Slide 1 ______NAMING, IDENTIFICATION ______and NATIVE for ______Master Gardeners Naming conventions, how to use keys, and an intro to local natives ______1 ______

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Slide 2 ______Class objectives: By the end of this session, participants will be able to: • Describe the Latin and common naming systems, ______how they are used, and why they are important for gardeners and ecologists. • Demonstrate how to use a dichotomous key to identify a plant. ______• Define the concept of “nativeness” and place it in the context of gardening and local ecology. • Describe the ecology and identifying characters for 3 or more locally native plants. ______2 ______

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Slide 3 ______Latin and Common Names • Most plants have both ______• Ideally, each plant has ONE of each • Good to learn both • Latin names good for specificity ______• Common names good for simple communication ______3 ______

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______Slide 4 ______Latin (or Scientific) Names

• Classifying and naming brings order to chaos • Carl von Linne “invented” the system in 1700s ______• Linneas, Linnean : Latin binomial • Names sometimes change, but binomial naming system is useful and survives intact ______• Historic classification was based on appearance • Modern classification is DNA (evolution)-based • “Who is most closely related to who” ______4 ______

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Slide 5 ______Classification of plants • Highest classification tiers separate plants from other basic life forms ______• Higher plant tiers separate algae, mosses, spore- vs. seed-bearing plants, etc. • Int’l. Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi and plants (2011) ______• Classifications based mostly on flower and seed parts (reproduction) • Lowest tiers = most relevant to us: Family, Genus, species (ssp. or subsp.; var.; etc.) ______5 ______

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Slide 6 ______Families

• No easy rule defines what is a “family;” just remember that they have similar flowers and ______seeds, often other similarities • Each family is named for a genus within it • Example: Berberis (the genus) is the “root” of ______the Berberidaceae Family. Brassica, the root of the Mustard Family, Brassicaceae. • All plant families end in –aceae ______6 ______

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______Slide 7 ______Important garden vegetable families (1) • Amaryllidaceae (Amaryllis Family; onion, garlic) • Apiaceae (Carrot Family; carrot, parsley) ______• Asteraceae (Aster Family; lettuce) • Brassicaceae (Mustard Family; broccoli, cauliflower, kale, cabbage, arugula, mustard ______greens, radish) • Chenopodiaceae (Goosefoot Family; spinach, chard, beet) ______7 ______

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Slide 8 ______Important garden vegetable families (2)

• Cucurbitaceae (Cucumber Family; ______cucumber, squash, melon) • (Bean Family; pea, bean) • Poaceae (Grass Family; corn) ______• Solanaceae (Nightshade Family; tomato, potato, pepper, eggplant) ______8 ______

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Slide 9 ______Binomial system: basic conventions • Latin used as “the language of science” ______• Genus + species = the Latin name or binomial • Latin words often translate to English to a plant feature or habitat or an associated ______person’s name • Pronunciation varies ______9 ______

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______Slide 10 ______Binomial system: basic conventions

• Genus (pl. genera) always capitalized: Acer • Species epithet lower case: Acer macrophyllum ______• Often there is another sub-category: • Subspecies = ssp. (or subsp.) • Variety = var. (also a “common” definition) • Cultivar = cultivated variety (overlap in Latin ______and common naming with this term); horticultural • Genus, species, ssp./var. name always italicized; cultivar name not italicized ______10 ______

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Slide 11 ______Binomial system: basic conventions

• If genus known, but species not, use “sp.”: e.g. Berberis sp. (singular) ______• Several species of a genus: Berberis spp. (plural) • Occasionally: - A genus moved to different family - 2 species “lumped” to 1, or 1 “split” into 2 ______• “Professional disagreement” can result in two names for the same plant • We still are learning! • Plants still are evolving! ______11 ______

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Slide 12 How is a “new” species named? ______

• New genus or species: “type” voucher collection; name & description published under Rules • OSU houses an “;” LCC a small one ______• Describer becomes “author” (“authority”) of that sp.; written after the name (usually abbreviated) • E.g., L. (abbreviation for Linnaeus) • Writing the authority is optional ______• Rules complicated; best to follow a good Oregon source (e.g., the Oregon Flora Project) • New cultivar? A separate rule set. ______12 ______

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______Slide 13 ______Common names

• No governing rules or authorities • May be more than one for a species or ssp. ______• One name may be applied to several species • Often relates to Latin binomial: Bigleaf Maple = Acer macrophyllum • Sometimes quite different: Pseudotsuga menziesii ______would be Menzies’ False Hemlock, but instead is Douglas-fir • Capitalization optional: Bigleaf Maple = Bigleaf maple = bigleaf maple ______13 ______

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Slide 14 ______Plant breeding

• Results in new hybrids and cultivars • Patents often applied for ______• Also has international rulebook for naming: ICNCP (2009) • Most ornamentals and vegetables are bred by selecting, hybridizing or genetic manipulation ______• Cultivar name comes after Latin binomial in single quote marks: Acer macrophyllum ‘Diane’s Special’ • Hybrids may have an X in the name ______14 ______

