DOCSLIB.ORG

How to Get More Response from Demand Response

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
How to Get More Response from Demand Response Scott Neumann is Chief Technology Officer of Utility Integration Solutions, Inc. (UISOL), a consulting firm based in Lafayette, California. His professional background includes working with Empros, CES International, MessageTek, and UISOL. Scott leads the U.S. efforts within IEC TC57 for the development of standards related to power system operations and associated information exchanges. Fereidoon (Perry) Sioshansi is President of Menlo Energy Economics, a consulting firm with experience in demand-side management, How to Get More Response real-time pricing, enabling technologies, and demand response. His professional background from Demand Response includes working at Southern California Edison Company, the Electric Power Research Institute, and Global Energy Decisions. He has a Ph.D. in Economics from Purdue University. Despite all the rhetoric, demand response’s contribution Ali Vojdani is CEO of Utility Integration to meet peak load will remain elusive in the absence Solutions. His professional background of enabling technology and standardized business includes working with Pacific Gas and Electric, EPRI, Perot Systems, Vitria protocols. Technology, and UISOL. He has a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering. Scott Neumann, Fereidoon Sioshansi, Ali Vojdani and Gaymond Yee is a Research Coordinator at the California Institute for Energy and the Gaymond Yee Environment (CIEE). His professional background includes working at Silicon Energy, Diablo Research, EnergyLine Systems, and Science Applications International Corporation. He has a Master of Engineering Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the I. Summer’s Heat Wave When operators run out University of California at Berkeley. shows DR’s Potential of generation capacity, the alternatives are either to resort to This article is based on a research project managed by the California Institute for Energy This past summer’s heat wave rolling blackouts – which nobody and the Environment on behalf of the California engulfed most of the U.S. and likes – or to plead to customers to Energy Commission (CEC), with funding from the Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) stretched many utilities and sys- drop discretionary loads. This program. This Demand Response Enabling tem operators close to the limit. In practice, where customers are Technology Development (DR ETD) project California, the Independent Sys- provided financial incentives to was conducted by a team of consultants led by Utility Integration Solutions, Inc., with tem Operator (CAISO) had to drop load during emergencies is contributions from Dynamic Networks, Menlo declare several Stage 1 and Stage 2 known as demand response or Energy Economics, Michigan Group, Nexant, alerts in July,1 signaling that its DR.2 Infotility, Savvion, and TIBCO. Participating stakeholders included the California reserve margin was precariously urrently, system operators Independent System Operator (CAISO), low. Similar episodes were C have limited capabilities to Pacific Gas & Electric Company, Southern California Edison Company, San Diego Gas & repeated across the country in engage in DR for a number of Electric Company, DR service provider July and August as new peak load reasons. Most importantly, the Infotility, and a few representative commercial records were repeatedly set and protocols for sending the signal and residential customers. broken (Figure 1). System opera- that capacity is tight and voluntary tors, once again, were reminded load shedding is needed is time- of the real value of demand consuming, error-prone, and response programs. mostly manual. Since system 24 1040-6190/$–see front matter # 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved., doi:/10.1016/j.tej.2006.09.001 The Electricity Journal Figure 1: Killer Heat Wave, Record Peaks. Source: Various ISOs/RTOs operators must balance load in recent report by the Federal III. How Much DR is real-time, any delays to get a signal A Energy Regulatory Really There? out, get confirmation, and get Commission (FERC), for example, tangible results must be fast, provides some evidence.4 One Following the passage of the error-free and automatic – study claims annual savings of Energy Policy Act (EPAct) in characteristics that are lacking $15 billion per year in the U.S. for August 2005, there has been in most current systems. shifting 5 to 8 percent of con- renewed interest in smart meters, This means that in many cases, sumption from peak to off-peak time-variable