

I 13. "The Question 26. "To what extent are you satisfied foreign exchange with the government's present system of eon­ rete system:' 26% 7% 1% 1% 100% 42% 24" sultatlon with the generalpublic when formu­ I lating its economic policies? " I~ 14. "The system of ~ foreign trede Highly Satisfied 9% financing:' 22% 36% 32% 8% 1% 2% 100% Satisfied, 10% Undecided/No Answer 8% 15. "Un· employment" 3Q% 40% 24% 4% 1% 2% 100%. Dissatisfied 42% Highly Dissatisfied 41% I,.... 16. "Consumer price control" 27% 36% 27% 7% 1% 2% 1ao% Question 27. ''To what extent are you satisfied with the government's present system of -No Answer. consultation with the business community in particular when formulating its economic F. Rating of Performance of specific government policies? " institution.. "AII in all, how would you rate the present per­ Highly Satisfied 0% formance of the following institutions in terms Satisfied 16% of promoting the general economic welfare?" Undecided/No Answer 14% Dissatisfied 45% 't Highly DiSsatisfied 25% Item Number: VP P F G VG NA-Total Question 28. ''To what extent are you satisfied 17. "Of. with the government's present system of fice of the consultation with the economics profession P....ldent.. 43% 30% 16% 9% 0% 2% 100% In particular when formulating its economic I 18. "NEDA" 16% 29% 36% 13% 4% 3% 100% policies? " i- 6/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION J

Highly Satisfiec' 1% ineffectivity in promoting the general eco- Satisfied 15% nomic welfare? " (Open-Ended)- Undecided/No Answer 17% KKK, Sariling Sikap** 27% Dissatisfied 41% No answer 21% Highly Dissatisfied 27% Major industrial projects, nuclear plant, white,elephantcapital projects 11% H. Most liked and most disliked government pro­ Sugar and coconut monopolles, grams government lnterventlonand regulation, government monopolies Question 29. "In general, which government crony capitalism, paternalism program do you like the best in terms of centralization, artificial programs 9% effectivity in promoting the general economic , Pag-ibig, housing, MHS 8% welfare? " (Open-Ended)* Monetary policy, foreign borrowings, uncurbed dollar outflow 5% No answer 30% Military, defense, national security, Agriculture, food production, irrigation, peace and order 5% Masagana 99 ** 17% Price control, Kadiwa 3% Energy, electrification, power 14% Agricultural development, Masagana 99 Housing, Pag-ibig 9% subsidized credit 3% KKK, Sariling Sikap 7% Everything, power at all cost, programs Agro-industrial strategy, agribusiness, that maintain the regime 3% some industrial projects, small and Tourism, Marcos bust 2% medium scale industries, Wagesand employment, including 'production', integrated iron and overseas 2% -" steel mill 7% Investment incentives, foreign Infrastructure 4% investment, PCMP 2% Employment, including overseas 4% Taxation 1% None, non-interference, abolish Land reform 1% NASUTRA and coco levy 4% Natural resources, reforestation 1% Post Office 3% Family Planning 1% Land/agrarian reform 3% Transportation 1% , Education, science and technology 3% Rural electrification 1% Health 2% Population 1% Regional/Integrated Area "Total may exceed 100% due to multiple responses. Development 1% A respondent is counted more than once if his responses fall Export promotlon 1% under more than one category, but Is.counted only once if his responses fall within the same cetegOry. ....Multiple items within one category are arrenged in decreasing order of frequency of responses.

"Total may exceed 100% due to multiple responses. A Results of Crosstabulations of Closed-ended Ques­ respo,ndent is counted more then once if his responses fall tions: Government, Private Sector and Academic under more than one category, but is counted only once if Economists his responses fall within the same cetegory. UMultiple items within one category are arrenged in For most questionnaire items, the opinions of decreasing order of frequency of responses. government economists, private sector economists and academic economists do not differ. For 19 out of the 28 closed-ended questions in the survey, there was no significant. difference, (using the. chi-square test, Question 30. "In general, which government 95% significance level) in opinion-patterns across program do you dislike the most due to sectors. The nine cases of significant differences are JULY-DECEMBER 1984 / 7

given below: Sector of Poorl Goodl No Respon- Very Very Answer dents Poor Fair Good Total Case 1 (Question 4). Rating of the completion of the investigation of the Agrava Fact-Finding Board as Government 54% 23% 21% 0% 100% a factor affecting economic recovery. Private 86% 14% 0% 0% 100% Academic 83% 13% 0% 5% 100% Sector of Negative/ Undecided/ Positive/ Total Not Known 70% 10% 20% 0% 100% Respondents Strong No Answer Strong Negative Positive Total 73% 16% 9% 2% 100% Effect Effect Case 5 (Question 20). Rating of the performance of Government 4% 31% 65% 100% the Ministry of Finance in terms of promoting the Private 6% 16% 78% 100% generaleconomic welfare. Academic 10% 28% 63% 100% Not Known 0% 40% 60% 100% Sector of Poorl Goodl Respon­ Very Very No dents Poor Fair Good Answer Tota'i Total 6% 27% 67% 100% Government 37% 29% 29% 4% 100% Private 51% 43% 5% 0% 100% Academic 48% 35% 10% 8% 100% Case 2 (Question 8). Importance of a response of Not Known 60% 10% 30% 0% 100% government to the criticism of 'crony capitalism' asa meansofattaining economic recovery. Total 46% 45% 17% 4% 100%

Sector of Not Undecidedl Very I 'Case (Question Rating 0'( the performance of Respondents Impor- No Important Important Total 6 211. tant Answer the Ministry of Trade and Industry in terms ofpro­ I moting the generaleconomic welfare. Government 10% 4% 21% 65% 100% I- Private 5% 0% 19% 76% 100% Sector of Poorl Goodl 20% 75% 100% .. Academic 0% 5% Respon­ Very Very No Not Known 0% 30% 30% 40% 100% dants Poor Fair Good Answer Total

21% 100% Total 55% 5% 69% Government 35% 35% 27% 2% 100% Privete 54% 43% 3% 0% 100% Academic 58% 33% 5% 5% 100% Case 3 (Question 9). Importance of a response of Not Known 60% 20% 20% 0% 100%

government to the criticism of government 'en­ Total 49% 36% 13% 2% 100% croachment' on the private sector.

Sector of Not Undecid- lmpor- Very Case 7 (Question 26). Satisfaction with the govern­ Respon­ lrnpor- edlNo tant Impor- ment's present system of consultation with the dents tant Answer tant Total general public when formulating its economic policies. Government 6% 10% 37% 46% 100% Private 8% 0% 32% 59% 100% Highly Highly Academic 3% 15% 25% 58% 100% Sector of Satis- Satis- Undecidedl Dissa- Dissa- Not Known 0% 40% 50% 10% 100% Respondents fied fied No Answer tisfied tisfied Total

Total 5% 11% 33% 50% 100% Government 0% 23% 15% 37% 25% 100% Privete 0% 0% 5% 57% 38% 100% Academic 0% 0% 5% 33% 63% 100% Case 4 (Question 17). Rating of the performance of Not Known 0% 20% 0% 40% 40% 100% the Office of the President in terms of promoting Total 0% 10% 8% 42% 41% 100% • the generaleconomic welfare. 8/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

Case 8 (Question 27). Satisfaction with the govem­ (d) The Office of the President, the Ministry of ment's preSlJnt system of consultation, with the Finance and the Ministry of Trade and Industry business community in parocular when formula­ are rated somewhat less poorly by the govern­ ment economists, compared to private sector ting its economic policies. and academic economists.

Highly Highly (e)The consultation of the government with the Sector of Satis- Satis- Undecidedl Oissa- Oissa- general public, the business community and the Respondents, fied fied No Answer tisfied tisfied Total economics profession is considered unsatisfac­ tory by a somewhat smaller proportion of Government 0% 31% 21% 40% 8% 100% government economists, compared to private Private 0'16 5% 8% 57% 30% 100% Academic 0% 10% 10% 40% 40% 100% sector and academic economists. Not Known 0% 0% 20% 50% 30% 100% Most-liked and Most-disliked Programs: Government, 25% 100% Total 0% 16% 14% 45% Private Sector and Academic Economists Case 9 (Question 28). Satisfaction with the goverr.­ In the open-ended questions as to most-liked and ment's present system of consultation with the most-disliked gover:1ment program, there are some economic profession in particular when formula­ differences in opinion across sectors of the respondents. ting its economic policies. The two tables below list the top five substantive res­ ponses, plus the 'no-answer' response, 'crosstabulated Highly Highly by sector. Below the top five,3 the great majority of Sector of Satis- Satis- Undecidedl OiSSCi- Oissa- Respondents fied fied No Answer tisfied tisfied Total the program categories have two respondents or less in anyone sector, and no category has more than four Government 2% 27% 21% 37% 12% 100% respondents in a sector- Private 0% 8% 22% 46% 24% 100% With respect to the most-liked program, the most 10% 5% 40% 45% 100% Academic 0% frequent response in all sectors is a blank. Agriculture Not Known 0% 0% 30% 40% 30% 100% is the most-liked program among government econo­ Total 1% 15% 17% 41% 27% 100% mists, while energy is most-liked among private sector economists. Academics are evenly split between agri- I The above cross-tabulations show that, even in the culture and energy. Among government economists, the cases where the sectoral differences in opinion are second most-liked program is KKK, the third is housing statistically significant, ther are no radical differences. and the fourth is agro-industry; eAergy is only fifth. Economists of different sectors hold opinions ",!hich Among private sector economists, the second most­ are not diametrically different but, rather, differ liked program is agriculture, tied for third are housing only in degree of emphasis. The small but statistic­ and 'none: [i.e., respondents who dislike allprograms), ally significant differences are as follows: and fifth is employment. Among academics, third place goes to education/science/technology, while tied (a)The view that completion of the Agrava investi­ for fourth place are housing and infrastructure. gation will have positive economic effects is held somewhat more strongly by private sector Question 29. Most-liked Program economists than by government or academic eco­ nomists. Govern- Acade- Not (b) The view that the government should respond to Rank Total ment Private mic Known the criticism of 'crony capitalism' is held some­ what more strongly by the private sector and the 1. Nc answer 30% 23% 35% 33% 40% academic economists than by the government 2. Agriculture, food production, irri- economists. gation, M-99 17% 21% 16% 15% 10% (c)The view that the government should respond to the criticism of 'encroachment' on the private sector is held somewhat more strongly by the 3. Six in the case of the most-disliked program, be­ private sector economists, compared to go\'ern­ cause "monetary programs" and "military programs" ment and academic economists. are tied for f:fth place. JULY-DECEMBER 1984/ 9

peaceand order 5% 6% 5% 5% 0%

3. Summary of the Survey Results There is a very strong consensus among PES mem­ bers that the economic crisis is due to domestic factors (87%) as opposed to international factors (10%). On this domestic side, the political factors (70%) are consi­ dered more importantthan the economic factors (24%). Among the domestic economic factors, those within the government sector (73%) are considered more important than those within the private sector (13%). This diagnosis as to the broad origins of the econo­ mic crisis reinforces the meaningfulness of the PES 7'survey's orientation towards the economic relevance of political developments, the need for government responsiveness to contemporary criticisms, the quality of government management, and the need for govern­ ment consultation with the public. There is strong agreement among PES members that attaining an economic recovery w.i11 be positively affected by the following events, listed in order of importance: first (89%), free and credible elections for the B'atasan in May 1984, second (80%), formali­ zation of the procedure for Presidential succession, and third (67%), the completion of the investigation of the· Agrava Fact-Finding Board. However, the respondents are divided as to the eco­ nomic significance of the continuance of anti-adminis­ tration rallies and demonstrations, with a plurality (46%) considering these as having negative economic effects, compared to a minority (27%) regarding them as positive. The PES members strongly confirmed the impor­ tance for economic, recovery of a government res­ ponse to certain items of criticism. The order of impor­ tance of these items is: first (90%), 'crony capitalism', second (88%), loss of confidence in official economic statistics, and third (83%), government 'encroachment' on the private sector. In all cases, at least half of the respondents said that the item was Very Important. The PES members are rather pessimistic as to when the economic recovery will be achieved, with very many feeling that it will take at least 3-4 years (83%), and the modal view being that it will take at least 5 years (44%). This is an indicator of the severity of the problem. The majority of the PES members rate government management as Poor or Very Poor in all the problem areas stated in the questionnaire. In order of impor­ tance, the problem areas are: first, the external debt (87% rated the management a§ PoorlVery Poor), IO/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION J

second, unemployment (70%), third, the foreign ex­ other half just left both Question 29 and Question 30 change rate system (66%), fourth, consumer price blank.)4 control (63%), and fifth, the system of foreign trade The PES members listed a large variety of programs . financing (58%). as most-liked, the three most-liked being in the broad categories of agriculture (17%), energy (14%) and The various key government institutions listed in housing (9%). the questionnaire differed greatly among themselves The KKK/Sariling Sikap, although fourth5 in the in terms of promoting the general economic welfare, list of most-liked (7%), is first in the list of the most­ as perceived by the PES members. Ran~ed in terms of disliked (27%) programs. (The two items are com­ performance rating, the institutions are: bined because very many of the respondents did place 6 Fair/Good Poorl them together in -thelr replies. The second most Very Good Very Poor frequent response was a blank (21%); however, about one-third of these did state their most-liked program: First Ministry of Energy 71% 29% The next two most-disliked categories are the major 67% 31% Second Ministry of Agriculture industrial projects (11%) and government intervention/ 53% 44% Third NEDA monopolies (9%). - Fourth Ministry of Naturel Resources 51% 47% Finally, cross-tabulations show that there are no Fifth Ministry of Finance 50% 46% radical differences of opinion among government eco­ Sixth Ministry of Trade and nomists, private sector economists and academic Industry 49% 49% economists. Seventh: Central Bank 36S€> 61% Eighth Ministry of Human Settlements 32% 66% Ninth Office of the President 25% 73% 4. Verifiable from the listing of the raw data. 5. Of seven respondents who liked KKK most, three Eighty-three percent of the PES members said that qualified their replies by adding "if implemented pro­ they were dissatisfied/highly dissatisfied with the perly"; there were another three who liked Sariling government's present system of consultation with the Sikap, for a total of 10 respondents. If the three 'tenta­ general public. The dissatisfaction was slightly less tive' votes for KKK are not counted, then KKK/Sari­ with respect to the consultation with the business ling Sikap drops to fifth in the list. community (70%) and with the economics profession (68%). 6. There was only one respondent who made a clear .distinction, by listing Sariling Sikap as most-liked To the open-ended item asking for the most-liked and KKK as most-disliked. On the other hand, it seems government program, 30% of the PES respondents had proper to keep KKK/Sariling Sikap and Pag-ibig/Hous­ no answer; it was the most frequent response. (About ing as separate categories since there were three who half of these non-responses did respond, however, to liked Pag-ibig but disliked KKK and One who liked the last item regarding the most-disliked program; the 'livelihood' but disliked 'shelter'.

The PSSC Library is inviting organizations haveing social science publications to exchange their materials with our PSSC Social Science Information.

Proposals for exchange should be addressed to the Librarian, Philippine Social Science Council;lne., PSSCenter, Don Mariano Marcos Avenue, U.P. Diliman, Q.C. JULY-DECEMBER 1984 /11

A STATEMENT IDF CONCERN AND PROPOSALS FOR SOCIAL CHANGE*

More than any other time, our countable and responsive to their needs development of our country and people. country is undergoing severe strains and aspirations. The promotion of As concerned citizens, we can initiate ~ which threaten the survival of our the interests of the people is measured and stimulate wider public discussion nation-state. These strains are so cri­ by the quality of life and the level of and participation in the formulation tical that social scientists must take economic well-being of the people of policies and decisions and in moni­ responsibility in seeking solutions on including access to education, health toring their implementation. We believe how we as a people can overcome them. and security. that concerned social scientists wor~ing lI Today's national crisis makes it As social' scientists concerned together with a nationalist people's imperative that we re-appraise· the about the deterioration of our social movement which is fully conscious i fundamental roots of our problems. and political institutions, we feel that it and assertive of its sovereign and demo­ We need .a unifying framework to re­ is our duty to raise the level of cons­ cratic rights can help advance the cause evaluate our national policies, re-order ciousness of our people, especially and interests of our people. our priorities and to seek alternative those who are in positions of authority programs of development. We believe and policy-making, towards a nationalist National Unity and the that the unifying framework should ideology. National Min~rities be a nationalist consciousness which A nationalist ideology can be realized takes as its point of departure the pro­ by involving the active participation of It is imperative that all peoples of the tection and advancement of the in­ all our citizens, and must draw from Philippines, regardless of ethnic and terests of the majority of our people the broadly-based people's movement religious differences, unite in one great against selfish, sectoral and alien claims that has evolved out of our people's national effort. Yet, a significant por­ and interests. A nationalist conscious­ frustration with the current govern­ tion of the Filipino population, the ness, by necessity. is committed to mental institutions and agencies. People national minorities, are experiencing guaranteeing the full sovereign rights are clarnorinq for fundamental changes the most difficult times today. Their of our people to an economic and in the structure of power and authority; very survival as a distinct people is at ... political order effectively controlled by they are demanding what is only due stake. They are threatened by the very Filipinos, whose leaders are fully ac- them as citizens of a democratic re­ same global forces and internal forces public. As social scientists equipped creating havoc on the whole Philip­ with training and skills in the study of pine society. "This paper is a consolidation of the society and social processes, we must The abject condition and oppressed recommendations submitted by the PSSC participate actively as teachers, research­ plight of the national minorities have member associations during the Midyear ers, shapers of public opinion and become worse under tile Marcos regime. Council Meeting held in July 1984. policies and as concerned citizens, in Hundreds of thousands of our minor­ It wasprepared by the Ad Hoc Task Force inculcating nationalist consciousness ity brothers and sisters all over the chaired by Dr. Gabriel U. Iglesias with the and in carrying out programs of social fol/owing members: Basilisa C. Arroyo, archipelago are being forcibly evicted Ponciano L. Bennogen, Patricio B. Llcuanan, transformation. and driven away from their ancestral Cesar P. Macuja, Cesar M. Mercado, Zenaida As teachers, we have our schools lands to give way to the interests of S. Reyes, BonifaeioP. Sibayon, Sylvio H. and communities where we can help alien and local big business. Guerrero {ex-ottlclo], and Loretta Makasiar inculcate and disseminate nationalist The national minorities face many Slcat (ex-otttcto). consciousness and values. As research­ grave threats which all focus on the Dr. Guerrero,' in her capacity as PSSC ~pply Chairman, presented this paper for PSSC ets, we can the full weight of grabbing of their lands which is the base Forum Series No. 2 which took place on our training and expertise to under­ of their life and culture. The intensified

