Homme De Néandertal Homo Neanderthalensis
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New Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the Pan-African Origin of Homo Sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E
LETTER doi:10.1038/nature22336 New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E. Bailey4, Sarah E. Freidline1, Simon Neubauer1, Matthew M. Skinner5, Inga Bergmann1, Adeline Le Cabec1, Stefano Benazzi6, Katerina Harvati7 & Philipp Gunz1 Fossil evidence points to an African origin of Homo sapiens from a group called either H. heidelbergensis or H. rhodesiensis. However, a the exact place and time of emergence of H. sapiens remain obscure because the fossil record is scarce and the chronological age of many key specimens remains uncertain. In particular, it is unclear whether the present day ‘modern’ morphology rapidly emerged approximately 200 thousand years ago (ka) among earlier representatives of H. sapiens1 or evolved gradually over the last 400 thousand years2. Here we report newly discovered human fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and interpret the affinities of the hominins from this site with other archaic and recent human groups. We identified a mosaic of features including facial, mandibular and dental morphology that aligns the Jebel Irhoud material with early or recent anatomically modern humans and more primitive neurocranial and endocranial morphology. In combination with an age of 315 ± 34 thousand years (as determined by thermoluminescence dating)3, this evidence makes Jebel Irhoud the oldest and richest African Middle Stone Age hominin site that documents early stages of the H. sapiens clade in which key features of modern morphology were established. Furthermore, it shows that the evolutionary processes behind the emergence of H. sapiens involved the whole African continent. In 1960, mining operations in the Jebel Irhoud massif 55 km south- east of Safi, Morocco exposed a Palaeolithic site in the Pleistocene filling of a karstic network. -
Homme De Néandertal 1 Homme De Néandertal
Homme de Néandertal 1 Homme de Néandertal Homme de Néandertal Crâne de Néandertalien : l'Homme de la Chapelle-aux-Saints. Classification Règne Animalia Sous-règne Metazoa Super-embr. Deuterostomia Embranchement Chordata Sous-embr. Vertebrata Classe Mammalia Sous-classe Theria Infra-classe Eutheria Ordre Primates Sous-ordre Haplorrhini Infra-ordre Simiiformes — non-classé — Catarrhini Super-famille Hominoidea Famille Hominidae Sous-famille Homininae Tribu Hominini Genre Homo Nom binominal Homo neanderthalensis William King, 1864 Parcourez la biologie sur Wikipédia : Un homme de Néandertal ou Néandertalien est un représentant fossile du genre Homo qui a vécu en Europe et en Asie occidentale au Paléolithique moyen, entre environ 250000 et 28000 ans avant le présent. Autrefois considéré comme une sous-espèce au sein de l'espèce Homo sapiens, nommée par conséquent Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, Homme de Néandertal 2 il est désormais considéré par la majorité des auteurs comme une espèce indépendante nommée Homo neanderthalensis. Il est à l'origine d'une riche culture matérielle appelée Moustérien, ainsi que des premières préoccupations esthétiques et spirituelles (sépultures). Après une difficile reconnaissance, l'homme de Néandertal a longtemps pâti d'un jugement négatif par rapport aux Homo sapiens. Il est encore considéré dans l'imagerie populaire comme un être simiesque, fruste, laid et attardé. Il est en fait plus robuste qu'Homo sapiens et son cerveau est légèrement plus volumineux en moyenne. Les progrès de l'archéologie préhistorique et de la paléoanthropologie depuis les années 1960 ont mis au jour un être d'une grande richesse culturelle. De nombreux points sont encore à élucider, notamment concernant les causes de son extinction. -
An Anthropological Assessment of Neanderthal Behavioural Energetics