pricing, and the operator may resort to hours and for depressing peak demand response – the legs of a involuntary load shedding simply demand by 4 to 7 percent.5 stool. EPAct’s main contribution because of inherent delays and Another study looking at the New was two-fold: First, it codifies the inefficiencies in implementing England ISO’s service area claims significance of enabling technol- DR programs. annual savings of $580 million per ogies, which are prerequisites to year for reducing peak demand wider implementation of DR. by as little as 5 percent.6 Second, it instructs both the II. Is DR Cost-Effective? During the August heat wave, Department of Energy (DOE) and PJM Interconnection reported FERC to establish baselines and A number of studies have cost savings totaling $650 million goals for increased reliance on confirmed the cost-effectiveness attributed to DR programs.7 On DR. of DR relative to the alternatives, Aug. 2, 2006, alone, when PJM set s a consequence, DOE namely reliance on peaking units a new peak load record of A published a report in or rolling blackout. The former 144,796 MW, it reported DR sav- February estimating DR’s poten- are expensive – as everyone ings of $230 million.8 Similar tes- tial benefits, offering recommen- recognizes – and the latter even timonials are available from other dations on how these benefits more so.3 ISOs and RTOs. may be captured.9 As a starting October 2006, Vol. 19, Issue 8 1040-6190/$–see front matter # 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved., doi:/10.1016/j.tej.2006.09.001 25 Table 1: What is DR? Price-Based Options Incentive-Based Programs Time-of-use (TOU): a rate with different unit prices for usage Direct load control: a program by which the program during different blocks of time, usually defined for a 24-hour day. operator remotely shuts down or cycles a customer’s electrical TOU rates reflect the average cost of generating and delivering equipment (e.g., air conditioner, water heater) on short power during those time periods. notice. Direct load control programs are primarily offered to residential or small commercial customers. Real-time pricing (RTP): a rate in which the price for electricity Interruptible/curtailable (I/C) service: curtailment options typically fluctuates hourly reflecting changes in the wholesale price integrated into retail tariffs that provide a rate discount or of electricity. Customers are typically notified of RTP prices on a bill credit for agreeing to reduce load during system day-ahead or hour-ahead basis. contingencies. Penalties may be assessed for failure to curtail. Interruptible programs have traditionally been offered only to the largest industrial (or commercial) customers. Critical peak pricing (CPP): CPP rates are a hybrid of the TOU and Demand bidding/buyback programs: customer offers bids RTP design. The basic rate structure is TOU. However, provision is to curtail based on wholesale electricity market prices or made for replacing the normal peak price with a much higher an equivalent. Mainly offered to large customers CPP event price under specified trigger conditions (e.g., 1 MW or over). (e.g., when system reliability is compromised or supply Emergency demand response programs: programs that prices are very high). provide incentive payments to customers for load reductions during periods when reserve shortfalls arise. Capacity market programs: customers offer load curtailments as system capacity to replace conventional generation or delivery resources. Customers typically receive day-of notice of events. Incentives usually consist of up-front reservation payments, with penalties levied for failure to curtail when called upon to do so. Ancillary services market programs: customer bid load curtailments in ISO/RTO markets as operating reserves. If their bids are accepted, they are paid the market price for committing to be on standby. If their load curtailments are needed, they are called by the ISO/RTO, and may be paid the spot market energy price. Source: Benefits of DR in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving Them, US DOE, Feb. 06. point, DOE divided DR programs signal that there is an impending potential to be around into two basic categories, price- emergency and ask for customers 20,500 MW, or 3 percent of the and incentive-based (Table 1), to shed load in exchange for peak load. Surprisingly, DOE and identified various sub- predetermined (the former case) found that DR capacity has actu- categories under each. Following or negotiated (the latter case) ally declined from its peak in these definitions, the focus of the prices/incentives. 