II 15 September 19B4. stand the problems that impede the 'exploitation and oppression of the lIla-· 12/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

tional minorities is the responsibility local counterpart into their ancestral couragement of the use of a national of the Marcos govemment. Most of domain. language. the foreign monopoly capital that is They demand the scrapping of all being spent for the thirty-two biggest infrastructure and development projects Program for National Reconciliatiol1l: dam projects of the government come on their ancestral lands that are inimical General Amnesty from the World Bank, Asian Develop­ to their genuine interest. They ask for for All Political Offenders ment Bank, US Export-Import Bank a bigger role in the making of decisions and other foreign financial institutions. which affect their lives. General amnesty is a time-tested Whenever the people resist, as in They demand the indemnification political and legal method for averting Northern Luzon and Mindanao, the and just compensation for victims of violent social conflicts or for hastening Marcos government unleashes the vio­ landgrabbing and forced relocation. the achievement of peace and healing lence of the state. The slaying of Ka­ They are calling for the repeal of the wounds of war. The state grants Iinga leader Macli-ing Dulag is but one all IaVIt"S , decrees and legislation that general amnesty to put an end to of the abuses committed by' soldiers infringe on and deny their right to their internecine conflict and to stop need­ in the Cordillera. Military abuses anc ancestral domain such as PO 410 and less dissipation and destruction of operations continue in Kalinga and PO 705. human materia! resources, so that it Bontoc, where the strong unity of They call for the promulgation of can concentrate on urgent tasks of the people caused the suspension of legislation that will recognize, respect nation-building. Those whom the state the construction of the Chico Dam. . and protect their right to their ancestral considers its offenders are provided In spite of the oppressive measures domain ..They are calling for support in an honorable way to integrate them­ directed against them, the national their efforts towards accelerated devel­ selves into the peaceful task 'of nation­ minorities, have been keeping up the opment within the context of maintain­ builaing. struggle. The minority peoples of the ing the integrity and viability of their There have been calls for national Cordillera and Mindanao are evolving ancestral domain and their indigenous unity and reconciliation both from the a democratic people's movement. It is communities. government as well as from the various a movement that seeks unity with Fili­ They demand the pull-out of all opposition and critical groups. Ulti­ pinos all over the archipelago, against military contingents within the confines mately, it is necessary to have a compre­ foreign domination and autocracy. of their ancestral domain. They call for hensive settlement between the govern­ And it is a movement which we believe the demilitarization of their commu­ ment and the various opposition groups, is working towards the establishment nities. They demand a stop to mas­ especially those engaged in armed strug­ of true national unity and genuine sacres, hamletting, and forced reloca­ gle. This would involve not only the democracy. tions, They demand indemnification for mutual agreement to cease armed con­ As part of this effort, the national victims of military abuses. flict, but also a common program of minorities are requesting the support Furthermore, the national minorities . action on the various economic, social of all professionals and progressive are calling for support in their oppo­ and political issues. members of the Parliament in their sition to the commercialization and Realistically, such a comprehensive struggle against all forms of oppression distortion of their beliefs, customs and political settlement cannot ~ attained" and exploitation. They are asking that traditions. They ask for recognition and immediately. But the declaration of we unite with them in their struggle respect for their cultural heritage from general arnnestv ' is a necessary and for se1f-determination and equality the dominant majority. A massive edu­ effective first step toward such a settle­ within the framework of national cational campaign should be launched ment. It is the government that must sovereignty, representative democracy to correct the distorted and negative take this step, for it is the strongest and towards an all-around and a bal­ images of national minorities especially and the most dominant force in the anced program of development which our Muslim brothers and sisters. The current political and economic conflict. takes serious account of the welfare contribution of national minorities to General amnesty would demonstrate and interests of the minorities. They national history should be recognized the government's sincerity in" seeking are requesting the promulgation of and better disseminated in our society. national unity and reconciliation and. legislation supportive of their just Filipino Muslim history, culture and create" the proper atmosphere for demands. oral literature should be in the school dialogue among the conflicting poli­ They are calling for a stop to the curricula at all levels. Local languages tical forces. entry of foreign capital and their should be preserved' alongside the en- To be effective, general amnesty JULY-DECEMBER 1984 / 13

has to be made in conjuncticn with cies, and inefficiencies so that remedial To develop a younger and mere basic political, social and economic legislation might be enacted. Some dynamic civil service, retirahle generals reforms to demonstrate that the peace­ areas which need immediate attention and public officials must be retired. ful pursuit of reforms is possible under are: 1) a realistic policy regulating the present regime. These are the electoral expenses; 2) the basis for The UseofPublic Funds effective measures to stop the increasing determininq dominant political parties senseless ~estruction of lives and ma­ for purposes of representation in elec­ The potent instrument for ensuring. terial resources. Militarization and op­ toral bodies for registration,· voting, public accountability in the use of pressive legal policies have not pre­ and canvassing of votes; and 3) the public funds is the Commission on vented but in fact spawned the growth procedural safeguards regarding elec­ Audit, a constitutionally independent of armed opposition. The government's tion protests, nullification of ballots, body. According to the Constitution, policy of violent suppression of oppo­ multiple registration of voters and it must audit and settle all accounts sition and criticism has only pushed "flying voters," and the mandatory pertaining to the revenues and expend­ people to give up on legal and open appointment of commissioners to itures or uses of funds and property, channels of dissent - a dangerous vacant positions in the Commission on owned or held in trust by, or pertain­ sign for political systems everywhere. Elections. To ensure that only persons ing to the Government, or any of its of proven integrity and independence subdivisions, agencies and instrumen­ Public Accountability and . are appointed to the Commission talities, including government-owned Government Responsiveness on Elections, the President should or controlled corporations. only appoint officials from among Under the Auditing Code, PD 1445, Public accountability and responsive­ the candidates recommended by an issued on June 11,1978, the jurisdic­ ness of government are two central independent body. tion of the Commission on Audit

principles of governance. Recent poli­ o Multiple appointments must be extends to subsidiaries of all govern­ cies, practices and development have stopped. Elective officials must not hold ment-owned or controlled corpora­ seriously eroded the trust of the govern­ other positions in the civil service. tions. The Commission also has visi­ l ed in the accountability of public offi­ Technocrats/public officials must not torial authority over non-governmental cials as well as in their effectiveness in hold concurrent positions and consul­ entities subsidized by the government. ~ responding to problems of development. tancies in different agencies. How can The Commission appoints its officials ... Among the many factors that affect the public officials discharge their duties or employees wherever they are sta­ I accountability and responsiveness of effectively if they do not concentrate tioned or assigned. However, there are ' government are three critical areas of on anyone particular office at a given provisions in the Charters of some concern where legislative action is time? If the official occupies among government entities which are incon­ needed: the conduct of elections, .others an elective position, his consti­ sistent with the Constitution and the public service, and the use of public tuents, the citizens, inevitably suffer. Auditing Code. funds. Conflicts of interest may arise and these For instance, the charter of the may be resolved in favor of corpora­ Philippine National Oil Company Clean, Fair and Orderly Elections tions that pay higher honoraria and (PNOC) provides that the Commission allowances. As a principle, public in­ on Audit shall appoint the Auditor of The conduct of clean, fair and or­ terests can be better protected by the Company but subject to the ap­ derly elections is a sine qua non to representatives of citizens or citizens' proval of the PNOC Board. Such a pre­ ensuring the highest degree of public organizations. vision undermines the independence of accountability and responsiveness of With multiple appointments come the Commission on Audit. Subsidiaries government officials and agencies. multiple compensation. This is another of the PNOC are audited not by the Through periodic elections, the people sensitive area where clearcut policies COA but by private auditinq firms. exercise directly their power to select have not been formulated. Select The KKK Processing Center Authority their governors, review their perform­ cliques tend to monopolize "consul­ by Executive Order No. 866 of January ance, and reaffirm their confidence and tancies" within the government. The 11, 1983 is not subject to the Commis­ trust. There is, therefore, an urgent practice is grossly unfair and inequitable sion on Audit, Likewise, the Boo(d of need to review existing laws, rules and when seen in terms of the whole civil Directors of the Philippine Veterans regulations regarding the conduct of service structure, even as it excludes Investment Development Corporation elections and determine gaps, inadequa- similarly qualified civil servants. (PHIVIDEC) appoints its own auditors 14/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMA TION 1 who are not subject to the control and embodied in Batas Pambansa Big. 122, on the life, liberty and property of supervision by the Commission on drastically recast Articles VII, VIII individuals. Even criminal acts may be Audit. and IX of the Constitution. One of legitimized. As an eminent scholar and The Commission on Audit should the most controversial amendments is constitutionalist says, immunity could now assert its authority and preroga­ the Immunity granted under Article only be intended to provide a shield for tive as mandated by the Constitution, VII, Section 15 which provides: official acts done in violation of law . in order that the public interest will The President shall be immune because no official is accountable for be better served. from suit during his tenure. There­ acts in accordance with law and there after, no suit whatsoever shall lie is no official liability even for erro­ Free Access to Information for official acts done by him or by neous acts as long as they are done others pursuant to his specific or­ in good faith. It nullifies the settled The Philippine Constitution ex­ ders during his tenure. principle so extensively elaborated in pressly recognizes the rights of citizens The immunities herein provided the Constitution that public officers to information on matters of public shall apply to the incumbent Pres­ remain accountable to the people. concern, and of access to official re­ ident referred to in Article XVII Finally, it has seriously impaired judi­ cords and documents (Section 6, Bill of this Constitution (underscoring cial power by placing certain classes of Rights). However, the pr.evailing supplied). of people beyond the reach of the situation in the country has led to The first sentence of the provision courts. People with grievances may be some curtailment of these rights. Vital is superfluous since it merely re-states compelled to seek redress elsewhere. information on such matters as real a settled principle on the need to In order that the people may truly income and employment levels, natural protect the President from court suits enjoy the blessings of democracy resource use, public accounts, and the during his tenure, otherwise his time under a regime not only of peace and service performance of government cor­ will be spent in litigations when he liberty but also of justice and equality, porations, is either not collected or should be performing more important repeal of the immunity provision not available or is withheld in such a functions. What is obnoxious is the is of the utmost urgency which the way as to impair or even prevent. a immunity from suit after his term of Philippine Social Science Council fully timely and accurate assessment of office granted to him and to subor­ .supports. existing socia-economic conditions. This dinates carrying out his orders during curtailment of the right to free access his tenure. They may not be sued for to information constitutes a severe con­ their acts even. before the effectivity The Repeal/Abrogation of straint in the conduct of research, of the 1981 Amendments, including Amendment No.6 and the evaluation of various programs those they may have perpetuated and projects that affect our people. during the period of martial law. This It also hinders other efforts towards grant of immunity destroys the essence While th.e 1973 Constitution has participatory development, as intelligent of democracy which is pervasive vested legislative power in the Batasang and effective participation is premised throughout the Constitution starting Pambansa, Amendment No. 6 was on the availability of accurate, crucial with the preamble. It is inconsistent adopted in 1976 to enable the govern­ and relevant information. In essence, with a republican statewhere sovereignty ment to respond to serious emergencies therefore, the curtailment of free access resides in the people. Immunity places during the transition in governmental to information undermines a truly the President and those carrying out his structure from martial law to normalcy democratic government. For ulti­ orders above the people and the law. by authorizing the President to exercise mately, it is an enlightened and critical It is discriminatory and patently violat­ legislative functions under certain condi­ public opinion which can safeguard ive of the equal protection clause tions (underscoring supplied). democratic processes and ensure the because persons committing acts not Martial law was "lifted" on January accountability of public officials. covered by instructions of the President 17, 1981 and members of the regular Repeal of the Constitutional may be liable for prosecution while Batasang Pambansa elected in May Provision on Presidential those carrying out similar acts pursuant. 1984 have convened in regular session. to his orders, whether public officials Immunity from Suit The continued existence of Amend­ or private persons may escape prosecu­ ment No. 6 contravenes the principle On April 7, 1981, a second wave of tion. The immunity is so broad that it of republican government and negates amendments to the 1973 Constitution, can coverall acts that could infringe the express mandate of the sovereign

- JULY-DECEMBER 1984 / 1'5

people that laws be enacted only by and allowed to Iive in their own mean­ Philippine Economic Society their duly elected representatives in ingful ways. We believe that peace can Philippine Geographical Society the Batasang Pambansa after full and be restored if amnesty were granted Philippine National Historical Society thorough deliberation. to all political offenders. We believe Philippine Political Science Aware of the numerous decrees that their crime was provoked as much Association and issuances promulgated hy the by harsh and violent governmental Philippine Society for Public President which have no relation to action as by their disagreement on Administration legitimate national emergency under national policies and programs. For the Phil~pmeSocrorogkalSocrety the authoriy granted him by Amend­ sake of national unity, we urge that Philippine Statistical Association ment No.6, the opposition members the government should now grant Psychological Association of the of the Batasang Pambansa now feel amnesty to all these Filipinos. Philippines the need to repeal Amendment No.6, Granting amnesty to all political Ugntlyang Pang-Aghamtao (Anthro­ and they have filed many resofutions offenders may yet draw many Fili­ pological Association of the proposing the repeal of Amendment pinos back into active participation Philippines) No.6 at the Batasang Pambansa. in peaceful political processes. But Philippine Historical Association I Now, therefore, the Philippine Social we are aware that this is not enough. The government must become the Science Council (PSSC) has resolved PSSC ASSOCIATE MEMBERS to express its full and unqualified government of the whole Filipino people. To this end, we propose support for and endorsement of Resolu­ AmemMSwd~Aswcmtiooofthe r tion Nos. 4, 8, 9, 14 and 22 filed by strict adherence by the government Philippines members of the Batasang Pambansa to the principle of public accounts­ Angeles University Foundation Re­ proposing the repeal of Amendment bility and official responsiveness. We search and Planning Center No.6 through the mechanism provided urge the government to provide us Development Academy of the Phil­ by the Constitution or by simply con­ citizens free access to information. ippines sidering it abrogated. We support the proposal to repeal or abrogate Amendment No.6. We Institute of Mass Communication, also support the proposal to repeal University of the Philippines Conclusion ,. the constitutionel provision, granting Institute of Philippine Cultut», Ate­ I immunity from suits to the president neo de Manila University -. As Filipino social scientists, we are and other officials. lnstitute ofSocial Work and Commu­ hopeful that the deterioration we have Nothing short of a reawakened nity Development, University of noted in many areas of our social life nationalist consciousness, unity of the Philippines can still be arrested. The difficulties vision, purpose, and action will enable Intemational Institute of Rural that beset our country today can be us to redeem our eroded national Reconstruction l overcome so that our people may get on Language SWdy Center, Philippine pride, belief and confidence in our­ with the task of social transformation. Normal College selves and put us back on the road Our findings show that there are Law Center, .University of the Phil­ to national recovery. features of Philippine social institutions ippines Thus, the Philippine Social Science and cultural values that will enable us Leyt~amar Research Center, Divine Council expresses its fuJI and unqual· to surmount most of these difficulties, Word Unive;sity of Tacloban but only if we confront them as one ified support for and endorsement of the foregoing statements of concern Office for Research and Develop­ people. It is for this reason that as Fili­ ment, St. Paul University pino social scientists we stand firmly on and policy recommendations as de­ cided and agreed upon during its Mid­ Pambansang Samahan ng Sikolohi­ nationalism. But how can.we be one yangPilipino year Council meeting last 21 July 1984. nation if a few gain at the expense Peter Gowing Memorial Research of the majority? Center, Dansalan College The studies we have undertaken Philippine Association ofNutrition, Inc. have made it all too clear that nation­ PSSC REGULAR MEMBERS Philippine Business for Social Progress alism cannot prosper when the govern­ Philippine Christian University Re- ment is at odds with the people. We Linguistic Society of the Philippines search Center therefore urge that our national minor­ Philippine Association ofSocial Philippine Normal College Research ities be given back their ancestral lands Workers Center 16/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMA TlON

Philippine Psychology Research and Selvin, H. C. A Reader in Bureaucracy. Briones, Leonor. "The Philippine Debt BUi­ Training House New York: American Book Stractford den: Who borrows, who pays?" Lecture delivered at the College of Public Admi­ Population Institute, University of Press, 1952. nistration, UP, 5 July 1984 and College The 1976 Amendments of the New Con­ the Philippines of Law, UP, 6 July 1984. Research Center, De La Salle Uni­ stitution. Quezon City: UP Law Center, 1977. "cagayan Valley Report." [s1.snl , n.d. versity (unpublished) Research Institute for Mindanao Philippines: Repression and Resistance. Poop­ ple's Tribunal Session on the Philippines. Cortez, Irene .R."The Genesis QfAmendment Culture, Xavier University London: KSP Komite ng sambayanang No.6." A paper delivered in the Chief School of Urban and Regional Plan­ Pilipino, 1981. Justice ~oberto Concepcion Symposia on ning, University of the Philippines Constitutional Issues. UP Law Center, Philippine Social Science Council Agenda for August 3, 1984. Social Research Center, University of the 7980s. Quezon City: PSSC, 1980. Santo Tomas Dakami Yo Nan Dagami. Papers and Pro­ RevisedElection Code of 1978, P.D. 1296. Social Research Office, Ateneo de Davao ceedings of the 1st Multisectoral Land Statistical Center, University of the Ross, James Frederick S. Elections and Elec­ Congress, 11 to 14 March 1983. Pub­ tors: Studies in Democratic Representa­ Philippines lished by the Cordillera Consultative . tton. London: Elyre and Spottiswoode, Committee, 1984. 1955. Fact-Finding Mission Reports 11982-1984). Selected References Tant~ico, Francisco S. Jr. State Audit Code Published by the Philippine Conference of the Philippines. Quezon City: Com­ for Human Rights. mlssion on Audit Research and Develop­ Books/Monographs "Fact-Finding Mission's First Consolidated ment Foundation, 1982. Report on the Kalinga Crisisand the case Bacungan, Froilan M., ed., The Powers of the Serials of Macli-ingDurag." . . Philippine President. Quezon City: UP Law Center, 1983. Fernandez, Perfecto V. "The Proposed Center for International Policy Current 1981 Constitutional Amendments:' Posi­ Bello, Walden; Kinley, D.; and Elinson, E. Issues. March 1980. [s.1.I: Center for tion Paper on the Proposed Constitu­ Development Debacle: The World Bank International Policy. tional Amendments in the April 7, 1981 In the Philippines. San Francisco, Cali­ Fteldnotes: Published by the Philippine Plebiscite. UP Law Center, 1981. fornia: Institute for Food and Develop­ Association for International Develop­ ment Policy, 1982. " Filipino Detainees Appeal to President ment, Inc. Marcos:' Constantino, Renato. The Nationalist Al­ Indigenous Peoples in Crisis. Tribal Fili­ "Imperialism, the Marcos Regime and the ternatIve. Quezon City: Foundation for pino Lecture Series: Collated Papers, Nationalist Studies, 1979. Economic Plunder of the Moro People." October 4-9" 1983. Published by the Presentation before the Amendment PeO­ Democratic Theory and Episcopal Commission on Tribal Fili- Duncan, Graene. ple's Tribunal; October 30 to .November Practice. cambridge: cambridge Uni­ pinos. \ 31,1980. Antwerp, Belgium. versity Press, 1983. KSP Ktluson, Vol. 1.No. 1 and 2: In the Face Magallona, Merlin M. "The Philippine Debt Etzioni-Halevy, Eva. Political Manipulation of Adversity, [s.1.I: Komite ng sam­ Crisis in an International Setting." Paper and Administrative Power. London: Rout­ bayanang Pilipino (Filipino People's Com­ read at the Symposium on "International mittee), n.d, ledge and KeilganPaul, 1979. Debt Crisis: Focus on the Philippines." Handbook of Information on the Philippine Kilusan Para so Katarungan at Kapayapaan. UP Diliman, Quezon City, 6 July 1984. --civil Service. revised edition. Quezon A Study of Militarization in Bataan. Multinational Corporations in the Philippines. City: Personnel Officers Association of the [s.l.l: Ecumenical Movement for Justice Makati: Technology Resource Center. Philippines, 1976. and Peace. The PhilippInes: A Country in CrisIs. A report Legal Rights of Political Detainees Under _____ . Statement on Militarization by Lawyers Committee for International Martial Law. Civil Liberties Union of and call to Action. Ecumenical Move­ Human Rights. New York: Lawyers Com­ the Philippines. Free Legal Assistance ment for Justice and Peace. mittee for International Human Rights, Group, Manila: FLAG, n.d. PolitIcal Detainees Update. .A fortnightly '1983. Lucas, J. R. Democracy and Participation. publication of the Task Force Detainees "Philippine Commission on Audit: 1981 Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, 1976. of the Philippines. summary financial audit report of govern­ Mackenzie, William James M. Free Elections. ment-owned or controlled corporations." New York: Rinehart, 1958. Repo~ts/Papers "'Report of an Amnesty International Mission Mendoza, J. and De Raedt, C. Knowledge, Abueva, Jose V. '''The Filipino Nation in to the Republic of the Philippines," 11-28 Development, and the Social Scientists. Crisis." Prepared for the First National November 1981. Amnesty International, Series 1. [Baguio Cityl: UP Baguio, Social Science Congress. PSSC Audito­ 1982. Cordillera Studies Center, 1983. rium, UP Campus, Quezon City, 17-19 No­ Merton, Robert; Gray, P.; Hockev, B.; and vember 1983. lULY-DECEMBER1984 /17