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY, CLASSICS & EGYPTOLOGY An Anthropological Assessment of Neanderthal Behavioural Energetics. Thesis submitted in accordance with the requirements of the University of Liverpool for the Degree of Doctor in Philosophy by Andrew Shuttleworth. April, 2013. TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………………..i LIST OF TABLES……………………………………………………………………………v LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………………………..vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………………………………………………………...vii ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………viii TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................1 1.1. Introduction..............................................................................................................1 1.2. Aims and Objectives................................................................................................2 1.3. Thesis Format...........................................................................................................3 2. THE NEANDERTHAL AND OXYEGN ISOTOPE STAGE-3.................................6 2.1. Discovery, Geographic Range & Origins..............................................................7 2.1.1. Discovery........................................................................................................7 2.1.2. Neanderthal Chronology................................................................................10 2.2. Morphology.............................................................................................................11 -
New Fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the Pan-African Origin of Homo Sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E
LETTER doi:10.1038/nature22336 New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens Jean-Jacques Hublin1,2, Abdelouahed Ben-Ncer3, Shara E. Bailey4, Sarah E. Freidline1, Simon Neubauer1, Matthew M. Skinner5, Inga Bergmann1, Adeline Le Cabec1, Stefano Benazzi6, Katerina Harvati7 & Philipp Gunz1 Fossil evidence points to an African origin of Homo sapiens from a group called either H. heidelbergensis or H. rhodesiensis. However, a the exact place and time of emergence of H. sapiens remain obscure because the fossil record is scarce and the chronological age of many key specimens remains uncertain. In particular, it is unclear whether the present day ‘modern’ morphology rapidly emerged approximately 200 thousand years ago (ka) among earlier representatives of H. sapiens1 or evolved gradually over the last 400 thousand years2. Here we report newly discovered human fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco, and interpret the affinities of the hominins from this site with other archaic and recent human groups. We identified a mosaic of features including facial, mandibular and dental morphology that aligns the Jebel Irhoud material with early or recent anatomically modern humans and more primitive neurocranial and endocranial morphology. In combination with an age of 315 ± 34 thousand years (as determined by thermoluminescence dating)3, this evidence makes Jebel Irhoud the oldest and richest African Middle Stone Age hominin site that documents early stages of the H. sapiens clade in which key features of modern morphology were established. Furthermore, it shows that the evolutionary processes behind the emergence of H. sapiens involved the whole African continent. In 1960, mining operations in the Jebel Irhoud massif 55 km south- east of Safi, Morocco exposed a Palaeolithic site in the Pleistocene filling of a karstic network. -
Adaptationist Criteria of Literary Value Assessing Kurtén’S Dance of the Tiger, Auel’S the Clan of the Cave Bear, and Golding’S the Inheritors
13510C13.pgsI 12/10/03 11:33 AM Page 163 5 Adaptationist Criteria of Literary Value Assessing Kurtén’s Dance of the Tiger, Auel’s The Clan of the Cave Bear, and Golding’s The Inheritors The Elements of the Literary Situation In a classic formulation, literary scholar and theorist M. H. Abrams (1986) identifies four basic elements in a literary situation: an author; an audience; a literary work; and a represented subject matter. At the level of common sense, this formulation has the force of an a priori maxim. Writers are people talking to other people about their shared experience in a common world. The written work—or the spoken work, in preliterate cultures—is the medium through which one person communicates with other people. The subject matter is al- most always some sequence of human actions in a concretely specified setting. Abrams first expounded his scheme in 1953, in the introduction to The Mirror and the Lamp: Romantic Theory and the Critical Tradition. He used the four el- ements as categories within which to classify all theories of literature through- out history. He argued that