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Slide 15 ______In conclusion

• Most every plant has a Latin name AND a common name ______• Latin names = scientific, specific • Common names = easy public use • Both have drawbacks; generally, Latin ______binomial is more unique to a plant and understandable around the world ______15 ______

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______Slide 16 ______Let’s look at the catalog… ______1. Stretch break 2. Look at catalog, focus on names ______3. Reconvene, ask questions, review catalog together ______16 ______

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Slide 17 ______USING KEYS! • Literal meaning: the key! • A way to find out what an unknown plant is, using someone else’s tool made for that purpose ______• Dichotomous = two ways; paired leads • A series of questions: “like X or not like X” or “more like X or more like Y?” • May have multiple parts: “like x, y and z” vs. “not like” • Dichotomous keys (paper or electronic) vs. multi-entry keys ______(electronic only) • It can be frustrating! • Large geographic scale (more plants) vs. local scale (easier) ______17 ______

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Slide 18 ______Key pitfalls

• Choose the right key: Twigs? Conifers? Ornamentals, natives, both? Often only a book key available that includes more than you want. ______• Read BOTH leads in a pair before deciding • Sign of a good key: exact opposition in leads • Classic: “leaf <1/2” long” vs. “leaf >1/2” long” and the leaf you have is ½ inch long. Two solutions: 1) more ______leaves, 2) try one way, if no go, back up and try other. • If name reached (plant keyed out), read description to affirm; again, may need to back up and say “where did I go wrong?” • Look at more than one specimen & back up if needed! ______18 ______

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______Slide 19 Good multi-entry key to try ______

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Slide 20 Good keys (& books) ______Trees to Know in Oregon Shrubs to Know in Oregon ______-Both by Ed Jensen, OSU Extension Service

Winter Twigs: A Wintertime Key to ______Deciduous Trees and Shrubs of Northwestern Oregon and Western Washington, Revised Edition (2001) ______Gilkey and Packard, OSU Press 20 ______

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Slide 21 ______Herbaceous plant keys? • Sooooo many plants, hard to write ______keys • Floras good for native and escaped • Ornamental? ______• Try OSU Extension “Ask an Expert” • Spend time at nurseries, on-line, with catalogs, on guided walks ______21 ______

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______Slide 22 ______Leaf & leaf scar arrangement ______

Alternate ______

Opposite ______Whorled 22 ______

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Slide 23 ______Winter twigs! Opposite branching

Bud ______Leaf scar ______Bundle scar (3) ______Note the tiny, thread-like stipules in both photos. 23 ______

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Slide 24 Winter twigs! Alternate branching ______

Bud ______Leaf scar ______

This twig is fuzzy, and has papery stipules that look like ______buds in the photo. 24 ______

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______Slide 25 ______Twig features ______

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See: http://oregonstate.edu/dept/ldplants/plant_ident/plant/search/type/1 ______25 ______

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Slide 26 ______Test the Winter Twig key • Work in pairs ______• One person read, one look for characters with hand lens or phone camera • Read BOTH leads before deciding ______• Trade places with each new species • OK: go! ______26 ______

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Slide 27 ______

______Other features, other keys (flower parts to come in Botany class…) ______

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______Slide 28 ______Leaf & leaf scar arrangement ______

Alternate ______

Opposite

Whorled (poor illustration) ______28 ______

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Slide 29 ______Leaf type ______

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Simple Compound ______29 ______

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Slide 30 ______Compound leaf type ______

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Pinnate Palmate ______30 ______

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______Slide 31 ______Leaf characters ______

______Lobed Toothed margin ______Spiny margin 31 ______

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Slide 32 ______BREAK ______•Then we’ll talk NATIVES! ______

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Slide 33 ______

What do “native” and ______“non-native” mean? ______

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______Slide 34 • Lots of synonyms: ______• Non-native = exotic, introduced, alien • Native = indigenous • Endemic = native to a specified area only ______

• Every plant is: • native to somewhere, or ______• native to somewhere, then modified through horticulture, or • so modified that it has no specific geographic origin ______34 ______

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Slide 35 Native – concepts: ______

• A plant of a place that has naturally evolved in that place. ______• SCALE: native to large area vs. native locally

• HABITAT: site-adapted or site-appropriate native ______• FUNCTION: a locally-native organism has co-evolved functional roles with partners over many thousands of years (e.g.: Kincaid’s Lupine/FBB; hummingbirds/flowers, truffles/flying squirrels) ______35 ______

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Slide 36 ______Native plant + horticultural manipulation = aesthetically pleasing, convenient, addresses ______specific need -BUT- Can also mean loss of ecological ______function (e.g., loss of nectar, change of color) ______36 ______