Documents Bernas, Joaquin G. "An Independent Com­ "Militarization in Abra: The Soldiers Came mission on Elections:' Mr. & Ms. Maga­ During the Season of Harvest:' Septem­ The New Constitution of the Philippines. See zine, 30 March 1984. ber 1983 . sections on the Civil Service Commission, Caballes, Mauelito O. " A Reassessment of the Morch, Sonja P. "Tales of Terror' in Abra," Commission on Audit, Commission on Presidency in the Light of the 1981 Sandugo. 2nd Quarter 1983. Elections and on Public Accountability. Amendments:' Philippine Law journal. Morella, Cecil.· ".A Savage Finish to a Long Vol. 56. 2nd Quarter. (June 1981). Philippine President. Presidential Decree (PD) March:' WHO, 25 Ap~iI1984. 1445 (Auditing Code!' Carino, Joanne; Carino, J.; and Nettleton, G. Pangalangan, Raul C. "The 1981 Amend­ Philippine President. Executive Order No. 866 "The Chico River Basin Development Pro­ ments: The Presidency in the Wake of (KKK Processing Center). 1983. ject: A Situation Report" Aghamtao. a Constitutional Mutation." Philippine Vol. II (December 1979). Law journal. Vol. 56. 2nd Quarter. Articles in Journals/Magazines/ Carino, Ledivina. "Administrative Account­ June 1981 . Newspapers tability: A Review of the Evolution Parpan-Pagusara, Mariflor. "Reflections on Meaning and Operationalization of a Key 'Native Title' in Relation to the Kalinga: Abugao, Martin B. Jr. "General Amnesty: Concept in Public Administration." Phil­ An Anthropologist Responds." Sonduqo. A Giant Step Towards National Recon­ ippine journal of Public Administration. 1st Ouarter. 1983. ciliation?" WHO, 23 May 1984. Vol. XXVII. No.2. (April 1983). _____ • "The Macli·ing Trial: Last del Carmen, Cristina P. "1834: The Death­ "Paying the Price to be a Tiruray." Sandugo. 1st Quarter. March 1982 . Chance for Justice?" WHO, 24 August Dealing Decree." WHO, 23 November 1983. 1983. Quijano, Nicolas V. "What's at Stake in the Coronel, Sheila S. "The Unfolding Drama Cordillera?" WHO, 15 August 1984. Adamolekum, Ladipo. "Accountability and Called Amendment No.6." Panorama. Control Measures in Public Bureaucracies: 9 September 198~. ..ReliVing the Tragedy (Update on Abra A Comparative Analysis of Anglophone Refugees)." Culled from the PCHR Fact­ and Francophone Africa:' International Cruz, Maria Theresa G. "Muslims in Quiapo: Finding Mission Report. Triba( Forum. Review of Administrative Sciences. Vol. Searching for Peace and Justice." Tribal Vol. IV. No.5. July-August 1983. 40. No.4. 1974. Forum. Vol. IV. No.5. (July-August 1983). Rodriguez, Numeriano F. "Toward Individual Alibutud, J. Raul. "The Cordillera People: and Social Justice: Structural Analysis Suffering Because of Militarization." Cunanan, Belinda O. "Toward a More Inde­ of the 1973 Constitution, as Amended." WHO, 15 August 1984. pendent and Truthful Comelec." Mr. Philippine Law journal. Vol. 57. 1st & Ms. Magazine. 25 March 1984. _____ • "Macli·ing Dulag's Harvest: . Quarter. March 1982 . Anti-Dam Unity." WHO, 23 May 1984. Dorral, Richard. 'The Tingguians of Abra Rogal, Kim and Liu, Melinda. "The Rebels end the Cellophil: A Situation Report," Arquiza, Yasmin. "Bombing in Agusan ­ Challenge Maroos." Newsweek. 16 April Aghamtao. Vol. II. (December 1979). Target: People's Claim to Mining and 1984. Agricultural Lands:' WHO, 29 August Ellevera-Lamberte, Exaltacion. "Macro-level "Special Number on Administrative Ac­ 1984. Indicators of Upland Poverty:' Philippine countability." Indian journal of Public Sociological Review. Vol. 31. Nos. 1-12. Administration. Vol. XXIX. No.3. July­ Bautista, Victoria A. "Assessing Readiness (January-June 1983). Septembber 1983 • for Performance Audit." Philippine jour­ nal of Public Administration. Vol. XXVII. Lynch, Owen J. "The Legal Claims of Tribal "Seven Barrios to be Erased from the Rizal :'110.2. (April 1983). Filipinos and the Bangsa Moro to their Map." Tribal Forum. VClI. 2. No.2. Ancestral Land:' Sandugo. 1st Quarter. February 1981 . Bennagen, Ponciano L. "On the Long Road 1983. to History at Last:' Sanduqo. 1st Quarter. Tawagon, Manuel R. "Lake Lanao, National (March 1982). _____ . "We Must Recognize Ancestral Power Corporation and the People of the Land Rights." WHO, 1 February 1984. Lake," Sandugo. 1st Quarter. March 1982.

Editor's Note: During the Council's Annual Meeting held last December 15, 1984, the members decided to further improve this statement paper,

Council members ere now requested to send their suggestions and comments to -the PSSC Secretariat. PSSC&nter, Don M, Marcos Avenue, Quezon City, 18!esse SOCIALSCIENCE INFORMATION 1

INFORMATION CONTROL AND CORRUPTION ECONOMICS*

BURTON T. ONATE

The Statistician and the Statistical Filipino life. The church appears to have of these agencies to make the project System are guided by the principles of not been spared from the influence of economically feasible. This type of independence, objectivity and integrity. this new economies. Liberation theo­ developmental dishonesty consists of The science or theory of statistics is in logy mentioned that the churchgoer has producing and changing cost and benefit a broad sense interpreted as the scien­ nothing while priests and bishops have (C/B) streams several times (as much tific method. On' the other hand, the everything. as 10 to 12x) until the final C/B streams art of statistics generates data which would show that the project is eco­ have standards of precision and accu­ Dimensionsof Information Control nomicallY feasible even if it is not. racy, timeliness and consistency, and This dishonesty, in the absence of an relevance in the measurement of the Developmental Tourism and Dishonmy efficient and effective Project Benefit level and equity, pace and direction of Monitoring and Evaluation System (PB­ the quality of life (QOL) of the Fili­ Information control may initially MES), had spawned spurious, half baked pino people, the supreme goal of plan­ start in the form of developmental and expensive local/national projects ning and development. tourism and developmental dishonesty with doubtful impacts. The present Any effort to subvert or control through presentation of distorted facts authoritarian system, principally the use information is equivalent to subversion or information which are biased in order of Amendment No.6, is the root of ell of the political, cultural and economic to show that projects (funded by economic and political evils which had foundations of the nation. Information foreign and local loan resources) could institutionalized graft -and corruption control has many dimensions which be passed on as economically feasible. at all levels (Ongpin, 1984). It was may include developmental tourism The contents of these feasibility stu­ reported that corruption is evidenced in and development dishonesty, new forms dies/appraisal reports prepared by or projects related to cement factories, of corruption economics. The totality through the AD8, World Bank and sugar mills, oil tankers, etc. The ranging of these controls had produced this.new other international flnancial institutions controversy of' whether the Bataan type of economics which had become are generally considered as "phony" NU~lear Plant is necessary or not, or quite pervasive in almost every facet of (ADB Economic Symposium, April, whether it is safe or not may be traced 1983, Manila). The NEDAIADB Work· to lack of information or information shop on Statistical Development (May! control itself. Why was two billion -The views exprel#Jd in thil paper lire June 1984. Manila) also mentioned those of the lIuthor end do not ntlCfllSllrily dollars spent when the,original estimate reflect tho. ofIIny IllSOcilltion or II{JfIfIcy. that the data in these studies/reports was only about half a billion dollars? Or. Burton T. Onete il the PIIIt Prnidem are inaccurate and biased -- usually Similar questions could be forwarded of the Philippine StlItilticel Auocilltion. forced by project officers and analysts to the Manila Light Rail Transit Project, JULY-DECEMBER 1984 / 19

reads and bridges, MlA, agricultural and iii) Small, poor rice farmers realize users including the Philippine govern­ rural development and other projects. a net profit of P700 to P800 per ment and its technocrats to make the Information control has led to cor­ ha./season; majority of them are choice (or choices). IRRI, as a co-speer­ ruption economics." Thus, capital (in­ in debt, and in land reform areas, sor of the chemical industries (CHEML vestment), benefits, and employment the land is informally "mort­ RAWN II), is not interested in Biolo­ have been foregone or lost forever if gaged" (nakasanla) to a new gical Inputs (versatile Azolla, organic information is lacking or controlled and emerging middle class elite or fertilizer, bloloqlca] controls, etc.l, corruption economics prevails. "landlords." IRRI had no positive which could serve as direct competitor Another dimension of developmental impact toward improvement of to 'chemical inputs produced by multi­ tourism and developmental dishonesty the quality of life of the small, nationals who are also financiers of is easily applied to the International poor rice farmers in the Phil­ I RRI. IRRI stresses that research must Rice Research Institute ORRI) rice ippines; be divorced or independent of (binhi) and technology (Onate, 1984b, iv) "Nasira ria ang fikas na keveme­ development. IRRI is, therefore, 1984c). IRRI high technological mixes nan ng aming lupa" - as a insensitive to development and is or inputs consisting of water .(level, result of high level of application not concerned with improvement of control and management), fertilizers, of fertilizers, insecticides, and the quality of life of the rural poor. insecticides, pesticides, herbicides, etc. other chemicals (poisons). The I RRI says th is supreme goal is the which must be available at the right inherent chemical and physical concern of government alone. Like amount, time and place in order for the nature and the micro-biologlcal Pontius Pilate, IRRI is now washing HYV IRRI rice (binhil to produce the properties of Philippine soils have its hands of any responsibility in the desired yield are beyond the reach of been altered and alienated. Tre­ rice debacle besetting the Philippines small and poor farmers in the Philip­ mendous cost will be needed to today. This distortion of facts is devel· pines and Asia. The Filipino scientific bring back these soils to their opmental dishonesty which is a dirnen­ community calls this IRRI high levels pre-I RRI state. This is a gross sion of corruption economics at the of technological mix as the "Mercedes negative impact of IRRI techno' international level. The Batasang Pam­ Benz" or the "Cadillac" type equivalent logy. Who will shoulder the costs? bansa must re-study and if possible to the developed world's highly com­ I RRI or the Filipino people? terminate the agreement on the estab­ mercial technology. These inputs are the v) More virulent biotypes of insects lishment of IRRI in the same manner I products of multi-commercial techno­ have emerged as a result of IRRI that the Government investigates the technology. Plant, animal and impact of the US bases in the Philip­ Ia logy. These inputs are the products r of multinationals who are also the . aquatic life had been affected. pines. " Upon termination, the assets financiers of IRRI. Thus, IRRI rice How much will be needed to of IRRI will revert to the College of (binhil have failed miserably under bring about a return in the eco­ Agriculture, U.P.at Los Banos. '" Philippine conditions as evidenced by logy to Ipre·IRRI days? Again, On the local scene and due to lack l the following: this is a tremendous negative im­ of unbiased and untrammeled informa­ pact of IRRI rices and techno­ tion, doubts have been.' expressed on i) High imports of wheat (1 million logy; the real impacts of the K!

to sabotage the Philippine economy. • PAEDA 7984 Conference passed a Resolu­ • A recent example is the World Bank loan of To add insult to injury, IRRI maintains tion endorsing such a study by the Bata­ US$700 million to the MECS for the PRO­ that as an international research agency, san Pambansa. A similar manifesto (August, DED Project which has spawned anomalies 7984) was adopted by students, staff and and irregularities in the disbursement of its role is merely to produce research employees of UPLB and residents of Los funds and violation of contracts (Bulletin outputs, place them in trays like in a Banos, Laguna recommending a re-study of ~afeteria Today editorial, 73 September 7984). or turo-turo: and it is up to the the Agreement. 20/ PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

benefits are not foregone. What are the Communication (CRC) released brought about utter confusion impacts of the US$25.6 billion debt in July 1984, inflation rate of to many interested people and or is it now $30 billion? (See Para. 2.1) 52% for June 1984. Other data offices. In the same vein, PSA Without an independent and efficient were released on GNP growth for should mount a study to see how Project Benefit Monitoring and Evalu­ 1984. tt :is not clear what con­ these DAP statistics would differ ation System (PBMES), nobody knows cepts and definitions are used from the concepts, definitions, about the sources and appropriate for these data. Are these consis­ and methodology used by NCSO. uses of funds and the impacts of these tent with what the NEDA Inter­ Is DAP equipped to mount Re­ development efforts toward the im­ Agency Committee on Prices and gional or National Sample Surveys provement of the social and economic Indexes recommended? If not" on a quarterly or semestral basis? well-being 'of the Filipino. The initia­ what are the new concepts and How 'Would DAP continue releas­ tion, development, institution building definitions, say, on inflation? ing these data? PSA could give and maintenance of PBME Systems Did CRC use the same 644 core statements clarifying the issues for can be done through the effective and substitute items from NCSO? the information and reference of use of the infrastructures of the Philip­ If not, what are these CRC items? all concerned. pine Statistical System (Onate, 1982, Did eRC use the weights (Wi) de­ (iii) The Presidential Adviser on Food 1984a, 1984c, 1984f). This is recognized rived from NCSO family income was quoted by newspapers as as an important and critical manage­ and expenditure surveys? If not, saying that there was no rice ment tool which must be implemented where did CRC get its weighting shortage and that the government immediately for the generation of full pattern? What was the base year was recalling its rice exports to information on all projects, ongoing and (1978 or another year)? How beef up the rice supply' (Mid to be negotiated. With full information, were the price data collected? (see June 1984). After a week or so, developmental dishonesty and corrup­ for example, Onate 1971). Or did large importation of rice (150,000 tion economics will be minimized if CRC use "quick and dirty" metric tons) was reported in thr not completely controlled and methods? CRC appears to be newspapers and that such imports eliminated. quite secretive about these ques­ were apparently "recalled" from tions. In view thereof, the author Thailand and the People's Re­ Conflicting Statistics: A Dimension recommended that the Philippine public of China. This confusion of Information Control Statistical Association (PSA) had reflected in no small measure (Onate, 1984d) study and investi­ on the independence, objectivity Important indicators of the .eco­ gate the concepts/definitions, and integrity of the Statistical nomy including inflation rates, em­ methodology, data sources, etc. of System and therefore on the Sta­ ployment and unemployment, impor­ CRC and NCSO, so that PSAcould tistical Profession. In the past, the tation of rice and wheat, balance of come out with its own evaluation NEC (Now NEDA) Inter-Agency payments (BOP), international reserves which could be passed on to the Committee on Rice and Corn was, (I Rs), agricultural statistics, literacy public and concerned agencies for commissioned to study the supply rates, etc. are released to the public their information and reference. and dema~d of the rice grain and by individuals and/or agencies. Some This move by PSA will minimize was empowered by a Republic examples in the release of these infor­ the ccnfusion on the release of Act (A.A.) to certify through, mation which result in duplication and these types of data * (OSCAS/NEC) on' the shortage confusion to the user in particular and importation of rice. What (ii) Similarly, DAP released employ­ and to the public in general (Onate, happened to this R.A. and the ment/unemployment ,data for 1984d) are given. The letter of interest role of the Statistical System in Metro Manila. This release(s) had by the government to IMF (for standby the minimization of possible credit of $650 m) is shrouded with manipulation of data on rice utmost secrecy. Control and confusion "Employment situation after May 7984 was supply and demand? breed developmental dishonesty which released by a Staff of eRC using statistics (iv) In view of the economic and so­ from many sources including a recent in turn spawns corruption economics "random" survey by CRC in June 7984. cial crisis, everybody became as in the following cases: PSA must take decisive action on this "instant" experts on BOP and confusion which generates certain forms of International Reserves (I RS) Sta­ (i) The Center for Research and developmental dishonesty. tistics. In fact, one sector estl- JULY-DECEMBER 1984/21 r mated the gold holdings to a The MAF must realize that the "scratching each other's back," new very fantastic high level. As we Statistical System is guided by the forms of corruption economics, rather know, there is an IMF manual principles of independence, objec­ than on the desired impacts of these on the preparation of the com­ tivity and integrity and any con­ research projects on the improvement ponents of BOP which in turn trols instituted by MAF in the of the quality of life of the rural and indicate the changes in the IR release of already available data urban poor and to social and economic position. In spite of this IMF would offset the stebllltv and development of new improved indi­ Manual, member countries gen­ credibility of the Statistical Sys­ genous rice seeds, breeds of poultry erally deviate from these inter­ tem. This control of information and other livestock, other cereals and national recommendations (see , or lack of it is a form of develop­ food substitutes, and biological inputs for example, ADB, 1982). How mental dishonesty. which will and control. Can we change this atti­ did the CB deviate from these generate facets of corruption tude by practicing standard code of recommendations? What were the . ** ,­ economics. Christian ethics? new assumptions? What is the real truth? It was also reported Information control is generally asso­ that the level of foreign debt ciated with authoritarian regimes. Code of Christian Ethics is actually larger than US$25.6 Control of information will spaiNn monopolistic cronyism and pervasive billion since short term debts were The statistician and the statistical graft and corruption at the regulatory not included in the computation. system must insist on the preservation agencies including the Police. News The absence of standard concepts of the principles. of independence, items indicate that the AFP and MECS and definitions which are accept­ objectivity and integrity of information have not been spared the influence of able and understandable to most generated at all levels of governmental corruption economics. s'~me contend users is the primary cause of this hierarchy. This stand will. hopefully, that these reports are only the "tip of . gap. A manual must be produced . also generate a new level of morality to serve as guide to users. The pre­ the iceberg." The crime data are collect­ based on the Christian virtues of love, sence of a manual will also ensure ed without benefit of sound and sincerity and honesty. But the inner that no machination or doctoring scientifically based statistical systems. change must come from each and every of data is done to suit the de­ Even the scientific community Filipino: parents and children, teachers sires and fancies of policy and (PCARRD and the Science Councils) and pupils, managers and employees, decision makers. The changes in has been using statistical methods and and the national leadership, through BOP and IRs data have not only techniques without first ascertaining example. This change must emanate generated suspicions of the 'Fili­ whether all the assumptions in the use from the family. and ultimately, in the pino people about its country's of these techniques (specially analysis community and society. This joint financial position and fiscal of variance) have been fulfilled. Also, action and effort is the invariant solu­ soundness but had also spawned the use of research funds had been tion to the present political, cultural a low level of credibility of the based on the "honoraria" syndrome and economic constraints and evils financial and the entire gamut and on the new emerging culture of besetting the Philippines today (Onate. of administration, here and 1984e). abroad.* With this new Code of Christian (v) Technocrats in the Ministry of Lack of information has generated a ferti­ AgriClJlture and Food (MAF) in­ lizer "war" or squabble. Some sectors say Ethics. all levels of readership, public formed that the Ministry had ap­ government should assist local companies and private, must recognize the need to produce local chemical fertilizers but piied certain restrictions and con­ for effictent and effective Project LOI 7479 allows multinationals to import Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation straints in the availability and fertilizers. On the other hand, farmers' issuance of data on food and groups insist on the production of organic System (PBMES) for all types of pro­ agriculture to the general public. fertilizers and that the private sector should jects. PBMES as a management tool is not control fertilizer prices. It appears that also guided by the principles of inde­ * The Philippines suffered the highest drop P.Ds and LOIs are issued without benefit pendence, objectivity and integrity. in credit worthiness rating from Rank 63 of full or almost complete set of informa­ The Christian ethics and PBMES can (2 Sept., '83) to a low of Rank 74 (March, tion. This situation, if allowed to continue, '84) as compared to Singapore (12thl, will breed forms of developmental dis­ provide solutions to the problems of Malaysia (20th). Thailand (36th). and honesty and the government will com­ information control and corruption Indonesia (37th). pletely lose its credibility. economics. In fact, with the adoption 22 /PSSCSOcrAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

of the Olristian virtues, possible solu­ or clientele of the developmental 1982 Benefit Monitoring and Evaluation System as a Component of ARD tions to the political, cultural and ec0­ efforts. PBMES, as an important com­ Project Design. Manila. January. nomic evilswill be found. ponent of this management tool, could Government, churches and the Fili­ serve also as the vehicle to obtain the 1984a Data Infrastructures, Accessibility, pino people must adhere to this new views and aspirations of the people with Small Areas and PBMES. NEDA­ morality based on Christian virtues. regard to the priorities of the economic ADB Workshop on Statistical Deve­ lopment. Manila. May/June. Full or almost complete information and social areas of concern. Thus, will usher in a better informed and bottom to top' approach to the devel­ 1984b Food Security is National Security. democratic people who would be in a opment efforts is also achieved through PAEDA. Manila. June. good position to participate in plan­ an atmosphere of full but unbiased information and devoid of developmen­ 1984c NEDA's "Monitoring of Agricul· ning, development, and decision making tural Projects" A Review. June; disnonestv with the improvement of the quality of tal and corruption eco­ NEDA's "Monitoring and Analysis life (OOL) with equity as the primordial nomics. of Agricultural Productivity" A Re­ objective or concern of development. view. July. References With this framework, corruption eco­ 1984d Integration of Statistics: Philippine nomics will be minimized, if not com­ Asian Development Bank r Setting. Paper presented at the Philip­ pletely eliminated. 1982 Reference Manual: Concepts, Defini· pine Statistical Association Conference. The Statistical System with its en­ tions and Statistical Foundations of Manila. August. dowments in terms of expert man­ Data Used by ADB. April. pp. 66-98. 1984e Water Development and Economic power; contacts with all ministries Ongpin, Jaime Crisis. Chapter III. Paper,presented at and with an organization at the muni­ 1984 Amendment 6: The Root of All Eco­ the Annual Convention of the South­ cipal and barangay levels; its EDP nomic and, Political Evil. Speech deli­ ern Tagalog Association of Water system; standard concepts, definitions, vered at conventions and meetings Districts. Lipa City. September. classification and methodologies; and held on 22 and 31 July and 9 and 25 AU!Just. 19841 Issues and Thrusts: Monitoring and its other infrastructure should be able, Evaluation of the 'Dynamics of Rural, with a strong political will, to provide Onate, Burton T. Development Programs. Draft - Key the basic framework of measuring the 1971 Improvement of the Quality of Current Resource Paper, WS 1/ 21, World Congress on Rural Sociology. Manila: level and equity position, pace and Statistics in the Asian Region.. Occa­ sional Paper No.5. Asian Develop· P.hilippine International Convention direction of the OOL of the recipients ment Bank. pp, 28-32. Center. December. JULY-DECEMBER1~84 / 23

special feature

TRIBUTE TO DR. PETER G. GOWING (1930-1983)

Moctar I. Matuan

Editor's note. This special teeture is in commemoration of the First death anniversary of Dr. Peter G. Gowing on July 10, 1984. Dr. Gowing was one of the more "Filipinist" scholars of Philippine society especially with respect to Filipino Muslims. At the time ofhis death, Dr. Gowing was the Director of the Dansalan Research Center nowrenamed Gowing Memorial Research Center (GMRC). The Center is an associate member of the PSSC and also a member of the PSSC Research Network.