1996, when more utilities engaged present article is on demand he DOE study estimated in such programs and had more bidding/buyback and emergency T current (2004) U.S. DR load under control. demand response programs. capacity around 9,000 MW, DOE offered a long list of These programs, broadly speak- roughly 1.3 percent of the U.S. recommendations under six ing, require the system operator to peak load. It estimated DR’s major categories: 26 1040-6190/$–see front matter # 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved., doi:/10.1016/j.tej.2006.09.001 The Electricity Journal reports by DOE and FERC, blame the problem on lack of enabling technology – which certainly is a major obstacle. Without afford- able smart meters, reliable and inexpensive two-way communi- cation and widespread use of time-variable tariffs, the true potential of DR will never be realized. But there are two other highly critical aspects of enabling tech- Figure 2: How Much Demand Response Is There? Source: Assessment of Demand nology, which remain as serious Response and Advanced Metering, FERC, Aug.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Economics of Coal and Gas Based Energy
    2012 Ic Economics of Coal and Gas Based Energy An Indian Perspective FOREWORD 1 Third Wave Solutions Private Limited For Restricted Circulation Only TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 Section 1: COAL 3 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Global Production and Consumption 5 1.3 Global Exports and Imports 6 1.5 Indian Coal vs. International Coal 9 © 2012 Third Wave Solutions Pvt. Ltd. 1.6 Pricing of Steam coal 10 1.7 Economics of a Coal based Power Plant 12 Section 2: ENERGY MAP OF INDIA 14 Research Lead: Vipul Goyal [email protected] Section 3: NATURAL GAS 15 3.1 Introduction 16 3.2 Global Production and Consumption 18 3.3 Global Exports and Imports 19 3.4 Indian Import Capacity 22 3.5 Gas Pricing 23 Section 4: CONCLUSIONS 25 Section 5: APPENDIX 27 5.1 Units & Definitions 27 5.2 Conversions & Rules of Thumb 28 5.3 References 29 -: DISCLAIMER:- This Report is for information purposes only and does not constitute any recommendation, representation, warranty or guarantee of performance. This is not intended to provide professional, investment or any other type of advice or recommendation and does not take into account the particular investment objectives, financial situation or needs of individual recipients. Before acting on any information in this Report you should consider whether it is suitable for your particular circumstances and, if appropriate, seek professional advice including tax advice. Third Wave Solutions Pvt. Ltd. (the Company) and its officers, directors and persons associated with the preparation of this Report do not hold out any warranty or guarantee as to the accuracy of the facts contained in the Report.
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Energy and Smart Grid Terms ACCESS POINTS (Aps)
    Glossary of Energy and Smart Grid Terms ACCESS POINTS (APs) – Specially configured nodes on wireless local area networks (WLANs). Access points act as a central transmitter and receiver of WLAN radio signals. ADVANCED METERING INFRASTRUCTURE (AMI) – Refers to the full measurement and collection system that includes meters at the customer site, communication networks between the customer and a service provider, such as an electric, gas, or water utility, and data reception and management systems that make the information available to the service provider. ANALOG METER – Analog meters also known as electromechanical are the most common, the simple meter spins forward when consuming electricity. If the analog meter is bidirectional it will spin backwards when your solar electric system is pushing extra electricity back into the grid. The number of times the disc spins forward or backwards determines how much electricity you are using or contributing to the electric grid. The utility company must dispatch a meter reader every month to figure out how much energy is consumed. AUTOMATIC METER READING (AMR) –The technology of automatically collecting consumption, diagnostic, and status data from water meter or energy metering devices (gas, electric) and transferring that data to a central database for billing, troubleshooting, and analyzing. AVERAGE COST – The revenue requirement of a utility divided by the utility's sales. Average cost typically includes the costs of existing power plants, transmission, and distribution lines, and other facilities used by a utility to serve its customers. It also included operating and maintenance, tax, and fuel expenses. AVERAGE DEMAND – The energy demand in a given geographical area over a period of time.