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______Slide 37 ______What are non-natives? • brought to new areas deliberately (for ornamental use or pasture); some ______“hitchhiked” • have not co-evolved, so lack functional interdependence ______• may (usually) offer some benefits • may tolerate (or even thrive) in new climate/soils ______37 ______

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Slide 38 ______

• The distinction between “native” and “non-native” in a very few ______cases is not clear • Plants moved historically as climate changed; what will happen in the ______future as climate changes and plant movement now is blocked? ______38 ______

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Slide 39 ______What is an “ecoregion” and why does it matter? ______• A geographical area with unique soils and climate, and because of that, unique “assemblage” of vegetation and wildlife ______• Oregon has 9 ecoregions ______39 ______

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______Slide 40 ______

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Each ecoregion has numerous ecosystems within it. For example, “conifer forest.” Ecoregions are a good base for “native.” ______40 ______

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Slide 41 Ecoregions are different from this widely used Plant ______Hardiness Zone Map, based solely on minimum winter temperatures. ______

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Slide 42 ______If you landscape with plants that are native to your ecoregion, you provide those plants a place ______to continue to exist and you provide sustenance to native wildlife that evolved with those plants. ______

In other words – you sustain your ecoregion’s uniqueness! ______42 ______

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Here are some locally-native plants! ______

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Slide 44 ______

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Douglas-fir ______Pseudotsuga menziesii

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Slide 45 ______

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Incense-cedar Calocedrus decurrens ______

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______Slide 46 ______

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Ponderosa Pine Pinus ponderosa ______

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Slide 47 ______

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Bigleaf Maple ______Acer macrophyllum

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Slide 48 ______

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______Oaks: California Black and Oregon White ______Quercus kelloggii, Q. garryana

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Pacific Madrone ______Arbutus menziesii

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Vine Maple ______Acer circinatum

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Slide 51 ______

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Pacific Serviceberry ______Amelanchier alnifolia

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Tall Oregongrape ______Berberis aquifolium

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Slide 53 ______

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Nootka Rose ______Rosa nutkana var. nutkana ______

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Slide 54 ______

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Blue Elderberry ______Sambucus nigra ssp. caerulea

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Snowberry ______Symphoricarpos albus var. laevigatus ______

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Slide 56 ______

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Oval-leaved viburnum Viburnum ellipticum ______

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Redstem Ceanothus ______Ceanothus sanguineus ______

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Oceanspray ______Holodiscus discolor ______

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Osoberry ______Oemleria cerasiformis ______

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Slide 60 ______

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Cascara Buckthorn ______Rhamnus purshiana ______

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Straggly Gooseberry ______Ribes divaricatum ______

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Slide 63 ______

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Red-flowering Currant ______Ribes sanguineum

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Thimbleberry ______Rubus parviflorus

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Slide 65 ______

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Pacific Houndstongue ______Cynoglossum grande

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Slide 66 ______Lupines Many-Leaved Lupine (Lupinus polyphyllus); Riverbank Lupine (Lupinus rivularis) ______

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______Slide 67 Checkermallows ______Rosy Checkermallow (Sidalcea malviflora ssp. virgata) Cusick’s Checkermallow (Sidalcea cusickii) ______

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Slide 68 ______Milkweeds Asclepias speciosa & A. fascicularis ______

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Slide 69 ______Rosy Plectritis Plectritis congesta ______

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______Slide 70 ______Blue Gilia Gilia capitata ______

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Slide 71 Wild Onion ______Allium amplectens & A. acuminatum ______

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Slide 72 ______

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Oregon Geranium ______Geranium oreganum

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______Slide 73 ______

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Woodland Phacelia ______Phacelia nemoralis

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Slide 74 ______

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Lovage ______Ligusticum apiifolium

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Slide 75 ______

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Fernleaf Lomatium ______Lomatium dissectum

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______Slide 76 ______

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Western Waterleaf ______Hydrophyllum occidentale

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Slide 77 ______

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______Blue- or Purple- Eyed “Grass” Sisyrinchium bellum, ______S. idahoense

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Slide 78 ______

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Yarrow Achillea millefolium ______

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California Tea ______Rupertia physodes

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Slide 80 ______

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Clarkia or Farewell-to-Spring ______Clarkia amoena

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Slide 81 ______

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Tall & Oregon Larkspurs ______Delphinium trolliifolium & oreganum

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Oregon Sunshine Eriophyllum lanatum ______

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Narrow-leaved Milkweed Asclepias fascicularis ______

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Showy Daisy ______Erigeron speciosus

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Hooker’s Catchfly ______Silene hookeri

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Slide 86 ______

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Large-flowered Collomia ______Collomia grandiflora

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Thermopsis ______Thermopsis gracilis

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______Douglas’ Aster Symphyotrichum subspicatum ______

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Blue-eyed Mary Collinsia grandiflora ______

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Mad Dog Skullcap ______Scutellaria lateriflora 90 ______

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Pacific and Sessile Trillium ______Trillium ovatum and T. albidum 91 ______

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