EARLY EVOLUTION of PENGUINS Summary

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

440 Piotr Jadwiszczak EARLY EVOLUTION OF PENGUINS Summary Penguins (Sphenisciformes) are extremely spe- America (Argentina, Chile and Peru). Significant cialized seabirds from the Southern Hemisphere. or dominant component of the fossil assemblages The fossil record of this order covers most of the were species characterized by large body size, of- Cenozoic. The oldest representatives of Sphenisci- ten clearly exceeding in this respect their modern formes come from the Paleocene of New Zealand relatives (fossil genera Anthropornis, Palaeeudyptes, (Waimanu manneringi and W. tuatahi) and the Pachydyptes, Icadyptes and Inkayacu). The consider- Antarctic Peninsula (Crossvallia unienwillia). These able body size was in some cases accompanied by archaic penguins were large flightless birds differing intriguing, from a functional point of view, mor- in terms of body shape from their modern counter- phological features, e.g. within the wing skeleton of parts. Moreover, several lines of evidence indicate the Antarctic Anthropornis. Interestingly, the only a lack of some adaptations within their locomotor penguin feather fossils (assignable to the Peruvian functional morphology and physiology that are typi- Inkayacu paracasensis) are Eocene in age. Climate cal of recent penguins. The next epoch, Eocene, was change, particularly severe cooling at the Eocene/ characterized by a remarkable morphological, taxo- Oligocene boundary, may have led to the disappear- nomic and ecological diversity of early Sphenisci- ance of penguins, for some 20 million years, from formes. The most numerous penguin remains have the known fossil record of Antarctic faunas. The been found in the Antarctic Peninsula. So far, four actual nature of this hiatus remains unknown, how- genera and ten species (excluding debatable taxa) ever. Oligocene penguins are known almost exclu- have been described. During Eocene, the recognized sively from New Zealand. range of this order expanded to Australia and South .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

JVP 26(3) September 2006—ABSTRACTS
Neoceti Symposium, Saturday 8:45 acid-prepared osteolepiforms Medoevia and Gogonasus has offered strong support for BODY SIZE AND CRYPTIC TROPHIC SEPARATION OF GENERALIZED Jarvik’s interpretation, but Eusthenopteron itself has not been reexamined in detail. PIERCE-FEEDING CETACEANS: THE ROLE OF FEEDING DIVERSITY DUR- Uncertainty has persisted about the relationship between the large endoskeletal “fenestra ING THE RISE OF THE NEOCETI endochoanalis” and the apparently much smaller choana, and about the occlusion of upper ADAM, Peter, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; JETT, Kristin, Univ. of and lower jaw fangs relative to the choana. California, Davis, Davis, CA; OLSON, Joshua, Univ. of California, Los Angeles, Los A CT scan investigation of a large skull of Eusthenopteron, carried out in collaboration Angeles, CA with University of Texas and Parc de Miguasha, offers an opportunity to image and digital- Marine mammals with homodont dentition and relatively little specialization of the feeding ly “dissect” a complete three-dimensional snout region. We find that a choana is indeed apparatus are often categorized as generalist eaters of squid and fish. However, analyses of present, somewhat narrower but otherwise similar to that described by Jarvik. It does not many modern ecosystems reveal the importance of body size in determining trophic parti- receive the anterior coronoid fang, which bites mesial to the edge of the dermopalatine and tioning and diversity among predators. We established relationships between body sizes of is received by a pit in that bone. The fenestra endochoanalis is partly floored by the vomer extant cetaceans and their prey in order to infer prey size and potential trophic separation of and the dermopalatine, restricting the choana to the lateral part of the fenestra.