expressive theories concentrate on the author; rhetorical theories on the audience; formal theories on the work itself; and “mimetic” theories on the represented subject matter. This study was rightly celebrated as a masterwork of historical scholarship, but the classificatory scheme that provided its theoretical underpinning did not become the basis for any new theoretical system. (Hernadi [1976] tried to develop the scheme but only obscured its classic outlines.) In the late 1970s, the eruption of poststructuralist theory radically trans- formed the landscape of literary studies, and this transformation shattered the framework of common sense from which Abrams had abstracted his four ele- ments. -
The Neanderthals in Popular Consciousness Literature And
A Note from John Quentin While carrying out my background research for ‘Fourth World Man’ (4WM) I read a lot, watched a lot and listened to a lot. Interestingly, and despite all my initial research, several things of relevance emerged even while I was writing. To be right up to date with developments, I had to change and add some things during the process of writing and editing to ensure that the new information was there. At some point, it was necessary to commit and say, ‘that’s it!’ Maybe there will have to be a Second Edition some time soon if some major new discovery or theory emerges. I felt that it was appropriate to offer readers of 4WM something in exchange for the privilege of having them join my mailing list. I had taken a long time to finish the book after I thought I had completed the manuscript. In the absence of having any other books to give away, I thought briefly about writing a short story or novella. But all that would have done was delayed the launch of 4WM by months. I hit upon the idea of a discussion of how the Neanderthal fiction genre had come about and why there is such a fascination with the Neanderthals when, after all, they have been extinct for thirty-five thousand years and they only lived in Europe and Western Asia. I don’t know how that idea germinated, but it did. I wanted it to be a worthwhile and interesting guide, based on fact and testimony and not some random collection of personal opinions that was clearly assembled in haste. -
Evaluación De Las Capacidades Cognitivas De Homo Neanderthalensis E Implicaciones En La Transición Paleolítico Medio-Paleotíco Superior En Eurasia
UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA DEPARTAMENTO DE PREHISTORIA TESIS DOCTORAL Evaluación de las capacidades cognitivas de Homo Neanderthalensis e implicaciones en la transición Paleolítico Medio-Paleotíco Superior en Eurasia MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Carlos Burguete Prieto DIRECTOR José Yravedra Sainz de Terreros Madrid Ed. electrónica 2019 © Carlos Burguete Prieto, 2018 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Prehistoria EVALUACIÓN DE LAS CAPACIDADES COGNITIVAS DE HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS E IMPLICACIONES EN LA TRANSICIÓN PALEOLÍTICO MEDIO – PALEOLÍTICO SUPERIOR EN EURASIA MEMORIA PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE DOCTOR PRESENTADA POR Carlos Burguete Prieto Bajo la dirección del doctor José Yravedra Sainz de Terreros MADRID, 2018 ©Carlos Burguete Prieto, 2018 UNIVERSIDAD COMPLUTENSE DE MADRID FACULTAD DE GEOGRAFÍA E HISTORIA Departamento de Prehistoria EVALUACIÓN DE LAS CAPACIDADES COGNITIVAS DE HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS E IMPLICACIONES EN LA TRANSICIÓN PALEOLÍTICO MEDIO – PALEOLÍTICO SUPERIOR EN EURASIA TESIS DOCTORAL Presentada por Carlos Burguete Prieto Dirigida Por Dr. José Yravedra Sainz De Terreros MADRID, 2018 A Álvaro, mi hermano. AGRADECIMIENTOS (en orden alfabético): A Abel Amón por facilitarme documentación gráfica de difícil acceso referente a varios sitios arqueológicos de Rusia y Cáucaso. A Eva Barriocanal (Servicio de depósito del Museo Arqueológico de Bilbao) por su amable atención y disposición a permitirme analizar piezas procedentes del abrigo de Axlor. A Francesco d’Errico (Université de Bordeaux) por compartir sus opiniones y facilitarme información sobre piezas procedentes de la Grotte de Peyrere, Francia. A Luis de Miguel (Director del Museo Arqueológico de Murcia) por facilitarme amablemente el acceso a los restos humanos hallados en la Sima de las Palomas, Murcia. -
Art02cavanhie N.Qxp
