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First Aid for Miners Study Guide

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First Aid for Miners Study Guide VIRGINIA DEPARTMENT OF MINES, MINERALS & ENERGY DIVISION OF MINES FIRST AID FOR MINERS STUDY GUIDE June 4, 2007 Commonwealth of Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy Division of Mines P.O. Drawer 900 Big Stone Gap, VA 24219 (276) 523-8100 DEPARTMENT OF MINES MINERALS AND ENERGY DIVISION OF MINES DISCLAIMER Article 3 of the Coal Mine Safety Laws of Virginia establishes requirements for certification of coal mine workers. The certification requirements are included in §45.1- 161.24 through §45.1-161.41 in which the Board of Coal Mining Examiners is established for the purpose of administering the certification program. The Board has promulgated certification regulations 4 VAC 25-20, which set the minimum standards and procedures required for Virginia coal miner examinations and certifications. The Virginia Department of Mines Minerals and Energy, Division of Mines developed this study guide to better train coal miners throughout the mining industry. The study guide material should be used to assist with the knowledge necessary for coal mining certifications. The material is not all-inclusive and should be used only as an aide in obtaining knowledge of the mining practices, conditions, laws and regulations. This material is based upon the Coal Mining Safety Laws of Virginia, Safety and Health Regulations for Coal Mines in Virginia, Title 30 Code of Federal Regulations (30 CFR), State and Federal Program Policy Manuals and other available publications. Nothing herein should be construed as recommending any manufacturer’s products. The study guide and materials are available at the Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy. Any questions concerning the study guide should be addressed to the Regulatory Boards Administrator at the Big Stone Gap Office. CERTIFICATION-FIRST AID I. First Aid A. Introduction ........................................................................................ 1 B. Managing an emergency scene .......................................................... 2 C. Legal considerations........................................................................... 3 D. Body systems...................................................................................... 7 E. Disease transmission and bloodborne pathogens ............................. 10 F. Questions for review......................................................................... 25 II. Respiratory Emergencies, CPR, and Heart Attacks A. Respiratory emergencies................................................................... 35 B. CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)............................................. 41 C. Heart attacks...................................................................................... 46 D. Questions for review......................................................................... 50 III. Wounds-Soft Tissue Injuries A. Soft tissue injuries and burns............................................................ 55 B. Questions for review ......................................................................... 62 IV. Bleeding A. Recognition and treatment of external and internal bleeding........... 69 B. Questions for review ......................................................................... 73 V. Shock A. Theory of shock .................................................................................. 77 B. Signs and symptoms of shock............................................................. 77 C. Types of shock .................................................................................... 78 D. Treatment of shock ............................................................................. 79 E. Questions for review ........................................................................... 81 i VI. Musculoskeletal Injuries A. Bone and Joint Injuries 1. Musculoskeletal system............................................................... 87 2. Injuries of musculoskeletal system ............................................. 88 3. Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal injuries ....................... 89 4. General treatment of musculoskeletal injuries............................ 91 5. Questions for review ................................................................... 95 B. Injuries of the head and spine 1. Recognizing head and spine injuries ........................................ 102 2. Signs and symptoms of head and spine injuries....................... 103 3. Treatment of head and spine injuries........................................ 104 4. Treatment of specific head injuries: concussion, scalp, cheek, nose, eyes ears, mouth, jaw and neck....................................... 107 5. Questions for review................................................................. 112 C. Injuries of the chest, abdomen and pelvis 1. Recognizing chest, abdomen and pelvis injuries...................... 118 2. Signs and symptoms of chest, abdomen and pelvis injuries .... 118 3. Treatment of chest, abdomen, and pelvis injuries .................... 119 4. Questions for review................................................................. 124 D. Injuries of the extremities 1. Recognizing upper extremity injuries....................................... 128 2. Signs and symptoms of upper extremity injuries ..................... 128 3. Treatment of upper extremity injuries...................................... 130 4. Recognizing lower extremity injuries....................................... 135 5. Signs and symptoms of lower extremity injuries ..................... 135 6. Treatment of lower extremity injuries...................................... 135 7. Stabilizing and transporting patients ........................................ 138 8. Questions for review................................................................. 140 ii VII. Heat and Cold Emergencies A. Theory of body temperature .......................................................... 145 B. Recognizing cold emergencies ...................................................... 146 C. Treatment of cold emergencies...................................................... 146 D. Types of heat emergencies............................................................. 150 E. Signs and symptoms of heat emergencies ..................................... 152 F. Treatment of heat emergencies...................................................... 152 G. Questions for review...................................................................... 155 VIII. Sudden Illness-Diabetes, Epilepsy, Stroke, Poisoning A. Identification of sudden illness and poisoning .............................. 161 B. Signs and symptoms of sudden illnesses and poisoning ............... 161 C. Treatment of sudden illnesses and poisoning................................ 162 D. Questions for review...................................................................... 179 IX. Primary and Secondary Survey A. Primary and Secondary Survey...................................................... 187 B. Questions for review ...................................................................... 192 iii SECTION I-FIRST AID A. INTRODUCTION First Aid is the immediate and temporary, emergency medical care provided to an injured person or one who suddenly becomes ill. It includes recognizing and evaluating the seriousness of injuries and providing appropriate, effective treatment. The safety of the rescuer(s) must always be the first and foremost consideration and to the extent possible, preserving safety of the patient(s). A primary survey is conducted first to evaluate and treat life-threatening problems, including airway, breathing, circulation, and bleeding. A secondary survey is conducted to administer and treat wounds, fractures, shock, dislocations, stabilization, transportation, etc. This First Aid Study Guide is not intended to take the place of a complete study course manual in first aid principles and practices. All miners, especially foremen and other supervisors, are encouraged to enroll in advanced first aid training courses and to maintain skills current through regular refresher training. Prompt, effective first aid treatment rendered in case of accident or illness may very well make the difference between the life and death of a patient. This study guide has been developed to assist those miners planning to take various certifications issued by the Board of Coal Mining Examiners. The information used to develop this First Aid Study Guide was taken from the American Red Cross-Emergency Response textbook. 1 FIRST AID B-MANAGING AN EMERGENCY SCENE I Managing Dangers at an Emergency Scene A - Some emergency scenes are immediately dangerous. B - Some emergency scenes may become dangerous while you are providing care. II Personal Safety A - Personal safety and the safety of all others assisting in rescue efforts must always be the first and foremost consideration. To the extent possible within rescuer safety, action should be taken to preserve the safety of patients. Example - Setting additional roof support in an area where a patient is entrapped by a roof fall to help prevent more roof from falling on the patient. B - Approach all emergency scenes cautiously until you have fully evaluated the situation for your personal safety and the safety of others helping you. C - If at any time the scene appears unsafe, retreat to a safe location. D - Never enter a dangerous scene unless you have qualified personnel, such as a mine foreman or electrician, to assist you. E - Follow these guidelines when
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