] began working with Dr. Peter G. he launched the Research Internship Christians and the most Christian Gowing as Research Officer on 16 Training Program where three Resr 'ch among the Muslims." Jar:uary1976. From that time on until Officers of the Center, including myself, Dr. Gowing was a man of deep faith h's untirnelv demise on 10 July 1983, I earned their M.A. degrees in Anthropo­ in God. He never imposed his belief on admlred this man's passion for truth, logy. others, though. He respected others" haaestv. consistent principles, and In writing the reports of our various beliefs and had always worked for p:;ctuality. research projects, he frequently en­ harmonious relations between peoples couraged us to be professional in our His love for truth made him question of different faiths.. work by insisting honesty and punc­ even his own assumptions until his tualitv. He was at all times willing to I still feel a great sense of loss. Yet, researches and studies provided the share his knowledge and skill and was I am fully aware that any institution assurance that such assumptions can always willing to learn from us. cannot depend on one person. With reasonably be held. He is the kind of The commitment of Dr. Gowing in the skills that he passed on to us and: the man who is willing to publicly declare, the promotion of peace and justice training that he afforded us, r am the truth, to the extent of publishinq among Christians and Muslims was confident that the staff of the research . it, even if such action endangers himself. I visl~ in the tvpe of vocation that he center shall accept the challenge before As an administrator, he always chose. The books and articles he wrote, us. We shall exert more effort to pursue based his decisions on dependable and the studies and Muslim-Christian the mission and vision that he laid for the Center. consistent principles. His association Dialogues he participated, . in, and the with the staff of the then Dansalan papers he read in various conferences Deep in our hearts, we feel that the, Research Center (now renamed in his anc seminars were geared towards the highest tribute that we can offer him iSI memory) was based on a common under­ promotion of better Muslim-Christian to carryon the work that he started" standing and belief that the mission understanding. it was on these bases to see to it that the Center contlnuesi and vision he set for the Ce nter can that President Eulalic G. Maturan of and to renew our commitment to hisl come about mainly through a devoted Dansa/an Co/iege Fo::r.dat:c!'! described vision of improving Muslim-Christianl and well-trained staff. This he did when him as "the most Mus!im amCTlg relations. 24/ PSSC SOOAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

"the most Muslim among Christians and the most Christian among the Muslims" Dr. Peter Gordon Gowing, A Biographical Sketch

Moctar I. Matuan

Dr. Peter G. Gowing was born in Dr. Gowing was ordained to the From June 1971-0ctober 1974, he Norwood, Massachussetts, USA on Christian Ministry on 12 October 1954 was assigned as Regional Professor to 9 May 1930. He is a holder of the fol­ in the Congregational Church of Phil­ the South East Asia Graduate School of lowing degrees: B.A. (History and lips, Maine, by the Franklin Associa­ Theology, based in Singapore. In that Government). University of Maine at tion of the Conqreqational-Christlan capacity, he served as Visiting Professor Orono, 1954; M. Div., Bangor Theolo­ Conference of Maine. in several institutions related to the gical Seminary, 1954; M.A. (History). On August 1960, he was commis­ consortium-style Graduate School: University of Maine at Orono, 1955; sioned as a Career Missionary of the Taiwan Theological College, Taiwan Th.D. (Ecumenics, Missions and World American Board of Commissions for (September 1971-January 1972); Tri­ Religions), Boston University School of Foreign Mission (now the United nity Theological College, Singapore Theology, 1960; and Ph.D. (Social Church Board for World Ministries). His (January-June 1972); St. Andrew's Science-Asian Studies) and Certificate initial assiqnrnent under the mission Theological Seminary and Union Theo­ in South Asian Affairs, Syracuse Univer­ board was to the faculty of Silliman logical Seminary, Metro Manila, Philip­ sity, 1968. University, Dumaguete City as Assist­ pines (June-October 1972); and the In addition to these, Dr. Gowing also ant Professor of Church History and. Sekolah Tinggi Theologia, Jakarta, Indo­ attended the Theological Study Insti­ Christian Doctrine in the D~vinity nesia (February-May 1974). From Jan­ tute sponsored by the Association for School (1960-1963); Associate Profes­ uary to May '1973, he also served as Theological Education in South East sor of Christian History and World Missionary-in-Residence and Visiting Asia (ATESEA) at Trinity Theological Religions (1963-1967); Professor of Professor in the St. Louis (Missouri, College, Singapore (JulY-August 1963) History (1967-1971) with responsibili­ U.S.A.) Theological Consortium teach­ and Chung Chi College of the Chinese ties in the Divinity School, the Graduate ing at Eden Theological Seminary and University, Hong Ko!'g (June-July School and the College of Arts and. Concordia . Seminary. His association 1968). In 1973, he also took the Sciences. Dr. Gowing was also the with the South East Asia Graduate Summer Intensive Course in Indonesian Founder and the first Director of the School of Theology continued until his Language at the University of Wiscon­ Southeast Asian Studies Program of untimely demise on 10 July 1983, sin in Madison. Silliman University (1968-1971). through his membership on the , JULY-DECEMBER 1984/25

SEAGST Philippines Area faculty. different papers and lectures at several Philippines, 1967,xvi, 286 pp, On 1 November 1974, he was ap­ scholarly and inter-religious conferences pointed as the Director of the new and an institutions of higher learning Mandate in Moroland: The American Dansalan Research Center at Dansalan around the world. Government of Muslim Filipinos, 189!}­ Foundation, Inc. in Marawi City, Philip­ 1920. Quezon City: Philippine Center He was an active participant to the pines. Located among the Maranao for Advanced Studies, University of the Second, Third and Fourth Philippine Muslims of Lake Lanao region on Min­ Philippines System, 1977. xix, 411 pp, National Muslim-Christian Dialogue danao, the Center (which became opera­ (Marawi City, January, 1976 and tional in January 1975) focuses on Mudim Filipinos-Heritage and Hori­ December, 1981; Tagaytay City, July, problems of Muslim-Christian relations zon. Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1978). He organized a number of Mus­ in the Philippines and also engages in 1979. xiii, 286 pp. lim-Christian Dialogues at the local level multi-disciplinarv, social science and two Joint Consultations of Catho­ development-oriented research. Through Co-Author (with M.J. Diamond) lics and Protestants on "The Christian the effort of Dr. Gowing, the Center. Islam and Muslims: Some Basic Inform­ Presence Among Muslim Filipinos," has become internationally known as a ation. Quezon City: New Day PUblish­ Marawi City, July, 1978 and "Christian' major locus for the study of Muslim· ers. 1981. v, 100 p. Faith and Ideologies in the Philippines," Filipino religion, cultures and society Marawi City, February, 1981. with its splendid Maisie Van Vactor In addition, Dr. Gowing· was also Collection on Islamic and Philippine Dr. Gowing specialized in the Pheno­ the co-editor of thebook Acculturation Muslim materials, considered by most menology of Religion (with research in, the Philippines (1971) with William scholars as the finest in the whole concentration on Islam in Southeast Henry Scott and the, Muslim Filipinos: country. The Center is officially Asia, particularly, in the Philippines); Their History, Society and Contempo­ registered as a Study Center with the Church History (with research concen­ rary Problems (1974) with Dr. Robert World Council of Churches and is an tration on Asian Church History); McAmis. He also co-authored Islam and associate member of the Ph'lippine History, Politics and Geography of Muslim: Some Basic Information with Social Science Council and of the Asso­ Southeast Asia; Ecumenics and Mis­ Fr. Michael Diamond. ciation for Theological Education in sions. With this academic background South East Asia (ATESEA). Dr. Gowing taught introductory A dozen articles written by Dr. courses in Systematic Theology and Gowing were also published as contri­ As a scholar, Dr. Gowing was also History of Africa. bution to a chapter or to constitute one heavily involved in the conduct of . chapter of a book. Furthermore, he Dr. Gowing was a member of such studies, researches and lectures. In wrote over a hundred articles in the academic and professional societies as: 1968, the Board for World Ministries field, of Islam in Southeast Asia, Asian Royal Asiatic Society; Association for I granted him travel fund for a study Church History, Ecumenics, and Mis­ Asian Studies; American Society of tour of Southeast Asia (April-June sions and Theology. 1968). A series of travel grants were Church History: and Continuation Com­ also provided him by the Silliman Uni­ mittee, Annual Seminar on Mindanao One of the. latest articles that he and Sulu Cultures. versity Research Council for the con­ wrote for publication was "The Legacy duct of research in Islam in Taiwan He was a prolific writer of articles of Frank C. Laubach" for the inter­ !May 1968); Islam in Malaysia, Singa­ and books on Islam and Muslim Fili­ national Bulletin of Missionary Re­ pore, Brunei and South Thailand (April­ pinos. From 1960, he devoted most ~f search (April 1983). June 1970); and Islam in Hong Kong his waking hours to writing and research and Macao (December 1970-January on 'the subject, which resulted in his Dr. Gowing was also the editor of 1971). While undertaking these study authorship of the following books: the Silliman Christian Leader Vol. IV tours, he was also appointed as Visiting No. 1 to Vol. III, No.2; The Siliman Mosque and Moro: A Study of Mus­ Research Fellow to the Institute of Journal Vol. X No. 2 to Vol. XII, lims in the Philippines. Manila: Philip­ Southeast Asian Studies in Singapore No.2; Ang Sinugo Nos. 1 and 2; pine Federation of Christian Churches from April to June 1970. As a lecturer, Guest Editor, Student Journal Nos. 1964. ix, 120 pp. ' Dr. Gowing presented different papers 4 and 5; DRC Reports Vol I to a':several scholarly conferences. Islands Under the Cross: The Story Vol. IV; DRC Occasional Papers No._ 1 of the Church in the Philippines. Manila: to 14; and the Dansal8n Quarterly As a lecturer, Dr. Gowing presented National Council of Churches in the Vol. I, No.1 to Vol. IV, No.3. 26/ PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

TEACHING MUSLIM FILIPINO HISTORY *

Peter G. Gowing

There has been no opportunity for the country which offer specific cour­ plied, nevertheless, outside of the small the writer to survey the colleges and ses in Muslim Filipino history or even circle of specialists and the larger Jib­ universities in the Philippines to dis­ give the Muslim Filipinos much atten­ raries collecting Filipiniana, these stu­ cover how many offer either specific tion in their general Philippine History dies are not widely known or used. courses in Muslim Filipino history or offerings. The writer would be glad Yes, Dean Majul's Muslims in the Phil­ include a substantial treatment of to be proven wrong in this impression, ippines (1973) has gone through three that subject in their general courses but if he is correct, then the situation . printings, and the present writer's in Philippine history. Doubtless here is likely due to one or more of the Muslim Filipinos - Heritage and Hori­ and there specific courses are offered. following factors: zon (1979) has had two printings, but At our host institution, the University 1) There is little disposition to i"egard these are the exceptions that prove the of San Carlos, for example, the cata­ Muslim Filipinos as special Filipinos rule, and in any case the total for both logue indicates that the History De­ deserving of separate treatment in the . titles amounts to only a few thousand partment offers a "Seminar in Islamic teaching of history. Doubtless many copies. History" with a concentration on the Philippine history teachers would argue 4) The curricula of most Philippine Muslims in .the Philippines; and the that there is no more justification for college and university study programs Dlepartment of Sociology-Anthropology special courses on the Moros than on are so crowded with required courses offers a course on "The Ethnohistory the Tagalogs or the Ilocanos or the that, except for the special circumstan­ of the Muslims of the Southern Philip­ 1gerots. It Is better and more in keeping ces and mandate of the Mindanao State I pines. Mindanao State University, as with the goals of nation-building to University, it would be unthinkable to might be expected, requires all under­ stress the unity of the Filipino people require a course on Muslim Filipino graduates in all its branches, no matter than the diversity. history. Moreover, elective offerings what their major, to take History 55, 2) Procablv few Philippine history are few and are inevitably designed to "History of the Muslims in the Philip­ teachers have a substantial knowledge attract a sufficient number of enrollees pines." Even so, there probably are of Muslim Filipino history, and what to make the elective economically not very many tertiary schools in they have learned about it from the feasible. Probably few schools feel biased texts, even of the recent past, that an elective on Muslim Filipino • This article was written by the late Dr. leave then disinclined to explore the history would attract a sufficient Peter G. Gowing in 1979. The subject of this subject further. Having learned that number of students, even if an instruc­ pafHJr forms part of the PSSC recommenda­ tions prepared by the ad hoc Resolutions the "unlovely" Moros have always' tor could be found to offer it. Task Force in July 1984. These recommend­ been, and still are, a "problem," the Given this array of factors which ations sh611 be submitted to the Barasang less attention paid to them, the better. supposedly inhibit the widespread Pambansa and to the corresponding minis­ They are a national embarrassment. teaching af Maro history in Philippine tries (in this case, the Ministry of Education, 3) Wni!e in the past 15 or 20 years tertiary schools, the task of the present Culture a..1d Sports) as well s, to other interest groups or organizations working on studies on nearly ell aspects of Muslim paper is four-fold: to offer a rationale the specific areas of concern. Fifipil'lo history and culture have multi- for the teaching of that history in our JULY-DECEMBER 1984/27

colleges and universities; to suggest some At Biak-na-8ato as in Kawit, the Spanish rule, but of the Filipino of the important themes of that history; Pampangos is for the whole of the people in their attempt at freedom, to point to a few of the mors useful archipelago not just for their" region; then there is no reason why the materials now available as aids for and Malolos is a Congress where more than three hundred years of instruction and learning in tl-e field; Tagalogs and Pampangos represent struggle of the Moslems of the South and to conclude with some remarks not only the Christian provinces against Spain and resistance against concerning what might be done to outside the heartland but also the pressure from other Western powers accomodate the teaching of Muslim pagan and Muslim provinces. cannot in the same light also be consi­ Filipino history in our schools. This sort of cavalier dismissal of the dered as part of the Filipino struqqle for freedom. To put it another way The Rationale for Teaching fact that the Moros of Mindanao and. both parallel struggles can be consi­ Moro History Sulu were then living out a quite dis­ tinct history from that of the subju­ dered as a movement of racially and One argument for teaching Muslim yated peoples of Luzon and the Visa­ ethnically related peoples in the Filipino history is also the argument yas and that they had not the slightest Archipelago that have helped to for the research into, and teaching of, conception of themselves as being bring about the present situation regional and local history in general in together in one nation with the revolu­ where they find themselves trying to this country, and that is the need to tionary Tagalogs and Pampangos, should integrate into a single nation of liberate Philippine historiography and not go unchallenged in the teaching of Filipinos. instruction from a certain Tagalog- I Philippine history. A popular textbook There are two other arguments for Pampango parochialism. Much of Phil­ in wide use is called History of the teaching Muslim Filipino history ippine history written by Filipinos has Filipino People. If Philippine history which seem to be particularly persua­ been written by Tagalogs or others in is truly a history of all the people of sive: One relates to the argument al­ the Manila academic orbit. The result the Philippines then there simply has ready offered,and that is that More> is a certain Tagalog-Pampango-centrism to be accommodation of the fact that history and culture are a rich and which gives the impression that Philip­ Philippine national history is in part colorful part of the Filipino national pine national history is really the his­ the joining of at least, two separate heritage. This is a fact well recognized tory of the Tagalogs and Pampangos historical streams, one represented by by Philippine dance troupes of national in the neighborhood of Manila. Thus the national emergence of the so-called and international standing, such as the especially the un-Christianized Fili­ Hispanized peoples in Luzon and cul- Bayanihan, which routinely feature pinos concentrated in areas distant' tural and religious development of the Moro music and dancing in their reper­ from Manila tend to be given short­ Islamized peoples of Mindanao and toire. Here we must salute the mar­ shrift in Philippine history with the velous way in which accounts of Sulu. The coming together of these result that a prominent politician two historical streams (albeit part of Muslims Filipino history and culture once publicly doubted that the Igorots Spanish ambition) was affected mainly have been incorporated into the 1I) "could be considered Filipinos at all and by dynamics and circumstances which volume work, Filipino Heritage: The a prominent historian likewise openly occurred after the Philippine Revolution Making of a Nation, produced in the doubted that Moro history is part of of 1896-1901 and, moreover, was occas­ 1970's under the leadership of Alfredo Philippine history (on the grounds that sioned very largely by American Mora. Roces as Editor-in-Chief. Of the 593 the Moros did not participate in the policy enforced by American military narrative and photo essays prepared Philippine .Revolution). National Artist by some 186 contributors to that action (Gowing, 1977, 1978 and 1981). Nick Joaquin (1877:39) in his essay excellent series, over 60 of the essays "History as Culture" certainly carried With respect to the relation of the have to do with the Moros and Mora­ Taga!og-Pampangocentrism to its ulti­ Moros to the Filipino struggle for inde­ landia, distributed throughout all 10 mate expression when he affirmed that pendence, surely Cesar Majul (1966: volumes - a recognition of the right­ : ..though the Philippine Revolution 304) provides an ample reply to the ful and important place Moros occupy was the uprising chiefly of the Taqa­ Tagalog-Pam pango-centrist historian in the national heritage. Respectfully, log-Pampango principalia, 'now at when he argues: this recognition is little accorded in last withdrawing consent and support the teaching of Philippine history in OUT from the [Spanish] Empire, they did If the Philippine Revolution is to be schools; and insofar as this is true, nct as a tribe... but in the name of regarded not only as a movement then students are deprived of Informs­ the Nation. of some Christian natives against tion about, and opportunity to appre- 28; PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

elate, a significant dimension of Phil­ ent? How much importance do the Filipinos. Is this an accurate assess­ ippine history and culture.· Moros attach to these differences? In ment? On what bases-can it be affirmed what ways do they inslst .that these or denied? What are the long·range and Important Themes in Moro History differences be accomodated? What are immediate causes of conflict for the the ways in which the Moros are not past decade? What do the Moros want? If Muslim Filipinos are to be better different from the majority· of Fili­ Secession? Autonomy? What will they understood by their fellow citizens, pinos? To what extent, if any, have settle for? then certain themes in their history Moro protests of defense of religion What concessions will the Philippine need to be stressed. Here we can only and bangsa been used to justify or Government and the majority of the I suggest what some of those themes excuse past and present depredations population be prepared to make to end are. in pursuit of the "purely" economic the fighting and to preserve national Filipinos in general ought to have or other selfish' interests of their leaders unity? What are the real long-range ~ some idea of the dynamics of Islam's at the expense of non-Mores? goals of Philippine policy toward Moros ':i 14th. Century arrival and subsequent Many Muslim Filipinos charge that j and other minorities? Integration? 'I spread in the Philippines. How did it they have been treated as "second Assimilation? come? What led some Filipino groups I class citizens" within the Philippine 41 to embrace Islam and others not to e-n­ state. What is the evidence in support What are the international implica­ brace it? What have been the character­ of such a charge? To what extent is tions for the Philippines of the so-called istics of Islamic acculturation in the the charge unlust? To what extent are "Moro Problem"? 1 Philippines that is,what cultural changes the Moros themselves, or their leaders, \ How does the "Moro Problem" did it bring about in those who adopted to be blamed for their adverse condi­ relate to the other political and socio­ ,I it and in what ways did those who em­ tions? To what extent are any adverse ~conomic problems of Mindanao? I braced Islam put their own cultural conditions attributable to "a majority" stamp on their new faith? What is the versus "a minority" mentality and Some Useful and Available present status arid condition of Islam reality? Materials among Moros today? Is it growing? It is commonly believed by non­ Is it vibrant? To what extent and In Muslim Filipinos that the Moros are As mentioned earlier. the past 15 what ways are the Moros today a part hopelessly divided among themselves or 20 years have seen a remarkable of the Muslim World as an international and that there has never been a sense increase in the number of studies system? in which it was possible to speak of focusing on the history and culture of Muslim Filipinos have consistently them as one, unified people. What, Muslim Filipinos. In the past decade stressed that they are a different people if anything, do the 13 or so Muslim particularly, there have appeared several from other Filipinos (many Moro groups share in common, and what works offering general descriptions of documents from the past and present importance, if any, do the Moros the Moros as a whole and' an overview .~ attest to this sense of difference). What attach to commonalities in terms of of their affairs. These can be vervuse­ are the ways in which they are differ- unity? How are the different Moro ful aids in teaching and learning about I groups divided and to what extent the Muslims. The following are materials *This situation applies also to other "un­ do these divisions inhibit 'common still readily available from the producers hispanized Filipinos besides the Moros of action for common goals? Have the or' from bookstores in M.anila or in course. Indeed there are at least three kinds of Moro National Liberation Front arid! other large Philippine cities. A school ~ Filipinos In Philippine history deserving the I.' designatio.n national": 1) those Filipinos or/renewal movement in Islam had which takes seriously the teaching whose political and cultural development any perceptible impact on Moro group of Muslim Filipino history will want I occurred in interaction with Spanish colonial interrelations? to be sure that its library holds as many influences, 2) those Filipinos whose political Some Muslim Filipinos contend of these materials as possible (see and cultural development reflect the impact that their people have never accepted Reference on next page for bibliogra­ of Islamization, and 3) those Filipinos - we might call them indegenes - who have ed­ their forcible incorporation into the phical information). hered their lifestyle, customs, values, and Philippine state system and that the worldview more or less to the ways of their present struggle is but a continuation of ,General Works unhispenlzed and unislamized ancestors. The the centuries of struggle for independ­ first group is well enough covered in history ~ready texts, the second and the third groups are ence against the Spaniards, the Ameri- . mentioned are Majul's not covered nearly well enough. cans. the Japanese and now the Christian Muslims in the Philippines (1973) and o JULY-DECEMBER 1984 / 29