    [Show full text]
  • Brownout Based Blackout Avoidance Strategies in Smart Grids
    Brownout Based Blackout Avoidance Strategies in Smart Grids Basina Deepak Raj Satish Kumar Sambit Padhi IIT Guwahati IIT Guwahati IIT Guwahati Arnab Sarkar Arijit Mondal Krithi Ramamritham IIT Guwahati IIT Patna IIT Bombay ABSTRACT during demand overloads, such that uninterrupted power supply to Power shortage is a serious issue especially in third world countries, essential appliances/establishments may be selectively maintained and is traditionally handled through rolling blackouts. Today, smart while cutting down supply to less critical loads (lower priority). grids provide the opportunity of avoiding complete blackouts by In [1], authors introduced the brownout based approach and pre- converting them to brownouts, which allow selective provisioning sented a customer-end hardware prototype system to support the of power supply to support essential loads while curtailing supply to brownout based energy distribution scheme. less critical loads. In this work, we formulate brownout based power Our Contributions: Informed distribution of available Power. distribution scheduling as an optimization problem and propose In this paper, we develop the algorithmic support to answer the a modified Dynamic Programming (DP) based optimal algorithm following question: Given a system-wide upper-bound on consump- (suitable for moderate sized grids) that is 9 to 40 times faster than tion in times of power scarcity, how do we ensure that the available the conventional DP approach. power is equitably distributed to the consumers, taking into account the criticality of their needs. KEYWORDS First, we devise a comprehensive framework for brownout based electricity scheduling. The framework is guided by the following Smart Grids, Rolling Blackouts, Brownout. soft real-time specification (governed by recommendations of IEEE ACM Reference Format: standards on power quality [2]): Brownout based mitigation of im- Basina Deepak Raj, Satish Kumar, Sambit Padhi, Arnab Sarkar, Arijit Mon- balances in demand-supply must be conducted quickly and within dal, and Krithi Ramamritham.
    [Show full text]
  • Draft Minutes of the Regular Meeting City of Alameda Public Utilities Board Meeting
    AGENDA ITEM NO.: 4.A2.1 MEETING DATE: 10/19/2020 DRAFT MINUTES OF THE REGULAR MEETING CITY OF ALAMEDA PUBLIC UTILITIES BOARD MEETING September 21, 2020 1. ROLL CALL President McCormick called the meeting to order at 6 p.m. On roll call, the following commissioners were present: President McCormick, Commissioner Serventi, Commissioner Gould, Commissioner Giuntini and City Manager Levitt. 2. ORAL COMMUNICATIONS – NON-AGENDA (Public Comment) None 3. ELECTION OF OFFICERS A. President B. Vice President C. Secretary Following a motion from Commissioner Giuntini and a second from Commissioner Serventi, the Board voted to: Reelect Ann McCormick as PUB President; reelect Jerry Serventi as Vice President; and reelect the General Manager as PUB Secretary. Commissioner Serventi will continue to serve as the board’s Northern California Power Agency (NCPA) representative. 4. SPECIAL PRESENTATION None 5. CONSENT CALENDAR A. Minutes – Regular Meeting – July 20, 2020 B. Listing of Bills Paid – July 2020 B2. Listing of Bills Paid – August 2020 C. Financial Report – June 2020 C2. Financial Report – July 2020 D. Treasurer’s Report for the Month Ending June 30, 2020 D2. Treasurer’s Report for the Month Ending July 31, 2020 AGENDA ITEM NO.: 4.A2.2 MEETING DATE: 10/19/2020 E. For Information Only, Public Power Week 2020 Activities F. By Motion, Authorize the General Manager to Amend the Current Agreement PS 07- 15-02 with CLEAResult Consulting Inc. to Extend the Term by One Year and Increase the Compensation by $160,000, for a Total Amount Not to Exceed $725,008 G. By Motion, Authorize the General Manager to Issue a Purchase Order to Innovative Switchgear Solutions in an Amount Not to Exceed $76,800 for 15kV Pad-Mounted Switchgear Per Material Specification No.
    [Show full text]
  • Medical Baseline General Program Information
    Medical Baseline General Program Information What is Medical Baseline? How do I apply for Medical Baseline? • It’s a financial assistance program for residential • Complete the Medical Baseline Allowance application customers who have special energy needs due to form. (A licensed medical practitioner must sign the certain qualifying medical conditions. application and certify the medical condition). • Eligible residential customers may receive a • Mail the completed and signed application form to: “standard” Medical Baseline quantity of Pacific Gas and Electric Company approximately 500 kilowatt-hours (kWh) of Attention: Medical Baseline electricity and/or 25 therms of gas per month, P.O. Box 8329, Stockton, CA 95208 in addition to regular Baseline quantities. How do I know if I’ve been approved for Who qualifies for Medical Baseline? Medical Baseline? A licensed medical practitioner must certify that a • To confirm you’ve been approved for Medical full-time resident in your home is: Baseline, please check the “Special Account • Dependent on life-support equipment used in Information” section of your bill. “Life-Support” the home. and/or “Medical” will appear in this section of your bill if you’ve been approved. • A paraplegic, hemiplegic, quadriplegic, or multiple sclerosis patient with special heating and/or • If you do not qualify for Medical Baseline, a letter air-conditioning needs. will be sent to you. • A scleroderma patient with special heating needs. What if I have further questions? • Being treated for a life-threatening illness, compromised immune system, or other • Please call Pacific Gas and Electric Company at medical condition with special heating and/or 1-800-743-5000, or 1-800-660-6789 (Spanish-line), air-conditioning requirements necessary to or 1-800-893-9555 (Chinese-line).