[Show full text]
71St Annual Meeting Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Paris Las Vegas Las Vegas, Nevada, USA November 2 – 5, 2011 SESSION CONCURRENT SESSION CONCURRENT
ISSN 1937-2809 online Journal of Supplement to the November 2011 Vertebrate Paleontology Vertebrate Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Society of Vertebrate 71st Annual Meeting Paleontology Society of Vertebrate Las Vegas Paris Nevada, USA Las Vegas, November 2 – 5, 2011 Program and Abstracts Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 71st Annual Meeting Program and Abstracts COMMITTEE MEETING ROOM POSTER SESSION/ CONCURRENT CONCURRENT SESSION EXHIBITS SESSION COMMITTEE MEETING ROOMS AUCTION EVENT REGISTRATION, CONCURRENT MERCHANDISE SESSION LOUNGE, EDUCATION & OUTREACH SPEAKER READY COMMITTEE MEETING POSTER SESSION ROOM ROOM SOCIETY OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS SEVENTY-FIRST ANNUAL MEETING PARIS LAS VEGAS HOTEL LAS VEGAS, NV, USA NOVEMBER 2–5, 2011 HOST COMMITTEE Stephen Rowland, Co-Chair; Aubrey Bonde, Co-Chair; Joshua Bonde; David Elliott; Lee Hall; Jerry Harris; Andrew Milner; Eric Roberts EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Philip Currie, President; Blaire Van Valkenburgh, Past President; Catherine Forster, Vice President; Christopher Bell, Secretary; Ted Vlamis, Treasurer; Julia Clarke, Member at Large; Kristina Curry Rogers, Member at Large; Lars Werdelin, Member at Large SYMPOSIUM CONVENORS Roger B.J. Benson, Richard J. Butler, Nadia B. Fröbisch, Hans C.E. Larsson, Mark A. Loewen, Philip D. Mannion, Jim I. Mead, Eric M. Roberts, Scott D. Sampson, Eric D. Scott, Kathleen Springer PROGRAM COMMITTEE Jonathan Bloch, Co-Chair; Anjali Goswami, Co-Chair; Jason Anderson; Paul Barrett; Brian Beatty; Kerin Claeson; Kristina Curry Rogers; Ted Daeschler; David Evans; David Fox; Nadia B. Fröbisch; Christian Kammerer; Johannes Müller; Emily Rayfield; William Sanders; Bruce Shockey; Mary Silcox; Michelle Stocker; Rebecca Terry November 2011—PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS 1 Members and Friends of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, The Host Committee cordially welcomes you to the 71st Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology in Las Vegas.
[Show full text]
2017 Chicxulub Revealed
THE UNIVERSITY TEXAS OF AUSTIN AT JACKSON• SCHOOL GEOSCIENCES OF 2017 NEWSLETTER• Newsletter2 017 Chicxulub Revealed A first look at rocks from the crater left by the asteroid that wiped out non-avian dinosaurs WELCOME Dear Alumni and Friends he devastation that Hurricane Harvey brought to Texas communities in August was a tragic reminder of how vital it is to understand our planet and T its processes. Shortly after the hurricane struck, our scientists, through our Rapid Response program, began to conduct research to understand how Harvey has impacted the coast and offshore Gulf of Mexico. This research will help determine the best ways to deal with many coastal issues in the aftermath of the storm, and how we might better prepare for such events in the future. You can read more about the mission on page 18. Rapid response efforts on the effects of abrupt, catastrophic geoscience events COVER: GRANITE FROM THE PEAK RING OF provide critical science that can benefit society. This is what we strive to do here at the THE CHICXULUB CRATER FORMED BY THE Jackson School of Geosciences. This year’s Newsletter holds some tremendous examples. ASTEROID STRIKE THAT WIPED OUT ALL NON- AVIAN DINOSAURS I’d like to draw your attention to the story on page 58 about the scientific coring mission led by Peter Flemings to bring back samples of methane hydrate from ABOVE: MEMBERS OF THE JACKSON beneath the Gulf of Mexico. This is a cutting-edge research project on a potential SCHOOL-LED TEAM CORING FOR SAMPLES OF METHANE HYDRATE IN THE GULF OF MEXICO future energy source that very few schools in the world would be able to mount.
[Show full text]
WAVE on Wheels Outreach Penguin Presentation Grades 9 – 12
WAVE on Wheels Outreach Penguin Presentation Grades 9 – 12 Time requirement 1 Hour Group size and grade Up to 50 students maximum Materials 1 African Penguin Penguin Artifacts Bin Penguin Emergency Backpack Penguin Pedestal WAVE Tablecloth Goal Through a live penguin encounter, students will be excited, engaged, and educated about the wonders of aquatic life and the importance of conservation. Objectives 1. Students will be able to list 5 adaptations a penguin has for aquatic life including a combination of internal and external body parts as well as behaviors. 2. Students will be able to define natural selection and discuss its effects on penguin adaptations. 3. Students will be able to list at least 5 species of penguin and identify that some penguins live in warm environments. WAVE Foundation • One Aquarium Way • Newport, KY 41071 • www.wavefoundation.org • (859) 815-1442 Rev 3/16 4. Students will be able to discuss biological factors relating to penguin population numbers, individual growth rates, and reproductive success. 5. Students will be able to discuss social behavior strategies among penguins. 6. Students will be able to discuss penguin conservation efforts as well as how they can help save penguins and other aquatic animals. 7. Students will be able to design and describe a method for monitoring and minimizing human impacts on penguin environments. Theme Penguins are unique aquatic birds that play an important role in their environment. Kentucky Core Academic Standards – Science HS. Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems HS-LS2-7. Design, evaluate, and refine a solution for reducing the impacts of human activities on the environment and biodiversity.