Gowing's Muslim Filipinos - Heritage helpful bibliographies. Haylaya (1980) and' focuses on the and Horizon (1979). The first gives a A book which analyzes the contem­ peoples (Yakan, Tausuq, Sama, BajaLl richly detailed account of the political porary history of the Moros and the and others) of Region IX, Western history of the Moros down to the end causes of the current fighting in Min­ Mindanao. The other is called Daran{l2fJ of the 19th Century. The second danao and Sulu is T. J. S. George, (1980) and focuses on the Maguindanao provides a less detailed summary of Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of and Maranao peoples of Region XI] general Moro history but emphasizes Islam in Philippine Politics (1980). Central Mindanao. Both books offer the 20th Century and includes a recon­ Alunan Giang's earlier analysis Muslim a wealth of historical and ethnographic naissance of Moro cultu ral features. Secession or Integration? (1969) is information written in a popular style Gowing's Mandate in Morotena valuable and still available. and nicely illustrated. (1977) picks up Moro history where Group Studies Majul leaves off, and deals with devel­ Other Materials opments during the first twenty years of the American regime. Samue I Tan's In addition to general works on Moro history and culture, there are a number Fortunately there are other sorts 0'£ The Filipino Muslim Armed Struggle materials, besides scholarly and popular 1900-1972 (1977) describes the resis­ of books readily available on different treatises, to assist the teacher of Muslim tance of Moro groups against the Muslim Filipino groups, mainly anthro­ Filipino history. Alfredo Tiamson's The forces of change impinging upon them pological or sociological studies, .parti­ cularly valuable for ethnohistory. Mami­ Muslim Filipinos: An Annotated Biblk» in this century. One very important graphy (1979) is a very important work which regrettably is not readily tua Saber and Abdullah Madale (eds.l and useful guide to what has been pro, available in the Philippines is the as The Maranao (1975) is a collection of duced on the. Moros -with a tropical yet unpublished Ph.D. dissertation of essays by different writers (including index being one of its bonuses. Among Ralph Thomas, Muslim But Filipino: the editors) on the Maranao Muslims the journals which have carried rnajon The Integration of Philippine Muslims, of the Lake Lanao region. Juanito 1917-1946 (1971) which is a splendid Bruno's The Social World of the Tausug articles on Morohistory and culture, account of Manila policies and Moro (1973) is a fine and detailed study in and for which back ·issues are available; political developments in the period culture and education. Thomas Kiefer's are: between the enactment of the Jones The Tausug: Violence and Law in a Law, toward Philippine independence Philippine Moslem Society (1972) is not Asian Studies (three issues per year and the inaugur ation of the Republic in generally available in Philippine book­ from 1964 through the 1970's, 1946. stores but can be secured from its published by the Asian Center, Two books of essays currently on publisher in the U.S.A. Eric Casi­ University of the Philippines). the market also provide a useful over­ no's The Jama Mapun (1976) is an Dansalan Quarterlv (four times per view of Moro history and culture: analysis of social change in a Sama year since October 1979) One is Gowing and McAmis (eds.) Muslim society. If you could shake Kinaadman (a yearly' publicaticn copies loose from the author, Mu­ The Muslim Filipinos: Their History, begun in 1979) hammad Kurais II, his privately prin­ Society and Contemporary Problems Mindanao Journal (appearing mora ted The History of Tawi-Tawi and Its (1974) which brings together represen­ or less quarterly since mid-1974) People (1979) contains a good deal tative essays by 2.1 leading Filipino Philippine Quarterly of Culture and of valuable information about the and foreign scholars in Moro studies. Society (begun in 1973) history and culture of the Sama people Choice magazine in a review of the Philippine Studies (a quarterly pub­ of southern Sulu. Andrew Sherfan's book said: "The articles are basic Iished since 1952) The 'f,akans of Basilan Island (1976) and as relevant today as they were when Solidarity (a bimonthly publication, likewise provides information about one first printed." The second collection of of the 1960's and 1970's) of the smaller Moro groups. essays is Nagasura Madale's recently Sulu Studie; (four yearly issues pro­ published The Muslim Filipinos: A Perhaps this is the place to mention duced in the early 1970's) Book of Readings (1981) which incor­ the availability of two volumes of porates 17 essays by 11 leading Filipino the ULand and People" series published There are two quite useful ethno­ and foreign scholars, five of whom are by the Presidential Commission for graphic maps available which locate the also represented in the previous book. Rehabilitation and Development of different Moro groups (among other Both of these collected essays include the Southern Philippines. One is called Filipino groups.) The Filipino People

... 30/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

(1974) was compiled by Robert B. Fox can easily be included, and ought to relations in this' land. That call still and Elizabeth H. Flory; and A Map of be included, in courses on Philippine needs to be sounded, to be heard and Preliterate and Non-Christian Minorities anthropology and sociology, as well to be acted upon. of the Philippines (1974) was published as literature and the arts - and in fact, with a descriptive article by Rosa they are probably more often included References Tenazas and L. L. Ramas in the Philip­ in these fields than in the field of pine Quarterly of Culture and Society. history (but that's another untested Asian Studies. Published three times hypothesis!). The crucial factor is per year from 1964 through the The present writer is not aware of the disposition. If once there may 1970's by the Asian Center, Univer­ audio visual materials on the Moros have been, there can now be no excuse sity of the Philippines, Diliman, which are readily and widely available that instructional materials are lacking. Quezon City. other than the 99-frame slide set/film The third National Muslim-Ghristian strip (with cassette and texts in English, Bruno, Juanito A. 1973. The Social Dialogue held' in Tagaytay City in Cebuano and Tagalog) entitled The World of the Tausug: A Study in late July 1978 made the following Muslims of the Philippines (1980) Philippine Culture and' Education. recommendations among others: which was produced by the Dansalan Manila: Research and Development We recommend that specific strate­ Research Center. The 10 volume Fili­ Center, Centro Escolar Unlversltv, gies be devised for countering the pino Heritage referred to above is persistent and deeply-rooted nega­ Casino, Eric. 1976. The Jama Mapun: abundantly illustrated, including the tive and distorted image of Muslim . A Changing Society in the Southern articles on the Moros, and hence pro­ Filipinos in the minds of the Christ­ Philippines. Quezon City: Ateneo vides a rich source of visual as well as ian population of the nation. These de Manila University Press. narrative instruction. strategies will include better dis­ Dansalan Quarterly. Published four times There are few if any materials on semination of available publications per year since October 1979 by the the Moros developed for use with sec­ on Muslim culture prepared by Dansalan Research Center, Dansalan ondary and elementary school children reliable Muslim and Christian Foundation, lnc., Marawi City. - a serious deficiency indeed. In fact, writers; inclusion in school curri­ Darangen: Epic of History. 1980. A the whole field of Moro studies at all cula, at all levels, of materials on . volume of the "Land and Peoples" levels in Muslim Filipino history can Muslim Filipino history and culture; series. Manila:. Presidential Commis­ be stimulated, as it ought to be, then revision of popular textbooks re­ sion for the Rehabilitation and De­ possibly it will inspire an increasing flecting the negative "Moro image"; velopment of Southern Philippines. number of teachers and others to appointment of a qualified Muslim develop even better and more useful to the Textbook Board and to the Filipino Heritage: The Making of a materials in that field than are presently Philippine Historical Commission; Nation. 1977-1978. 10 volumes. available. the provision in teacher training Edited by Alfredo Roces, et al, courses of instruction about the Manila: Lahing Pilipino Publishing, Accommodating Moro available resources and 'current Inc. History Instruction scholarship on the Muslim Filipinos; The Filipino People. 1974. An ethno­ and the devising of guidelines for graphic map compiled by Robert The writer has no special wisdom mass media and other channels of B. Fox and Elizabeth H. Flory. to offer on what must be done to ac­ public communication on how to Manila: The National Museum of commodate instruction in Moro history handle constructively information the Philippines. in the curricula of. our tertiary schools. and news about Muslim Filipinos. George, T.J.S. 1980. Revolt in Min­ This recommendation was made ~n the It is true, however, that "when there is danao: The Rise of Islam in Philip­ context of the agony of the conflict a will, there is away." If the history pine Politics. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford of Muslim Filipinos is seen as a subject then raging in the southern Philippines. University Press. which must be included in the curri­ The conflict has not yet ended. In 1978, culum, then it will be. Teachers could, the above recommendation was a Giang, Alunan C. 1969. Muslim Seces­ if they saw its importance, include clarion call to the educational autho­ sion or Integration? Manila: R. P. material and/or offer special courses rities and to the teachers in our schools, Garcia Publishing Co. on Moro history. This goes for the among others, to do their part to bring Gowing, Peter G. 1977. Mandate in other disciplines, too. Moro materia about a new day in Muslim-Christian Moraland: The American Govern- JULY-DECEMBER 1984 / 31

ment of Muslim Filipinos 189!fr Kiefer, Thomas M. 1972. The Tausug: Sherfan, Andrew D. 1976. The Yakens. 1920. Quezon City: Philippine Cen­ Violence and Law in a Philippine of Basilen Island: Another Unknown ter for Advanced Studies, University Moslem Society. New York: Holt, and Exotic Tribe of the Philippines., of the Philippines System. Rinehart and Winston, Inc. Cebu: Fotomatic (Phils.), Inc. Gowing, Peter G. 1978. "Moro Kinaadman: A Joumal of the Southem Solidarity. A bimonthly published by Responses to the American Regime, Philippines. An annual journal pub­ Solidaridad Publishing House in 1899-1935," Silliman Journal lished at Xavier University in Caga­ Ermita, Manila,. from the mid-1960's XXV/2, pp, 105-119. yan de Oro City since 1979. through the later 1970's. Kurais II, Muhammad. 1979. The HiS" ___. 1979. Muslim Fl1ipinos­ Sulu Studies. An annual lou mal pub­ tory of Tawi-Tawi and Its People. Heritage and Horizon. Quezon City: Iished from 1971 to 1975 by the Co. Privately printed. Author lives in New Day Publishers. ordinated Investigation of Sulu Cul­ Bongao, Tawi-Tawi. ture, Notre Dame of Joto College.• ___. 1981. "America's Procon­ Madale, Nagasura T. (ed.), The Muslim JoIo, Sulu. suls in Mindanao, 1899-1913." Paper Filipinos: A Book of Readings. Tan, Samuel K. 1977. The Filipino read at the conference on "Americans Quezon City: Alemar-Phoenix Pub­ Muslim Armed Struggle 1900-1972. in Mindanao and Sulu, 1899-1946,. lishing House, Inc. Manila: Filipinas Foundation, Inc. sponsored by Mindanao State Univer­ Majul, Cesar A. 1966. "The Role of sity-lligan Institute of Technology Islam in the History of the Filipino Tiamson, Alfredo T. 1979. The Muslim and the Philippine American Educa­ Peoples," Asian Studies IV/2 (Au­ Filipinos: An Annotated Biblio­ tional Foundation, !ligan City, Au­ gust), 305-315. graphy. Manila: Filipinas Founda­ gust 20-22, 1981. Typescript, 25 pp. ____ . 1973. Muslims in the Phil­ tion, Inc. Gowing, Peter G. and Robert D. ippines. 2nd edition. Quezon City: The Third National Muslim-Christian McAmis (eds.). 1974. The Muslim University of the Philippines Press Dialogue, Villa Adelaida, Tagaytay Filipinos: Their History, Society and for the Asian Center. City, Philippines. July 28-30, 1978. Contemporary Problems. Manila: A Map of Preliterate and Non-Christian A Memorandum. Reproduced in Solidaridad Publishing House. Minorities of the Philippines. 1974. Dansalan Research Center Occasional Haylaya: Celebration After Spiritual With a description article by R. C. P. Papers No. 12 (January 1979), Renewal. 1980. A volume in the Tenazas and L L. Ramas in I.e 23-42. "Land and Peoples" series. Manila: Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Thomas, Ralph B. 1971. Muslim But Presidential Commission for the Society 2/1-2, pp. 3-4. Filipino: The Integration of Philip­ Rehabilitation and Development of Philippine Studies. Published quarterly pine Muslims, 1917-1946. Unpub­ Southern Philippines. since 1952 by the Ateneo de Manila lished Ph.D. dissertation at Univer­ Joaquin, Nick. 1977. "History as Cul­ University in Quezon City. sity of Pennsylvania, available in ture," Manila Review 11: The Phil­ Saber, Mamitua and Abdullah R. xerography from University Micro­ ippine Journal of Literature and Madale leds.). 1975. The Maranao. films, Ann Arbor, Michigan, Order the Arts 3/2 (June), 22-39. Manila: Solidaridad Publishing House. no. 72-6242. . subscl'ibe to the SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

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pssc activities t", •

PSSC Forum Series Takes Off

The PSSC Forum Series formally took off the ground on July 21, 1984. Academicians and other professionals from the government and the private sectors together with some parliament­ arians attended the inaugural session. As a starter, Dr. Mahar K. Mangahas read the "Report on a Survey of Opi­ nions of the Membership of the Philip­ • pine Economic Society (PES) on the Current Economic Crisis." Dr. Mangahas chaired the PES ad hoc Survey Com­ mittee which prepared the report. On September 15, the second forum featured the "Recommendations for Policy Formulation and Proposals for Social Change." The paper was the pro­ duct of the concerted efforts of the ad hoc Task Force which was created during the Special Midyear Council Meeting. Dr. Sylvia H. Guerrero, PSSC Chairman, read the report. The paper shall !be submitted to the Batasang Pam­ bansa as well as to other civic organiza­ tions working on specific areas of in­ terest. Dr. Burton T. Onate presented his paper entitled "Information Control and Corruption Economics" for the 3rd PSSC Forum Series held on Octo­ ber 15. He emphasized the need for independence, objectivity and integrity in generating information. After each paper presentation, the , discussants from the government, pri­ vate and academic sectors gave their reactions. This was followed by an open forum and the speaker's response and finally, cocktails. The series shall resume in January 1985 and every month thereafter. Among those slated for next year are Dr. Bonifacio S. Salamanca's "Philip­ pine History in the Educational System: JULY-DECEMBER 1984/33

Myth or Reality? "; the Philippine Geo­ PSSC Conducts Special reported .on the Council's activities graphical Society's "Environmental Pro­ Midyear Meeting during the first half of the year with tection and Utilization of Natural particular focus on the various programs and plans of the different committees. Resources"; Bro. Andrew B. Gonzalez's On July 21, 1984 the PSSC regular She also expressed hope that the Coun­ "Ten Years of Bilingual Education and associate members gathered toge­ (1974-1984): cil, through the collective effort of its Towards an Assessment"; ther for the Special Midyear Council and Fr. Joaquin Bernas' "Church and members, may attain its objectives. Meeting held at the PSSCenter Seminar Another highlight of the meeting State: The Church as a Force for Room. Change." was the presentatlon of the recommend­ Dr. Sylvia H. Guerrero, incumbent ations for policy formulation by each of chairman of 1he PSSC Executive Board, *** the member associations. Inasmuch as these recommendations overlapped, the Council created an ad hoc Task Force chaired by Dr. Gabriel U. Iglesias. The initial functions of the Task Force were to categorize and prioritize these recommendations for submission to the policy-making body and specific interest groups. The Council also mandated the Task Force to monitor and follow-up action on all the recommendations submitted. • -,\ Starting this year, the Council shal'l • regularly hold its midyear meeting. The 1984 Special Midyear Council Meeting in progress. Shown in photo are (from left to right); Dr. Loretta Makasiar Sicat, Mr. Cesar P. Macuja, Dr. Sylvia H. Guerrero, Prof. Ruben F. Trinidad and Dr. Domingo C. Salita.

KJ Method Proponent the researcher shall allow the data to lecturesat PSSC speak for themselves and in the final analysis, every datumbecomes useful. Prof. Jiro Kawakita, 1984 Ramon Through the KJ method, Prof. Ka­ Magsaysay Awards Foundation (RMAF) wakita developed a ropeway transport awardee for International Understand­ system which was able to supply the re­ ing gave a lecture with film showing mote Nepalese villagers with potable on his experiences in the Himalayas. water. The information analysis system Prof. Kawakita is a veteran ethno­ he developed was patented and is being geographer who, in the course of his used by various Japanese corporations research in the Himalayas, developed for business planning. what is now called the KJ method The KJ method however, is not as Prof. Jiro Kawakita with Dr. Perla Q. (named in his honor). simple as it may seem. According to Makil. Dr. Perla Q. Makil of the RMAF Prof. Kawakita, "So many people may explained further that in using the KJ not understand this methodology with­ method, the researcher has "no pre­ out the enlightenment of training." For conceptions and presumptions on how this purpose, he established the Kawa­ the data shall be organized. In effect, kita Research Institute in Kyoto, Japan.