    [Show full text]
  • Earth Grid Down 1St Edition Pdf, Epub, Ebook
    EARTH GRID DOWN 1ST EDITION PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Stuart P Coates | 9781532015779 | | | | | Earth Grid Down 1st edition PDF Book Yang; doi : I believe a cellphone may be damaged mainly because some use RF near-field charging which is designed to receive an RF charge and in a solar flare the ambient charge would be thousands if not 10s of thousands of times higher. Would using cash make us vulnerable to robbery or home invasion? He said federal policy and practice are missing programs for the following:. Have some wet wipes available for clean up. Utilities may impose load shedding on service areas via targeted blackouts, rolling blackouts or by agreements with specific high-use industrial consumers to turn off equipment at times of system-wide peak demand. Propane stores well and safely if outside. To avoid electrochemical corrosion, the ground electrodes of such systems are situated apart from the converter stations and not near the transmission cable. Orpha, I just emailed you a copy of the list so you can print it out more easily. Synchronous grids with ample capacity facilitate electricity market trading across wide areas. The Indian Express. Also hand sanitizer makes a great fire starter in an emergency. Legislatively, in the first quarter of the year 82 relevant bills were introduced in different parts of the United States. Others however express concern [ 55 ]. Another option is a commode , using a bucket and garbage bags. In , it completed the power supply project of China's important electrified railways in its operating areas, such as Jingtong Railway , Haoji Railway , Zhengzhou—Wanzhou high-speed railway , et cetera, providing power supply guarantee for traction stations, and its cumulative power line construction length reached 6, kilometers.
    [Show full text]
  • Electric Power Market Summary SUMMER 2006
    GOV FERC. Electric Power Market Summary SUMMER 2006 FERC.GOV/MARKET OVERSIGH T FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION @ NORTHWEST CALIFORNIA SOUTHWEST MIDWEST SPP TEXAS PJM SOUTHEAST NEW YORK NEW ENGLAND eak electrical demands in summer 2006 were much higher in Palmost all regions of the United States than in summer 2005. Every regional transmission operator (RTO), and most other regions, set demand records. The bulk power grid and wholesale power markets performed well under the stress. Ten percent more electricity was produced by natural gas-fired generators in summer 2006 than in summer 2005. Lower-priced gas, newly installed gas-fired generators, and more expensive fuel oil all contributed to this trend. Market Oversight | Reports & Analyses | Electric Power Market Summary 1 ELECTRIC POWER MARKET SUMMARY SUMMER 2006 Despite spells of record-breaking heat, U.S. consumption of electricity in summer 2006 grew only one percent from the previous summer. Milder weather in parts of June and August reduced consumption in most major power-consuming regions except in the West. Unprecedented generation availability and robust demand response1 helped grid operators maintain reliability during peak periods, but in almost every area they still needed emergency actions such as warnings, public conservation, emergency transactions, and curtailment of interruptible loads. Even areas considered vulnerable—southern California, southwest Connecticut, Long Island, and Ontario— had no load shedding2 or serious market problems. Compared to summer 2005, average wholesale prices for electricity declined in the Northeast and Midwest and rose in PJM (Mid Atlantic and portions of the Midwest) and California. Throughout summer 2006 prices were moderated by lower natural gas prices, greater supplies of nuclear and hydropower, and occasional moderate weather.