[Show full text]
Acosta Hospitaleche.Vp
vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 397–412, 2013 doi: 10.2478/popore−2013−0018 New crania from Seymour Island (Antarctica) shed light on anatomy of Eocene penguins Carolina ACOSTA HOSPITALECHE CONICET. División Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo de La Plata, Paseo del Bosque s/n, B1900FWA La Plata, Argentina <[email protected]> Abstract: Antarctic skulls attributable to fossil penguins are rare. Three new penguin crania from Antarctica are here described providing an insight into their feeding function. One of the specimens studied is largely a natural endocast, slightly damaged, and lacking preserved osteological details. Two other specimens are the best preserved fossil penguin crania from Antarctica, enabling the study of characters not observed so far. All of them come from the uppermost Submeseta Allomember of the La Meseta Formation (Eocene–?Oligocene), Seymour (Marambio) Island, Antarctic Peninsula. The results of the comparative studies suggest that Paleogene penguins were long−skulled birds, with strong nuchal crests and deep temporal fossae. The configuration of the nuchal crests, the temporal fossae, and the parasphenoidal processes, appears to indicate the presence of powerful muscles. The nasal gland sulcus devoid of a supraorbital edge is typical of piscivorous species. Key words: Antarctica, Sphenisciformes, crania, La Meseta Formation, late Eocene. Introduction Penguins (Aves, Sphenisciformes) are the best represented Paleogene Antarc− tic seabirds. This is probably so because of the intrinsic features of their skeletons, dense and heavy bones increase the chance of fossilization, and the presumably gregarious habit, typical of extant species. The oldest penguin record is known from the Paleocene of New Zealand (Slack et al.
[Show full text]
A Review of Australian Fossil Penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes)
Memoirs of Museum Victoria 69: 309–325 (2012) ISSN 1447-2546 (Print) 1447-2554 (On-line) http://museumvictoria.com.au/About/Books-and-Journals/Journals/Memoirs-of-Museum-Victoria A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes) TRAVIS PARK1 AND ERICH M.G. FITZgeRALD2 1 School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Vic. 3125, Australia and Geosciences, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia ([email protected]) 2 Geosciences, Museum Victoria, GPO Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia ([email protected]) Abstract Park, T. and Fitzgerald, E.M.G. 2012. A review of Australian fossil penguins (Aves: Sphenisciformes). Memoirs of Museum Victoria 69: 309–325. Australian fossil penguins (Sphenisciformes) are reviewed as a basis for future primary research. The five named species are based on type specimens of Eocene, Miocene—Pliocene and Holocene age collected from South Australia, Victoria and Tasmania. The phylogenetic affinities of these taxa remain unresolved. Only one type specimen is represented by clearly associated elements of a skeleton; the rest are single bones (isolated partial humeri and a pelvis). Further research is required to establish the taxonomic status of Pachydyptes simpsoni, Anthropodyptes gilli, Pseudaptenodyes macraei, ?Pseudaptenodytes minor and Tasidyptes hunteri. Additional described specimens include isolated postcranial elements from the Late Oligocene of South Australia and Late Miocene—Early Pliocene of Victoria. Other Miocene and Pliocene
[Show full text]
Bird Fossils from the Takatika Grit, Chatham Island
BIRD FOSSILS FROM THE TAKATIKA GRIT, CHATHAM ISLAND, NEW ZEALAND A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Geology At the University of Canterbury By Jacob Christopher Blokland University of Canterbury 2017 Figure I: An interpretation of Archaeodyptes stilwelli. Original artwork by Jacob Blokland. i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The last couple years have been exciting and challenging. It has been a pleasure to work with great people, and be involved with new research that will hopefully be of contribution to science. First of all, I would like to thank my two supervisors, Dr Catherine Reid and Dr Paul Scofield, for tirelessly reviewing my work and providing feedback. I literally could not have done it without you, and your time, patience and efforts are very much appreciated. Thank you for providing me with the opportunity to do a vertebrate palaeontology based thesis. I would like to extend my deepest gratitude to Catherine for encouragement regarding my interest in palaeontology since before I was an undergraduate, and providing great information regarding thesis and scientific format. I am also extremely grateful to Paul for welcoming me to use specimens from Canterbury Museum, and providing useful information and recommendations for this project through your expertise in this particular discipline. I would also like to thank Associate Professor Jeffrey Stilwell for collecting the fossil specimens used in this thesis, and for the information you passed on regarding the details of the fossils. Thank you to Geoffrey Guinard for allowing me to use your data from your published research in this study.