\ 34/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

newsb,.iefs • The Social Science Documentation The three other science commu­ The conference was an attempt to: Centre (SSDC) of the Indian Council nities - Bicutan, Ermita and Los 1. assess the present state of the art of ~f Social Science Research received the Banos - simultaneously celebrated the practice and teaching of industrial first biennial Kalia Award in recognition the occasion in their respective units. relations in the Philippines; 2. delineate of its innovative work in the field of The over-all theme for this year's priority areas for research in industrial ' social sciences. celebration is "Towards a Stronger relations for the latter half of the The Kalia award was constituted "by Science Community." '80s; and 3. identify alternative indus­ the Government of India librarians trial relations patterns or approaches Association. Vice-President Shri Hidya­ *** to the existing industrial relations. tuUah of India presented the award to system. SSDC in a ceremony held on July 7, On July 13, 1984 the Linguistic After the paper presentation, the 1984. Society of the Philippines (LSP) elected participants split into four workshop its new set of officers for 1984·85. groups for a more extensive discussion. *** The roster of new officers include the The groups came up with the following: In line with the celebration of the following: President - Bonifacio P. 1. a research agenda for industrial rela­ National Science and Technology Week Sibayan; Vice-President - Ponciano B. tions for the latter half of the '80s; from July 9-13, 1984, the Diliman P. Pineda; Treasurer - Fe T. Otanes; 2. alternative options to present indus­ Science Community conducted exhibits, Board Members - David Ohlson, Emy trial relations patterns; 3. suggestions symposiums and film and slide pre-' Pascasio, Edilberto Dagot, Nelly Cubar, to improve the curricula and educa­ sentations. All activities were in keeping Ma. Lourdes S. Bautista; and Executive tional program for the study of indus­ 1 with the theme "Social Sciences in the Secretary - Andrew B. Gonzalez, -FSC. trial relations; and 4. policy recom­ '80s: Towards a Social Science for the mendations for legislative action. People," *** I Several units converged at the UP *** College of Social Sciences and Philo­ Dr. Chandra Muzaffar, President of sophy for the week-long exhibits. ALiRAN, delivered a lecture on "The On October 19·20, the UP Law These included the Asian Center, Politics of Unity and Disunity in Center conducted a symposium. on Institute of Social Work and Com­ Malaysia" on September 26, 1984 at "The Revised Rules on Criminal munity Development, School of the UP Asian Center. Procedure." The Philippine Association Economics, College of Public Adminis­ The lecture was sponsored by the of Law Professors (PALP) and the tration, College of Education, Institute UP Institute of Islamic Studies and the Philippine ~ssociation of Law Schools of Mass Communication, Computer Committee gn Muslim·Christian co-sponsored the activity. Center, Law Center, Statistical Center, Dialogue (CMCD). Supreme Court Associate Justice and the Philippine Social Science Claudio Teehankee, Chairman of the Council. *** Supreme Court Committee on the In the afternoon of July 9, sym­ Revision of the Rules of Court kev­ posium on "The Contributions of the noted the event. Justices Venicio Social Sciences to Science and Tech­ The UP Institute of Industrial Escolin, Conrado Vasquez and Manuel nology in the Philippines" took place Relations in collaboration with the Pamaran as well as Judges Bernardo at the UP Faculty Center Conference Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES), the Pardo and J. Cezar Sangco, and Prof. Hall. Dr. Alfredo V. Lagmay and Dr. Philippine Industrial Relations Society Jose Feria, all members of the Corn­ Serafin D. Talisayon, served as speakers. (PIRS), and the Internatio~al Labor mittee, tedthe discussion. The discussants were Dr. Marino M. Organization (ILO) held a national The panel of reactors, representing Mena and Dr. Elpidio Sta. Romana. conference on Philippine Industrial . the judges, fiscals and practitioners Dr. Manuel F. Bonifacio acted as Relations on October 5-6, 1984 at consisted of Judges Ricardo Francisco moderator. the Asian Institute of Tourism, UP and Alfredo Benipayo, Chief State The Department of Sociology and Diliman, Quezon City. Representatives Prosecutor Artemio Tuquero, Dean the Third World Studies Center spon­ of management, labor, government Fortunato Guplt, Jr., and Lawyer sored the slide and film presentations and the academe participated in the Antonio Coronel, Atty. Casiano O. on July 11. two-day seminar. Flores, .Head Qf the Division of Con- / JULY-DECEMBER 1984 / 35

tinuing Legal Education acted as NAPOLCOM Asst. Commissioner improve the knowledge of the partici­ moderator. Narciso Robles coordinated the con­ pants concerning the culture, history, vention. and contemporary problems of the ••• MULTICON is composed of 18 Muslims in SolJthern Philippines. The governmental and non-governmental three-month Institute of Islamic Studies. The Pambansang Samahan sa Siko­ institutions engaged in certain aspects on the other hand, was designed espe­ lohiyang Pilipino (National Association of law·enforcement, corrections and cially for participants from the Philip­ of Filipino Psychology) held the ika-tO the treatment and rehabilitation of pines and other countries who are Pambansang Kumperensya sa Sikolo­ offenders. UP Law Center Director living or preparing to live in predo­ hiyang Pilipino (10th National Con­ Flerida Ruth ~. Romero is MULTICON minantly Muslim societies. ference on Filipino Psychology) on President. October 24·27 at the UP Faculty .... Center Conference Hall. The theme • • • of th is year's conference is Ang Pamilya The Gowing Memorial Research Five of the six research interns sa Lipunang Pilipino (The Family in Center (GMRC) staff recently con­ under the GMRC Research Internship. Philippine Society). ducted an evaluation of the Danselan Training Program (RITP) completed The objectives of the conference Extension Services (DES) programs on . their M.A. degrees in Anthropology. include the following: Adult Education, Community Organiza­ They ·are Abdulsiddik A. Abbah.i1, 1. to examine the concept of the tion and Cooperatives, Agricultural Jaime T. Dumarpa, Jr., Labi Hadji Filipino family in the Philippine set­ Extension, and Health/Nutrition. The Sarip, Moetar I. Matuan, and Jumdanan ting; 2. to determine the factors' in­ Protestant Central Agency for Develop­ J. Sandangan. fluencing the changing structure of ment Aid, Bonn, Germany financed Mr. Dumarpa and Ms. Sarip both contemporary Filipino family; 3. to these programs. received supplementary financial analyze the role of the Filipino family The Center's research staff has also assistance from the PSSC Discretionary in rural development; 4. to focus on completed an Intensive Community Research Awards' Program for the contemporary problems of the Filipino Study of Tugaya, Lanao del Sur, to completion of their theses. family; and 5. to suggest new approaches determine the kind of development Incidentally, Mr. Matuan was ap­ 10r understanding the Filipino family. assistance needed by the municipality. pointed by the Dansalan College This. project was funded by the Minis­ Foundation Board of Trustees as the ••• try of Muslim Affairs and Cultural new Director of the GMRC for a term Minorities, formerly Minist'Y of of three years. As a consequence, Mr. Muslim Affairs. Dumarpa now acts as the Senior Re­ The Multi-Sectoral Council on Crime At present, the Center's staff are search Officer while Fr. Michael Dia­ Prevention and the Treatment of conducting a study on the literacy mond serves as the Consultant on Offenders (MULT/CON) sponsored its. graduates of the Adult Education Muslim-Christian Relations. first National Convention entitled program to ascertain their grade levels "Toward a Progressive Correctional and to assess if some of them lapse System." It took place on October ••• back to illiteracy. The program en­ 25-26 at the UP College of Law and In conjunction with the celebration vasions its graduates to be at least in on October 27 at the New Bilibid of the 125th Anniversary of the Ateneo the grade IV level of the standard Prison in Ml,mtinlupa. de Manila University, the Ateneo School elementary education. Several officials addressed the con­ of Arts and Science~ conducted a series vention namely, MP Teodulo Natividad, rI of symposiums on September 5, 6, 7, Brig. Gen. Vicente E. Eduardo (Ret.), ••• 10, 11, and 12, 1984. The papers pre­ Brig. Gen. David A. Laquian, Rev. Joel sented were in. line with the theme, Bon Tabada, Atty. Winefreda Geonzon, The 10th Annual Summer Session "The Philippines After 1972: A MUlti­ Dr. Salvador P. Lopez, Atty. Benjamin on Mindanao and Sulu Cultures and the disciplinary PerSPectiVe." Martinez, Administrator Cleto B. First International Summer Institute for The subject areas tackled during the Seftoren, Director Ester de Jesus·Amor, Islamic Studies were conducted at the series include the following: 1. perspec­ Dean Bartolome S. Carole, Commissioner GMRC. tive on problems of debt and poverty; Cicero C. Campos, Msgr. Ernesto A. The one-month summer session on 2. developing science and technology Espiridion, and Mr. Venancio Jo Tesoro. Mindanao and Sulu Cultures aimed to for the Philippines; 3. Philippine litera- 36/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

ture and drama; 4. the crisis of leader­ will be launched this month. It will the Philippine Social Science Center on ship; 5. reflections on power and justice; come out quarterly and will include December 11·14, 1984. It focused on and 5. people, law and politics. original papers, reviews, documents, the different aspects of Philippine eco­ Other units of the university also lectures and major book reviews of nomic history. It also attempted to link prepared their own activities within this scientific interest to readers both here history's local aspects with the ch"nging year for the occasion. and abroad. The maiden issue will be national reality in order to make Fili­ given' free but subsequent issues will pinos understand more comprehensively *** be sold at cost to readers. their interconnections, dynamism and For information on subscription, continuing interactions. contribution and advertising, please 'The concurrent panel discussions The 7th National Population Welfare contact the Philippine Population Jour­ held were guided by the following sec- Congress took place at the PSSCenter nal.. Demographic Research and Deve­ "rlons: 1. main economic trends of the on November 23, 1984. The theme for lopment Foundation, Inc. P.O. Box 479, historic period: pre-colonial to contem­ this year is "Population and Regional Padre Faura, Manila; Tels.: 504389 and porary; 2. general history of different Development Planning." 594904. economic sectors; 3. basic features of The thrust of this year's congress was , historical systems of production; 4. to assess and to device strategies *** forms and nature of property and enter­ through which the population dimen­ prises; 5. history of various institutions, sion may be integrated into the various The Philippine Historical Associa­ economic groups and classes; 6. ethnic development plans and programs in the tion (PHA) concluded its two-day con­ factors in economic life; 7. economic regions. ference last December 4, 1984 at the geography; 8. historical demography; In this light, the four papers present­ National Library Auditorium. The 9. the role of labor in the economy; ed were as follows: "The Impact of the speakers talked on the different dimen­ 10. state/administration and develop­ Bicol River Basin Development Prog­ sions of the current economic crisis. ment; 11'. the place of economic history ram on the Population of the. Bicol Dr. Rosario M. Cortes of the. UP in Philippine historiography; 12. special Region" by Director Carmelo Villa­ Department of History currently serves topics; and 13. roundtable discussion corta, "Population and Development as the PHA President. on traditional culture and "moderniza­ integration in Project Development: tion." . The Case of the Panay Unified Services Aside from historians, scholars and for Health (PUSH) Project in Western ** * practitioners from other fields partici­ Visayas" by Governor Conrado Norada; On December 8, 1984, the Philippine pated in the conference, thus allowing "The Central Visayas Regional Project: Economic Society (PES) held its 21st for a multidisciplinary discussion of the Its Implications in Population Develop­ Annual Meeting at the Philippine Inter­ issues. ment Planning" by Director Rey Crystal; national Convention Center with the and "Population, Development and the Theme "The Imperatives of Sustained Balanced Agro-Industnal Development National Development: The National Strategy (BAlDS): Regional Perspectives Economic Recovery Program." in Northern Mindanao" by Governor The discussion focused on the "Up­ Carlos Fortich. dated Philippine Development Plan, PCF President and Executive Direc­ 1984-87" which was presented by tor Conrado LI. Lorenzo delivered the Vicente B. Valdepefias, Jr., Minister welcome remarks while NEDA Deputy of Economic Planning, NEDA Director­ Director General Ramon Cardenas key­ General ar-d former PSSC Chairman. noted the event. Former Minister Gerardo P. Sicat The UP Population Institute, the served as guest speaker. His paper was Population Center Foundation and the entitled "A Historical and Current Pers­ Commission on Population sponsored pective of Philippine Economic Prob­ the Congress. lems." Incidentally, POPCOM and the UP *** Demographic Research and Develop­ ment Foundation co-published the The Sixth National Conference on Philippine Population Journal which Local National History took place at

- JULY-DECEMBER 1984/37

social scientists on the mev«

Domingo C. Salita, Professor at the munity Development travelled to the Development attended a special course UP Department of Geography and U.S.A. and Canada to take part in social on Urbanization in Developing Coun­ PSSC Executive Board member, was work activities. Her stint lasted from tries at the Unlverslti Sains in Malaysia. conferred the Distinguished Service July 1 to August 15. It was held from July 22 to August 18. Award by the National Research Coun­ cil of the Philippines (NRCP). * * * *** It was during his term as Chairman Sofronio V. Amante of the UP (1978-1981) that the NRCP initiated Institute of Industrial Relations at­ Loretta Makasiar Sicat, President of the preparation of the Philippine tended the seminar on Labor Statistics the Philippine Political Science (PPSA), Science Encyclopedia through the under the auspices of the Colombo Professor at the UP Department of Poli­ existing scientific divisions. It was also Plan. The seminar was held in Tokyo, tical Science and PSSC Executive Direc­ during his administration that the Japan from July 5 to August 18. tor, read a paper at the Inaugural Meet· completion in the construction of the ing of the Aslen-Pacitic Political Science NRCP Administration Building was *** Association held in Pattaya, Thailand accomplished. from July 27 to 31 ..She was sub­ The award was conferred by the Thelma Lee-Mendoza and Esther C. sequently elected as a vice-president of NRCP during the National Science Viloria of the UP Institute of Social the newly-organized r~gional association. Technology Week in July. Work and Community Development . Dean Wilfrido V. Villacorta (De La participated in the International Seminar Salle University) and Prof. Shirley C. *** or. Social Work at Hunter College in Advincula (Ateneo de Manila Univer­ Rosemarie M. Aquino, Executive New York, U.S.A. The activity was held sity), PPSA Vice-President and Exec­ Director of the Research Center of the from July 22 to 29. utive Secretary respectivelv, were also De La Salle University shall be based Afterwards, they attended the partlclpants in the meeting. in U.S.A. until June 1985 to avail of XXllnd International Congress of a one-year Mason Fellowship Program Schools of Social Work (CSSW) held in *** at the John F. Kennedy School of Montreal, Canada from August 1 to 4. Gabriel U. Iglesias of the UP College Government at Harvard University. The Prof. Mendoza presented a paper on of Public Administration travelled to award program is sponsored by the "Relating Social Work Edl;lcation to the Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Singa­ Ford Foundation. Survival and Development Needs of the pore to contact writers for the Compa­ People:. The University of the Philip­ rative Election Study of the Eastern *** pines' Experience." Regional ,Organization for Public Luz L. Rodriguez of the UP Institute In Montreal, Prof. Mendoza also Administration (EROPA). The EROPA of Social Work and Community Devel· attended the 22nd International Con­ case study. is funded by the Asia opment was in Canada from July 1 to ference on Social Welfare from August .Foundation. August 15 to attend the XXllnd lnter­ 5 to 11, and participated in the Inter­ During his stay in Thailand, Dr. national Congress of Schools of Social national Welfare Seminar held at McGill Iglesias also attended the inaugural Work and the International Conference University from August 14 to 26. She meeting of the Asla-Paclfic Political on Social Development (ICSDl, and to also availed of a six-week study grant Science Association held in Pattava, participate in the Canadian Study from the Canadian International Dr. Iglesias' trip lasted from Jul~1 Programme. Development Agency. 27 to August 7. On the other hand, Professor Viloria Her paper on social work education *** stayed in Canada until August 31 also in the University of the Philippines, Mercedes B. Concepcion, Dean of to participate in a Canadian lnter­ which was co-authored by Thelma the UP Population Institute, joined national Development Agency (CIDA) Lee-Mendoza, was presented in the the Philippine delegation to the Inter­ Exchange Program. Congress. national Conference on Population held in Mexico from August 4 to 15. The *** * * * conference was organized by the Uriited Evelina M. Pangalanan of the UP Editha V. Maslang of the UP Insti­ Nations and the Mexican Government: Institute of Social Work and Com- tute of Social Work and Community *** 38/PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

Romeo B. Ocampo of the UP College Carolina G. Hernandez of the UP Karina C. David of the UP Institute of Public Administration represented Department of Politital Science partici­ of Social Work and Community Devel­ his college in the seminar on Planning pated as a discussant in the workshop opment attended the second part of Financing and Managing Growth held on "Economic Change on National the Workshop on Methods and Media in in Bangkok, Thailand from August 5 Security in ASEAN Countries." It was Community Participation from Septem­ to 1,. He also presented a paper in tne held in Bangkok, Thailand from August ber 26 to October 9 held at the Labra­ said seminar. 22 to 26. dor Institute in ,Newfoundland, Canada. Afterwards, she travelled to Bali,. Prof. David participated in the work­ *** Indonesia to attend a meeting of shop as a member of the Dag Ham­ ASEAN institutes on International/ marskjold Foundation Advisory Group. Josefa M. Saniel of the UP Asian Strategic/Security Studies. She stayed j Center participated in the workshop on , there from September 2 to 6. *** "Economic Change on National Securi­ ty in ASEAN Countries" held in Singa­ *** Marie E. Aganon, Professor of the pore from August 9 to 14. UP Institute of Industrial Relations enplaned to Tokyo, Japan as a recipient *** Leslie E. Bauzon, Dean of the UP Collelle of Social Sciences and Philo­ of a Colombo Plan Scholarship grant ~hich enabled her to participate in a Carol de Raedt, Assistant Professor sophy, enplaned to Washington, D.C. to attend the 13th International Con­ six-week seminar on Employment at the UP Baguio, enplaned to Hawaii Production. to present a paper at the Conference ference on the Unity of Sciences. After the conference, he met with officials The seminar lasted from- September on Ethnic Identity and Resource 6 to October 15. Control in Southeast Asia. She also of certain American funding agencies to explore chances of establishing and availed of a dissertation writing fellow­ *** ship at the Environment and Policy tapping support for the College. Institute (EAPI) and conducted library Dr. Bauzon was in Washington from September 1 to 14. He is the immediate Violeta E. Encarnacion, Librarian of /' research at the University of Washington. the UP. Asian Center enplaned to Carol de Raedt was in Hawaii from past chairman of the PSSC Executive Board. , Australia to accept an appointment as August 12 to September 30. a Trainee of the Bibliographic Informa­ • • • **• tion on Southeast As~a (BISA)Projeet at the University of Sidney. 1 Ledivina V. Carmo, Dean of the UP Raul R. Ingles of the UP Institute of The training program will last from College of Public Administration, left MassCommunication joined a workshop October 1, 1984 to March 31, 1985. for Hawaii last August 18 to serve as on communication held in Honolulu, *** 1 a visiting professor in Political Science Hawaii. The workshop, lasted from at the University of Hawaii. She will be September 1 to 16. teaching in Hawaii until June 30, 1985. Flerida Ruth Romero of the UP law *** Center attended the Asian Conference *** on Women's Educational Congress in l Alexander R. Magno, Assistant Hongkong from October 1 to 7, and Rosario M. Cortes and Aurora R. Professor of the UP Department of presented a paper on the status of Lim attended the International Con­ Political Science attended a seminar women in the Philippines. The con­ ference on Thai Studies at the Chula­ on Social Transformation in Developing ference was sponsored by the United 1 longkorn University in Bangkok, Thai­ Societies sponsored by the Pacific-Asia Board in Hongkong. land. The activity was held from August . Resources Center. The activity was Afterwards, Atty. Romero partici­ 21 to 31. held in Tokyo, Japan from September pated in the Annual Meeting of the Dr. Cortes is a Professor at the UP 20 to 23. Board of Trustees of the United Board Department of History, while Lim is for Christian Higher Education in Asia an Associate Professor at the UP Asian *** which lasted from November 10 to 17. Center. ** • *** JULY-DECEMBER 1984 / 39·