    [Show full text]
  • Electricity Market Mechanism Regarding the Operational Flexibility of Power Plants
    Modern Economy, 2017, 8, 567-589 http://www.scirp.org/journal/me ISSN Online: 2152-7261 ISSN Print: 2152-7245 Electricity Market Mechanism regarding the Operational Flexibility of Power Plants Cem Kiyak, Andreas de Vries Department of Technical Business Administration, South Westphalia University of Applied Science, Hagen, Germany How to cite this paper: Kiyak, C. and de Abstract Vries, A. (2017) Electricity Market Mecha- nism regarding the Operational Flexibility Electricity market mechanisms designed to steer sustainable generation of elec- of Power Plants. Modern Economy, 8, 567- tricity play an important role for the energy transition intended to mitigate 589. https://doi.org/10.4236/me.2017.84043 climate change. One of the major problems is to complement volatile renewa- Received: March 10, 2017 ble energy sources by operationally flexible capacity reserves. In this paper, a Accepted: April 24, 2017 proposal is given to determine prices on electricity markets taking into ac- Published: April 27, 2017 count the operational flexibility of power plants, such that the costs of long- term capacity reserves can be paid by short-term electricity spot markets. For Copyright © 2017 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. this purpose, a measure of operational flexibility is introduced enabling to This work is licensed under the Creative compute an inflexibility fee charging each individual power plant on a whole- Commons Attribution International sale electricity spot market. The total sum of inflexibility fees is accumulated License (CC BY 4.0). on the spot markets and then can be used to finance a capacity mechanism http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ keeping the necessary reserves to warrant grid reliability.
    [Show full text]
  • California Has Excess Power Without Nuclear
    No Rolling Blackouts with San Onofre Shut Down California has excess power available without California’s nuclear power plants. This includes power needed for peak load periods in the summer as well as for grid stability. The electricity grid operator, California Independent System Operator (ISO), has plans to avoid rolling blackout during the summer with San Onofre shut down. At the 3/22/2012 ISO Board of Governor’s meeting presentation on Summer 2012 Operations Preparedness, Neil Millar, Executive Director, Infrastructure Development presented this list of various actions that would mitigate the outage risk: Under mild conditions, the reserve margin is 107MW. Conservation and demand response will provide additional margin. Activating Huntington Beach [gas] units 3 & 4 also mitigates the Los Angeles area outage risk that arises under heavy load conditions. Without both SONGS [San Onofre reactor] units, the Los Angeles area is short approximately 240 MW [under heavy load conditions]. Huntington Beach units 3 & 4 add 450 MW, thus mitigating the shortage. These actions mitigate the outage risk. • Return Huntington Beach [gas plants] 3 & 4 to service • Accelerate Barre‐Ellis transmission upgrade • Accelerate completion of Sunrise and related outage planning • Fully fund Flex Alerts and restart CPUC 20/20 program • Fully utilize available demand response (e.g., as SCE air conditioner cycling) • Seek additional military and public agency demand response • Take longer‐term steps to increase available demand response system‐wide Source: http://www.caiso.com/Documents/BriefingSummer2012OperationsPreparedness-Presentation-Mar2012.pdf SanOnofreSafety.org .
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating Residential Consumers' Willingness to Pay to Avoid Power
    sustainability Communication Evaluating Residential Consumers’ Willingness to Pay to Avoid Power Outages in South Korea Ju-Hee Kim, Kyung-Kyu Lim and Seung-Hoon Yoo * Department of Energy Policy, Graduate School of Energy & Environment, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, 232 Gongreung-Ro, Nowon-Gu, Seoul 01811, Korea; [email protected] (J.-H.K.); [email protected] (K.-K.L.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-2-970-6802 Received: 31 December 2018; Accepted: 22 February 2019; Published: 27 February 2019 Abstract: South Korea experienced a nationwide rolling blackout in 2011 due to a rapid increase in the power demand and a lack of power supply facilities. In particular, the residential sector suffered from considerable inconveniences due to power outages, such as the interruption of elevators’ operation and the stopping of all electronic appliances. Since then, ensuring a stable supply of electricity has emerged as an important task. This note aims to analyze residential consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) to avoid power outages. For this purpose, 1000 households were surveyed, applying the contingent valuation (CV) method during May 2018. The respondents understood the CV question well and gave meaningful answers. The results show that the mean of households’ monthly WTP amounts to KRW 1522 (USD 1.41). This value is statistically significant. Converting it into an annual value and then expanding the value to the country indicate that the annual national value amounts to KRW 360.7 billion (USD 335.3 million). Since a substantial amount of investments should be made by power suppliers to prevent power outages in the residential sector, this value may be accepted as the upper limit of the benefits ensuing from those investments.