[Show full text]
Antarctic Peninsula Paleontology Project Matt Lamanna
Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine DigitalCommons@PCOM PCOM Scholarly Papers 2-11-2016 Science AMA Series: Antarctic Peninsula Paleontology Project Matt Lamanna Julia Clarke Pat O'Connor Ross MacPhee Erik Gorscak See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/scholarly_papers Part of the Paleontology Commons Recommended Citation Lamanna, Matt; Clarke, Julia; O'Connor, Pat; MacPhee, Ross; Gorscak, Erik; West, Abby; Torres, Chris; Claeson, Kerin M.; Jin, Meng; Salisbury, Steve; Roberts, Eric; and Jinnah, Zubair, "Science AMA Series: Antarctic Peninsula Paleontology Project" (2016). PCOM Scholarly Papers. Paper 1677. http://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/scholarly_papers/1677 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@PCOM. It has been accepted for inclusion in PCOM Scholarly Papers by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@PCOM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Authors Matt Lamanna, Julia Clarke, Pat O'Connor, Ross MacPhee, Erik Gorscak, Abby West, Chris Torres, Kerin M. Claeson, Meng Jin, Steve Salisbury, Eric Roberts, and Zubair Jinnah This article is available at DigitalCommons@PCOM: http://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/scholarly_papers/1677 REDDIT Science AMA Series: We’re a group of paleontologists and geologists on our way to Antarctica to look for fossils of non-avian dinosaurs, ancient birds, and more. AUA! ANTARCTICPALEO R/SCIENCE Hi Reddit! Our research team—collectively working as part of the Antarctic Peninsula Paleontology Project, or AP3—is on a National Science Foundation-supported research vessel on its way to Antarctica. This will be our third expedition to explore the Antarctic Peninsula for fossils spanning the end of the Age of Dinosaurs (the Late Cretaceous) to the dawn of the Age of Mammals (the early Paleogene).
[Show full text]
Phylogenetic Characters in the Humerus and Tarsometatarsus of Penguins
vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 469–496, 2014 doi: 10.2478/popore−2014−0025 Phylogenetic characters in the humerus and tarsometatarsus of penguins Martín CHÁVEZ HOFFMEISTER School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Wills Memorial Building, Queens Road, BS8 1RJ, Bristol, United Kingdom and Laboratorio de Paleoecología, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile <[email protected]> Abstract: The present review aims to improve the scope and coverage of the phylogenetic matrices currently in use, as well as explore some aspects of the relationships among Paleogene penguins, using two key skeletal elements, the humerus and tarsometatarsus. These bones are extremely important for phylogenetic analyses based on fossils because they are commonly found solid specimens, often selected as holo− and paratypes of fossil taxa. The resulting dataset includes 25 new characters, making a total of 75 characters, along with eight previously uncoded taxa for a total of 48. The incorporation and analysis of this corrected subset of morphological characters raise some interesting questions consider− ing the relationships among Paleogene penguins, particularly regarding the possible exis− tence of two separate clades including Palaeeudyptes and Paraptenodytes, the monophyly of Platydyptes and Paraptenodytes, and the position of Anthropornis. Additionally, Noto− dyptes wimani is here recovered in the same collapsed node as Archaeospheniscus and not within Delphinornis, as in former analyses. Key words: Sphenisciformes, limb bones, phylogenetic analysis, parsimony method, revised dataset. Introduction Since the work of O’Hara (1986), the phylogeny of penguins has been a sub− ject of great interest. During the last decade, several authors have explored the use of molecular (e.g., Subramanian et al.