Elena M. Panganiban, Assistant Merlin M. Magallona of the UP Enterprises in ASEAN Countries. Professor of the UP College of Public College of Law delivered a discussion He stayed in Japan from October Administration travelled to Japar from paper at the 12th Congress of the 21 to 31. October 2 to 7, to represent the LGC International Association of Democratic (UP-CPA Local Government Center) in Lawyers held in Athens, Greece. He * .. * the International Seminar on Informa­ thereafter enplaned to Tokyo, Japan tion Systems for Urban and Regional to discuss possible collaboration of the Eufronio Abaya (UP Department Flanning. The United Nations Centre International Studies of the Philippines of Anthropology), Angelita 8. 8alanon for Regional Development and the (ISIP) with Keio University. (UP Department of History), Consuelo Kawasaki City Government sponsored The trip lasted from October 12 to J. Paz (UP Department of Linguistics), the event. 24. and Elizabeth R. Ventura (UP Depart­ ment of Psychology) attended a 10-day .. ** • ** seminar workshop on Development Proposals for Research into Social and Elizabeth P. Marcelino of the UP Luzviminda G. Tancangco, Assistant Economic Aspects of the Control of Department of Psychology and Mifagros Professor of the UP College of Public Tropical Diseases in Chulalongkorn R. Espinas of the UP Asian Center Administration, travelled to Bangladesh, University, in Bangkok, Thailand. The visited the Socialist Republic of Viet­ India, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka workshop, which lasted from October nam and met with various women from October 13 to 31, to confer with 22 to November 2, was organized by groups in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City the officials of these countries with the World Health Organization (WHO). upon the invitation of the Vietnam regard to the forthcoming Eastern Women's Union. Regional Organization for Public *** Espinas stayed in Vietnam from Administration (EROPA) Conference/ October 9 to 26, while Marcelino Workshop to be held in Manila in 1985. Alfredo V. Lagmay, Professor of the remained there from October 9 to UP Department of Psychology was November 2. ••• conferred the 1984 Distinguished Ser­ vice Award by the Association for *** Mila A. Reforma, Assistant Professor Anthropological Diplomacy, Politics, of the UP College of Public Administra­ and Society, and the Association of Alejandro N. Herrin of the UP tion, likewise travelled to Korea, Japan Third World Anthropologists, for his School of Economics left the country and Taiwan to discuss with the officials most outstanding contribution to last October 10 to attend the Inter­ of these countries their respective parti­ scholarship and public service. country Meeting of the ASEAN cipation in the forthcoming EROPA The award was ·given during the Population Project and Integration ConferencelWorkshop. Annual Meeting of the American of Population and Development at Anthropological Association held in Penang, Malaysia. He also went to • • • Denver, Colorado from November 15 Tokyo, Japan to attend a meeting to 18. for a multi-disciplinary research Other awardees were Professors Adolfo M. de Guzman of the UP project on ASEAN and Japan. Emerituaora DuBois and George D. Statistical Center attended a workshop Dr. Herrin's stint lasted until Spindler of Harvard University and on "Time Series and Its Applications" k November 3. Stanfor.d University, respectively. held at the National University of Moreover, Dr. Lagmay was recently * • • Singapore from October 23 to 27. r chosen as President-Elect of the .Division ••• of Psychology .and National Develop­ Alberto P. Capati of the UP Insti­ ment of the International Association tute of Small-Scale Industries served of Applied Psychology. His term of Sonia T. Aquino of the UP Institute as resource person in a training program office starts in 1986. for Industrial Extension Officers held in of Small-Scale Industries enplaned to Malaysia from October 11 to November Japan to serve as Consultant for the' .-* •• 18. Asian Sub·regional Tripartite Workshop I on Training for the Improvement of Carmen A. Abubakar, Associate r .*. Working Conditions in Small-Scale Professor of the UP Institute of Islamic I 40/ PSSC SOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

Studies attended a consultation on Elmer M. Ferrer, Assistant Professor The seminar will last from November "Religion and Development" held in of the UP Institute of Social Work and 26 to December 11. Hongkong from November 18 to 23 Community Development (ISWCD) at­ under the sponsorship of the Christian tended the Annual Conference of the *** Conference of Asia. Australian Association for Research in Education held in Perth, Australia from Ma. Virginia Sinay-Aguilar, former *** November 20 to 26. coordinator of Research and Publica­ tions of the UP Institute of Industrial Aurora P. Lim, Associate Professor *** Relations is presently in Netherlands of the UP Asian Center left for Indo­ to pursue a Masters Course in Develop­ nesia last November 19 to undertake Angelita G. Manalili, Assistant ment at the Institute of Social Studies, research work under the ASEAN Professor Of the UP Institute of Social The Hague, for the academic' year Teaching and Research Fellowship Work and Community Development 1984·85. Grant. enplaned to Nagoya, Japan to attend Prof. Lim will be based in Indonesia the (UNCRD) First Training Seminar in The scholarship was granted by the until April 18, 1985. Local Social Development Planning. Government of Netherlands. *** •

ltE,public of the Philippines BUREAtJ OF POSTS ~1enild

S\vORN STATEIIENT

Th':: I..4nC:~rSi(l" ed, ~ ~Jy.~ eelitotfw.o oqi OJ iiMi,. p;'bJ j "her/of -- (title of publication) p~~#.al Science Intol natiOJl (frequency of issue) t in qaarte:c19(Lngua(jE> in which print"d) at Huglieh (oifi~8 J£ uu~lic~tion), after PSSCenter, JlJ~'i'I;~j ~1.l~4lhrn to incc.~J:d,,:;c( '-lith law, hereby submits the f o l Lowi.riq s tr rcmcnt; of o ...m~;;rship .. r,3.iiag2x.'2nt, circulation, etc. uhicl--: is -.c..:J.in:>d or Act 23R'J, 3.5 3:T.er.de-d OJ COlTlIT'on\·;ealth Act No. 201. ADDRESS

Editor p"ol4ita }', RodIigde.. PBSSentez, IllIIA. Biliman, ~.e. t-tanaoLnc "EOll::or Busint~ss !"tanager _ Sylvie ,. Tan - rln _ OwnerPUbli.-1fJ£11."'ll±:rrll1:re'ilCH'Ci:l!lUll:ri:to1l=ft;;-frnr;;--.....,w...-----­Social Science eoutlell! Inc. .. do = print~r jlftil. See, Scb SOlUte1l, iue. do • Of f Lce of Pub1 LcecLon PSSSeutel, IllDIA, :8i11=, i:laezoll e1t9

In c~se of pub~ication other thar. daily~ total number of copies printed ani circulated of the la~t issue dated ~ J_e t 19 84' - 1. Sent to paid subscribers _ - _ - - - 2"10 Sent to oth,:::rs than pd.i1 sU;"3cri~ers ---1;:e~~O-- total --- 1,000 Signaur" 1 tl~;\'U:s"signation) (Ti ;r....,( ~UBSCRIBED AND SWO N to before me this __'_- day of __ .v{II ,19', at , the affiant exhititing his/her Resi cnce Certificate NO'8~ .. issued at ""eeon BUy on l! ~flJ.q -J,JY)1:.:L'~_ lM,./tJC;:o C',

r-tJ ~ ~ laid:O~21.c4 '2/,-:~,,;II 1''1 JULY-DECEMBER 1984 / 41

announcements

PSS National (for Visayas and Mindanao) Vivencio R. Jose of the UP Graduate Convention Set Dr. Antonio J. Ledesma, S.J. School or Prof. Ofelia R. Angangco of PSS Vice-President and Convention the UP Department of Sociology. The Philippine Sociological Society Chairman Diliman, Quezon City. (PSS) announces the holding of the College of Agriculture .. 1985 PSS National Convention at Xavier University .. .. Xavier University on January 4·5, Cagayan de Oro City 1985. Papers to be presented shall (Tel. No. 3133 or 4881) Second Internateonallnstitutl9 revolve around the theme "Coping for Islamic Studies Opens with Crises: The Filipino in the Mid­ ...... '80s." The Peter Gowing Memorial Research The proposed topics for panel pre­ 5th PSA Inter-Congress Center (PGMRC) in collaboration with sentation and the suggested panel Scheduled in February the Prelature of Marawi invites Christian coordinators include the following: church workers, Muslims and persons of 1. Christian-Muslim Relations and The 5th Inter-Congressof the Pacific other faiths and vocations to participate Ethnic Minorities (Mindanao Coordi­ Science Association shall be held on in the Second International Summer nators); 2. The Labor Scene: Indus- February 3-7, 1985 at the Manila Hotel. Institute for Islamic Studies. . trial, Agricultural, Overseas, Migrant The Congress theme is "Transporta­ The course which spans over a and Women Workers (Fe R. Arcinas, tion and Communication in the Pacific period of three months from May 13 to Violeta Lopez-Gonzaaal: 3. Multi­ Basin." August 3, 1985 is designed for pro­ national Corporations, Agribusiness and The sessions shall be on the following fessional church workers presently en­ Rural Households (Ed Tadem, Eliseo aspects: 1. health and environmental gaged in or preparing for ministries in Ponce); 4. Social Movements and aspects; 2. geographical aspects; 3. social, countries where Muslim peoples and Church-State Relations (Cynthia Bautis­ psychological and cultural aspects; 4. culture predominate. Venue shall be ta, Teresita Angeles); 5. Participatory economic-political aspects; 5. energy provided by the GMRC, Dansalan Research: Sharing of Approaches aspects; 6. innovation and technological College Foundation, Marawi City, (Henedina Abad, Rachel Polestico). aspects; and 7. planning and manage­ Lanao del Sur, Philippines. Other panels may be included depend­ ment aspects. Internationally renowned specialists ing on the number of interested con­ Abstracts should be sent to the in Islam who were trained in Europe tributors. Scientific Programme Committee headed and the US as well as specialists resident Deadline of submission of preli­ by Prof. Ofelia R. Angangco of the UP in the Philippines who have likewise minary drafts to the panel coordinators Department of Sociology, Diliman, completed special studies in Islam in is on November 15, 1984. Final papers Quezon City. Europe shall serve as instructors. must be submitted to the Conference For more information, please contact The three-fold objectives of the Secretariat on December 7, 1984. the National Research Council of the Institute include the .follOWing: lhe convention is open to social Philippines, Bicutan, Taguig, Metro , scientists, students and other interested Manila. 1. to contribute to the formal parties...... academic preparations of participants Please address communications to with the end in view of improving their either of the following: First Philippine Studies awarenllssof the issues in Muslim· r (for Luzon) Congress Slated Christian relations and he ightening Dr. Sylvia H. Guerrero their sensitivity to Muslim cultures PSS President A newly organized group, the Philip­ and customs; Institute of Social Work and Com- pine Studies Association of the Philip­ 2. to engage in theological and munity Development pines shall hold its First Philippine spiritual reflection on the meaning of University of the Philippines Studies Congress on February 13-17, Muslim-Christian encounter and the role Diliman, Quezon City 1985 at the Philippine Social Science of dialogue; and (Tel. No. 978438) Center, Don Mariano Marcos Avenue, 3. to provide opportunities for in­ Diliman, Quezon City. structive exposure to Muslim life and r For more details, please contact Dr. worship in the Lanao environment, 42"PSSCSOCIAL SCIENCEINFORMATJON

including meeting with and learning free FBIS Newsletter may contact Indian Council of Social Science Re­ from religious and civic segments of News~ank at 58 Pine St., New Canaan, search (ICSSR) invites everyo.ne to Muslim Filipino society. Connecticut 06840. avail of its services and facilities. Each enrollee shall be charged Since its inception in 1970, the *** $500 for board and lodging excluding SSDC has built a collection of short, travel and books. Selected participants Ateneo Releases History Book. selected bibliographies tailored to the may avail of scholarships for board, needs of scholars and researchers. It on Kabikolan's Abaca Industry lodging and tuition. Letters of applica­ has. a special inter-library loan arrange­ tion for admission must include $25 ment whereby publications not avail­ The Ateneo de Manila University which will be applied towards tuition. able at the library may be collected Press, in cooperation with the Univer­ For inquiries, please contact: from other libraries. sity of California Press, recently pub­ Fr. Michael Diamond SSDC also has an ample supply of lished Prosperity Without Progress, a Director photocopies of articles/documents of historical study of the rise and eventual I Second International Insitute for interest from a rich collection of back decline of abaca in Kabikolan and how I Islamic Studies and current issues of journals and it affected the development of that I P.O. Box 5430 serials as well as unpublished theses region. The book also tells the story of lIigan City 8801 and research reports, subject to the the people of Kabikolan - how they Lanao del Norte provision of the Copyright Act. Re­ were drawn into the global economy ­I Philippines. searchers may also avail of their cy­ and how they adapted to the oppor­ clostvlinq, rotating and electric scan­ tunities and problems created by :1 *** ning facilities. capitalism and colonialism. i Dr. Norman G. Owen, a Southeast Interested parties may ask for FBIS Services Offered Asian historian and Research Fellow financial assistance under SSDC's Study at the Australian National University, Grant scheme for research purposes. Newsbank, lnc., publisher of Indexes wrote the book. He did extensive re­ For more information, please write to the Foreign Broadcast Information search work in the Philippines while to: Service's Daily Reports (FBIS), has just affiliated with Ateneo's Institute of announced several new features for Philippine Culture. S.P. Agrawal their services. According to Owen, the reason why Director The indexes - one for each of the temporary prosperity did not lead to Social Science Documentation Centre eight regions covered by the Daily real progress in the region can be Indian Council of Social Science Reports - will now be issued monthly understood within the framework of Research . and cumulated annually. This strategy formal colonialism and enforced 35 Ferozshah Road shall provide better and more timely incorporation into a capitalist world­ New Delhi - 110001 access to the over 100,000 articles system. Thus, Prosperity Without *** contained annually in the Daily Reports. Progress makes a significant contri­ Another new aspect of the Indexes bution to the discussion of the causes will be the FBIS Newsletter which of global poverty and the ongoing Off the Press intends to provide a forum for faculty debate between "developmentalism" researchers, and librarians to relay and dependency theory. The first of its kind,Economic creative uses of the Reports and keep The book is available at all Metro Transition in Human and Southern others in the field abreast of research Manila bookstores and at the Ateneo China, is a comparative economic 1 using the FBIS file. de Manila University Press in Quezon analysis of the five provinces of the Depository Iibraries can obtain the City. Central-South region of China with Daily Reports free of charge as part of special focus on Hunan, the province their US Government Documents col­ *** of Mao and his successor, Hua. lection. Others can purchase them from Dr. A. S. Bhalla, chief of the Tech­ the National Technical Information SSDC Services Available nology and Employment Branch, Inter­ Service. national Labor Office, Geneva, authored Anyone wanting more information The Social Science Documentation the book. His findings were based on on the FBIS indexes or in receiving the Centre (SSDC) created under the actual field visits in factories and JULY-DECEMBER 1984 / 43

communes and on personal interviews Graduate School. Afterwards, they had 3. Energy and Structural Change in with government officials and aca­ an unbroken correspondence since Dr. the Asia-Pacific Region. Papers and demicians. He examined the funda­ Orata's retirement from government Proceedings of the 13th Pacific Trade mental transition in the Chinese eco­ service in 1964. and Development Conference nomy from the Mao era to the present A few copies in bookpaper are avail­ (PAFTAD). Romeo M. Bautista and Deng regime. Specifically, he studied able . at P65 (hardbound) .and P55 Seiji Nava, editors. 1984. 532 pp. the impact of the new policy reforms (paperbound) each. Please send your Other publications available both at and readjustment measures on these orders to the PCU Research and Pub­ the PIDS and at the PSSC Central provincial economies. lications Center, Taft Avenue, Manila. Subscription Service include the fol­ Copies are available at the Depart­ Due to increasing cost of paper, lowing: ments of Chinese/Asian/Development prices are subject to change when the 1. Monograph Series No. 1 - A Studies. and Economics through the present stock is sold out. Study of Energy-Economy Interaction MacMillan Press, Ltd., Little Essex St., in the Philippines.. Leander J. Alejo. London, WC2RE IF. *** 1983.68 pp. 2. Monograph Series No.2 - Indus­ *** PIDS Publications trial Policy and Development in the Available ASEAN Countries. Romeo M. Bautista. New PCU Publication 1983.56 pp. 3. Journal of Philippine Develop­ The Philippine Institute for Develop­ The Philippine Christian Univeristy ment Swdies(PIDS) invites scholars and ment. Vol. 'VIII to X. 1981 to 1983 (PCU) proudly announces the publica­ interested parties to get hold of the issues. tion of the book entitled Life and Work following newly released publications: Watch out also for the forthcoming of Pedro T. Grata by Dr. Gregorio C. publications such as: Borlaza. 1. Industrial Promotion Policies in 1. Monograph Series No.3 - Econo­ The book garnered for Dr. Borlaza the Philippines. Romeo M. Bautista, mic Evaluation of the Philippine Alco­ the second prize in the Rizal Cen­ John H. Power and Associates. First gas and Cocodiesel Programs. Armando tennial Biography Contest. The bio­ printing - 1979; reprinted - 1984. Armas, Jr. and Denise Joyce Cryde. graphy is a product of the thirty-year 441 pp. 2. A Survey of Materials in Intro­ friendship between Dr. Orata and Dr. 2. The Spatial and Urban Dimensions ductory Economic Educetion. Gerardo Borlaza. They have worked closely of Development in the Philippines. P.Sicat. together at the Philippine Normal Ernesto M. Pernia, Cayetano W. Pade­ 3. Philippine Employment in the College where Dr. Borlaza served as ranger, Jr., Victorina Hermoso and Seventies. Rosa Linda Tidalgo and President while Dr. Orata was Dean of Associates. 1983.345 pp. Emmanuel Esguerra.

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RESEARCH PROJECTS RECENTLY REPORTED Migration and Development in Modem PUBLICATIONS Thailand. Theodore D. Fuller, et al. Reported research projects, con- Bangkok, Thailand: Social Science templated, ongoing and completed Recentl y reported publ ications for the Association of Thailand. c1983. for the period July-September 1984. period July-December 1984. .244 pp. Entry Format: Title. Author/Editor. Entry Format: Title of project/pro­ In Retrospect: Views and Comments Home institution. Vol: No. Date. posal. Project director/researcher. from Selected Writings. Somsakdi Pages. Cost. Wtiere available (PSSC Home institution. Status of project. Xuto. Bangkok, Thailand: Social Library unless specified otherwise). Funding agency. Science Association of Thailand. BOOKS/MONOGRAPHS c.1982. 158 pp. Status of Project: The Contribution of the Social Sciences The Old-Age Economic Security Value Contemplated - formal proposal to the Programme in New Zealand of Children in the Philippines and drawn. 1971-83. Social Sciences in Asia and Taiwan. Susan De Vos. Honolulu, the Pacific, Regional Adviser for Hawaii: East-West Center. 1984. On-going - preparatory activities Social Sciences in Asia and the Papers of the East-West Population after proposal is drawn to the Institute No. 60-G. 72 pp. stage before the completion of Pacific (RASSAP) Series on Occa­ the final write-up. sional Monographs and Papers. Cant, G. and M. Porteous. Bangkok: Organization of Social Science Informa­ Completed - final write-up accom­ United Nations Educational, Scienti- tion and Documentation; Reports plished. fic and Cultural Organization on 11 Asian Countries. UNESCO. (UNESCO) Regional Office for Office of the Regional Adviser for Computer Technology: A Study of its Education in Asia and the Pacific. Social Sciences in Asia and the Effects on the State of Industrial 1983.30 pp. Pacific. Bangkok: UNESCO Regional Relations in Selected Manufacturing Office for Education in Asia and the Establishments in Metro Manila. .Co-Variates of Child Mortality in the Pacific (ROEAP). 1983. 129 pp. Julie Q. CaseI. UP Institute of Ph.ilippines, Indonesia, and Pakistan: Overseas Employment Policy and Re­ Industrial Relations. Ongoing. NSTA. An Analysis Based on Hazard Models. mittances. Editha A. Tan. UPSiE 1 Linda G. Martin, et al. Honolulu, Discussion Paper 8402. Quezon City: The Impact of New Technology on Hawaii: East·West Center, 1983. UniversitY of the Philippines, School Employment in Selected Banking East-West Population Institute; Re­ of Economics. 1984.40 pp. and Electronics Establishments in print No. 160.417·432 pp. Metro Manila. Juan Amor F. Palafox. Philippine Statistical Yearbook 1984. UP Institute of Industrial Relations. Demographic Situation in Mindanao Published by the National Economic Ongoing.ILO. and Sulu: A Preliminary Report on and Development Authoritv. 759 pp. the 1983 National Demographic An Investigation of Piaget's CllISSifica­ Survey. Francis C. Madigan, S. J. The Political Economy of Siam: 1851­ tory Behavior Among a Selected Cagayan de Oro CitY: Research 1910. Edited by Chatthip Nartsupha 'j Group of Filipino Children. Editha Institute for Mindanao Culture, and Suthy Prasartset. Bangkok, i Brigida C. Panay. UniversitY of the Xavier University. May 1984.43 pp. Thailand: The Social Science Asso­ Philippines. College of Social Sciences ciation of Thailand. 1978. 517 pp. and Philosophy. Completed. PSSC Dynamics of Nation-Building. Social . j and FAPE. Sciences in Asia and the Pacific The Political Economy of Siam: 1910­ RASSAP Series on Occasional 1932. Edited by Chatthip Nartsupha, Manuel L. Quezon: His Political and Monographs and Papers. Bangkok: Suthy Prasartset and Montri Chen­ J Social Thought. Rolando M. Gri­ UNESCO Regional Office for Educa­ vidyakarn. Bangkok, Thailand: The paldo. UP College of Social Sciences tion in Asia and the Pacific. 1983.. Social Science Association of Thai­ and Philosophy. Completed. PSSC. 202 pp. land. 1978.253. pp.

