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Downloaded From: Usage Rights: Creative Commons: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Deriva- Tive Works 4.0 Kim, Hyungmin (2020) Sustainability of the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympics. Doctoral thesis (PhD), Manchester Metropolitan University. Downloaded from: https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk/626132/ Usage rights: Creative Commons: Attribution-Noncommercial-No Deriva- tive Works 4.0 Please cite the published version https://e-space.mmu.ac.uk Sustainability of the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympics H.M KIM PhD 2020 Sustainability of the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympics HYUNGMIN KIM A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Manchester Metropolitan University of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Economics, Policy and International Business The Manchester Metropolitan University 2020 Acknowledgement First, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my supervisor, Professor Jonathan Grix, for his help and guidance throughout the whole PhD journey, which began at the University of Birmingham and finished at Manchester Metropolitan University. He has always given me great academic vision during the whole period of my research, with his constant guidance and support. Second, I would like to thank all of my colleagues at the University of Birmingham and Manchester Metropolitan University, as well as in South Korea, for their insightful advice and for many motivating discussions throughout my study. I’m also very grateful to the people who have participated in my research as interviewees for their sincere dedication to the PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games. Last but not least, I would like to thank family; my parents and wife. My parents support me entirely in every aspect of my life. Their unconditional love, dedication and sacrifice made me finish my PhD process without any trouble. They kept me going on, and this study would not have been possible without their help. Furthermore, I thank my beloved wife, who always stands by me in times of joy or sorrow. This research could not have been finished without the great help and dedication of my wife, from the beginning to the end of my PhD journey. i Abstract The main aim of this study is to investigate how to deliver a sustainable legacy from the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympic Games. The research sets forth to look into the case of the 2018 Olympics compared to SMEs held in other states. The overall goal of this research is to find the ideal model for the sustainable legacy, which could be adopted after hosting the SME in Korea. The three research questions of the study are: 1) What legacy strategies did the two previous Olympics in Vancouver and London use to develop sustainability?; 2) What are the discrepancies in the plan for a sustainable legacy of the PyeongChang Olympics between the bid proposal and actual realisation? Why? and 3) What are the factors to consider for sustainable post-SME legacy in Korea?. To answer the research questions, the specific methods used to collect the data are semi- structure interviews and document analysis; 10 interviews were conducted with various stakeholder of PyeongChang Olympic Games. In addition, multiple case studies are employed as a triangulation technique to enhance the reliability and validation of this study. There are three cases: the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympic Games, the 2012 London Summer Olympic Games and the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games. The data collection identified all factors of the sustainability of the last three Olympics were aggregated to establish a new sustainable legacy strategy for potential sports mega- events in Korea in terms of Triple Bottom Line framework: 1) definite plans with stakeholder consultation in advance for economic, social and environmental sustainability; 2) active communication among stakeholders related to sports mega-events for economic and social sustainability; 3) efficient governance for sports events for economic, social and environmental sustainability and 4) strict management and regulation for environmental legacy for environmental sustainability. ii Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................... I ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………………………….II TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................................... III LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................ VII LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………………………VIII CHAPTER 1 GENERAL LITERATURE REVIEW ON SPORTS MEGA-EVENTS ......................... 1 1.1 Background, Aim, and Research Questions .................................................................... 1 1.2 General Features of Sports Mega-Events and Legacy .................................................... 7 1.2.1 A Definition of a Sports Mega-Events ..................................................................................... 7 1.2.2 Types of Mega-Events .............................................................................................................. 9 1.2.3 Characteristics of Sports Mega-Events .................................................................................. 12 1.2.4 Definitions of Legacy from Sports Mega-Events .................................................................. 13 1.2.5 Typological Frameworks ........................................................................................................ 15 1.3 Legacies of Sports Mega-Events ..................................................................................... 19 1.3.1 Economic Legacy ................................................................................................................... 20 1.3.2 Socio-Cultural Legacy ............................................................................................................ 24 1.3.3 Urban Legacy ......................................................................................................................... 29 1.3.4 Sporting Legacy ..................................................................................................................... 30 1.3.5 Environmental Legacy ........................................................................................................... 32 1.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 34 CHAPTER 2 SPORTS MEGA-EVENTS AND SUSTAINABILITY ................................................ 37 2.1 The Concept of Sustainability ......................................................................................... 38 2.1.1 A Brief History of Sustainability ............................................................................................ 39 2.1.2 A Definition of Sustainability ................................................................................................ 41 2.2 Three-Legged Approach: Economy, Environment and Society ................................... 44 2.2.1 Economic sustainability ......................................................................................................... 47 2.2.2 Social Sustainability ............................................................................................................... 48 2.2.3 Environmental Sustainability ................................................................................................. 51 2.2.4 Sustainability Frameworks ..................................................................................................... 53 2.3 The Olympic Movement and Sustainability .................................................................. 56 2.3.1 From Agenda 21 to Agenda 2020 ........................................................................................... 57 2.3.2 Bidding Phase for Sustainable Sports Mega-Events .............................................................. 59 2.3.3 Sustainability Initiatives through Olympic Games ................................................................ 62 2.3.4 Sustainability and Leveraging ................................................................................................ 68 2.4 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 70 iii CHAPTER 3 EAST ASIA AND SPORTS MEGA-EVENTS ................................................................ 72 3.1 Previous Sports Mega-Events and Their Legacy in Asia .............................................. 72 3.1.1 Tokyo 1964 Summer Olympic Games ................................................................................... 73 3.1.2 Beijing 2008 Summer Olympic Games ................................................................................. 75 3.2 General Description of South Korea and Host Cities ................................................... 77 3.2.1 South Korea and Gangwon Province ..................................................................................... 77 3.2.2 Host Cities .............................................................................................................................. 79 3.3 Historical Review of South Korea in the Context of Politics and Sports Events ....... 81 3.3.1 Seoul 1988 Summer Olympic Games .................................................................................... 82 3.3.2 2002 FIFA Korea-Japan World Cup ......................................................................................
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