[Show full text]
Paleogene Equatorial Penguins Challenge the Proposed Relationship Between Biogeography, Diversity, and Cenozoic Climate Change
Paleogene equatorial penguins challenge the proposed relationship between biogeography, diversity, and Cenozoic climate change Julia A. Clarkea,b,c,d, Daniel T. Ksepkac, Marcelo Stucchie, Mario Urbinaf, Norberto Gianninig,h, Sara Bertellii,g, Yanina Narva´ ezj, and Clint A. Boyda aDepartment of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695; bDepartment of Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, 11 West Jones Street, Raleigh, NC 27601-1029; Divisions of cPaleontology and gVertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024; eAsociacioń para la Investigacioń y Conservacioń de la Biodiversidad, Los Agro´logos 220, Lima 12, Peru´; fDepartment of Vertebrate Paleontology, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Avenida Arenales 1256, Lima 14, Peru´; hProgram de Investigaciones de Biodiversidad Argentina (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientı´ficas y Tećnicas), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Instituto Miguel Lillo de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumań, Miguel Lillo 205, CP 4000, Tucumań, Argentina; iThe Dinosaur Institute, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90007; and jDepartment of Geology, Centro de Investigacioń Cientı´ficay de Educacioń Superior de Ensenada, Kilometer 107 Carretera Tijuana–Ensenada, 22860 Ensenada, Baja California, Me´xico Edited by R. Ewan Fordyce, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand, and accepted by the Editorial Board May 21, 2007 (received for review December 14, 2006) New penguin fossils from the Eocene of Peru force a reevaluation of presence of at least five penguin taxa (ref.
[Show full text]
Download Article As 589.6 KB PDF File
6 AvailableNew on-lineZealand at: Journal http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/ of Ecology, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2010 special issue: Feathers to Fur The ecological transformation of Aotearoa/New Zealand The origin and history of New Zealand’s terrestrial vertebrates Alan J.D. Tennyson Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, New Zealand (Email: [email protected]) Published on-line: 4 November 2009 Abstract: Since the 1980s, morphological and molecular research has resulted in significant advances in understanding the relationships and origins of the recent terrestrial vertebrate fauna in the New Zealand biogeographic region. This research has led to many taxonomic changes, with a significant increase in the number of bird and reptile species recognised. It has also resulted in the recognition of several more Holocene (<10 000 years ago) bird species extinctions. The conclusion that Holocene extinctions were primarily caused by human- hunting and predation by other introduced mammals (particularly rats and cats) has been supported by new data. Despite many local eradications of introduced pests, the number of introduced species has increased, with the establishment of five more foreign birds and (on Norfolk Island) the house gecko (Hemidactylus frenatus). Many new, significant New Zealand vertebrate fossils have been reported, including more dinosaurs from the Cretaceous, and the first Tertiary records of frogs, rhynchocephalids, lizards, crocodylians, bats and a terrestrial “Mesozoic ghost” mammal from the Early Miocene near St Bathans. For birds, the earliest known penguins in the world have been discovered, and there are intriguing Late Cretaceous – Early Paleocene remains still awaiting detailed description.
[Show full text]
Scientific American on the COVER
CLIMATE NEUROSCIENCE BIOLOGY How Feedbacks Growing an Eye How Do Genes for Could Speed Warming in the Lab Autism Spread? ScientificAmerican.com NOVEMBER 2012 The Inner Life of QuarksScience aims to look inside the smallest bits of matter SPECIAL ELECTION REPORT OBAMA & ROMNEY 14 ScienceAnswer Questions © 2012 Scientific American www.diako.ir www.diako.ir ON THE COVER The Standard Model of particle physics holds that quarks (the constituents of protons and neutrons) and leptons (such as the electron) are indivisible. Yet some findings suggest that quarks and leptons actually contain still tinier building blocks, known as preons. If preons exist, they will lead to discoveries of phenomena scientists have yet to imagine. Photograph by Craig Cutler. November 2012 Volume 307, Number 5 42 FEATURES PARTICLE PHYSICS SCIENCE AND SOCIETY 22 The Inner Life of Quarks 48 America’s Science Problem What if the smallest bits of matter actually harbor The U.S. faced down authoritarian governments an undiscovered world of particles? By Don Lincoln on the left and right. The “antiscience” movement is now posing an even greater challenge. NEUROSCIENCE By Shawn Lawrence Otto 30 Grow Your Own Eye Biologists have coaxed cells to form a retina, a step Also: Science in an Election Year Scientific American’s toward growing replacement organs outside the body. editors grade Obama and Romney on their policy acumen. By Yoshiki Sasai BIOLOGY ENVIRONMENT 58 Autism and the Technical Mind 36 Global Warming: Faster Than Expected? Scientists and engineers may be more likely to pass Loss of ice, melting of permafrost and other climate along genes that predispose their children to autism.
[Show full text]