PALEO – N° 21 – 2009-2010 – Pages 39 à 64 L’OURS QUI A VU L’HOMME ? Étude archéozoologique et taphonomique du site paléolithique moyen de Regourdou (Montignac, Dordogne, France) Nadia CAVANHIÉ (1) Résumé : Le squelette d’un Néandertalien, découvert en 1957 (couche IV), fait de Regourdou (Montignac, Dordogne) un site d’un grand intérêt archéologique. Cette importance est renforcée par l’abondance de l’Ours brun (Ursus arctos), taxon plutôt inhabituel dans un gisement paléolithique. Le site de Regourdou reste pourtant méconnu, ayant souffert d’un historique mouvementé et d’un contexte scientifique particulier. L’étude du matériel faunique, en partie inédit tant du point de vue de la caractérisation des taxons (déterminations, inventaires –NR, NME, NMI- par couche), qu’archéozoologique et taphonomique (structure démographique de la popu- lation ursine, représentation squelettique, fragmentation, altérations, traces d’origine animale et humaine), s’avérait nécessaire pour appréhender la fonction de ce site. Cette étude, centrée sur les grands Carnivores, a permis de met- tre en évidence une représentation squelettique équilibrée de tous les éléments osseux pour les ours, ainsi qu’un cha- rognage des os longs par les ours eux-mêmes. Néanmoins, l’exploitation de l’Ours par les Moustériens est attestée par la présence de stries de découpe sur trois ossements. La faible fréquence de ces stries laisse penser à une interaction Homme/Ours ponctuelle, majoritairement à l’intérieur de la couche IV sensu lato, qui semble correspondre au modèle connu pour la majorité des sites moustériens avec exploitation de l’Ours (Ursus arctos et surtout spelaeus). Mots-clés : Moustérien, Regourdou, archéozoologie, taphonomie, Ursus arctos, charognage, stries de découpe. -
Nathan E. Bender* Ogres, As Understood from Old
E.L.O., 7-8 (2001-2) BUFFALO BILL AND THE DANISH OGRES: AN EXAMINATION OF THE CONCEPTS OF OGRES AND CAVEMEN Nathan E. Bender* INTRODUCTION Ogres, as understood from old European folklore, have traditionally been thought of as man-eating giants of generally human form, though uglier and stronger, that often lived in caves. In the latter nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the popular concept of “Cavemen” developed, based on the discovery of ancient human and “Neanderthal Man” bones and artifacts from the caves of Europe. During the twentieth century the two concepts of Ogres and Cavemen appear to have intertwined in twentieth century popular literature. One of the earliest books showing the combination of the two concepts is a Buffalo Bill dime novel written and published in Denmark, which story is examined in this paper. BUFFALO BILL William F. Cody, popularly known as “Buffalo Bill”, was a world famous plainsman, hunter, Army Scout, and showman of the American West. Born in Iowa in 1846, he earned his nickname for his skill in hunting buffalo for the railroads, which they used to feed their work crews as they moved out onto the western plains. After his buffalo hunting days he became a scout for various U.S. army units, including the 5th Cavalry. This was his main occupation during the Sioux Indian Wars of 1868, when he met Ned Buntline (Edward Judson). Buntline made Cody famous by writing the first Buffalo Bill Dime Novel in 1869 and then having Cody come east and star in a theater production as himself. -
Human Biological Variation and I First Taught It in the Fall of 2005
THE AMERICAN CULTURES CENTER UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY 2014 AMERICAN CULTURES INNOVATION IN TEACHING AWARD RECIPIENT: PROFESSOR LESLEA HLUSKO, INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 35AC 1 American Cultures Innovation in Teaching Award, Spring 2014 Nominee Statement (written by Leslea J. Hlusko) OVERVIEW Immediately after I was hired as an assistant professor in the Department of Integrative Biology, I developed IB35ac Human Biological Variation and I first taught it in the fall of 2005. The department was expanding its curriculum and research into the realm of human biology, and this course articulated well with the expanding interdisciplinary role that Integrative Biology plays. As you may know, this was the first course in the biological sciences to be included in Berkeley's American Cultures program (see the Berkeleyan 31 March 2005, vol 33(29) “American Cultures looks ahead”). Enrollment for the course has always been at capacity, and currently serves