MIen·· JULY-DECEMBER 1984 / 45

JOURNALS AND SELECTED Economic Impact. A quarterly review addressed to Dr. J. M. Ojha, Director, ARTICLES of world economics. Stewart W. Behavioural Science Centre, 2 Netaji Ramsey, editor-in-chief. No. 48. 88 Subhash Marg. New Delhi - 110002. Academia Economic Papers. S. C. pp. Published by the United States Tsiang, et. al., editors. Vol. 11. Information Agency, United States ICSSR Research Abstracts Quarterly. No.2. Sept. 1983.258 pp. Published of America, 301 4th Street S. W., S. Saraswathi, editor. Vol. 11. Nos. T twice a year in March and Sept. Washington, D.C. 20547. USA. and 2. Jan.-June 1982. 124 pp, Communications on editorial matters Published by the Indian Council of should be addressed to The Managing Ethnology. Leonard Plotnicov and Social Science Research. Price inland Editors, Academia Economic Papers, Arthur Tuden, editors. Vol. 23. - single copy: Rs. 3; annual sub­ The Institute of Economics, Aca­ No.3. July 1984. 247 pp. Published scription: Rs. 10. Foreign - single demia Sinica, Nangkang, Taipei, quarterly by the University of copy: 30 p or 0.75; annual sub­ Taiwan, 115, Republic of China. Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. scription: $1 or L2.50.Subscription Subscriptions and requests for ex­ enquiries may be addressed to: Sales Aghamtao. Michael Tan, editor. Vol. 3. change, as well as manuscripts and Manager, ICSSR Social Science Dec. 1980. Published by UGNA­ all communications should be ad­ Documentation Centre, 35 F,ero­ YANG PANG-AGHAMTAO (UGAT), dressed to: Editor, Ethnology, zeshah Road, New Delhi - 1~0001. Inc. (Anthropological Association of Department of Anthropology, Uni­ the Philippines). All communications versity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Indian Dissertation Abstracts. Vol. 10. should be addressed to the Editor, Pennsylvania 15260, U.S.A. Nos. 3 and 4. July-Dec. 198~. 368 c/o Department of Anthropology, pp. A quarterly journal sponsored by Faculty Center, University of the the Indian Council of Social Science Ethnos. Ulla Wagner and Ulf Hannerz, Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Research and Association of lndlan editors. Vol. 47. Nos. 3-4. 1982. Philippines. Universities. Subscription - local 312 pp.; Vol. 48. Nos. 1-2. 1983. single copy: Rs. 5; annual subscrip­ 128 pp.; Vol. 48. Nos. 3-4, 1983. Arab Journal of Language Studies. tion: Rs. 15. Foreign - single copy: 247 pp, Published by the Ethno­ Ahmad Abd AI-Halim, editor-in­ $1; annual subscription: $4. Sub­ graphical Museum of Sweden Stock­ chief. Vol. 2. No.2. Feb. 1984. scription enquiries may be addressed holm. Subscriptions and requests for 170 pp. Published twice a year by to the Sales Manager, Social Science exchange, as well as manuscripts and the Khartoum International Institute Documentation Centre, 35 Fero­ all communications should be ad­ of Arabic, P. O. Box 26, AI-Duyum zeshah Road, New Delhi - 11000 l , dressed to: Ethnos, Etnografiska AI-Shargiya, Khartoum, Sudan. An­ Museet,S-115 27 Stockholm. nual subscription prices: institutional International Political Science Review. subscriptions - $16; personal sub­ John Meisel, gen. ed. Vol. 3. No.4. scriptions - $6. Grassroots Development. Sheldon Annis, 1982. 336 pp, Published four times editor. Vol. 8. No.2. 1984. 56 pp. annually in January, April, July and Dialogue. Albert Roland, editor-in-chief. Published twice a year by the Inter­ Oct. by the International Political No. 66. Apr. 1984. 84 pp. Published American Foundation. Science Association (IPSA). Sub­ quarterly by the U. S. Information scriptions for non-members of IPSA. Agency, 301 4th Street, S. W., ICSSR Journal of Abstracts and Re­ Regular yearly institutional rate ­ Washington, D.C. 20547, U.s.A. views. Imtiaz Ahmed et. al. editorial $48: Individuals may subscribe at a board. Vol. 12. No.2. July-Dec. one-year rate of $22. Add $4 for 1983. 400 pp. Published bi-annually subscriptions outside the US. An Doctoral Dissertations on Asia. by the Indian Council of Social annotated bibliographical journal of Science Research, New Delhi. Price current international research. Frank Kidma. Israel Journal of Development. inland -single copy: Rs. 10; annual Joseph Shulman, compiler andeditor. Artur Isenberg, ed. Vol. 7. No.4. subscriptions for individuals: Rs. 15; 1984. 36 pp. Published by the Vol. 6. Nos. 1 and 2. Winter/Summer for institutions: Rs. 20. Foreign ­ Israel Chapter of the Society for 1983. 90 pp. Published by the single copy: $2; annual subscription: International Development. Association for Asian Studies, Inc. $4. Subscription~nquiries may be

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1 Korea Journal. Paik Syeung-GiI, ed. Studies of The Population Council. 1984. Published by the Asian Mass Vol. 24. Nos. 4. 5 and 6. Apr-June One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza. New Communication Research and In­ 1984. Published by the Korean York, New York 10017 USA. formation Centre, Singapore. National Commission for UNESCO. Subscription: $14 for a one-year Address for all contributions and and $24 for a two-year subscrption. APDC Newsletter. Vol. 3. Nos. 1 and 2. correspondence: Editor, Korea Jour­ Oct. 1983-Feb. 1984. Published by nal, Korean National Commission Public Enterprises. Two Pelicon, ed. Asian and Pacific Development for UNESCO, 50-16, 2-ga. Myong­ Vol. 4. No.4. 1984. 114 pp. Pub­ Centre. dong, Chung-gu. Seoul 100, Korea. lished quarterly by the International Center for Public Enterprises in Abut-Tanaw. Vol. 11. Nos. 11 and 12. Developing Countries, Titura 104, Apr.-May 1984, Vol. 12. Nos. 1-3. Korean Social Science Journal. Paik June-Aug. 1984. Institutional pub­ Wan-ki, ed. Vol. 10. 1983. 171 pp. P.O. Box 92, 61109 Ljubljana, Yugoslavia. lication of De La Salle University, Published annually by the Korean Manila. Science Research Council and the Savings and Development. Arnaldo Korean National Commission for Asia Magazine. Vol. 22. Nos. Y-20 and Mauri, ed. No.1. 1984. 100 pp. UNESCO. Subscription rate: Korea: Y-22. July 1984. Published by Asia Published quarterly by Finafrtca­ 3,500 Won. Overseas: US$5(in­ Magazine, Ltd. eluding postage by seamail). Centre for Financial Assistance to African Countries Foundation. Asian and Pacific Census Forum. Feb. I Local Government BUlletin. -Official 1984. Published quarterly by the publication of the Local Government Senri Ethnological Studies. Tadao East-West Population Institute. Center, Collegeof Public Administra­ Umesso, general ed. No. 12. 1984. tion, University of the Philippines. 246 pp.; No. 13. 1984.420 pp.; No. Asiaweek. Vol. 10. Nos. 23-37; 39-45. 14. 1984.220 pp. Published by -the Perla E. Legaspi, issue editor. Vol. June-Nov. 1984. Published by Asia­ National Museum of Ethnology. XVII. Nos. 1 and 2. 1982. 71 pp. week, Ltd. Senri Expo Park, Suita., Osaka, 565 Japan. Philippine Quarterly of Culture & Balikatanews. Vol. 5. No.7. March-Apr. Society. Joseph Baumgartner. ed. 1984. Official bl-rnonthlv publica­ Vol. 12. No.1. March 1984.84 pp. Sri Lanka Journal of Social Sciences. tion of the National Commission on Published by the University of San Prof. Ralph Pieris,chairman, editorial the Role of Filipino Women. 1 Carlos, Cebu City, Philippines. board. Vol. 5. No.1. June 1982. I Subscription rates - one y~ar: 94 pp. Published twice a year by the Beijing Review. Vol. 27. Nos, 21-37. P100 in the Philippines, US$10 for Natural Resources, Energy & Science May-Sept. 1984. A Chinese Weekly 'I individual subscribers in Southeast Authority of Sri Lanka. Subscriptions of Newsand Views. Asia, US$12 for institutions in - Foreign: $8.50. Local Rs. 25.00 Southeast Asia. US$12 for individual per issue (postage free). Ang Brodkaster. Vol. 7. N.os. 1-2; 4·7. 1 subscribers in all other countries. Jan.-May 1984. Published by the I US$15 for institutions in all other Tambara. Heidi K. Gloria, ed. Vol: 1. Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster sa countries. Single issues: P28 in the No.1. March 1984. 138 pp. Ateneo Pilipinas. Philippines, US$3 in Southeast Asia de Davao University Journal. Domes­ and US$3.75 in all other countries. tic subscription rate for one year, Bulletin of Philippine Folklore and Subscription orders and proposals P100 and single copy, P50. Else­ Local History. Vol. 4. No.2. June 1 for exchange should be addressed where US$10, single copy US$5. 1984. A joint publication of the to the Business Manager, San Carlos Philippine Folklore Society and the Publications, University of San RECENT ACQUISITIONS National Conference on Local His­ Carlos, Cebu City 6401, Philippines. tory. The following materials are available Population and Development Review. for room use at the PSSC Library. CCAS Newsletter. Autumn 1984. Pub­ Paul Demeny, et, aI., eds. Vol. 10. lished by the Centre for Contempo­ No.2. June 1984.396 pp. Published AMCB. Asian Mass Communication rary Asian Studies, Institute of quarterly by the Center for Policy Bulletin. Vol. 14. Nos. 3 and 4.

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Social Studies. The Chinese Univer­ FNP Newsletter. Vol. 4. No.1., Sept. Action for Developmen~, Fqod and sity of Hongkong. 1984. Published by the Regiona~ Agriculture Organization of .the Training Programme on Food and United Nations. CEAP Bulletin. Vol. 4. No. 10. Oct. Nutrition Planning. 1984. Monthly publication of the Impact. Vol. 19. Nos. 4, 5 and 6. June­ Catholic Association of the Philip­ FPOP Bulletin. Vol. 15. Nos. 1 and 2. Oct. 1984. Asian Magazine for pines. Second and Third Quarter Issues. Human Transformation. 1984. A publication of the Family Centerviews. May-July 1984. Published Planning Organization of the Philip­ Indian Council ot Socfal Science Re­ bi-monthly by the Public Affairs pines. search Annual Report 1982-1983. Office of the East-West Center. No. 141. 1984. Published by the Far Eastern Economic Review. Vol. Indian Council of Social Science Countryside Banking. Vol. 10. No.1. 124. Nos. 24-26. June 1984; Vol. Research. Jan. 1984. A monthly publication 125. Nos. 27·30. July 1~84. Pub­ of the Central Bank of the Philip­ lished by Far Eastern Economic International Atomic Energy Agency pines. Review Limited. Bulletin. VoL 26. Nos. 1 and 2. March-June 1984. Published quarter­ Development and Cooperation (D+C). Fieldnotes. Vol. 3. No. ~. July 1984. ly 'by the International Atomic, No.4. July-Aug. 1984. Published by Published by the Philippine Asso­ Energy Agency. the German Foundation for Inter­ ciation for Intercultural Develop­ national Development (DSE). ment,lnc. International Rice Research Newsletter. Vol. 9. No.3. June 1984. Published Draper Fund Report No. 13. June Focus Japan. Vol. 11. No.8. Aug. by the International Rice Research 1984. Published by the Population 1984. Published monthly by the Institute. Crisis Committee, 1120 Nineteenth JETRO International' Communica­ Street, N.W. Washin,gton, D.C. tion Department. International Social Science Council 20036. Newsletter. July 1984. Publisheq by ICSSR Newsletter. Vol. 14. No.1. the International Social Science ESRC Newsletter. March-June 1984. Apr.-Sept. 1983. Published by the Council. Published by the Economic and Indian Council of Social Science Social Research Council. Research. International Studies in 'the Nordic Countries. No.1. 1984. Published ' Economic Review. No. 2 Spring 1984. The IDRC Reports. Vol. 13. Nos. 1 by the Nordic Cooperation Com­ Published quarterly by the Federal and 2. Apr. and July 1984. Published mittee for International Politics. Reserve Bank of San Francisco, quarterly by the International Devel­ Research and Public Information opment Research Centre. Items. Vol. 37. No.4. Dec. 1983; Vol. Department. 38. NO.1. March 1984. Published by IFSSO Newsletter. Nos.' 12 and 13. the Social Science Research Council. The Education Quarterly. Oct. 1983. 1984. Published by the International Published quarterly by the Ministry Federation of Social Science Organi­ Japan Monitor. June 1984. Published of Education and Culture, Govern­ zations. by the Japan Centerfor International ment of India. Exchange. INSTI News Bulletin. Sept.-Oct. 1984. Kalinangang Pilipino. Vol. 1. No.1. Published by the Institute of Social Economic Review. Oct. 1983-March Jan.-March 1984. Quarterly/news­ 1984. Published monthly by the Work and Community Development UP Diliman, Q.C. . ' letter of the cultural agencies of the People's Bank, Research Department. Ministry of Education, Culture and Sports. Entrepreneurship: The Japanese Ex­ Ideas and Action. No. 157. 1984. perience. 1984. Published by PHP , Published every month by the Language Planning Newsletter. Vol. 10. , Freedom from Hunger Campaign/' Institute, Inc. No.3. Aug. 1984. Published !?y the r- 48/PSSCSOCIAL SCIENCE INFORMATION

11 )1

Institute of Culture and Communi­ Philippine Studies Newsletter. Vol. 12. tions, Section of Social Science '1 I cation, East-WestCenter. No.2. June 1984. Published by the Libraries. Philippine Studies Program, Center LambatlayallSWCD BUlletin. Second for Asian and Pacific Studies with Senri Ethnological Studies. Nos. 11 and Quarter 1984. Published by the the Assistance of the Social Science 15. 1984. Pl,jplished by National Institute of Social Work and Com­ Research Institute, University of Museum of Ethnology. munity Development, University of Hawaii. the Philippin.,.. Teachers' Resource. Vol. 1. No.4. Apr. Popline. Vol. 6. No.6. June 1984. 1984. A publication of the Philippine I Language Planning Newsletter. Vol. 10. Published monthly by the Population Normal College, Research Center. j No.2. May 1984. Published by Institute.' East·West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii. Technology. Vol. 6. No.2. 1984. Pub­ Institute of Culture and Communica­ Population. The United Nations Fund lished by the Philippine Council for ~ tion. for Population Activities (UNFPA) Agriculture and Resources Research monthly newsletter. July 1984: and Development. I NFl Bulletin. Vol. 5. Nos. 3 and 4. JlLlly-OCt. 1984. Published by the Population Events. Vol. 9. Nos. 13-14. Time. Vol.. 123. Nos. 25 and 26. JuneI Nutrition Foundation of India. June-July 1984. Activity and In. 1984; Vol. 124. Nos. 1-19. July- formation guide published fortnight. Nov. 1984. Published by Time, Inc. , Newsweek; Vol. 103. Nos. 24-26. ly by the Population Center Founda­ June 1984; Vol. 104. Nos. 1-12. tion. Tradescope. World Market Review. Vol. July-Nov. 1984. Published by News- 4. No.9. Sept. '1984. Publish~ week, Inc. ' Population Forum. First Issue. 1984. monthly by the JETRO Import 1 Published by the Commission on Promotion and Cooperation Depart- PCARRD Annual Report 1982. Pub­ Population. ment. -- lished by the Philippine Council for Population RepotU. Series J. No. 27. Agricultural and Resources Research Unirescent Vol. 3. Nos. 1-2. 1984. and Development. May-June 1984. Published by the Population Information Program, Published quarterly by the University The John Hopkins University. Research Center, Natural Science and PCARRD Monitor. Vol. 12. Nos. 3-7. Aga Khan Museums, MSU, Marawi March-July 1984. Monthly publica­ City. tion of the Philippine Council for Productivity faink. Vol. 2. July. Aug. 1984. Published bj-monthly by Agriculture and Resources Research Urban Edge. Issues and Innovations. the Productivity Program for Cot. and Development. Vol. 8. Nos. 6, 7 and 8. June.Aug. tage, Small and Medium Industries 1984. Published 10 times a year by I PCF Media Service. Population news (PROCSM) of the Productivity and the World Bank. for mass media. Vol. 6. Nos. 11, 12 Development Center. and . 13. 1984. Published by the World Paper. Aug-oct. 1984. A monthlv . . ,~ Population Center Foundation. RIHED Bulletin. Vol. 11. No.1. Jan .• supplement to ~usiness Day'. March 1984. Published by: the Philippine Development Vol. 11. Nos. Regional Institute of Higher Educa­ PAPERS 8·10. Jan.-June 1984. Published bi­ ; tion and Development; monthly by the Office for the Direc­ Adolescent Fertility in the Philippines. tor-General of the National Econo­ SSID Liaison Bulletin. No.1. 1984. Corazon Mejia·Riymundo. UP Popu­ mic and Development Authority. A joint publication of FlO/SO lation Institute. (FlO Social Science Documentation Philippine Economic Indicators. Vol. Committee), ICSSD (International Breastfeeding and FertUity among Phil­ Socia~ 12. Nos. 1 and 2. Feb. and Apr. Committee for Science In. ippine Women: Trends, Mechanisms 1984. Bi-monthly publication of the formation and Documentation Federatio~ and Impact. Zelda C. Zablan. UP NEDA Statistical Coordination IFLA/SS (International Population Institute. Office. of library Associations and lnstitu- (continued on p:49)'

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continued from p. 48 Pattern of Human Settlements. cera­ the Philippines - An Assessment. Breastfeeding vs. Contraception: Impli­ zon Mejia·Raymundo. UP Population Ramon T. Jimenez, UP-II R. Insitute. cations to Management of the The Teaching of Industrial Relations in Philippine Population Program. Report of the Country Assessments: the Philippines - An Assessment. Corazon Mejia·Raymundo. PSSC. Philippines. Zelda C. Zablan. UP Daisy B. Atienza, UP-II R. Population Institute. The Development of Planning Educa­ Papers presented at the 7th National tion in the Philippines. Dolores A. Trends in Breastfeeding Prevalence and Population Welfare Congress, "Popu­ Endriga and Jaime U. Nierras. Un­ Duration. Zelda C. Zablan. UP lation and Regional Development published paper. UPSchool of Urban Population Institute. Planning," November 23, 1984. and Regional P~anning. 1984. Philippine Social Science Center, Work·Hour Losses and Childcare: A Diliman,Quezon City. Fertility and Family Planning: Central Case Study of Married Women Luzon and Metro Manila. 1980 employed in the Bataan Export Population, Development and the AFS Final Report. Mercedes B. Processing Zone. Imelda Zoza-Fera­ Balanced Agro-Industrial Deveiop· Concepcion, et al. nil. UP Population Institute. ment Strategy (BAlDS): Perspective in Northern Mindanao. Carlos Major Highlights from an Analysis of Papers presented during the First Fortich. Factors Affecting Use and Non­ National Conference on Philippine Use of Contraception, 1978 RPFS. Industrial Relations, October 5, The Impact of the Bicol River Basin Josefina V. Cabigon. UP Population 1984, Institute of Industrial Rela­ Development Program (BRBDP) on Institute. tions, UP Diliman, Quezon City. the Population of the Bicol Region. Available at the UP-II R. Carmelo R. Villacorta. Nuptiality and Fertility in the Philip­ Industrial Relations for the Latter '89s: Population and Development Integra­ pines. Corazon Mejia-Raymundo. UP tion in Project Development: The Population Institute. A Research Agenda. Meliton V. Salazar, Asian Institute of Manage­ Case of the Panay United Services for Health (PUSH) Project in Western Population and Employment in Selected ment. Visayas. Conrado J. Norada. Countries Bordering the Pacific. Industrial Relations for the Latter '80s Mercedes B. Concepcion. UP Popu­ and Beyond: Alternative Options. The Central Visayas Regional Project: lation Institute. Jose C. Gatchalian, UP-II R. Its Implications on Population­ Development Planning. Eduardo Recent Development and the Emerging The Practice of Industrial Relations in Gullas.

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