    [Show full text]
  • Report on Outages and Curtailments During the Southwest Cold Weather Event of February 1-5, 2011
    Report on Outages and Curtailments During the Southwest Cold Weather Event of February 1-5, 2011 Prepared by the Staffs of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission and the North American Electric Reliability Corporation Causes and Recommendations August 2011 FERC/NERC Staff Report on the 2011 Southwest Cold Weather Event Table of Contents I. Introduction..................................................................1 II. Executive Summary.....................................................7 III. The Electric and Natural Gas Industries.................13 IV. Preparations for the Storm.......................................49 V. The Event: Load Shed and Curtailments................73 VI. Causes of the Outages and Supply Disruptions....139 VII. Prior Cold Weather Events.....................................169 VIII. Electric and Natural Gas Interdependencies........189 IX. Key Findings and Recommendations.....................195 - i - FERC/NERC Staff Report on the 2011 Southwest Cold Weather Event This page intentionally left blank. - ii - FERC/NERC Staff Report on the 2011 Southwest Cold Weather Event ATTACHMENTS Acronyms Glossary Appendices Task Force Members Legislative and Regulatory Responses by the States Categories of NERC Registered Entities Electricity: How it is Generated and Distributed Power Plant Design for Ambient Weather Conditions Impact of Wind Chill Winterization for Generators Natural Gas: Production and Distribution Natural Gas Storage Natural Gas Transportation Contracting Practices GTI: Impact of Cold Weather on Gas Production - iii - FERC/NERC Staff Report on the 2011 Southwest Cold Weather Event This page intentionally left blank. - iv - FERC/NERC Staff Report on the 2011 Southwest Cold Weather Event I. Introduction The southwest region of the United States experienced unusually cold and windy weather during the first week of February 2011. Lows during the period were in the teens for five consecutive mornings and there were many sustained hours of below freezing temperatures throughout Texas and in New Mexico.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydropower Dam CASE SUMMARY
    Hydropower Dam CASE SUMMARY Software House teams up with Stratus to deliver C•CURE Location: 9000 with Transparent Redundancy and Fault Tolerance for Pacific Northwest Large Dam Systems Installed: A large dam in the Pacific Northwest produces hydroelectric Software House: C•CURE 9000 power by the gravitational force of rapidly moving water. Hydropower is one of the most universally accepted forms of Stratus Technologies everRun MX renewable energy today and has been increasing in popularity over recent years. Hydropower is a valuable and essential contributor in the power grid because of its ability to respond rapidly to varying loads or system disturbances, unlike sources supplied by combustion or nuclear processes. Access Control, Video, Location-Based Tracking and Intrusion. UNIFIED. Introduction A hydroelectric dam contributing to the Smart Grid required improvement to its security posture for NERC CIP (North American Electric Reliability Corporation Critical Infrastructure Protection) compliance and adherence to Homeland Security Presidential Stratus Technologies is the partner of choice utilized by Directives. Smart Grid is an electrical grid that can ISS for fault tolerant server redundancy. Sites subject regulate supply and demand depending upon need and to NERC CIP compliance must address redundant is also able to store energy when too much is produced server applications for servers hosting the security for later consumption. Members of the Smart Grid have management software. Stratus Technologies’ most expressed the need for security systems incorporating recent partnership with Software House provided a Defense-In-Depth Technologies on a fault tolerant successful integration of their C•CURE 9000 security redundant server platform. All members of The Smart and event management system with advanced Grid are subject to NERC CIP compliance, or face up reporting features on a redundant server platform to $1 million per day in penalties.
    [Show full text]