approximately 300 students each fall. In the fall of 2012, a lab activity was added to the curriculum. Due to the immensely positive feedback about the lab, in the fall of 2013, we increased the units from 3 to 4 and added a weekly discussion section. I am the sole instructor and oversee five GSIs. This course addresses modern human biological variation from historical, comparative, evolutionary, biomedical, and cultural perspectives. It is designed to introduce students to the fundamentals of comparative biology, evolutionary theory, and genetics. A sound understanding of the biology that underlies human variation is essential for grasping the superimposed concepts of ethnicity and self-identity. As such, this course provides an essential foundation for understanding which components of human variation are biological and which are cultural, and how they have affected each other during the course of our evolution. -
Trabalhos De Arqueologia 22
ABRAMOVA, Z. A. (1984) - Paleolit SSSR. Moscow: Nauka. ADCOCK, G. J.; DENNIS, E. S.; EASTEAL, S.; HUTTLEY, G. A.; JERMIIN, L. S.; PEACOCK, W. J.; THORNE, A. (2001) - Mitochondrial DNA sequences in ancient Australians: Implications for modern human origins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. Washington, DC. 98, p. 537-542. AGUIRRE, E. (2000) - Evolución humana. Debates actuales y vías abiertas. Madrid: Real Academia de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. AIELLO, L. C. (1992) - Allometry and the analysis of size and shape in human evolution. Journal of Human Evolution. London. 22, p. 127-148. AIELLO, L. C. (1993) - The fossil evidence for modern human origins in Africa: a revised view. American Anthropologist. Arlington, VA. 95, p. 73-96. AKAZAWA, T.; MUHESEN, S., eds. (2002) - Neanderthal Burials. Excavation of the Dederiyeh Cave, Afrin, Syria. Kyoto: International Research Center for Japanese Studies. AKAZAWA, T.; MUHESEN, S.; DODO, Y.; KONDO, O.; MIZOGUCHI, Y.; ABE, Y.; NISHIAKI, Y.; OHTA, T.; HAYDAL, J. (1995) - Neanderthal infant burial from the Dederiyeh Cave in Syria. Paléorient. Nanterre. 21, p. 77-86. AKAZAWA, T.; MUHESEN, S.; ISHIDA, H.; KONDO, O.; BRIGGO, C. (1999) - New discovery of a Neanderthal child burial from the Dederiyeh Cave in Syria. Paléorient. Nanterre. 25, p. 129-142. ALCOBÉ, S. (1958) - Die Neandertaler Spaniens. In VON KOENIGSWALD, G. H. R., ed. - Hundert Jahre Neanderthaler. Utrecht: Kemink en Zoon N. V., p. 9-18. ALCOFORADO, M. J.; ALEGRIA, M. F.; PEREIRA, A.; SIRGADO, C. (1982) - Domínios bioclimáticos em Portugal. Lisboa: Universidade. ALDHOUSE-GREEN, S., ed. (2000) - Paviland Cave and the ‘Red Lady.’ A Definitive Report. -
Le Site De Payre
Le site de Payre est un gisement de la moyenne vallée du Rhône, daté de la fin du Pléistocène moyen et début du Pléistocène supérieur (fin du MIS 8 au début du 5) selon les analyses radiométriques et paléoenvironnementales. Lors de fouilles qui se sont déroulées SOCIÉTÉ PRÉHISTORIQUE FRANÇAISE de 1990 à 2002, ce gisement a livré une séquence de plusieurs niveaux archéologiques riches en matériel lithique, faunique et en restes humains. L’étude stratigraphique des diffé- 2008 rentes phases du remplissage permet de constater que les hommes ont occupé une grotte qui s’est effondrée avec le recul du versant. Le gisement est situé en bordure de la rive droite de MÉMOIRE la vallée du Rhône, en position de promontoire. Des indices d’occupations saisonnières sont XLVI fournis par l’analyse des restes fauniques. L’occupation de la cavité par l’ours est indépen- dante de celles des hommes. Les hommes ont utilisé en priorité du silex, ramassé dans la zone de Rochemaure-Meysse située à 10-20 kilomètres au sud, et ponctuellement de la vallée du Rhône. D’autres provenances ont également été mises en évidence, vers le sud, sur des secteurs de 20 à 60 kilomètres. Les hommes ont aussi récolté dans la rivière en contre- Le site de Payre bas des galets de basalte, de quartz et de calcaire pour le façonnage d’outils sur galet. Le quartzite provient du Rhône. Les roches ont été débitées sur place (pour la grande majorité Occupations humaines du silex), sur place ou à l’extérieur (quartz et calcaire). Tout au long de la séquence, une chaîne opératoire de débitage principale de type discoïde sur éclats et blocs de silex et quartz dans la vallée du Rhône domine trois à cinq autres chaînes opératoires secondaires selon les niveaux.